BES Course Lecture 2 Human Anatomy

OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE
BASIC EXERCISE SCIENCE (BES) COURSE

Lecture 2 – Human Anatomy and Basic Biomechanics
School of
Sports, Health
and Leisure
Learning outcomes
• Identify and explain the basic structure and functions of bones,
joints and soft tissues (cartilage, tendon and ligament)
• Explain basic anatomy and movement terminologies
• Describe roles of skeletal muscles and their movements
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Basic structure and

functions of bones, joints
and soft tissues
Skeletal system
• Adult skeleton
• 206 bones
• Axial skeleton
• 80 bones
• Appendicular
• 126 bones
• Occasional variations
• Different sizes and shapes
• Particularly at the joints, which
allow or limit movement
(Marieb & Hoehn, 2010, p. 175)

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Skeletal system
• Skull
Axial
• Vertebral column
skeleton
• Rib cage
• Upper and lower

limbs
Appendicular
skeleton • Pectoral girdle
(clavicle, scapula)
• Pelvic girdle (Ilium)
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendicular_skeleton
Skeletal system
Identify the following bones:
- Clavicle (collar bone)

- Scapula (shoulder blade)
- Humerus (upper arm bone)
- Radius (lateral forearm bone)
- Ulna (medial forearm bone)
- Ilium (hip bone)
- Femur (thigh bone)
- Tibia (shin bone)
Copyright © Republic Polytechnic Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendicular_skeleton

Functions of Bone
• Protection of heart, lungs, brain, etc.

• Support to maintain posture
• Movement by serving as points of
attachment for muscles and acting as
levers
• Mineral storage such as calcium &
phosphorus
• Hemopoiesis (blood cell production) – in
vertebral bodies, femur, humerus, ribs,
and sternum
• Energy Storage as adipose cells of the
yellow marrow (Muscolino, 2006, p. 48)

Response of bones to mechanical stress
• Wolff’s law – bone grows or

remodels in response to the
load placed on it.
• Importance of resistance and
strength training for bone
strength and health

Joints
• Connection between
bones in the body
• Uniaxial joint – movement in
1 plane. E.g. Knee and elbow
joint
• Biaxial joint – allows
movement in 2 planes. E.g. Uniaxial – elbow joint
Wrist joint
• Triaxial – allows movements
in 3 planes. E.g. Shoulder ball
and socket joint.
(Muscolino, 2006, p. 219)
Biaxial – wrist joint

Triaxial – Shoulder joint
Cartilage
1. Hyaline cartilage
• Covers the articular surfaces of
bones.
• To absorb compressive shock.
• Consists of 60% - 80% water.
• Deforms instantaneously to a low
or moderate load.
• The distribution of force in a joint
depends on the cartilage’s
thickness
(Hamill & Knutzen, 2009, p. 51)

Cartilage
2. Fibrocartilage
• Toughest form.
• Forms the union of most
cartilaginous joints.
• Example: intervertebral discs,
symphysis pubic joint.
3. Elastic cartilage
• Gives great degree of flexibility
but firm.
• Example: external ear, epiglottis.

Ligament and Tendon
Ligament
• A fibrous connective tissue that
connects bone to bone, providing
joint stability.
Tendon
• Connects a muscle to a bone.
• Connects to a muscle at the
myotendinous junction.
• Can withstand high tensile force
produced by muscles

Basic anatomy and

movement terminologies
Reference position
• The anatomical position is…

• most widely used and accurate
for all aspects of the body
• standing in an upright posture,
facing straight ahead, feet
parallel and close, and palms
facing forward

Directional terms
Term Definition Example
Anterior Toward the front of the body
(ventral)
Posterior Toward the back of the body
(dorsal)
Superior Toward the head or toward
(cranial)* upper part of a structure
Inferior Away from the head end/toward

(caudal)* the lower part of a structure
* applied to axial skeleton only (Marieb & Hoehn, 2010, p. 12)

