Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of

India
The 42nd amendment to Constitution of India, officially known
The Constitution (Forty-
as The Constitution (Forty-second amendment) Act, 1976,
second Amendment) Act,
was enacted during the Emergency (25 June 1975 – 21 March
1976
1977) by the Indian National Congress government headed by
Indira Gandhi.[1] Most provisions of the amendment came into
effect on 3 January 1977, others were enforced from 1 February
and Section 27 came into force on 1 April 1977. The 42nd
Amendment is regarded as the most controversial constitutional
amendment in history. This was the first instance when the
amendment had wholly come up with personal ambitions at the
period of Emergency imposed by Indira Gandhi.[2] It attempted to
reduce the power of the Supreme Court and High Courts to
pronounce upon the constitutional validity of laws. It laid down
the Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens to the nation. This
amendment brought about the most widespread changes to the
Constitution in its history, and is sometimes called a "mini-
Constitution" or the "Constitution of Indira".[3] Parliament of India
Long title
Almost all parts of the Constitution, including the Preamble and
amending clause, were changed by the 42nd Amendment, and An Act further to amend the
some new articles and sections were inserted. The amendment's Constitution of India.
fifty-nine clauses stripped the Supreme Court of many of its Territorial India
powers and moved the political system toward parliamentary extent
sovereignty. It curtailed democratic rights in the country, and Enacted by Lok Sabha
gave sweeping powers to the Prime Minister's Office.[4] The
Passed 2 November 1956
amendment gave Parliament unrestrained power to amend any
parts of the Constitution, without judicial review. It transferred Enacted by Rajya Sabha
more power from the state governments to the central Passed 11 November 1976
government, eroding India's federal structure. The 42nd Assented to 18 December 1976
Amendment also amended Preamble and changed the description
Commenced 3 January 1977
of India from "sovereign democratic republic" to a "sovereign,
socialist secular democratic republic", and also changed the Legislative history
words "unity of the nation" to "unity and integrity of the nation". Bill The Constitution
introduced (Forty-second
The Emergency era had been widely unpopular, and the 42nd in the Lok Amendment) Bill,
Amendment was the most controversial issue. The clampdown on Sabha 1976
civil liberties and widespread abuse of human rights by police
Bill 1 September 1976
angered the public. The Janata Party which had promised to
published
"restore the Constitution to the condition it was in before the
on
Emergency", won the 1977 general elections. The Janata
Introduced H. R. Gokhale
government then brought about the 43rd and 44th Amendments
by
in 1977 and 1978 respectively, to restore the pre-1976 position to Bill Constitution (Forty-
some extent. However, the Janata Party was not able to fully introduced second Amendment)
achieve its objectives. in the Rajya Bill, 1976
Sabha
On 31 July 1980, in its judgement on Minerva Mills v. Union of
Bill 4 November 1976
India, the Supreme Court declared unconstitutional two
published
provisions of the 42nd Amendment which prevent any
on
constitutional amendment from being "called in question in any
Court on any ground" and accord precedence to the Directive Repeals
Principles of State Policy over the Fundamental Rights of 43rd and 44th Amendments
individuals respectively. This respectively amends mostly of Summary
whole constitution, hence is called as mini constitution.
Provides for curtailment of
fundamental rights, imposes
fundamental duties and changes to
Contents the basic structure of the constitution
by making India a "Socialist Secular"
Proposal and enactment Republic.
Ratification
Objective
Constitutional changes
Amendment of the Preamble
Aftermath
Legal challenges of the amendment
Legacy
See also
References
External links
Further reading

Proposal and enactment

Then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi set up a committee in 1976 under the Chairmanship of then Minister
of External Affairs Swaran Singh "to study the question of amendment of the Constitution in the light of
experience".[5]

