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The Engineers Transit and Theodolite
Lecture 6 GE10: General Surveying I I. Engineers Transit I. Main Parts
I. Upper Plate II. Lower Plate III. Leveling Head Assembly II. Setting up the transit III. Leveling of the Transit IV. Care of the Transit II. Theodolite I. Types of Theodolite I. Repeating Theodolite II. Directional Theodolite III. Digital Theodolite II. Main Parts III. Setting up the theodolite
Engineers Transit
Credited to Roemer, a Danish Astronomer, who in 1690 used the instrument to observe the passage (transit) of stars across the celestial meridian Essentially a telescope and two large protractors 1 protractor mounted in the horizontal plane and the other in a vertical plane An instrument of precision
Main Parts
1. Upper Plate (or Alidade) 2. Lower Plate 3. Leveling Head Assembly
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I. Upper Plate
Consists of the entire top of the transit Entire assembly rotates about a vertical axis Contains the ff:
vertical circle and vernier standards: supports the telescope and level tube compass box circular cover plate and plate level vials upper clamp tangent screw needle lifter
I. Upper Plate
1. TELESCOPE
Used for: 1. Fixing the direction of LOS 2. Viewing the objects 3. Magnification in the FOV Can be rotated about its horizontal axis Direct position => level vial is above the telescope Reversed position => level vial is below the telescope
I. Upper Plate
2. STANDARDS
Integral parts of the upper plate Used to:
1. Hold into position the horizontal axle level 2. Elevate or depress the telescope by rotating on an axis perpendicular to the LOS
I. Upper Plate
3. COMPASS BOX
Used to: 1. Establish magnetic meridian 2. Allow rough checks on measured angles Magnetic needle can be lifted from its pivot by the needle lifter
I. Upper Plate
4. PLATE LEVEL VIALS Positioned at right angles to each other
Used to establish the upper and lower plates in a horizontal plane
I. Upper Plate
5. VERTICAL CIRCLE
Attached to the telescope and rotates with it Used to measure vertical angles
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I. Upper Plate
6. PLATE VERNIERS
Two opposite verniers (A & B) A vernier is adjacent to the eyepiece where it is easily used B vernier is 180o from A vernier
I. Upper Plate
7. TELESCOPE CLAMP
Tightened to hold the telescope horizontal or at any desired inclination Located near the horizontal axle of the transit
I. Upper Plate
8.TELESCOPE TANGENT SCREW
a.k.a. vertical circle tangent screw Enables the telescope to be rotated in small movements about the horizontal axis when the telescope clamp is tightened Useful when setting the cross hairs precisely on a distant point sighted
I. Upper Plate
9. UPPER CLAMP
A locking device When tightened, it causes the upper and lower plates to lock together Most have round heads and usually turn in the direction tangent to the motion they control
I. Upper Plate
10. OPTICAL PLUMMET
Small telescope thru the vertical center of the transit Enables the instrument to be centered over a given point quickly and precisely by means of an optical system
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Used for attaching a string an a plumb bob so that the instrument may be set exactly over the selected point on the ground Plumb bob string always hang vertical due to gravity
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4. FINAL CENTERING
See to it that the wing nuts of the tripod is tightened Shift the leveling head of the transit along the foot plate to exactly center the plumb bob Use the optical plummet if available for accurate centering: look at the optical plummet shift the instrument until the reticle is precisely centered on the ground point
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1. Store the transit in its carrying case when not in use 2. Remove the transit from the tripod and carry it in its box when transporting in a vehicle or over a long walking distance 3. If it becomes went or damp, dry it off with absorbent cloth or preferably in sunlight 4. The objective lens should not be wiped as it is easily scratched
clean it by rubbing gently with a piece of soft cloth moistened in alcohol or with a piece of lens paper finish off with a camels hair brush
6. Hold the transit in the arms with the tripod sticking out to the side or behind NOT on the shoulder
do this when: 1. Carrying it inside a building 2. There is danger of striking the instrument against any obstructions
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LC =
where:
s n
LC = Least Count s = value of the smallest division on the main scale n = no. of divisions on the vernier
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Theodolite
The name given to the earliest version of a device to measure angles in the horizontal and vertical planes, designed and built in England in about 1725. Theodolite in the 1800s were not capable of the ability to be transited or turned 1800 about its horizontal axis, although this capability was included in an instrument called transiting theodolite. In Europe, the name theodolite was retained; in the United States the term transit was kept.
n = 30 LC = 1 min
Types of Theodolite
1. Repeating Theodolite 2. Directional Theodolite 3. Digital Theodolite
Types of Theodolite
1. Repeating Theodolite: can measure a horizontal angle as many times as required by adding them successively on the graduated circle capable of accumulating angles on its horizontal circle by means of its upper and lower motions horizontal scales may allow horizontal angles to be read directly to 10 sec or 20 sec.
Types of Theodolite
2. Directional Theodolite:
Horizontal circle remains fixed during a series of observations Telescope is sighted on each of the points and directions rather than angles to these points are read on the circle Required horizontal angle is determined by calculating the difference of two observed directions A reading on a directional theodolite represents the mean of two diametrically opposed sides of the circle. It is equivalent to averaging the readings of the A and B verniers of a transit.
Types of Theodolite
3. Digital Theodolite:
Resembles very closely a standard theodolite since horizontal and vertical angles in a survey are measured in a similar manner. It can be combined with an EDM instrument and microcomputer to assemble into what is called a total station instrument or an electronic tachoemeter.
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Parts of a Theodolite
Parts of a Theodolite
Parts of a Theodolite
Parts of a Theodolite
Reading Microscope Adjustable mirror to illuminate vertical circle
Adjustable mirror to illuminate vertical circle Clamping screw for vertical circle Clamping screw for vertical circle Inverter knob Horizontal Tangent Screw
Horizontal Clamp
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References:
Davis, R.E., et. al (1981). Surveying: Theory and Practice. USA: McGraw-Hill, Inc. La Putt, J.P. (2007). Elementary Surveying. Philippines: National Book Store.
THANK YOU
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