Eee El INDIA : EVENTS AFTER 1960 ] (IMPORTANT POINTS _) 1. Post-Independence India (1) After adopting the Constitution in 1950, India became a sovereign democratic republic. (2) Immediately after independence, india had to face a number of socio, economic and political problems. (3) Establishment of Planning Commission to achieve economic development by means of (4) Attained political stability by successful conduct of elections and faith in democratic traditions, - (5) Several social reforms for the weaker sections of society were sought to be implemented, Concept ) Sovereign State It means a state is neither dependent on nor subject to any power or state industrialisation. Ruled by one centralised government that has sovereignty over geographic area. Government has power to form relations with other sovereign states. 2. Important events between 1947-2000 during the tenure of Prime Ministers : [ sr. Prime Minister Tenure T Important events Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru 1947-1964 (1) First Prime Minister (2) Liberation of Goa, Diu and Daman from Portuguese rule and merger with India. (3) India-China war (1962). (4) Pioneer of economic planning. (5) Architect of India’s foreign policy. (6) Death in 1964. = Lal Bahadur Shastri 1964-1966 | (1) India-Pakistan war in 1965. (2) Tashkent Agreement. (3) Death at Tashkent in 1966. Indira Gandhi Morarji Des | Shri Charan Singh 1966-1977 and 1980-1984 1977-1979 1979-1980 security guards in 1984, (1) Struggle between East Pakistan and West Pakistan. (2) Supported Mukti Bahini. (3) Defeated Pakistan. Creation of Bangladesh. (4) First successful nuclear test at Pokharan. (5) Merger of Sikkim with India in 1975. (6) Declared emergency. (7) Defeat at the hands of Janata Party in 1977 elections, but returned to power in 1980. (8) Evicted terrorists from the Golden Temple in 1984. (9) Assassinated by personal | All the opposition parties came together and formed the Janata Party. He became the Prime Minister but his government did not last due to internal differences. Became Prime Minister for very short duration, 4 Rajiv Gandhi 1984-1989 1989-1990 (1) Reforms in economy, science and (2) Intervention in the issues of the Tamil minority in Sri Lanka. (3) Movement by ULFA in the North-east. (4) Criticised of political corruption in the purchase of long , range cannons, Bofors. (5) Congress defeated in 1989. (6) Assassinated by LTTE terrorists in 1991. (1) Became Prime Minister of coalition, Janata Dal for very | short time. (2) Implemented the recommendations of the | Mandal Commission about reservation for the O8CS (3) Waived loans of farmers worth 10,000 crore rupees. HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE DIGEST : STANDARD IX| 1990-1991 | (1) Foreign exchange reserves depleted. (2) Tried to control | | the situation by selling and mortgaging its gold (3) Debt on | foreign loans increased. (4) Deposits in foreign currency were | | withdrawn by Non-resident indians. (5) Indian economy faced | a crisis situation. 8. Chandrashekhar 9. PV. Narasimha Rao | 1991-1996 | (1) intiated new economic reforms. (2) Globalisation brought | economic prosperity. (3) Issue of Ram Janmabhumi and Babri | | Masjid came up. 10, | H. D. Deve Gowda 7 jonths. 11, Inder Kumar Gujral | Atal Bihari Vajpayee 1997-195 1999-2004 12, [tetus know | MacMahon fine: The MacMahon fine is | disputed border between Indian and China. It extends from Tawang in India to Myanmar approximately 1152 km long. The line is named after Sir Arthur Henry MacMahon, foreign secretary of British India. It was suggested at the Shimla Conference in 1913-14. The Chinese walked out rejecting the proposed line. Hence, it was negotiated between India and Tibet. China rejects the Shimla | ‘Accord and the MacMahon line contending that Tibet was not a Sovereign State and so did not have | the power to conclude treaties. Later, this line | became a bone of contention between India and China culminating in the 1962 War. concept] Emergency INDIA : EVENTS AFTER 19606. White Revolution (1) The huge increase in milk supply through concentrated efforts on a co-operative basis is known as the White Revolution. (2) Dr. Verghese Kurien, then the General Manager ‘of Kaira District Co-operative Milk Producer's Union Ltd. (AMUL), launched this dairy development programme at Anand in Gujarat. (3) He is known as the Father of the White Revolution in India, ([ tetusknow | | white Revolution : Operation Flood, launched in | 1970, was a project of India’s National Dairy | Development Board (NDD8). Dr. Verghese Kurien, originally from Kerala, who was the chairman and founder of Amul initiated India's dairy co-operative movement. The bedrock of Operation Flood has | been village milk producer's co-operatives collection of milk and then processing it to pasteurize, It was | done on co-operative basis and with the help of | modern technology. It made India one of the largest | producers of milk and milk products. 