Louisiana State University

LSU Digital Commons

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School

1963

A Method of Determining Sugar Cane Quality in

Louisiana.
John Jacob Seip
Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College

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Recommended Citation
Seip, John Jacob, "A Method of Determining Sugar Cane Quality in Louisiana." (1963). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 824.
https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/824

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 T h is d is s e rta tio n h a s been 6 3 -6 2 2 8
m i c r o f i l m e d e x a c tly a s r e c e i v e d

S E IP , Jo hn J a c o b , 1 9 1 7 -
A M ETHOD O F DETERM INING SUGAR CANE
Q U A L IT Y IN LOUISIANA.

L o u is ia n a S ta te U n i v e r s i ty , P h .D ., 1963
E n g in e e r in g , c h e m ic a l

University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, M ichigan

A M ETH O D O F D E T ER M IN IN G SUGAR CANE Q U ALITY

IN LOUISIANA

A D issertatio n

S u b m itte d to the G r a d u a t e F a c u lt y of th e
L o u is ia n a S ta te U n i v e r s i ty an d
A g r i c u l t u r a l an d M e c h a n ic a l C o lle g e
in p a r t i a l f u lf illm e n t of the
r e q u i r e m e n t s fo r the d e g r e e of
D o c to r of P h ilo s o p h y

in

T h e D e p a r t m e n t of C h e m ic a l E n g in e e r in g

by
Jo h n J a c o b Seip
B . S . , L o u is ia n a S ta te U n i v e r s i ty , 1943
M . S . , L o u is ia n a S ta te U n i v e r s i ty , 1947
J a n u a r y , 1963
 A C K N O W LE D G M E N T

The a u th o r w is h e s to e x p r e s s h is a p p r e c i a t i o n to D r . A r t h u r

G. K e l l e r , P r o f e s s o r of C h e m ic a l E n g in e e r i n g , fo r h is g u id a n c e and

c o u n s e l d u rin g t h e s e s t u d i e s . T h e a s s i s t a n c e of th e E n g in e e r in g

E x p e r i m e n t s ta tio n in the d e sig n a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n of e q u ip m e n t w hich

was u s e d in t h e s e s tu d ie s is a l s o g r a t e f u l l y a c k n o w le d g e d .

The a u th o r is in d e b te d to th e P r o c e s s o r S e g m e n t of the

L o u is ia n a S u g a r C a n e G r o w e r - P r o c e s s o r C o m m i t te e by w hom he was

e m p lo y e d in s p e c i a l p r o j e c t w o rk f o r the i n d u s t r y . D u rin g th is p e rio d

the c u r r e n t r e s e a r c h and g r a d u a te c o u r s e w o r k was c o m p le te d .

S in c e r e th an k s a r e due to D r . J e s s e C o a te s , H e ad of the

D e p a r t m e n t of C h e m ic a l E n g in e e r in g , f o r his. i n t e r e s t a n d c o u n s e l

w hich le d the a u th o r to r e t u r n to th e a c a d e m i c and r e s e a r c h a s p e c t s

of th e c h e m ic a l e n g in e e r in g fie ld .
 T A B L E O F C ON T E N T S

P ag e

A B S T R A C T ................................. x

CHAPTER

I I N T R O D U C T I O N ................................................................ 1

II M ETH O D S OF SUGAR C A N E Q U A LITY

D E T E R M I N A T I O N .......................................................... 5

Q u e e n s la n d ............................. 12

R e u n i o n ..................................................... 23

S outh A f r i c a ........................................... 30

Ja m aica ............................ 35

P h i l i p p i n e s ................................. 39

M a u r i t i u s ................................. 41

H a w a ii ................... 48

S p e c ia l S tu d ie s in L o u i s i a n a ....................... . 51

III M E T H O D S OF SUGAR CA N E P A Y M E N T . . . . 57

Q u e e n s l a n d . ............................ 60

R e u n i o n ...................................... 63

S outh A f r i c a ....................... 65

Ja m aica . ................................................ 69

iii
 T A B L E O F C O N TE N T S
(C o n tin u ed )

P ag e

CHA PTER

M a u r i t i u s ..................................... 73

P u e r t o R i c o .......................................... 76

IV SUGAR CANE Q U A L IT Y D E T E R M IN A T IO N
AND CANE PA Y M EN T IN LOUISIANA................... 82

G eneral ......................................................... .... . 82

C ane Q u a lity D e t e r m i n a t i o n ............................. 93

S u g a r C ane p a y m e n t .................................................103

M e c h a n ic a l H a r v e s t i n g — Its E f f e c t on
C ane Q u a lity an d C a n e P a y m e n t in
L o u i s i a n a .........................................................................109

V ST U D IES OF CANE QU ALITY D E T E R M IN A T IO N

A T THE AUDUBON SUGAR FA CTO RY . . . . 121

R e p r o d u c ib ility of the T h r e e - R o l l S a m p le
M ill and the C o ld W a te r E x t r a c t i o n
P r o c e s s ......................................................... 122

The I n h e r e n t V a r ia t io n in S u g a r C an e
Q u a lity in the F i e l d a n d in a C o m m e r c i a l
B undle . .................................................................... 128

Size of S a m p le v e r s u s P r e c i s i o n of the
C a n e Q u a lity T e s t s .................................................134

C o m m e r c i a l M e th o d s of S a m p lin g S u g a r
C a n e and T h e i r A c c u r a c y a n d P r e c i s i o n . 141