Directional terms
Medial Toward the midline of the body
Lateral Away from the midline of the

body
Proximal* Closer to the axial body
Distal* Further from the axial body
* applied to appendicular skeleton only (Marieb & Hoehn, 2010, p. 12)

Directional terms

Superficial Closer to the the body surface
(external)
Deep Further from the body surface
(internal)

Planes of Motion
• Imaginary two-dimensional surface

through which a limb or body
Frontal
segment is moved plane Sagittal plane
• 3 basic or traditional
• in relation to the body, not in Transverse plane
relation to the earth
• Anteroposterior or Sagittal Plane
• Frontal or Coronal Plane
• Transverse or Horizontal Plane

Planes of Motion
• Sagittal or Antero-posterior Plane

• divides body into equal, bilateral
segments
• It bisects body into 2 equal
symmetrical halves or a right
and left half
• E.g. Sit-up, walking
(flexion/extension)

Planes of Motion
• Frontal or Coronal Plane

• divides the body into (front)
anterior & (back) posterior
halves
• E.g. Jumping Jacks, lateral arm
raise, side bending

Planes of Motion
• Transverse or Horizontal Plane

• Divides body into (top) superior &
(bottom) inferior halves when the
individual is in anatomic position
• E.g. Trunk rotation to left or right, baseball
swing, etc.

Movement terminology
• Flexion
• Bending movement that results in a ▼ of
angle in joint by bringing bones together,
usually in sagittal plane
• elbow joint when hand is drawn to
shoulder
• Extension
• Straightening movement that results in an
▲ of angle in joint by moving bones apart,
usually in sagittal plane
• elbow joint when hand moves away from
shoulder

• Abduction
• Lateral movement away from
midline of trunk in lateral plane
• raising arms or legs to side
horizontally
• Adduction
• Movement medially toward
midline of trunk in lateral plane
• lowering arm to side or thigh back
to anatomical position

• External rotation
• Rotary movement around longitudinal axis
of a bone away from midline of body
• Occurs in transverse plane
• a.k.a. rotation laterally, outward rotation, &
lateral rotation
• Internal rotation
• Rotary movement around longitudinal axis
of a bone toward midline of body
• Occurs in transverse plane (Muscolino, 2006, p. 175)
• a.k.a. rotation medially, inward rotation, &
medial rotation

• Right and left lateral flexion

• Movement at a joint that bends a
body part to the side.
• Occurs on the frontal plane
• E.g. bringing ear to shoulder, sliding
arm to side of thigh.

• Circumduction
• Circular movement of a limb that
delineates an arc or describes a
cone
• combination of flexion, extension,
abduction, & adduction
• when shoulder joint & hip joint
move in a circular fashion around a
fixed point
• also referred to as circumflexion

• Pronation
• In anatomical position, palm faces down
• Supination
• In anatomical position, the palm faces up
• Daily examples: using a screw-driver , table

tennis smash etc.
Source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana
tomical_terms_of_motion#/medi
a/File:Pronation_and_supination
.jpg

• Plantar Flexion
• Where the toes are pointed downwards
towards the ground
• Dorsi Flexion
• Where the toes are pointed upwards
towards the shin
• E.g. juggling a soccer ball

• Inversion
• Plantar surface of the foot turns towards
the midline of the body.
• Eversion
• Opposite of the inversion.

Introduction to anatomy – Movement
Video from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5RUFXZZBH4

Skeletal muscles and

movements
Skeletal muscle
• Muscles vary greatly in size, shape, and
structure from one part of body to another.
More than 600 muscles are found in human
body
• Origin
• Muscle attachment that remains fixed
• Insertion
• Muscle attachment that moves
• Action
• What joint movement a muscle produces
• Muscles creates movement by pulling, not (Marieb & Hoehn, 2010, p.305)
pushing

Anterior view of skeletal muscular system
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscular_system
Posterior view of skeletal muscular system
Hamstring
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscular_system
Upper limb muscles and actions