The bill for the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976 was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 1
September 1976, as the Constitution (Forty-Second Amendment) Bill, 1976 (Bill No. 91 of 1976). It was
introduced by H. R. Gokhale, then Minister of Law, Justice and Company Affairs.[6] It sought to amend
the Preamble and articles 31, 31C, 39, 55, 74, 77, 81, 82, 83, 100, 102, 103, 105, 118, 145, 150, 166, 170,
172, 189, 191, 192, 194, 208, 217, 225, 226, 227, 228, 311, 312, 330, 352, 353, 356, 357, 358, 359, 366,
368 and 371F and the Seventh Schedule. It also sought to substitute articles 103, 150, 192 and 226; and
insert new Parts IVA and XIVA and new articles 31D, 32A, 39A, 43A, 48A, 131A, 139A, 144A, 226A,
228A and 257A in the Constitution.[7] In a speech in the Lok Sabha on 27 October 1976, Gandhi claimed
that the amendment "is responsive to the aspirations of the people, and reflects the realities of the present
time and the future".[8][9]
The bill was debated by the Lok Sabha from 25 to 30 October
and 1 and 2 November. Clauses 2 to 4, 6 to 16, 18 to 20, 22 to 28,
31 to 33, 35 to 41, 43 to 50 and 56 to 59 were adopted in their
original form. The remaining clauses were all amended in the
Lok Sabha before being passed. Clause 1 of the bill was adopted
by the Lok Sabha on 1 November and amended to replace the
name "Forty-fourth" with "Forty-second", and a similar
amendment was made on 28 October to Clause 5 which sought to
introduce a new article 31D to the Constitution. Amendments to
all the other clauses were adopted on 1 November and the bill
was passed by the Lok Sabha on 2 November 1976. It was then
debated by the Rajya Sabha on 4, 5, 8, 9, 10 and 11 November.
All amendments made by the Lok Sabha were adopted by the
Rajya Sabha on 10 November, and the bill was passed on 11
November 1976.[6] The bill, after ratification by the States,
received assent from then President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed on 18
December 1976, and was notified in The Gazette of India on the
Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, whose
same date.[6] Sections 2 to 5, 7 to 17, 20, 28, 29, 30, 33, 36, 43 to Indian National Congress
53, 55, 56, 57 and 59 of the 42nd amendment came into force government enacted the 42nd
from 3 January 1977. Sections 6, 23 to 26, 37 to 42, 54 and 58 Amendment in 1976, during the
went into effect from 1 February 1977 and Section 27 from 1 Emergency.
April 1977.[10]

Ratification
The Act was passed in accordance with the provisions of Article 368 of the Constitution, and was ratified
by more than half of the State Legislatures, as required under Clause (2) of the said article. State
Legislatures that ratified the amendment are listed below:[6]

Andhra Pradesh Manipur Did not ratify:

Assam Orissa
1. Gujarat
Bihar Punjab
2. Jammu and Kashmir
Haryana Rajasthan
3. Kerala
Himachal Pradesh Sikkim
4. Meghalaya
Karnataka Tripura
5. Nagaland
Madhya Pradesh Uttar Pradesh
6. Tamil Nadu
Maharashtra West Bengal

Objective
The amendment removed election disputes from the purview of the courts. The amendment's opponents
described it as a "convenient camouflage".[11]

Second, the amendment transferred more power from the state governments to the central government,
eroding India's federal structure. The third purpose of the amendment was to give Parliament
unrestrained power to amend any parts of the Constitution, without judicial review.[5][12] The fourth
purpose was to make any law passed in pursuance of a Directive Principle immune from scrutiny by the
Supreme Court.[13] Supporters of the measure said this would "make it difficult for the court to upset
parliament's policy in regard to many matters".[5][12]

Constitutional changes
Almost all parts of the Constitution, including the Preamble and amending clause, were changed by the
42nd Amendment, and some new articles and sections were inserted.[14][15][16] Some of these changes
are described below.

The Parliament was given unrestrained power to amend any parts of the Constitution,[14] without judicial
review.[17] This essentially invalidated the Supreme Court's ruling in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of
Kerala in 1973.[15] The amendment to article 368,[6] prevented any constitutional amendment from being
"called in question in any Court on any ground". It also declared that there would be no limitation
whatever on the constituent power of Parliament to amend the Constitution.[6] The 42nd Amendment
also restricted the power of the courts to issue stay orders or injunctions.[14][15] The 42nd Amendment
revoked the courts' power to determine what constituted an office of profit.[18] A new article 228A was
inserted in the Constitution which would give High Courts the authority to "determine all questions as to
the constitutional validity of any State law".[6] The amendment's fifty-nine clauses stripped the Supreme
Court of many of its powers and moved the political system toward parliamentary sovereignty. The 43rd
and 44th Amendments reversed these changes.[19]

