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    Course HT_2

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    2 views12 pages

    Course HT - 2

    Uploaded by

    aklekus1

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 12
    (CHAPTER IH FLOW THROUGH IMPELLER 1. The phenomenon of flow through an impeller The analysis of the flow through the impeller of a rotodynamic pump is based om the experimental ished fact, that the path of a streamline turbulent flow of a real liquid through a passage is similar to the path of ‘2 streamline determined for flow of a perfect liquid through passages of the ‘same shape; deviations only occur near the walls, ‘Simplification of the difficulties connected with the analytical representa- tion of flow through ler pumps on the assump: blades and guide van ing perfect axi-symmetrical flow. fe and relative velocities are univocal functions of the two co-ordinates r and z alone and do not depend on the angle 9. Further ications of our considerations are concerned with the resolution of the absolute velocity ¢ q and the peripheral velocity compon in which the liquid particles move ing in planes perpendicular to the impeller axis and whose is axis. Due to complete axial symmetry of flow, the path of plane ines describing meridional flow, and passing through one the same circle, we encounter jon of complete symmetry of flow axis, The blade thickness does not play any part here, Assuming, for instance, 1 Flow TimovoH merzien 15 the thickness to be zero, we may regard the blades as surfaces of disco ‘passage across them taking place with a sudden change in pressure and v ‘The difference of pressures on both sides of the blade is necessary to produce torque and hence work. In order not to lose the simple features characterizing. axi-symmetrical flow, an idealized flow, based on the assumption of an infinite number of blades is taken into consideration, instead of real flow. Increasing the number of blades reduces the velocity discontinuity taking place across the blades is not so easy to deal with the discontinuity of pressure, which occurs at the transition from the front face to the back face ofthe blade. Independently of the number of blades, the pressure jump between the front and back faces of the blade will always be finite. In order to equalize the diference of pressures on both sides of the blade, and. at the same time maintain axisymmetrical flow, we imagine tha in the liquid cause reaction forces on the surfaces, thus producing active torque. 2, Euler’s fundamental equations 2.1. The one-dimensional theory of rotodynamic machines diameter of a rotodynamic machine dy and outlet diameter dy (Fig. 1). The line 4,4, represents the centre line of an by blade surfaces with profiles B,B, and C,Cy, ‘When considering the flow through a passage between the blades of an impeller rotating ler passage bounded relative paths of the ‘paticts. From the assumptions introduced in paragraph ies in the impeller passages are congruent ve paths of the particles Rowing through the passages o fotating impeller have the samé shape as the profile of the blades. The flow of liquid through an impeller passage may be regarded as a flow follows that the each other, Hence iy Fig. 1. Flow through impeller of a centrifugal pump; ” AvAy— centre line of impel = EG, 0), ae = XO us r, with an absolute velocity Peripheral velocity at the impet 1, and it lows out of th an absolute velocity fc and inclined at an angle a, to the peripheral velocity 1. The flow patterns at the inlet and outlet of an im @ constant angular velocity , are defined by structed in the following manner. The absolute vel peripheral. veloci Flow mimovett meeetern n If the direction of tne relative i to the first clement of the blac: “shockless’ tion & of the vector is; to the reversal velocity of the p the angle of inclination of the firs the circumference of the circle +t velocity w, coincides with the tangent say that the entry into the impeller is A o se ‘NAB. In some books on rotodynamic machines the symbol, denotes the angle between the vectors wy and a! If the flow through the impeller passage takes place without losses, the relative outlet velocity vector 1 is tangential to the last element of the blade and makes an angle fy with the negative direction of vector ty. ‘The absolute path of a liquid particle flowing into the impeller at point A, is represented by the line Az4'A. . Construction forthe absolute path ofa liquid particle, We draw a serie of te ide the relative path ds into Denoting the volume of impeler passage bounded by elodhaals-tsof radius and rar by Fe we bave vesdr Bh hence ar = 2% 4 Eads along the iavidual ars of cies path Ady, ies the ine 4, 4°Ay, const- the able path of the ceatal liquid particle. 