7. Science and Technology (1) Dr. Homi Bhabha laid foundation of India’s atomic energy programme. (2) Use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes like generation of electricity, pharmaceutical and defence. (3) Aryabhatta, first satellite launched in space in 1975 and many more satellites were launched thereafter. (4) Considerable advancement in the telecom sector. 8. Women Empowerment : (1)A number of steps taken for welfare and empowerment of women. (2) separate department of women and child development established. (3) A number of welfare schemes launched. (4) Laws enacted to ensure social justice. (5) Reservation of seats for women in local self government bodies by 73rd 74th Constitutional amendments. and 9. Betterment of Weaker Sections : ; (Described as ‘Deprived constituents’ in the textbool, (1) Appointment of Kakasaheb Kalelkar Commission on OBCs in 1953. (2) Prevention of Atrocities Act in 1955. (Wrong), given as 1989 in the textbook) (3) Appointment of Mandal Commission in 1978, recommended reservation of seats for the Ogc, in Public employment (wrongly given as various services) and institutions (of higher learning) (4) Policy of reservation implemented by the government in 1990. (5) Helped them to live with dignity, respect and free from fear, violence. 10. Globalisation (1) Changes in economy, politics, technology, society and culture. (2) Emerged as an important country on the global scene in different spheres. (3) Member of G-20 and BRICS. (4) Revolution in telecommunication sector. (5) Demonstrated to the world how stable democracy science and can work successfully. (6) Transformation in the lifestyle of youth which is visible in their dietary habits, clothing, language and beliefs. —___| et G20 : G20is a group of 19 countries i.e. Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, | India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi | Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States of America and the European Union. It was founded in 1990. G20 aims to formulate policy among member nations for the Promotion of international financial stability. It) Promotes financial regulations that reduce risks and | Prevent future financial crisis. It aims at creating @ | new international Let us know financial structure and | modernise the economy of member nations. to |—— ee ee @.@D choose the right option and rewrite the sentences : (1 mark each) i + (1) The Prime Minister of India who took an initiative in resolving the question of the Tamil minority in Sri Lanka was ......--- (2) Shri Rajiv Gandhi (b) Smt. Indira Gandhi (0) Shri H. D. Deve Gowda (d) Shri PV. Narasimha Rao (2) essen is regarded as the father of the Green Revolution in India. (@) Dr. Verghese Kurien (b) Dr. Homi Bhabha (0) Dr. M. S. Swaminathan (d) Dr. Norman Borlaug (3) The war between ...... around MacMahon Line in 1962. (@) India and Pakistan —_(b) India and China (©) India and Nepal —_—_(d) India and Myanmar (4) The people of ...........------- voted to merge with India in 1975 (a) Bhutan (b) Sikkim (c) Tibet (d) Nepal (5) Providing reservation for the OBCs was the most significant contribution of Prime Minister . took place (a) Shri Chandrashekhar (b) Shri Vishwanath Pratap Singh (©) Shri Rajiv Gandhi (d) Shri RV. Narasimha Rao ‘Ans. (1) Shri Rajiv Gandhi (2) Dr. M. S. Swaminathan (3) India. and China (4) Sikkim (5) Shri Vishwanath Pratap Singh. i (2) (1) Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated by the terrorists belonging to the . a (2) ULFA (b) Babbar Khalsa (© LTTE (A) People’s War Group (PWG) (2) The changes in the economic policy of India after 1991 are described as (2) Socialism (b) Globalisation (©) Industrialisation __ (d) Modernisation (3) The first satellite ‘Aryabhatta’ was launched by India in space in the year (a) 1964 (b) 1971 (<) 1975 (o 1984 2Mistory and Political Science Digest : Standard IX E0553 | | | | (4) A movement was led by shri against Smt. Indira Gandhi in 1974 (@) Shri Vishwanath Pratap Singh (b) Shri Charan Singh (©) Shri Jayprakash Narayan (A) Shri Morarji Desai (5)A movement in East Pakistan against the oppressive policies of Pakistan led by ae ; (2) Gen. Ziaur Rahman (b) Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (©) Begum Zia (A) Sheikh Hasina Wajid Ans. (1) LTTE (2) Globalisation (3) 1975 Jayprakash Narayan (5) Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was (4) shri Q. @ Identify the wrong pair and rewrite the corrected one : (1 mark each) (1) Prime Minister Decision | (1) Smt. Indira Gandhi — Declared emergency (2) Shri Rajiv Gandhi ~ Development in science and technology = Economic Reforms — Implemented the recommendations of ‘the Mandal | Commission. ‘Ans. Wrong Pair: Shri. Chandrashekhar ~ Implemented