: Energy balance

1-5 Heat transfer in evaporators

Heat transfer in evaporators is governed by the
equations for
heat transfer to boiling liquids and by the convection
and
conduction equations. The heat must be provided from
a
source at a suitable temperature and this is condensing
steam in most cases. The steam comes either directly
from a
boiler or from a previous stage of evaporation in
another
evaporator. Major objections to other forms of heating,
such
as direct firing or electric resistance heaters, arise
because of
the need to avoid local high temperatures and because
of the
high costs in the case of electricity. In some cases the
temperatures of condensing steam may be too high for
the
product and hot water may be used. Low-pressure
steam can
also be used but the large volumes create design
problems.
Calculations on evaporators can be carried out
combining
mass and energy balances with the principles of heat
transfer.

: ‫باستخدام الفرضيات األتية قبل بداية التشغيل‬

λ1=λ2=λ3=1000 btu/hr
Q1=Q2=Q3
Area A1=A2=A3
-: Energy balance effect 1
Heat in= heat out
Q=VoHo-Voho
Q=vo(Ho-ho)
λ =Hj-hj
..……………j=1,2,3,4
V2=L1-L2
H2= λ2-h2
F(hf-h1)-(F-L1) λ1+Vo λ1
C= a+bT+cT
:Effect 2
V1 λ1+L1(h1-h2)- λ2(L1+L2)=0
: Effect 3
V2 λ2+L2(h2-h3)+ λ3(L2+L3)=0

: Design of multiple effect evaporate

Q1=U1A1ΔT1
Q2=U2A2ΔT2
Q3=U3A3ΔT3
Q1=Q2=Q3

U1A1ΔT1= U2A2ΔT2= U3A3ΔT3

U1ΔT1= U2ΔT2= U3ΔT3

ΔT= ΔT1+ ΔT2+ ΔT3

ΔT1=To-T1
ΔT2=T1-T2
ΔT3=T2-T3

ΔT= ΔT1+ ΔT2+ ΔT3

ΔT=To-T1+T1-T2+T2-T3
=ΔT=To-T3
ΔT= ΔT1+ ΔT2+ ΔT3
U1 ΔT1= U2 ΔT2=U3 ΔT3
U1 ΔT1= U2 ΔT2 ΔT2=U1 ΔT1/U2 =0.1 ΔT1
U1 ΔT1=U3 ΔT3 ΔT3=U1 ΔT1/U3=0.5 ΔT1

ΔT= ΔT1+ ΔT2+ ΔT3

Δ= ΔT1+0.1 ΔT1+0.5 ΔT1
Δ = 5 ΔT1
=Δ = 5 (To-T1) ΔT1
=T1

U1 ΔT2 = 0.1 ΔT1

=ΔT2= T2
=ΔT3= T3

Tf

∫ Cp ΔT =hf-h1= Δh1
T1

T1

∫ Cp ΔT =h1-h2= Δh2
T2
T2

∫ Cp ΔT =h2-h3= Δh3
T3

∑ CPj . Xj =where cp
j

: Effect 1
Tf

∫ Cp ΔT =hf-h1= Δh1
T1

∑ CPj . Xj =CP
j

NaCl CP= a+Bt

0.4Xa+0.6XbT
H2O CP= a+bT²+CT³
H2O CP= 0.6a+0.6b T²+0.6C T²

Tf

∫ Cp ΔT =Hf-h1= Δh1
T1

: Effect 2
F(hf-h1)-(F-L1) λ+Vo λ1=0
V1 λ1+L1(h1-h2)- λ2(L1+L2)=0
V2 λ2+L2(h2-h3)- λ3(L2+L3)=0