Article 74 was amended and it was explicitly stipulated that "the President shall act in accordance with
the advice of the Council of Ministers".[1][18][19] Governors of states were not included in this article.
The interval at which a proclamation of Emergency under Article 356 required approval from Parliament
was extended from six months to one year. Article 357 was amended so as to ensure that laws made for a
State, while it was under Article 356 emergency, would not cease immediately after the expiry of the
emergency, but would instead continue to be in effect until the law was changed by the State
Legislature.[18] Articles 358 and 359 were amended, to allow suspension of Fundamental Rights, and
suspension of enforcement of any of the rights conferred by the Constitution during an Emergency.[6]

The 42nd Amendment added new Directive Principles, viz Article 39A, Article 43A and Article 48A.[18]
The 42nd Amendment gave primacy to the Directive Principles, by stating that "no law implementing
any of the Directive Principles could be declared unconstitutional on the grounds that it violated any of
the Fundamental Rights". The Amendment simultaneously stated that laws prohibiting "anti-national
activities" or the formation of "anti-national associations" could not be invalidated because they infringed
on any of the Fundamental Rights. The 43rd and 44th Amendments repealed the 42nd Amendment's
provision that Directive Principles take precedence over Fundamental Rights, and also curbed
Parliament's power to legislate against "anti-national activities". The 42nd Amendment also added a new
section to the Article on "Fundamental Duties" in the Constitution. The new section required citizens "to
promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood among all the people of India, transcending
religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities."[19][2]

The 42nd Amendment granted power to the President, in consultation with the Election Commission, to
disqualify members of State Legislatures. Prior to the Amendment, this power was power vested in the
Governor of the State.[18] Article 105 was amended so as to grant each House of Parliament, its members
and committees the right to "evolve" their "powers, privileges and immunities", "from time to time".
Article 194 was amended to grant the same rights as Clause 21 to State Legislatures, its members and
committees. Two new clauses 4A and 26A were inserted into article 366 of the Constitution, which
defined the meaning of the terms "Central Law" and "State Law" by inserting two new clauses 4A and
26A into article 366 of the Constitution.[6]

The 42nd Amendment froze any delimitation of constituencies for elections to Lok Sabha and State
Legislative Assemblies until after the 2001 Census of India,[18] by amending article 170 (relating to
composition of Legislative Assemblies).[6] The total number of seats in the Lok Sabha and the
Assemblies remained the same until the 91st Amendment, passed in 2003, extended the freeze up to
2026.[20] The number of seats reserved for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Lok Sabha
and State Legislative Assemblies was also frozen.[18] The amendment extended the term of Lok Sabha
and Legislative Assemblies members from five to six years,[18] by amending article 172 (relating to
MLAs) and Clause(2) of Article 83 (for MPs). The 44th Amendment repealed this change, shortening the
term of the aforementioned assemblies back to the original 5 years.[6]

Article 312, which makes the provision for All India Services was amended to include the All-India
Judicial Service.[21]

Amendment of the Preamble

The 42nd Amendment changed the description of India from
a "sovereign democratic republic" to a "sovereign, socialist
secular democratic republic", and also changed the words
"unity of the nation" to "unity and integrity of the nation".

B. R. Ambedkar, the principal architect of the Constitution,

was opposed to declaring India's social and economic
structure in the Constitution. During the Constituent
Assembly debates on framing the Constitution in 1946, K.T.
Shah proposed an amendment seeking to declare India as a
"Secular, Federal, Socialist" nation. In his opposition to the
amendment, Ambedkar stated, "My objections, stated briefly
are two. In the first place the Constitution... is merely a
mechanism for the purpose of regulating the work of the
various organs of the State. It is not a mechanism where by
particular members or particular parties are installed in
office. What should be the policy of the State, how the
Society should be organised in its social and economic side
are matters which must be decided by the people themselves The original text of the Preamble before
the 42nd Amendment
according to time and circumstances. It cannot be laid down
in the Constitution itself, because that is destroying
democracy altogether. If you state in the Constitution that the social organisation of the State shall take a
particular form, you are, in my judgment, taking away the liberty of the people to decide what should be
the social organisation in which they wish to live. It is perfectly possible today, for the majority people to
hold that the socialist organisation of society is better than the capitalist organisation of society. But it
would be perfectly possible for thinking people to devise some other form of social organisation which
might be better than the socialist organisation of today or of tomorrow. I do not see therefore why the
Constitution should tie down the people to live in a particular form and not leave it to the people
themselves to decide it for themselves. This is one reason why the amendment should be opposed."[22]
Ambedkar's second objection was that the amendment was "purely superfluous" and "unnecessary", as
"socialist principles are already embodied in our Constitution" through Fundamental Rights and the
Directive Principles of State Policy. Referring to the Directive Principles, he asked Shah, "If these
directive principles to which I have drawn attention are not socialistic in their direction and in their
content, I fail to understand what more socialism can be". Shah's amendment failed to pass,[22] and the
Preamble remained unchanged until the 42nd Amendment.

