Basic Pharmacology Storage of drugs potency Drug interaction Discuss the principles of drug interactions using opioids and

MAOIs as examples Define potency Potency, dose response curves and use of log dose Dose response curves Draw a log dose/effect curve Hill equation ED 90 ED 95 How do you express drug safety? What is meant by the Therapeutic Index? Mechanisms of drug effect What is a receptor? Receptor theory Spare receptors Evidence for the existence of receptors Functional properties of receptors G-protein-linked receptors Interactions of drugs and receptors Tell me about pharmacogenetic disorders. Pharmacogenetics - examples related to anaesthesia. Tolerance - tachyphylaxis

Trans-dermal preparations What is an isomer Stereoisomerism Pharmacology in neonates Pharmacology in pregnancy Pharmacotherapy Cerebral blood flow and anaesthetic agents Classify the drugs used in the treatment of asthma Classify drugs used in cardiac failure Define dissociative anaesthesia Define the term "an Hypnotic drug". Drug induced histamine release and anaphylaxis Drugs acting on sodium channels Drugs influencing ligand-gated vs voltage-gated ion channels Effects of anaesthetic agents on CNS Effects of isoflurane, propofol, fentanyl on blood pressure, in healthy adults Factors predisposing to thrombogenicity of drugs Influence of salbutamol, frusemide, captopril or ranitidine therapy on anaesthetic agents. Interaction of chemotherapeutic agents and anaesthesia Mechanisms of anaesthesia Mechanisms of drug-induced histamine release Methods to reduce stress response in anaesthesia Obtundation of the pressor response to intubation Precautions with "prophylactic" antibiotics Pro-convulsant anaesthetic agents

Treatment of anaphylaxis Treatment of hyperkalaemia Pharmacokinetics pH & pKa, Henderson Hasselbalch equation. Define bioavailability Determination of, and factors influencing, oral bioavailability First-pass metabolism Difference between plasma and biophase concentrations Effect site concentrations of drugs What is protein binding? What is meant by the term volume of distribution? How do you calculate volume of distribution Definition and clinical significance of volume of distribution Volume of distribution, clearance and half-life Redistribution Steady state Definition of clearance and estimation of clearance What is clearance? Explain clearance Intrinsic clearance Half-life and time-constant What is meant by "loading dose"? Enzyme substrate interactions Esterases Elimination half life First order and second order kinetics

What is the difference between zero and first order kinetics? Why infuse a drug? Infusion kinetics Infusion regimens to achieve target concentrations Pharmacokinetics of propofol infusions What do you understand by the term context sensitive halflife? Kinetics of drugs in the epidural space Kinetics of inhalational agents Outline pharmacokinetic drug interactions Drug delivery systems Modelling Drug handling by the liver Cytochrome P450 Renal failure and drug metabolism Pharmacokinetics in heart failure How does liver disease affect the way the body handles drugs. Influence of pregnancy and liver disease on pharmacokinetics Local Anaesthetics Classification of local anaesthetics Draw the structure of an ester local anaesthetic Structure - Activity - Relationships of local anaesthetics Describe the structure/function relationships of local anaesthetics Isomers of local anaesthetics

Significance of isomers Mechanism of action of local anaesthetics Describe the site of action of local anaesthetics Topical use of local anaesthetics Contents in an ampoule Additives to local anaesthetics Effect of adrenaline and pH Kinetics after epidural injection Spread of agents administered into the epidural space Significance of protein binding Significance of pKA Correlate the pKa of local anaesthetics and their activity Metabolism of local anaesthetics Local anaesthetic toxicity, toxic dose, blood levels Systemic toxicity Foetal LA toxicity Toxicity lignocaine vs bupivacaine (R + S). Toxicity of amide local anaesthetics (lignocaine, prilocaine and bupivacaine) Treatment of amide local anaesthetic CVS/CNS toxicity Cardiotoxicity of local anaesthetic Comparative toxicity of bupivacaine vs ropivacaine Ropivacaine Ropivacaine, Lignocaine, Bupivacaine, Prilocaine, Cocaine Comparison of bupivacaine with lignocaine Epidural administration of bupivacane Discuss the brain concentration of bupivacaine after an epidural

dose Recognition of structure of lignocaine. Pharmacokinetcs of lignocaine Metabolism and protein binding of lignocaine. Effects of lignocaine on nerve conduction EMLA Cocaine What are the effects of cocaine on the heart ? Analgesics NMDA receptors Codeine Tramadol Compare and contrast Paracetamol and Acetylsalicylic acid. Give a classification of non-opioid analgesic drugs. How do N.S.A.I.D.S. work? (Mechanisms of action) Side effects non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Aspirin Toxicity of aspirin and paracetamol Paracetamol What is your recommended dose of paracetamol? What is the toxic dose of paracetamol? Tramadol, kinetics & effects Pharmacodynamics of tramadol.

Obstetric Pharmacology What drugs affect uterine motility? Can you tell me about Ergometrine? Clinical toxicity of Mg Drugs that affect the uterus Oxytocics Oxytocin Uterine relaxants Endocrine Drugs Drugs that affect blood sugar Classify insulins Insulin preparations Classify oral hypoglycaemics Hypoglycaemic agents Fluids Dextrose vs dextran Haemmaccel Side effects of sodium bicarbonate Mechanism of action of mannitol Colloids; mannitol 1/ MENTION THE CLINICAL USES OF SEDATIVE HYPNOTICS 2/ CLASSIFIY local anesthetics and give examples 3/ thiopental sodium has short duration of action. Justify

4/ classify antiepileptic drugs. Mention 4 general characters of antiepileptic drugs 5/ what is the advantage of newer antidepressants over the newer ones 6/ mention advantages of typical antipsychotics other atypical ones 7/ mention the difference b/n NASIDAS AND OPIOID ANALGESICS 8/ CLASSIFY ANTIMICROBIALs BASED ON THIER MECHANISM OF ACTION 9/ classify ART drugs and mention examples 10/ mention differences b/n INH and rifampin 11/ mention class ADR with HAART drugs