UPPER PLATE

The transit telescope is an optical type and is similar to that of a

dumpy level. It is used for fixing thedirection of the line of sight, Viewing the
object, and magnifying their apparent size in the field of view. Thetelescope
contains the objective lens, cross hair ring, eyepiece, and focusing screw. A
sensitive level vial is attached to the line of sight is horizontal.
Telescope Telescope can be rotated or reversed about its horizontal axis and
may be fixed in any position in a vertical plane. The rotation in a vertical
plane is called transiting.
Two vertical standards, either the A or U type, which are mounted on
trunnions, are integral parts of the upper plate. The standards are used to
Standards hold into position the horizontal axle level so that the telescope can be
elevated or depressed by rotating on an axis
perpendicular to the line of sight.
The transit is usually provided with a compass for establishing the
magnetic meridian and to allow rough checks on measured angles. It is found
on the upperplate between the standards. Most compass circles
Compass
 box
found in transits are fixed with the north (N) and south
(S) points located are fixed with the vertical plane as the line of sight of the
telescope. In some transits, the compass box is so designed that the compass
circle may be rotated with respect to the upper plate. The magnetic needle
of the compass can be lifted from its pivot by
means of a screw located at one end of the compass box. This is called the
needle lifter
Attached to the upper plate are two level vials which are positioned
at the right angles to each other. The plate levels are used to established the
Plate Level upper and lower plates in a horizontal plane.

Vials

The vertical circle is attached to the telescope and rotates with it. It is
used in measuring vertical angles. Graduations on the vertical circle are
Vertical normally divided into ½ - degree spaces with readings to the nearest
Circle minute obtained from a vernier having 30 divisions.

Two opposite verniers, called the A and B verniers, are provided for
the horizontal circle. The A vernier is located adjacent to the eyepiece where
Plate it is easily used by the instrument man. The B vernier is positioned 180
Verniers degrees from the A vernier. The vernier segments are each about 5 cm long
and fit close to the graduated circle
as they rotate around it.
The optical plummet is a small telescope through the vertical center
of the transit. It is available in some transits particularly European made
instruments. This device enables the instrument to be centered over a given
Optical point quickly and precisely by means of an optical system. By means of a
Plummet prism the line of sight to centering point is directed vertically downward so
that viewing is actually horizontal, facilitating ease of observation. Aside from
being more accurate optical centering is usually faster than centering with
plumb bob, especially when
there is a strong side wind.
To hold the telescope horizontal or at any desired inclination, the
vertical circle or telescope clam is tightened. When this clamp is loose the
Telescope telescope can
 be rotated clockwise or counterclockwise in a verticalplane. This clamp is
Clamp located near horizontal axle of the
transit.

This is also called the vertical circle slow-motion screw. It allows the
telescope to be rotated slightly or in small movements about the horizontal
Telescope axis after the telescope clam is tightened. This screw is particularly useful
when setting the cross hairs precisely on a distant point sighted.
Tangent
Screw

The upper clamp is a locking device which Is attached to the upper

plate and rotates with it. When tightened it exerts pressure on the collar
Upper Clamp around the outer spindle causing the upper and lower plates to lock
together. Upper clamps are usually with hexagonal heads and turn inward
toward the center of the part
they stop.
When rotated, this screw allows a small range of movement between
Upper the upper and lower plates even after the upper plate. Most tangent screws
Tangent have round heads and usually turn in a direction tangent to the motion they
control.
Screw

LOWER PLATE

Although the lower motion clampis attached to

Lower Clamp the horizontal circle, it does no rotate with it. This
clamp is used to control the rotation of the horizontal
circle. It tightens a collar around the outer spindle and
stops any
motion between the leveling head and the lower plate.
 This screw is used to make precisesetting after
Lower Tangent Screw the lower clamp is tightened. It moves the lower plate
to adesired exact position using a small range of
movement.

The leveling head assembly consists of bottom horizontal

foot plate, four leveling screws, and the plumb bob chain. It
Leveling Head Assembly is the lower part of the transit. The assembly allowsthe
instrument to be leveled and centered over a point. Also
included is a device that permits the transit to be moved in
small increments laterally without moving the tripod.

cross sectional of levelinghead

assembly

Leveling Screws There are four leveling screws that are threaded into
the leveling head which bear against the foot plate. Each screw
is set into acup to protect the foot plate from continued scoring
whenever the screws are turned.
These screws are used for leveling the instrument by the
plate levels. They're operated in pairs and always turned in
opposite directions. When the screws are turned, the
instrument is tilted about a half ball-and-socket point. If it is
desired to shift the transit laterally with respected to the foot
plate, all the four screws are loosened to release the pressure
between the sliding plate
and the foot plate

REFERENCES:
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING BOOK (3RD EDITION) BY JUNY PILAPIL LA PUTT
REFERENCES:
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING BOOK (3RD EDITION) BY JUNY PILAPIL LA PUTT