S a m p lin g by C o r i n g , , ........................ 150

C o m p a r a tiv e C o s t s of S a m p lin g and

P r o c e s s i n g th e S a m p le s . . . . . . . . 155

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
(C ontinued)

P age

CH A PTER

VI SUGAR CANE QUALITY D E T E R M IN A T IO N

FO R CANE PA Y M E N T BY S A M P L E M IL L
JU IC E E X T R A C T I O N ...........................................................158

T h o u g h ts on C u r r e n t M e th o d s of D i r e c t
C an e Q u a lity D e t e r m i n a t i o n ....................... 158

A n A l t e r n a ti v e M ethod o f D i r e c t C a n e
Q u a lity D e t e r m i n a t i o n by S a m p le M ill
J u ic e E x t r a c t i o n ...................................... 168

VII E X P E R IM E N T A L P R O C E D U R E , E Q U IP M E N T ,
AND HANDLING OF D A T A ................................................. 172

S u m m a r y ............................ 172

E q u i p m e n t ......................................................................... 176

Procedure . . . ......................... 188

H a n d lin g of D a t a ....................... 193

VIII R E S U L T S AND DISCUSSION O F R E S U L T S . . . 211

F a c t o r y v e r s u s S a m p le P o l E x t r a c t i o n . . 211

F a c t o r y v e r s u s S a m p le B r ix E x t r a c t i o n . . 228

S a m p le J u i c e E x t r a c t i o n o r S a m p le F i b e r
a s a M e a s u r e of F a c t o r y J u ic e E x t r a c t i o n 232

S a m p le v e r s u s F a c t o r y P o l, F i b e r , and
B r i x P e r C e n t C ane ...................................... 236

C o s t o f C a n e ................................. 239

The D r y M illin g an d D ilu tio n C o m p e n s a tio n

F a c to rs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

v
 T A B L E OF C O N T E N T S
(C ontin u ed )

P ag e
CH A PTER

IX C O N C L U S IO N S ......................................................................... 258

B IB L IO G R A P H Y ................................................................................................ 268

A P P E N D I X ..........................................................................................................273

I N O M E N C L A T U R E ................................................................274

II S A M P L E C A L C U L A T IO N S ................................................. 281

III D A T A .............................................................................................290

V IT A ........................................................................................................................ 313

vi
 L IS T O F T A B L E S

Page

F r e q u e n c y a n d C o s t of S a m p lin g , 1957-58 C r o p 95

A c t u a l Y ie ld v e r s u s T h e o r e t i c a l Y ield and
D i s t r i b u t i o n of R e t u r n s f r o m S u g a r , 1938-1947 115

P r e c i s i o n o f the T h r e e - R o l l S a m p le M ill
v e r s u s the C o ld W a te r E x t r a c t i o n P r o c e s s
( S p lit C an e T e s t s ) .......................................................... 125

V a r i a t i o n in P o l P e r C e n t C a n e of S a m p le s
f r o m a C o m m e r c i a l Bundle of S u g a r C a n e . . . 13 5

A c c u r a c y and P r e c i s i o n of C o m m e r c i a l
M e th o d s of S a m p lin g S u g a r C a n e ............................. 147

C o m p a r a ti v e C o s t s of S a m p lin g an d P r o c e s s i n g
the S a m p l e ........................ ...................................... 156

P o l E x t r a c t i o n C o r r e l a t i o n —F a c t o r y v e r s u s
S a m p le M i l l ........................................................................ 212

A c tu a l v e rs u s P re d ic te d P o l E x tra c tio n —
F a rre l-1 ............................. .... ....................... 215

A c c u r a c y of the S a m p le M ill J u ic e E x t r a c t i o n 217

A c c u r a c y of th e S a m p le M ill P o l P e r C e n t
J u i c e ................................................ ..................................... 219

R e p r o d u c i b i l i t y of the Box P r e s s w ith U n ifo rm

F e e d Q u a lity — P o l E x t r a c t i o n ................... 223

B r ix E x t r a c t i o n C o r r e l a t i o n —F a c t o r y v e r s u s
S a m p le M i l l .................................................... . . . .. 229

S a m p le M i l l E x t r a c t i o n o r S a m p le F i b e r a s a
M e asu re of F a c to r y Ju ic e E x tra c tio n • . . . . 233
 L IST OF T A B L E S
(Continued)

P ag e
TABLE

XIV F a r r e l - 2 v e r s u s F a c t o r y P o l , F i b e r , and
B rix P e r C ent C ane .................................. 237

XV S c r e w P r e s s v e r s u s F a c t o r y P o l, F i b e r , and
B r i x P e r C e n t C a n e .......................................................... 238

XVI S ta n d a r d F a c t o r y E x t r a c t i o n — C o s t of C a n e by
S a m p le M ill E x t r a c t i o n ................................................ 241

XVII S a m p le M ill B r i x an d P o l E x t r a c t i o n F a c t o r s —
C o s t o f C a n e b y S a m p le M ill E x t r a c t i o n . . . . 242

XVIII P r e d i c t e d Y ie ld —C o s t of C a n e by S a m p le M ill
E x t r a c t i o n .......................................... 243

XIX V alue of the S h ip m e n t and C o s t of C a n e fo r

S u g a r —C o s t of C a n e by S a m p le M ill
E x t r a c t i o n ......................................................... 245

XX C o s t o f C a n e b y N o r m a l J u ic e Q u a l i t y .................... 247