the recommendations of the Mandal Commission. Corrected Pair : Shri Chandrashekhar - Economic condition in the country was critical. (3) Shri P. V. Narasimha Rao (4) Shri Chandrashekhar Person (2) Development work — Shri P. V. Narasimha Rao (1) Economic liberalisation (2) Green Revolution — Dr. M, S. Swaminathan = Dr. Homi Bhabha (3) White Revolution = Shri B. P. Mandal (4) Recommended reservation for the OBCS ‘ans. Wrong Pair: White Revolution - Dr. Homt Bhabha, Corrected Pair : White Revolutior Kurien. n Dr. Verghese 7|G) Prime Minister i | (1) Pandit Nehru ~Architect of | India’s| | foreign policy } (2) V. P. Singh = Reservations for OBC } (3) Atal Bihari Vajpayee — Liberation of Bangladesh | (4) Lal Bahadur Shastri Tashkent Agreement | Ans. Wrong Pair : Atal Bihari Vajpayee — Liberation of Bangladesh Corrected Pair : Atal Bihari Vajpayee - Conducted Nuclear Test and declared India a Nuclear power Q. (1) Complete the graphical description : (2 marks each) *(A) Based on the information in the chapter prepare a chronological chart of Prime Ministers and their tenure. [For the answer, refer to the table given in the summary.) (8) a) Prime Ministers (2) Globalisat Ans. es oe o Shri P. V. Narsimha Rao Prime Pees Ministers of Shri H. D. Deve Gowda India from 1991 to Shri Inder Kumar Gujral | 2000 Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee (2) ao Economy Opportunities for | flourished skilled Indians of India from 1991 to 2000 Increase in foreign New avenues of investment employment (2) Complete the timeline with required Event or Year : (2 marks) 1950 1984 1999 I I pe a | I | { Establishment of the Planning Tashkent Commission of Agreement India India adopted GlobalisationAns. 1950 1966 1984 1991 { { t I Establishment of the Planning Tashkent Operation Blue India adopted Commission of Agreement Star Globalisation India '«(3) With the help of information in the chapter, complete the (1) India-Pakistan war ‘of the challenges before India and the (2 marks) The Strengths of India (2) Unity in diversity. (2) Planned development through five - year plans. i) Fundamental rights curtailed during emergency (3) Free and fair elections and people’s faith in democracy Get siiae " restored. avail _| ia) Development of weaker s sections (4) Society based on social justice. (5) Empowerment of women ; (5) Department of women and child development was created. (6) tssue of backward classes (6) Protection by Indian Constitution and strict laws | Prevention of Atrocities Act. _ (7) Sepa Might of Indian Army re-inforced._ (8) Nuclear State | (9) Rise in regionalism and communalism, (9) Feeling of brotherhood, political will as and | welfare laws. (10) Corruption _ (10) independent judiciary - ] [Note : Students should write only the required number of points as expected in the examination.) @ "@ @ Explain the concepts: (2 mark the concepts (2 marks each) } experiment in cooperative dairy movement by *(1) Globalisation : (Concept is not elaborated in the textbook. Answeris based on the general understanding.] Ans. Globalisation is the process of connecting the national economy with the world economy. This will lead to the free flow of goods, services, technology and labour across the world, Globalisation was a part of the economic reforms introduced in India in 1991. '#(2) White Revolution : [Concept is not elaborated in the textbook. Answer is based on the general understanding.] ‘Ans. The term ‘White Revolution’ indicates increase im the production of milk and milk products. The 2. INDIA : EVENTS AFTER 1960 Dr. Verghese Kurien led to increase in milk production in India. Thereby, India achieved self-sufficiency in the requirement of milk. (3) Green Revolution = Ans. Green Revolution implies in the Production of foodgrains by application of scientific techniques, supply of inputs like good quality seeds and provision of irrigation. Dr. M. S. Swaminathan, described as ‘The Father of Green Revolution’, implemented this strategy from 1965. Thereby, India achieved self-sufficiency in the requirement of foodgrains. increase 19Q. @ Write short notes (2 marks each) (1) Contribution of Pandit Nehru ; Ans. (1) After India became independent, Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru led the country from 1947 to 1964, (2) He was the architect of India’s foreign policy. (3) His contribution to India’s social and economic development is significant. (4) The Planning Commission was established to achieve economic development and to eliminate poverty. (5) Goa, Diu and Daman were liberated from the Portuguese rule in 1961 (6) The tension that was rising since 1959, culminated in war between China and India in 1962. (2) India’s policy about Atomic Energy : Ans. (1) Dr. Homi Bhabha laid the foundation of India’s atomic energy (power) programme, meant for Peaceful purposes like generation of electricity, pharmaceuticals