Aftermath
During the Emergency, Indira Gandhi implemented a 20-point
program of economic reforms that resulted in greater economic
growth, aided by the absence of strikes and trade union conflicts.
Encouraged by these positive signs and distorted and biased
information from her party supporters, Gandhi called for elections in
May 1977.[23] However, the Emergency era had been widely
unpopular. The 42nd Amendment was widely criticised, and the
clampdown on civil liberties and widespread abuse of human rights
by police angered the public.[14]

In its election manifesto for the 1977 elections, the Janata Party
promised to "restore the Constitution to the condition it was in
before the Emergency and to put rigorous restrictions on the
executive's emergency and analogous powers".[13] The election
ended the control of the Congress (Congress (R) from 1969) over the Morarji Desai became Prime
Minister after the 1977 elections.
executive and legislature for the first time since independence.[19]
After winning the elections, the Moraji Desai government attempted
to repeal the 42nd Amendment. However, Gandhi's Congress party held 163 seats in the 250 seat Rajya
Sabha, and vetoed the government's repeal bill.[4]

The Janata government then brought about the 43rd and 44th Amendments in 1977 and 1978
respectively, to restore the pre-1976 position to some extent.[5] Among other changes, the amendments
revoked the 42nd Amendment's provision that Directive Principles take precedence over Fundamental
Rights, and also curbed Parliament's power to legislate against "antinational activities".[19] However, the
Janata Party was not able to fully achieve its objective of restoring the Constitution to the condition it
was in before the Emergency.

Legal challenges of the amendment

The constitutionality of sections 4 and 55 of the 42nd Amendment were challenged in Minerva Mills v.
Union of India, when Charan Singh was caretaker Prime Minister. Section 4 of the 42nd Amendment,
had amended Article 31C of the Constitution to accord precedence to the Directive Principles of State
Policy articulated in Part IV of the Constitution over the Fundamental Rights of individuals articulated in
Part III. Section 55 prevented any constitutional amendment from being "called in question in any Court
on any ground". It also declared that there would be no limitation whatever on the power of Parliament to
amend the Constitution. After the 1980 Indian general election, the Supreme Court declared sections 4
and 55 of the 42nd amendment as unconstitutional. It further endorsed and evolved the basic structure
doctrine of the Constitution.[17][24] In the judgement on Section 4, Chief Justice Yeshwant Vishnu
Chandrachud wrote:
 Three Articles of our Constitution, and only three, stand between the heaven of freedom into
which Tagore wanted his country to awake and the abyss of unrestrained power. They are
Articles 14, 19 and 21. Article 31C has removed two sides of that golden triangle which
affords to the people of this country an assurance that the promise held forth by the
preamble will be performed by ushering an egalitarian era through the discipline of
fundamental rights, that is, without emasculation of the rights to liberty and equality which
alone can help preserve the dignity of the individual.[25]

On Section 4, Chandrachud wrote, "Since the Constitution had conferred a limited amending power on
the Parliament, the Parliament cannot under the exercise of that limited power enlarge that very power
into an absolute power. Indeed, a limited amending power is one of the basic features of our Constitution
and therefore, the limitations on that power can not be destroyed. In other words, Parliament can not,
under Article 368, expand its amending power so as to acquire for itself the right to repeal or abrogate the
Constitution or to destroy its basic and essential features. The donee of a limited power cannot by the
exercise of that power convert the limited power into an unlimited one."[25] The ruling was widely
welcomed in India, and Gandhi did not challenge the verdict.[11] The Supreme Court's position on
constitutional amendments laid out in its judgements in Golak Nath v. State of Punjab, Kesavananda
Bharati v. State of Kerala and the Minvera Mills case, is that Parliament can amend the Constitution but
cannot destroy its "basic structure".[17][19]