XXI C o s t of C a n e b y P o l, F i b e r , an d B r i x P e r
C en t C ane .................................................... 248

XXII C o m p a r i s o n of the C o s t of C a n e f o r S u g a r . . . 249

XXIII D r y M illin g F a c t o r ...................................... 254

XXIV D ilu tio n C o m p e n s a t i o n F a c t o r ................................... 255

XXV R a i n f a l l .................................................................................. 256

v iii
 L IS T O F IL LU STR A TIO N S

Page

IL L U S T R A T IO N

1 C o r e S a m p l e r ....................................... 152

2 T h r e e - R o l l S a m p le M i l l ...................................... 177

3 S c r e w P r e s s .............................. 180

4 Box P r e s s ..................................................................... -182

5 B ax P r e s s C y lin d e r A s s e m b l y . . . . . 184

ix
 ABSTRACT

The h ig h in cid en c e of s u g a r c a n e p a y m e n t s y s te m s _ th r o u g h o u t

the w o rld in w h ich cane p a y m e n t is b a s e d on a c t u a l o r i n f e r r e d q u a lity

of the c an e h a s p laced a p r e m i u m on a c c u r a t e . m e t h o d s of c a n e q u a lity

d e te rm in a tio n . U n fo rtu n a te ly , the c u r r e n t c a n e e v a lu a tio n s y s t e m s

w e r e d e v e lo p e d when c a n e w as h a n d - c u t , f r e s h , a n d t r a s h - f r e e .

T h e s e m eth o d s a r e no lo n g e r a p p lic a b le w h e re the h a r v e s t i n g o p e r a ­

tio n s a r e m e c h a n iz e d . In L o u is ia n a w h e re the c u tt i n g and lo ad in g

o p e ra tio n s a r e 100 per c e n t m e c h a n i c a l , c a n e w a s h in g f a c i l i t i e s g e n ­

e r a l l y p r e c e d e the m ill ta n d e m . A c c o r d in g ly , c a n e s a m p l e s a r e

r e m o v e d b e fo r e w a sh in g a n d a r e p r o c e s s e d in t h r e e - r o l l s a m p l e m i l l s .

H o w e v e r, the q u a lity of th e c a n e a s d e t e r m i n e d f r o m the s a m p le p r o ­

c e s s i n g is s t i l l e x p r e s s e d in t e r m s of th e a p p a r e n t s u c r o s e (o r pol)

and p u r i ty of the n o r m a l ju ic e — n o r m a l ju ic e b e in g d e fin e d a s ju ice

e x t r a c t e d w ith o u t the a d d itio n of m a c e r a t i o n w a t e r . In a d d it i o n to

f a ilin g to a c c o u n t for th e q u a n tity of ju ic e in the s a m p l e , th e n o r m a l

ju ic e s y s te m r e q u i r e s f a c t o r s of q u e s tio n a b le a c c u r a c y w h ic h r e l a t e

the q u a lity of the sa m p le m ill, c r u s h e r , and n o r m a l ju ic e . In o th er

c a n e grow ing a r e a s of th e w o r ld , f ib e r p e r c e n t c a n e is u s e d in s e v ­

e r a l s y s t e m s of cane q u a li t y d e t e r m i n a t i o n a s a m e a s u r e of the e x -

t r a c t a b l e ju ic e in the c a n e . H o w e v e r , ro u tin e f i b e r d e t e r m i n a t i o n s
fo r s u c h p u r p o s e s a r e tim e c o n s u m i n g a n d r e q u i r e c o n s i d e r a b l e i n v e s t ­

m e n t in l a b o r a t o r y p e r s o n n e l a n d e q u ip m e n t.

T h e m eth o d of c a n e q u a l i t y d e t e r m i n a t i o n an d p a y m e n t w h ic h w a s

d e v e lo p e d in t h e s e s t u d i e s in v o lv e s p a y m e n t to the g r o w e r b a s e d on

(1) th e p r e d ic te d r e c o v e r a b l e s u g a r in the c a n e s a m p le and (2) a s t a n d ­

a r d s p l i t in r e t u r n s fo r s u g a r b e tw e e n the g r o w e r a n d the f a c t o r y . The

r e c o v e r a b l e s u g a r in e a c h s a m p l e is d e t e r m i n e d b y m e a n s o f a r e c o v ­

e r a b l e s u g a r f o r m u la i n w h ic h a r e i n c o r p o r a t e d (1) the s a m p le m il l

B r i x a n d pol e x t r a c t i o n a s d e t e r m i n e d f r o m th e q u a li t y an d q u a n tity of

e x t r a c t e d ju ic e , (2) f a c t o r s r e l a t i n g the s a m p le m i l l e x t r a c t i o n t o t h a t

o f the f a c t o r y w hich is c o r r e c t e d to a s t a n d a r d l e v e l of e x t r a c t i o n e f f i ­

c i e n c y , and (3) a s t a n d a r d b o ilin g h o u s e r e t e n t i o n . I n c lu s io n of s t a n d ­

a r d r e t e n ti o n an d e x t r a c t i o n f a c t o r s in the r e c o v e r a b l e s u g a r f o r m u la

th u s p ro v id e s a y ield w h ic h is c o r r e c t e d to a n a r e a - w i d e l e v e l of

f a c t o r y e ff ic ie n c y — a s d e t e r m i n e d f r o m the q u a li t y of the c a n e s p e c if ic

to th e f a c t o r y a r e a .