2.3. Fundamental equation for water turbines Ia turbine runner rotates about its axis with a constant angular velocity othe torque produced by the stream of flowing liquid, and transmitted to the blade surfaces, is equal to its change of angular momentum te M= Zo cosa —reeosa) © Introducing the rela . = e008 ca G08, we obtain = Lote) NS M= 20a —nea) @ Equation (1) was introduced in 1754 by L. EULER and we call it the funda- ‘mental equation for water turbines. Beg 24, Fundamental equation for impeller pumps In impeller pumps we have the reverse phenomenon to that which occurs in low through water turbines. Thus the rotating impeller, driven by a motor, produces an increase in the angular momentum of the liquid fowing through it. The torque is defined by the formula M=~Q(ryc,008 4,150,008. 2 s#s0080, 11616082) @ ental equation for impeller pumps, which, after introducing eu = C4008 Cat = 65008, = = Otc =r, Ma FOr" ea) @ to the liquid by the im ‘The power transmitted to the liquid by the impeller is defined by the formulae P= Mo = 20a = cane) cy = 2 Olea — cath (st) P=20(air— cats) P= FOleauseoss— em ‘00s a) Go Eliminating the trigonometrical functions from equation (5c) +h wd en c05% = we obiain gained as a result of the change in velocity from ¢, t0 ¢ energy of the liqui ‘The expression “#— represents the energy expended in setting the liquid the axis of the impeller. ce since the relative velocity usually into circumferes The expression diminishes from the impeller inlet to its out ‘The equations defining the torque and power refer to both yuids and 3. Theoretical head Hy is the head which a pump could generate there were n due to hydraulic resistance or mechanical frietion during flow through the pur «. For flow of a perfect liquid through an ideal pump, the power imparted s equal to the power carried out of the pump id of specific weight , rate of flow Q and pressure, Mo=7OHy ee 20 ing equation (5), we obtain, after transformation, the formulae defining the theo = F@an—eurd) a) ih 65) ) Ha= FP estysosay—e.me08%) (8) From these equations we may draw the following very important con- clusion ‘The theoretical head of at increase of the moment of vel dent of the specific weight a in feet or metres of pumped li 4, Energy equation for relative flow through an impeller surface of any radius ‘Neglecting the hydraulic Bernoulli's equation may be the form 8 = Const .xi-symmetrical flow the values streamlines entering the impeller, s0 eq fd mass flowing through the imp« ‘equation defining the energy transforma- , refers to flow of ind diagonal flow) kind of impellers (centrifugal, radial component of veloc 5, Theoretical head for an infinite number of blades H,,.. -S.1. Centrifugal pumps loretical head Hyxq is the sum of the potential head H,, and the ad Hirwes produced by the change in absolute velocities Hive = Hy + Home 0) 1m, Low ‘THOUoH marextEn 81 an The dynamic head is equal to the diference of the absolute velocity heads a—d gue (1 Hap = 35 2) The theoretical head (cf. equation 8) aa 1 a Hig = (te 400824 = C605) = 1 ® i = een tea) = Flea Meu) aa) Taking into account (Fig. 2) c 5.2. Centrifugal pump without inlet guide vanes If there are no guide vanes changing the direction of the free inflow of liquid before entry component cy = Figure 3 shows the velocity triangle at the impeller inlet. Since ‘equations a, 2 ngeciee FUMES the deli ve closed, the theoretical If the impeller is rotating head for w= where w is the peripheral velocity at the radius r. Fro. 3, Tnlet veloc ‘The head Hy is the sum of the static head Hy, and the dynamic head Hy: ‘The parabola OA, (Fig. 4) forms the dividing line between the heads Hy. 1m, FLOW THROUGH neELLER 83 and Hy. Part of the energy imparted to expended in establishing cieumferen the liquid in circomferential motion wn through the impeller. This drop in energy (represented by Aa flow, siae even an ideal pump, operating tosses, cannot produce flow, if the head. against which the Pump exceeds the total head zero discharge, ke. exceeds. (y)gae- e liquid by the impeller blades is jow. The energy necessary to set proportional to the rate of flow Fig. 4) is needed to produce the peripheral component w, also undergoes slight changes. If the component al to the radius were constant, this drop in the energy would be proport 53. Propeller pumps Since, in low through the i move on cylindrical surfaces, y= and the theoretical head is expressed by the formula : : as) the liquid enters the impeller without pre-whirl cy = and ys = 1 = te, Ge dhe Ce aes 9) ing Gua = ta— eg Bives the equation 1 aan, Ean => tlt 0g) = he Me 00) gs are oe te is kena to equation (17) foFcetiveal pumps 4 Ieuan owes 6. The influence of a finite number of blades 6.1. Geometry of flow Euler's equation was deduced on the assumption that flow through the ty field is created by an infinite In reality the imy section area available for flow through the im Fro, 5. Centrifugal pump impeller. Frio, 6 Circular palsade of iades. of radius 7, is immediately before entry into the impeller and the surface of radius blades, there is a change, not ‘of the flow velocity. Let us denote the pitch of the blades by ¢ on a circle of radius r and the to the circumference en where iis meas soins Biota m, FLOW THOUGH DEPELLER as before entry into the impeller and let section of the impeller blade. TS _ lbs Fic, 8, Inlet velocity triangle assuming ©, =; — 90°. where cj, cyq and w, denote the vel and Ww, are the velocities in th 4 aS Wh (Fig. 7) is based on the assumptions that uy = ‘By assuming a = a = 90°, the velocity triangle shown in Fig. 8 is obtained, At the inlet, the blades should be tapered and rounded off (Fig. 6) in order to ensure shockless entry. Sens Frealn 86 [DPELLER PUMES (22) in at the impeller outlet (Fig. 10) is based on the ff the velocity ey does not ‘change in passing from a surface of radius 7, to a surface of radius F Fic, 10, Outlet velocity triangle for an, impeller with a finite number of bades, Tt follows from the velocity distributions at the impeller inlet and out! 