and defence. (2) India became a ‘nuclear state’ in 1999 with successful underground testing of nuclear devices in 1974 and 1998. Q. @ Give Reasons : @ marks each) ‘#(1) The government of Shri Morarji Desai could not last long. Ans. (1) Many opposition parties came together and formed Janata Party in 1977 against the backdrop of emergency. (2) Janata Party defeated Congress and came to power in 1977. (3) Shri Morarji Desai became the Prime Minister in 197. (4) However, due to the internal. differences among the constituent parties of the Janata Party, the government of Shri Morarji Desai did not last long. #(2) The army had to be sent into the Golden Temple in Amritsar. Ans. (1) The separatist Sikhs in Punjab demanded an independent state of Khalistan. (2) The movement of Khalistan became violent and destructive, (3) Pakistan had lent support to this movement. (4) So, to evict the terrorists who had allegedly taken shelter in the Golden Temple in Amritsar, the Government of India sent the army. 20 | } } | { mission Was #(3) The (National) Planning comi established in India. ‘Ans. (1) After indepe vomic development and eliminate economy, achieve achieve ‘ ndence, india ees in sein econ: of industralisation (2) India wanted to economic self-sufficienc (3) Five-year plans need Therefore, the (National established. [The planning machinery 5 of India in 1950 was named as It has been wrongly given 2: Commission in the textbook.) pendent country called Bangladesh modernise , ¥y and establish social justice, jed coordination. 1) Planning Commission was 1t up by the Government ‘planning Commission’, 1s. National Planning (4) An inde emerged in 1971 Ans. (1) Pakistan's oppressive polis the emergence o lauaihip of sheikh Mujibur Rahman. (2) Due to this crisis, millions of refugees came to India from East Pakistan which affected India. (3) A war between India and Pakistan took place in 1971. ‘Asa result, an independent country called Bangladesh emerged in 1971 (5) National emergency was declared in 1975. Ans. (1) The Allahabad High Court gave verdict in 1974 that Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister, had misused the government machinery in her election campaign. (2) It led to nationwide strikes and protests. (3) The situation became more complicated due to movement led by Shri Jayprakash Narayan. (4) Thus, the law and order situation worsened and the National Emergency was declared in 1975. pressive policies in East Pakistan under the Q. @ Answer the following questions in 25 to 30 words : (3 marks each) *(1) How was 1991 a year of important changes in the history of world and of India? Ans. (1) The Soviet Union disintegrated into several small countries in 1991, (2) The Cold War came to an end in 1991 (3) Many changes in the Indian economy were initiated by the government under the leadership of Prime Minister Shri P. V. Narasimha Rao. The government started economic reforms. (4) During this period, th. , the Ram J, Babri Mosque Issue at Ay Suen yodhya came to the forefront. HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE DIGEST : STANDARD 1xI ee eee (2) What are the objectives of the In ‘economy? [Wrongly given as the ‘characteristics’ in the textbook] ‘Ans. (1) The objectives of the Indian economy in the post.independence period are modernisation of economy, economic self-sufficiency, social justice, ‘limination of poverty and industralisation as means to ‘achieve economic development. (2) For this purpose Planning Commission [wrongly given as the National Planning Commission in the textbook] was established. (ait. was entrusted the task to development through Five-year plans. coordinate (3) Write the advantages of the economic reforms of 1991. ‘Ans. The benefits of the economic reforms of 1991 are as follows (1) The Indian economy flourished. (2) The foreign investment in India increased. (3) Several avenues of employment opened up in the field of Information Technology in the country. (4) Write about Indi Bahadur Shastri. ‘Ans. (1) Lal Bahadur Shastri became the Prime Minister of India after the death of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru in 1964. | (2) The Green Revolution in India started in 1965. (3) A war between India and Pakistan took place in 1965 on the Kashmir issue. (4) He gave the slogan ‘Jai Jawan Jai Kisan’ to highlight the importance of soldiers and farmers. (5) The Soviet Union tried to mediate between India and Pakistan. (6) Tashkent Agreement was signed by Lal Bahadur Shastti. (7) He breathed his last at Tashkent in 1966. during the times of Lal (5) Write the effects of national emergency. ‘Ans. (1) The national emergency was declared in 1975 and it lasted for two years. (2) During this period , the fundamental rights of the citizens were suspended or restricted (3) Indian administration became disciplined. (4) The resentment