The e x p e r i m e n t a l w o r k in t h e s e s t u d i e s c o v e r e d m e a n s of p r o ­

c e s s i n g the c a n e s a m p le w h ic h sh o u ld (1) s i m u l a t e th e p r e s s u r e e x ­

t r a c t i o n of the f a c t o r y ta n d e m , (2) h a v e a h ig h d e g r e e of c o r r e l a t i o n

w ith the f a c to r y e x t r a c t i o n , a n d (3) be c o m m e r c i a l l y f e a s i b l e . Such

d e v ic e s inclu ded a t h r e e - r o l l h y d r a u l i c a l l y lo a d e d c a n e s a m p le m il l ,

a jrc re w p r e s s (an e x t r u d e r ty p e d e v i c e fo r p r o c e s s i n g c o tt o n s e e d ) ,

a n d a s m a l l h y d r a u lic b o x p r e s s . T h ro u g h o u t the t e s t s d if f ic u lty w as

xi
e x p e r i e n c e d in m a in ta in in g a good m a t e r i a l b a la n c e fo r the f a c t o r y

ta n d e m . In v ie w of t h i s , i t w a s f e l t t h a t s a t i s f a c t o r y c o r r e l a t i o n w as

d e m o n s t r a t e d b e tw e e n th e s a m p le a n d the f a c t o r y pol e x t r a c t i o n ; the

c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s fo r the t h r e e - r o l l s a m p le m i l l and the s c r e w

p r e s s r a n g e d f r o m 0 .8 7 to 0 . 9 6 . The box p r e s s show ed r a t h e r good

r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y on s p e c i a l l y p r e p a r e d c a n e of a h ig h d e g r e e of f i n e ­

n e s s an d u n ifo rm ity . H o w e v e r , th e s a m p l e - f a c t o r y c o r r e l a t i o n w as

v e r y p o o r on c a n e w h ic h w a s r o u t i n e l y p r e p a r e d on a v a i la b l e e q u i p ­

m e n t.

T h e c o s t of c a n e a s d e t e r m i n e d f r o m the s a m p le p r o c e s s in g

s t u d i e s m o r e a c c u r a t e l y r e f l e c t e d the d if f e r e n c e in the q u a n tity of

ju ic e in th e c a n e th a n th e c o s t of c a n e by the c o n v e n tio n a l n o r m a l

ju ic e m e t h o d .

F u r t h e r w o r k a p p e a r s to be n e c e s s a r y on m e th o d s fo r w ith ­

d r a w i n g l a r g e r s a m p l e s a t the c o m m e r c i a l m il l s in o r d e r to i n c r e a s e

the a c c u r a c y of the c a n e e v a lu a tio n .

x ii
 CH A PTER I

INTRODUC TION

I n c r e a s i n g l y , t h e r e h a s b e e n a tr e n d in the s u g a r c a n e g ro w in g

a r e a s of the w o rld to w a rd u n i f o r m c an e p a y m e n t s y s t e m s . Such s y s ­

t e m s s p e l l out in d e t a i l the c o n t r a c t u a l r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n the f a r m e r

who g ro w s the c a n e a n d the f a c t o r y w hich c o n v e r t s the c a n e into the

m e r c h a n t a b l e p r o d u c t s of r a w s u g a r , m o l a s s e s and b y - p r o d u c t s . In

r e c e n t y e a r s , the f a r m e r - f a c t o r y r e l a t i o n s h i p h a s b e e n g e n e r a l l y e x ­

panded to in clu d e a t h i r d p a r t y - the g o v e rn m e n t. The p o s itio n of the

l a t t e r h a s b e en g e n e r a l l y th a t of the c o n tr o l li n g voice in the t r i u m v e r -

a te . T h is is so to the e x te n t th a t n o t o n ly a r e the f o r m an d c o n te n t of

the c a n e p a y m e n t s y s t e m s p e lle d out by law , b u t the a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f

the s y s t e m is v i g o r o u s l y e n f o r c e d a s w e ll.

A k e y f a c e t o f the c u r r e n t c a n e p a y m e n t s y s t e m s is the p r o v i ­

sio n f o r p a y m e n t b a s e d on the q u a li t y of the c a n e w hich the f a r m e r d e ­

l i v e r s to the f a c t o r y . P r o v i s i o n s fo r a d e q u a te ly d e t e r m i n i n g the

q u a li t y of c a n e th en b e c o m e a p r i m a r y r e q u i s i t e of a s u c c e s s f u l c a n e

paym ent sy ste m . It is p r o b a b ly t r u e t h a t a c a n e paymen,t s y s t e m is

no b e t t e r th a n th e m eth o d of c a n e q u a lity d e t e r m i n a t i o n w hich i m p l e ­

m e n ts the p a y m e n t s y s t e m .