's of finite thickness produce an increase’ in the angles a, and 2 and a decrease in the angles a, and fy at the outlet, which is equi fo an increase in the deflection in the liquid stream’ by: the blades. 6.2. Torque In flow through en impeller with a finite number of blades, the torque is defined by the formula 2 cosy — 1646084) =F O0rCanr rea) (23) = 20% or approximately 4) = LOrgey.008 411 — 61008) = 2 Ore M =F Olrecacosan — nevcosan = ¢ O02 6.3, Theoretical head bt. PLOW ROUGH rePELLER 87 ‘or approximately ‘ pat ra ‘The power of a pump withoat inlet guide vanes is” ots —mecose,) = 2 Oluaesn Hi) C08 er | ) at a ) (28) = Qméncossn = 2 One 2 ft Quscy, cos: ra ‘att 9) 7. Pressure and velocity distribution in impeller passages of centrifugal pumps TA. Pressure di ‘bution fansfer of torque from the impeller ‘8 difference in pressure between the fror of the blade; the pressure on the front face (exerting thrust ‘greater than that on the back face. ‘The pressure difference between the two faces results not only from the ture of the impeller blades, but also from the rotation of the impeller, back face ‘obviously ion in the impeller passages of a centrifugal Pump shown in Fig. Ia results from the assumption of one-dimensional flow. Ta re composed of a motion displacing a and a circula- flow through th liquid particles from the inlet sect 38 bereasen roses a rlow maou n 9 lative to the walls. Figure 13 represents t ‘and an increase in velocity at the i | / an 1 + Fo. 13, Circulation of tigid in closed rotting conpariments 90 reuse roses 7.3. Influence of velocity distribution along the outlet edge on the total head of the pump an impeller in which the meridional increases from the inner shroud to the outer shroud, is sd head for the mean value of the meridional velocity cys. By assuming a linear vel mn along the outlet edge of the impeller, A. J. SteraNorr deduced the following formula defining the theo- retical. head G0) The coefficient of non-uniformity of velocity distribution g, occurring in the formula, depends on the difference of velocities between the extreme points of the outlet edge of the blade on the front and back faces, follows that the influence of the non-uniformity idition, the value of the coefficient is greater for impellers ' where the change in velocity along the outlet edge is more severe than in impellers of centrifugal pumps of a low specific speed. Hence the differences between theoretical and experimental results are greater at higher specific speeds. 8. The influence of a finite number of blades and circulation of the liquid in the impeller passages tence of 2 finite number of B and the abso changes in and out- 1. mow THROvoH miPELLER on the inlet (a) and outlet (b) velocity triangles of an of flow through the impeller and taking into account circulation in the impeller passages, inlet angle by AG, = é{—8, produces an increase in the peripheral component of velocity ca Whe > ea = Gn follows that and from Fig, 15b, representing the outlet ve decreasing the out component of velocit in the peripheral @D assuming 2, = 90°, Fundamental equation Peller pumps, we may these formulae produce a reduction in the total head of a pump. In Fiz. 15b the following notation has been introduced = Bs ich, on account of its pr hhas been adopted in constructional 2 seeien Poses ships Introducing this notation and allowing for the 1 Ca¥ Ca, eat © Cot the fundamental equations defining the torque, theoretical head and power may be written in the form: M= Zora ren) «3 Hy = Fea mea) eH P= 2 Olea Wea) G5 Cy and 4,B,C, represent It should be noted that the velocity triangles Ay the velocity distribution at the mid-points of the the impeller and triangles 4{2,C, and A;B,C, at analogous points of the inlet edge of the diffuser-ring situated beyond the impeller. passage impeller passage of a centri- 1m, row TiROUOH mpexeR 93 9, Influence: of pre-whirl on the theoretical head 1 of flow are placed before the impeller, ion is the same as the of the impeller (I) or negative if in the opposite sense (//). The angle 2 is not then a right angle (Fig. 18) and the circumferential component of the velocity ¢, is not equal to zero, and, according to equation (34), this has an influence on the theoretical hend Hy. The angle between the velocities izes the magnitude of the preswhirl pronounced, the pump.

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