On 8 January 2008, a petition, filed by Sanjiv Agarwal of the NGO Good Governance India Foundation,
challenged the validity of Section 2 of the 42nd Amendment, which inserted the word "socialist" in the
Preamble to the Constitution.[26] In its first hearing of the case, Chief Justice K. G. Balakrishnan, who
headed the three-judge bench, observed, "Why do you take socialism in a narrow sense defined by
communists? In broader sense, it means welfare measures for the citizens. It is a facet of democracy. It
hasn't got any definite meaning. It gets different meanings in different times."[27] Justice Kapadia stated
that no political party had, so far, challenged the amendment and everyone had subscribed to it. The court
would consider it only when any political party challenged the EC.[28] The petition was withdrawn on 12
July 2010 after the Supreme Court declared the issue to be "highly academic".[13]

Legacy
In the book JP Movement and the Emergency, historian Bipan Chandra wrote, "Sanjay Gandhi and his
cronies like Bansi Lal, Minister of Defence at the time, were keen on postponing elections and
prolonging the emergency by several years ... In October–November 1976, an effort was made to change
the basic civil libertarian structure of the Indian Constitution through the 42nd amendment to it. ... The
most important changes were designed to strengthen the executive at the cost of the judiciary, and thus
disturb the carefully crafted system of Constitutional checks and balance between the three organs of the
government."[29]