1
 2

U n f o r tu n a te ly it is t r u e th a t the m e th o d s of c a n e q u a l i t y d e ­

t e r m in a t io n th ro u g h o u t the w o rld have n o t k e p t p a c e w ith s c i e n t if i c

and te c h n o lo g ic a l c h a n g e s in the in d u s try . L o u isia n a p a r tic u la r ly _

is a c a s e in point w h e re the m ethod of c a n e e v a lu a tio n — b a s e d on the

n o r m a l ju ic e q u a lity of the c a n e — was i n s t it u t e d in a p e r i o d w hen the

c a n e v a r i e t i e s w e r e r e l a t i v e l y few in n u m b e r , a n d the f a c t o r i e s r e ­

c e iv e d f r e s h , h a n d - c u t , a n d r e la tiv e ly t r a s h f r e e c a n e . By c o n t r a s t

to d a y , a g ro n o m ic r e s e a r c h has placed a t th e f a r m e r s ' d i s p o s a l n u m ­

e r o u s v a r i e t i e s o f d i f f e r in g d e g r e e s of i n s e c t and d i s e a s e r e s i s t a n c e ,

fib e r c o n te n t, an d e a r l y m a t u r i t y and f r o s t r e s i s t a n c e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

P r o b a b ly of g r e a t e r s ig n ific a n c e is the f a c t th a t the fie ld o p e r a t i o n s in

L o u is ia n a a r e e s s e n t i a l l y 100 p e r c e n t m e c h a n i z e d . T h is h a s r e s u l t e d

in th e d e l i v e r y to the f a c t o r y of m a c h i n e - c u t and lo a d e d c a n e w ith

a tte n d a n t s o i l and t r a s h — and of v a ry in g d e g r e e s of f r e s h n e s s or d e ­

te rio ra tio n . B u rn in g a s a m ea n s of d e t r a s h i n g h a s m e r e l y a d d e d a d d i ­

tio n a l p ro b le m s to th o se a l r e a d y c ite d .

T h is d i s s e r t a t i o n i s , th e n , a s tu d y of a m eth o d o r m e th o d s of

c a n e q u a li t y d e t e r m i n a t i o n w hich a re a p p lic a b le to p r e s e n t d a y c o n d i ­

tions in th e L o u is ia n a s u g a r c a n e i n d u s t r y . Since the t r e n d to w a r d

m e c h a n iz a tio n of f ie ld o p e ra tio n s is p r o c e e d in g a t a n a c c e l e r a t e d pace

in o th e r c a n e g ro w in g a r e a s of the w o rld , th is s t u d y is of m o r e th an

lo ca l in te re s t.
 3

A lth o u g h the m e th o d s of c a n e e v a lu a tio n in a c t u a l p r a c t ic e

have n o t k e p t pace w ith c h a n g e s in th e i n d u s t r y , r a t h e r e x te n s iv e

r e s e a r c h on im p r o v e d s y s t e m s of c a n e q u a li t y d e t e r m i n a t i o n is

b eing c o n d u c te d th ro u g h o u t th e c a n e g ro w in g a r e a s . T h ro u g h the

m ed iu m of the 1959 p r o c e e d i n g s of the T e n th C o n g r e s s of the I n t e r ­

n a tio n a l S o c ie ty of S u g a r C a n e T e c h n o lo g i s t s , c o n s i d e r a b l e m a t e r i a l

on the s u b j e c t w as r e l e a s e d - m a t e r i a l w h ic h w as n o t a v a ila b le to

e a r l i e r L o u is ia n a s t u d i e s on c a n e q u a lity d e t e r m i n a t i o n . C h a p te r II,

th en , r e v i e w s r e c e n t l i t e r a t u r e on the s u b j e c t .

The s u b j e c t of c a n e q u a l i t y d e t e r m i n a t i o n is in c o m p le te w ith ­

out a n u n d e r s ta n d in g o f its r e l a t i o n s h i p to the a s s o c i a t e d c a n e p a y ­

m ent sy s te m . W hile c a n e q u a l i t y d e t e r m in a tio n h a s b e e n e x te n s i v e l y

c o v e r e d in th e l i t e r a t u r e , r e l a t i v e l y l it t le i n f o r m a t i o n h a s b e e n r e ­

le a s e d on c a n e p a y m e n t s y s t e m s th r o u g h o u t the w o r ld . T h is in i t s e l f

n e e d s to be the s u b j e c t of c o m p r e h e n s i v e r e s e a r c h — a p r o j e c t beyond

the scope of th is s tu d y . As a n a l t e r n a t i v e , C h a p t e r III c o n ta in s a

s u m m a r y of a v a i la b l e i n f o r m a t i o n on c a n e p a y m e n t s y s t e m s th r o u g h o u t

the w o rld . T h is s u m m a r y m a y c l a r i f y the i n t e r - r e l a t i o n of c a n e p a y ­

m e n t and c a n e q u a lity d e t e r m i n a t i o n .

C h a p te r IV r e v i e w s the m e th o d s of c a n e q u a li t y d e t e r m in a tio n

and c a n e p a y m e n t w h ic h a r e s p e c if ic to L o u is ia n a .

Cane q u a lity d e t e r m i n a t i o n h a s b e e n the s u b j e c t o f c o n tin u in g

stu d y a t the A udubon S u g a r F a c t o r y , a n d t h e s e in v e s tig a tio n s have

 4

b e e n w e ll d o c u m e n te d . C h a p te r V s u m m a r i z e s th is m a t e r i a l a s i t

a f f e c t s the c u r r e n t r e s e a r c h .

W ith the w o r l d - w i d e , L o u is ia n a , an d A u d u b o n S u g a r F a c t o r y

d a ta a s a b a c k g r o u n d , C h a p te r VI d e v e lo p s the logic le a d in g to a p r o ­

p o se d m eth o d o f c a n e q u a lity d e t e r m i n a t i o n w h ic h w ould be a p p lic a b le

to L o u is ia n a c o n d it i o n s .