Muscle Joint Action Bone(s) Moved
Biceps brachii Elbow flexion & supination of Radius and Ulna
(Anterior Upper Arm) the forearm
Triceps brachii Elbow extension Radius and Ulna
(Posterior Lower Arm)
Deltoid Shoulder flexion, abduction Humerus
(Shoulder Contour) and extension
Rhomboids Scapular adduction & Scapula
(Spine to Shoulder Blade) downward rotation
Latissimus Dorsi Shoulder extension, rotation Humerus
(Lower Back) & adduction
Pectoralis Shoulder horizontal Humerus
(Front Chest) (transverse) adduction, and
shoulder flexion

Trunk and lower limb muscles and actions

Muscle Action Bone(s) Moved
Rectus Abdominus Trunk flexion, lateral flexion & Spine column
(Abdominal) rotation
Erector Spinae Back extension Spine column
(Posterior Spine)
Gluteal Hip extension & outward (lateral) Femur
(Buttock region) rotation
Quadriceps Femoris Hip flexion & knee extension Femur, tibia
(Anterior Thigh)
Hamstring Hip extension & knee flexion Femur, tibia
(Posterior Thigh)
Gastrocnemius Knee flexion & plantar flexion Foot
(Upper calf)
Soleus Plantar flexion Foot
(Lower calf)
Tibialis anterior Dorsi flexion Foot
(Front Shin) Copyright © Republic Polytechnic
Summary
• Identify and explain the different basic structure and functions of
bones, joints and soft tissues (cartilage, tendon and ligament) in
the human body.
• Explain basic anatomy and movement terminologies.
• Describe roles of skeletal muscles and their movements.

References
• Hamill, J., & Knutzen, K.M. (2009). Biomechanical Basis of Human
Movement. Peoples Republic of China: Lippincot Williams & Wilkins.
• Marieb, E. N., & Hoehn, K. (2010). Human Anatomy & Physiology (8th ed.).
United States of America: Pearson Education.
• Muscolino, J. (2006). Kinesiology – The Skeletal System and Muscle
Function. China: Mosby Elsevier.

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OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE

BASIC EXERCISE SCIENCE (BES) COURSE

Copyright © Republic Polytechnic 2

Basic structure and

(Marieb & Hoehn, 2010, p. 175)

• Upper and lower

Identify the following bones:

- Clavicle (collar bone)

Copyright © Republic Polytechnic Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendicular_skeleton

• Protection of heart, lungs, brain, etc.

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Response of bones to mechanical stress

• Wolff’s law – bone grows or

(Marieb & Hoehn, 2010, p. 187)

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(Muscolino, 2006, p. 219)

Biaxial – wrist joint

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(Muscolino, 2006, p. 60)

Ligament and Tendon

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Basic anatomy and

• The anatomical position is…

(Marieb & Hoehn, 2010, p. 15)

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Inferior Away from the head end/toward

* applied to axial skeleton only (Marieb & Hoehn, 2010, p. 12)

Lateral Away from the midline of the

Proximal* Closer to the axial body

Distal* Further from the axial body

* applied to appendicular skeleton only (Marieb & Hoehn, 2010, p. 12)

Term Definition Example

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• Imaginary two-dimensional surface

(Marieb & Hoehn, 2010, p. 15)

• Sagittal or Antero-posterior Plane

(Muscolino, 2006, p. 26)

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• Frontal or Coronal Plane

(Muscolino, 2006, p. 26)

• Transverse or Horizontal Plane

(Muscolino, 2006, p. 26)

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(Muscolino, 2006, p. 171)

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(Muscolino, 2006, p. 173)

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• Right and left lateral flexion

(Muscolino, 2006, p. 173)

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• Daily examples: using a screw-driver , table

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(Muscolino, 2006, p. 177)

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(Muscolino, 2006, p. 178)

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Introduction to anatomy – Movement

Video from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5RUFXZZBH4

Skeletal muscles and

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Anterior view of skeletal muscular system

Posterior view of skeletal muscular system

Upper limb muscles and actions

Copyright © Republic Polytechnic