See also
List of amendments of the Constitution of India

References
1. Hart, Henry C. (April 1980). "The Indian Constitution: Political Development and Decay".
 Asia Survey, Vol. 20, No. 4, Apr., 1980. University of California Press. JSTOR i345360 (http
s://www.jstor.org/stable/i345360).
2. Kesharwani, Gyan Prakash (14 July 2019). "42nd Amendment, Was it India's or Indira's
Constitution? - CCRD" (https://ccrd.vidhiaagaz.com/42nd-amendment-of-indian-constitutio
n/). Centre for Constitutional Research and Development. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
3. Dev, Nitish. "Constitutional Amendments of India" (http://www.publishyourarticles.org/knowle
dge-hub/political-science/constitutional-amendments.html). PublishYourArticles.org.
Retrieved 12 April 2012.
4. John R. Walker (21 June 1977). "Janata's flaws shown by wins in northern India" (https://ne
ws.google.com/newspapers?id=93FkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6H0NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1263,93934&d
q=42nd+amendment&hl=en). The Calgary Herald. Southam News Services. Retrieved
21 November 2013.
5. "The bill finally cometh" (http://www.thesundayindian.com/en/story/the-bill-finally-cometh/99/
20338/). The Sunday Indian. 21 August 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
6. R.C. Bhardwaj, ed. (1 January 1995). Constitution Amendment in India (https://books.googl
e.com/books?id=4yp0yhzdKWIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false) (Sixth ed.).
New Delhi: Northern Book Centre. pp. 76–84, 190–196. ISBN 9788172110659. Retrieved
21 November 2013.
7. "Forty Second Amendment" (http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend42.htm).
Indiacode.nic.in. Retrieved 26 November 2013. This article incorporates text from this
source, which is in the public domain.
8. Lok Sabha Debates, Fifth Series, vol. 65, no.3, cols.141-2.
9. "Parliament Has Unfettered Right". Indira Gandhi, Selected Speeches and Writings, vol.3.
pp. 283–91.
10. "The Constitution (Amendment) Acts" (http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/amendment.ht
m). Constitution.org. Retrieved 25 November 2013. This article incorporates text from
this source, which is in the public domain.
11. "When in doubt, amend" (http://www.indianexpress.com/news/when-in-doubt-amend/50481
3/0). Indian Express. 21 August 2009. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
12. Granville, Austin. Working A Democratic Constitution - The Indian Experience. p. 371.
13. " 'Issue too academic', so PIL on socialism in statute withdrawn" (http://www.indianexpress.c
om/news/issue-too-academic-so-pil-on-socialism-in/645665/). The Indian Express. 13 July
2010. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
14. "The Rise of Indira Gandhi" (http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+i
n0029)). Library of Congress Country Studies. Retrieved 27 June 2009.
15. "A living legend" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131203074842/http://expressindia.indianex
press.com/ie/daily/19980124/02450944.html). The Indian Express. 24 January 1998.
Archived from the original (http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980124/024509
44.html) on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
16. Kesharwani, Gyan Prakash (14 July 2019). "42nd Amendment, Was it India's or Indira's
Constitution? - CCRD" (https://ccrd.vidhiaagaz.com/42nd-amendment-of-indian-constitutio
n/). Centre for Constitutional Research and Development. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
17. "Indian Constitution: Sixty years of our faith" (http://www.indianexpress.com/news/indian-co
nstitution-sixty-years-of-our-faith/574507/0). The Indian Express. 2 February 2010.
Retrieved 23 November 2013.
18. Prateek Deol. "42nd Constitutional Amendment: A Draconion Act Of Parliament - Gujarat
National Law University" (http://www.legalserviceindia.com/article/l40-42nd-Constitutional-A
mendment.html). Legalserviceindia.com. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
19. "India - The Constitution" (http://countrystudies.us/india/109.htm). Countrystudies.us.
Retrieved 23 November 2013. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in
the public domain.
20. "Delimitation of constituencies" (http://www.hindu.com/2001/09/17/stories/05172524.htm).
The Hindu. 17 September 2001. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
21. "We don't need career judges India" (https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/we-
dont-need-career-judges-india-all-india-judicial-service-niti-aayog-5523946/). The Indian
Express. 5 January 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
22. "CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY OF INDIA - VOLUME VII" (http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/de
bates/vol7p6.htm). NIC. 15 November 1948. Retrieved 23 November 2013. This article
incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
23. Paul R. Brass (1994). The Politics of India Since Independence. Cambridge University
Press. pp. 40–50. ISBN 978-0-521-45970-9.
24. Raghav Sharma (16 April 2008). "Minerva Mills Ltd. & Ors. v. Union of India & Ors: A
Jurisprudential Perspective". Social Science Research Network. SSRN 1121817 (https://ssr
n.com/abstract=1121817). Missing or empty |url= (help)
25. "Minerva Mills Ltd. & Ors. vs. Union of India & Ors" (https://web.archive.org/web/201204041
95325/http://openarchive.in/judis/4488.htm). Open Archive. Archived from the original (htt
p://openarchive.in/judis/4488.htm) on 4 April 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-17. This article
incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
26. "Front Page : 'Socialist' tag in statute challenged" (http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/09/stories/
2008010953131500.htm). The Hindu. 9 January 2008. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
27. "India a socialist nation? SC says keep the tag" (http://ibnlive.in.com/news/india-a-socialist-
nation-sc-says-keep-the-tag/55914-3.html). Ibnlive.in.com. 8 January 2008. Retrieved
23 November 2013.
28. J. Venkatesan (13 July 2010). "Petition against term "socialist" in Constitution rejected" (htt
p://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article512619.ece). The Hindu. Retrieved
23 November 2013.
29. "New book flays Indira Gandhi's decision to impose Emergency" (http://ibnlive.in.com/gener
alnewsfeed/news/new-book-flays-indira-gandhis-decision-to-impose-emergency/706495.ht
ml). IBN Live News. 30 May 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2013.

External links
Full text of the 42nd Amendment - NIC (http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend42.htm)
Full text of the 42nd Amendment - india.gov.in (http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/docume
nts/amendment/amend42.htm)

Further reading
G. G. Mirchandani Subverting the Constitution (Abhinav Publications, 1977) (https://books.g
oogle.com/books?id=Xzx0miLvzfsC&pg=PA95&dq=42nd+amendment+debate&hl=en&sa=
X&ei=ej6GU__AONOzuATNn4LICQ#v=onepage&q=42nd%20amendment%20debate&f=fal
se)
Kiruṣṇā Ān̲ ant, Vi India Since Independence: Making Sense of Indian Politics (Pearson
Education India, 2010) (https://books.google.com/books?id=X62Sc3muOyQC&pg=PA167&
dq=42nd+amendment+indira+gandhi&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZT6GU86fFIKGuATynoKQCQ#v=on
epage&q=42nd%20amendment%20indira%20gandhi&f=false)

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