C h a p t e r VII c o v e r s the e x p e r i m e n t a l p r o c e d u r e a n d e q u ip m e n t

f o r v a lid a tin g the p ro p o s e d c a n e e v a lu a tio n m e th o d . The r e s u l t s of the

s tu d y a r e p r e s e n t e d a n d d i s c u s s e d in C h a p te r VIII. C h a p te r IX gives

c o n c l u s i o n s w h ic h a r e p e r t i n e n t to th e s tu d y .

\
 C H A P T E R II

M ETHOD S O F SUGAR CANE Q U A L IT Y D E T E R M IN A T IO N

The s u b j e c t of S u g a r C ane Q u a lity D e t e r m in a tio n b e c o m e s

r a t h e r e x te n s iv e w hen v iew ed in its e n t i r e t y to in clu d e the r e l a t e d

f a c e t s of s a m p lin g , t e s t i n g , a n d e v a lu a tio n . A lth o u g h m e th o d s of

te s ti n g and e v a lu a tio n a r e of p r i m a r y i n t e r e s t in th is s tu d y , th e s e

c a n n o t be p r o p e r l y i n t e r p r e t e d w ith o u t a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g of the c o n ­

c o m i t a n t p r o b le m of s a m p lin g . F u r t h e r m o r e fo r a th o ro u g h a p p r e -

c i a ti o n of the s u b j e c t , it is n e c e s s a r y to look in to s o m e of the s o c i o ­

lo g ic a l, e c o n o m ic , a n d s t a t u t o r y a s p e c t s of the i n d u s t r y in the

g e o g ra p h ic a r e a u n d e r s tu d y . F o r th e s e r e a s o n s , s e c t i o n s of this

c h a p t e r d e a lin g w ith the m e th o d s of c a n e q u a lity d e t e r m i n a t i o n in

d i f f e r e n t a r e a s of the w o rld a r e d iv id e d in to the fo llo w in g s u b ­

s e c t i o n s w h e re n e c e s s a r y :

S o c io lo g ic a l, E c o n o m ic , and L e g i s l a t i v e S y s te m s — T h is

s u b - s e c t i o n c o v e r s s u c h i te m s a s the in c id e n c e o f i n d e ­

p e n d e n t c a n e f a r m e r s , the r e l a t i v e s iz e o f the in d e p e n d e n t

f a r m i n g o p e r a t io n s , the m e th o d s of c a n e h a r v e s t i n g and

t r a n s p o r t , an d s t a t u t o r y c o n t r o l of the i n d u s t r y .

5
 6

S a m p lin g - T h e m e th o d s of p r o c u r i n g o r w ith d ra w in g the

s a m p l e s fo r s u b s e q u e n t i n s p e c t io n a r e b r i e f l y r e v ie w e d

in th is s u b - s e c t i o n .

T e s t i n g and E v a lu a tio n - T h is s u b - s e c t i o n c o v e r s the

m e th o d s of p r e p a r i n g and i n s p e c tin g the s a m p le , an d the

m e th o d s of d e te r m i n i n g th e q u a lity of the c o n s ig n m e n t of

c a n e f r o m th e s a m p le i n s p e c t i o n s . In th is s u b - s e c t i o n ,

r e f e r e n c e is m a d e to th e s t a n d a r d of c a n e q u a lity . T h is

is the un it w h ic h is u s e d to d e fin e the q u a lity of the c a n e .

In R e u n io n , th e s t a n d a r d of c a n e q u a lity i s SE, w hich is

th e r e c o v e r a b l e s u g a r of 9 7 ° t i t r e p e r c e n t c a n e . R efer­

e n c e is a l s o m a d e to th e c a n e q u a lity f o r m u l a . T h is is

th e f o r m u l a w h ic h i s u s e d to e v a lu a te th e c a n e in the t e r m s

of th e s t a n d a r d of c a n e q u a lity . T h is f o r m u l a g e n e r a l l y

e q u a te s s o m e r e a d i l y m e a s u r a b l e q u a n titie s su c h a s the

c r u s h e r j u ic e i n s p e c t io n s — and p o s s ib ly f i b e r p e r c e n t

c a n e — to th e s t a n d a r d of c a n e q u a lity .

H i s t o r i c a l l y , q u a lity d e t e r m i n a t i o n s fo r th e p u r p o s e of c a n e

p a y m e n t h a v e b e e n c o n c e r n e d c h ie fly w ith the q u a lity of the c a n e in

th e c a r r i e r to the m il l t a n d e m . Such d e t e r m i n a t i o n s in v o lv e d i n ­

s p e c tio n s of th e c r u s h e r ju ic e an d — in m o r e e l a b o r a t e s y s t e m s —

th e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of th e f ib e r c o n te n t of th e c a n e .
 7

M o re r e c e n t l y , the g r o w in g in c id e n c e of m e c h a n i c a l h a r v e s t ­

ing - w ith the r e s u l t a n t t r a s h an d fie ld s o i l a c c o m p a n y in g the c a n e —

h a s r e s u l t e d th r o u g h o u t the i n d u s t r y in a n i n c r e a s e d f r e q u e n c y o f c a n e

w a s h in g i n s t a l l a t i o n s a t the f a c t o r y . The r e s u l t a n t d ilu tio n of the

c r u s h e r j u ic e h a s m ad e s u b s e q u e n t c r u s h e r ju ic e in s p e c tio n s of d o u b tfu l

v a lu e . The n e c e s s a r y r e c o u r s e h a s b e e n to a n a ly z e the c a n e b e fo re it

e n t e r s the c a r r i e r .