of people led to the defeat of the Congress party in general election held in 1977. (6) State the significant events during the reign of Shri Rajiv Gand! ‘Ans. (1) Shri Rajiv Gandhi was the Prime Minister of India between 1984-1989, (2) He initiated reforms in economy, science and technology. (3) He was unsuccessful in resolving the issue of Tamil minority in Sri Lanka. (4) He faced criticism on the issue of political corruption that took place in the defence deal with the Bofors. (5) This led to his defeat in the general election in 1989. (7) Write the steps taken in the direction of empowerment of women. ‘Ans. (1) With a view to promote welfare of women Prevention of Dowry Act [Wrongly given as Prohibition in the textbook], raising the age limit for marriage to 18 years [important step not given in the textbook], equal pay for equal work to men and women have been provided. (2)A separate department of women and child development was established in 1985. (3) A number of schemes have been launched for welfare of women. (4) 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments have made provision for the reservation of seats (and offices) for women in (urban and rural local self- government bodies.) (8) Write steps taken for the uplift of the weaker (deprived) sections of society. ‘Ans. (1) The Scheduled Castes (SC), the Scheduled Tribes (ST) and the Other Backward Classes (OBCs) are the weaker sections of the Indian society. (2) Prevention of Atrocities Act, 1955 was enacted to liberate the SC and the ST from fear, violence and oppression. [wrongly mentioned in textbook as 1989]. (3) A Commission headed by Kakasaheb Kalelkar was appointed in 1953 to recommend measures for the betterment (given as improvement in the textbook] of the OBCs. (4) Mandal Commission, appointed under the chairmanship of B. P. Mandal in 1978, recommended reservation for the OBCs in the public employment Igiven as various services in the textbook] and institutions (of higher learning). (5) The recommendations of Mandal Commission were implemented in 1990. orlee ee Read the given passage and answer the questions given below : (4 marks) Textbook Page 8 [acon to makers upper class. (1) Why was the Kakasaheb Kalelkar Commission set up? ‘Ans. The Kakasaheb Kalelkar Commission was set up to make recommendations for the improvement of certain sections of society which were deprived of dignity and equal opportunities. (2) What was the aim of the government in Passing the ‘Prevention of Atrocities Act’? Ans. ‘The Prevention of Atrocities Act’ was passed by the government to enable those tribes to live in dignity and with respect, free from fear, violence and oppression of the upper class. (3) Why did we adopt reservation policy? ‘Ans. The policy of reservation was adopted to strengthen the representation of backward sections in various services and institutions. Q. @ Answer the following questions in detail (4 marks) Q. List the significant events during the tenure of Smt. Indira Gandhi as the Prime Minister of India. Ans. Smt. Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister of India from 1966 to 1977 and again from 1980 to 1984. The significant events in her tenure as the Prime Mi of India are as follows : ister (1) The banks were Nationalised by her on 19th July 1966. (2) The war between India and Pakistan in 1971 led to and emergence {wrongly given as creation] of Bangladesh. 3) India successfully carried out the underground test of atomic devices at Pokharan in Rajasthan in 1974, (4) The people of Sikkim voted for its merger with India in 1975. (5) India launched ‘Aryabhatta’, the first satellite in space in 1975, ' re \ (6) The Allahabad High Court gave verdict agains her due to misuse of government machinery during ‘aactl (7) She declared National worsening law and order situation in the country in ( 1975. (8) The imposition of emergency led to her defeat in | 1977 general elections. However, she returned to power | is 1980. (9) She curbed the Khalistan movement, sent the Indian army to Golden Temple at Amritsar in 1984 to evict terrorists who had taken shelter there. (10) She was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards of her personal. security in 1984. Emergency due ty Q.@ Observe the. picture and answer the question given below (4 marks) ( VA Q. Name the person in the picture and write in brief about his tenure. ‘Ans. (1) This is a picture of our former Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee. (2) He was the Prime Minister between 1996 and 1998. (3) He again became Prime Minister in 1999 and headed National Democratic Alliance (NDA). (4) His attempt to have a dialogue with Pakistan was unsuccessful. (5) A number of nuclear tests were conducted in 1998 at Pokharan, (6) India declared herself as a nuclear power. (7) India defeated Pakistan in war at Kargil region in 1999. ont