A s a n o u tg ro w th of p r o b l e m s in c a n e s a m p lin g w hich have r e ­

s u lte d f r o m m e c h a n i z a t io n of the f ie ld o p e r a t io n s , e x te n s iv e s tu d ie s

h a v e b e e n d i r e c t e d to w a rd d e t e r m i n g the q u a lity of the c a n e f r o m a

s a m p le r e m o v e d b e f o r e the c a n e e n t e r s the c a r r i e r . S u ch s tu d ie s

hav e d r a w n h e a v i l y on e x p e r i e n c e g ained in a g ro n o m ic r e s e a r c h w hich

w as d i r e c t e d to w a r d d e te r m i n i n g the y ie ld of c a n e in the f ie ld .

By g e n e r a l u s a g e , c an e q u a lity s tu d ie s d i r e c t e d to w a rd e v a l u ­

a ti n g the c a n e b e f o r e i t e n t e r s the c a r r i e r o r the m illin g p r o c e s s have

b e e n c l a s s i f i e d a s d i r e c t c a n e q u a lity d e t e r m i n a t i o n . No su c h c l a s s i f i ­

c a t io n e x i s t s r e l a t i v e t o q u a lity d e t e r m i n a t i o n of the c a n e in the c a r r i e r .

F o r the p u r p o s e of th is r e v i e w , s u c h m eth o d s a r e c o n s i d e r e d to be i n -

d i r e c t c a n e q u a li t y d e t e r m i n a t i o n .

T h is s t u d y is n o t in te n d ed to c o v e r a l l the q u a lity e v a lu a tio n

m e th o d s in u s e th ro u g h o u t the w o r l d . It d o e s c o v e r s o m e of the b e t t e r -

known s y s t e m s an d r e c e n t d e v e lo p m e n ts in the s u b j e c t . P rim a rily ,

th o se m e th o d s of c a n e q u a lity d e t e r m i n a t i o n a r e r e v i e w e d w hich f o r m
the b a s i s fo r s u b s e q u e n t c a n e p a y m e n t. H o w e v e r , c e r t a i n m e th o d s

u se d in a g r o n o m ic r e s e a r c h a r e a p p lic a b le to c a n e p a y m e n t s y s t e m s

and a r e a l s o r e v i e w e d .

A m o n g the c a n e g ro w in g a r e a s th a t e a r l i e r r e c o g n i z e d th a t the

d e t e r m i n a t i o n of c a n e q u a lity is a n e c e s s a r y a d ju n c t to a n e q u ita b le

c a n e p a y m e n t s y s te m ^ Q u e e n s la n d , A u s t r a l i a is p ro b a b ly b e s t-k n o w n

fo r th e i n d i r e c t CCS s y s t e m — CCS b e in g a m e a s u r e of th e c o m m e r ­

c i a l l y r e c o v e r a b l e s u c r o s e in the c a n e . B e c a u s e the CCS s y s t e m is

h i s t o r i c a l l y s i g n i f ic a n t and e x te n s i v e l y d o c u m e n te d in the l i t e r a t u r e ,

and b e c a u s e the p r o b le m s e n c o u n t e r e d b y the Q u e e n s la n d i n d u s t r y in

a d a p tin g the s y s t e m to c h a n g in g c o n d itio n s of fie ld h a r v e s t an d i n ­

c r e a s e d f a c t o r y c a p a c i t y a r e c o m m o n to the e n t i r e i n d u s t r y , the

Q u e e n s la n d CCS s y s t e m is r e v ie w e d f i r s t .

The R e u n io n SE m eth o d of i n d i r e c t c a n e q u a lity e v a lu a tio n ,

w hich m e a s u r e s c a n e q u a li t y in t e r m s of c o m m e r c i a l l y r e c o v e r a b l e

s u g a r in the c a n e , is of i n t e r e s t b e c a u s e i t h a s b e en r e c e n t l y d e ­

v e lo p e d a n d i s b a s e d o n a th o ro u g h a n d r i g o r o u s d e v e lo p m e n t of the

c o n v e n tio n a l e x t r a c t i o n and r e t e n t i o n f o r m u l a s .

The u s e of the Ja v a R a tio , r e l a t i n g th e s u c r o s e c o n te n t of the

c a n e t o the q u a lity o f the c r u s h e r j u i c e , is p r o b a b ly the s i m p l e s t

m e th o d of i n d i r e c t c a n e q u a li t y e v a lu a tio n . T h e S outh A f r i c a n s y s ­

t e m u s e s th e Ja v a R a ti o to d e t e r m i n e th e s u c r o s e c o n te n t of th e c a n e

d i r e c t l y f r o m the s u c r o s e c o n te n t of a c r u s h e r ju ic e s a m p l e . In
 9

J a m a i c a , the p u r i ty of the c r u s h e r ju ic e a lo n g w ith the Ja v a R a tio and

the c r u s h e r ju ic e s u c r o s e a r e i n c o r p o r a t e d in to a f o r m u la to give the

to n s of c a n e per to n of 9 6 ° s u g a r ( T C /T S ) .

In the P h i l i p p in e s , the J a v a R a ti o and the c r u s h e r ju ic e s u c r o s e

a n d p u r i t y a r e i n c o r p o r a t e d in to a f o r m u l a to give th e p r e d i c te d y ie ld

o f c o m m e r c i a l s u g a r p e r ton of c a n e — P / T o r p ic u ls of c o m m e r c i a l

s u g a r p e r to n of c a n e . The s e c t i o n on the P h ilip p in e s in c lu d e s a r e f ­

e r e n c e to the e f f e c t of f ib e r on the Ja v a R a tio .

In M a u r i t i u s , c a n e q u a lity is e x p r e s s e d in t e r m s of the yield

of 9 9 ° p u r ity s u g a r p e r c e n t c a n e . The p r e d i c te d yield of s u g a r is

d e t e r m i n e d f r o m th e c r u s h e r ju ic e and f ib e r in s p e c tio n s w hich a r e

f a c t o r e d to a b s o lu te ju ic e — and f r o m w h ich the y ield of s u g a r is c a l ­

c u la te d .

Tw o m e th o d s of d i r e c t c a n e q u a lity d e t e r m i n a t i o n a r e d i s ­

c u s s e d in th is c h a p t e r . In the c o ld w a t e r e x t r a c t i o n p r o c e s s , the c a n e

s a m p le is d i s i n t e g r a t e d and s u b - s a m p l e d . W eighed p o r tio n s of the

s u b - s a m p l e and t a p w a t e r a r e v i g o r o u s l y a g it a t e d in a c o n t a i n e r w h ich

is e q u ip p e d w ith r a p i d l y r o t a t i n g b l a d e s . The r e s i d u e and e x t r a c t a r e

t h e n a n a ly z e d to d e t e r m i n e the s u c r o s e , B r i x , a n d fib e r p e r c e n t c a n e .

T he Q u e e n s la n d W e t D i s i n t e g r a t o r m eth o d an d the South A f r i c a n C o ld

E x t r a c t i o n p r o c e s s a r e c o v e r e d in the r e s p e c t i v e s e c t i o n s on Q u e e n s ­

lan d an d S outh A f r i c a . The P o l R a tio of H a w a ii is d i s c u s s e d in a s e p ­

a r a te se c tio n .
 10

T he o th e r m eth o d of d i r e c t c a n e q u a lity d e t e r m i n a t i o n in v o lv e s

the u s e of the t h r e e - r o l l s a m p le m i l l . The a p p lic a tio n of the s a m p le

m i l l to c a n e q u a lity d e t e r m i n a t i o n a t the USDA H oum a, L o u is ia n a , E x ­

p e r i m e n t S ta tio n i s c o v e r e d in the f in a l s e c t i o n of th is c h a p t e r .

It is of i n t e r e s t to n o te th a t the m a j o r i t y of the s y s t e m s a t t e m p t

to p r e d i c t c a n e q u a li t y in t e r m s of r e c o v e r a b l e s u g a r in the c a n e r a t h e r

th a n m e r e l y in t e r m s of the s u c r o s e c o n te n t of the c a n e . Such a p r o ­

c e d u r e r e q u i r e s the i n c o r p o r a t i o n in to the c a n e q u a lity f o r m u la of the

m il l e x t r a c t i o n a n d th e f a c t o r y r e t e n ti o n . T h e r e is a g ro w in g t r e n d t o ­

w a r d e s t a b l i s h i n g s t a n d a r d s of m illin g an d boiling h o u se e f f ic ie n c y .

S u c h s t a n d a r d s p r o t e c t the f a r m e r f r o m the low y ie ld s of the in e ff ic ie n t

f a c t o r y an d p e r m i t th e e f f i c i e n t f a c t o r y to r a p i d l y r e c o v e r its i n v e s t ­

m e n t in n e w e q u ip m e n t. F o r the p r o p e r a p p lic a tio n of m illin g a n d b o i l ­

in g h o u se s t a n d a r d s , a c c u r a t e c h e m i c a l c o n t r o l is n e c e s s a r y , and in

m a n y a r e a s s t a t u t o r y r e g u l a ti o n s r e q u i r e d ilu te ju ic e and m a c e r a t i o n

w a ter m e a su rin g d e v ic e s .

M an y of th e i n d i r e c t c a n e q u a lity d e t e r m i n a t i o n m e th o d s now i n ­

c o r p o r a t e f ib e r in to th e e v a lu a tio n . T h is e x p e d ie n t r e c o g n i z e s th a t

w h ile the c r u s h e r ju ic e i n s p e c t io n s a r e a m e a s u r e of ju ic e q u a l i t y , the

f i b e r in th e c a n e is a m e a s u r e of ju ic e q u a n tity and the m illin g r e s p o n s e

of th e c a n e . T h is t r e n d h a s , to a l a r g e d e g r e e , d i s c r e d i t e d the Ja v a

R a tio m eth o d w h ic h is b a s e d on c r u s h e r ju ic e in s p e c tio n s on ly. The

o t h e r sid e of the c o in is th a t m u c h m o t e e x te n s iv e l a b o r a t o r y c o n t r o l
 11

is n e c e s s a r y f o r s u c h f i b e r d e t e r m i n a t i o n s a s c o m p a r e d to the r e l a ­

tiv e ly s i m p le J a v a R a ti o m e th o d .

T h e r e is a c e r t a i n s i m i l a r i t y in th e m a n n e r in w hich s e v e r a l of

the c a n e e v a lu a tio n m e th o d s r e l a t e th e f a r m e r ' s c a n e q u a lity to a c t u a l

c o m m e rc ia l facto ry p erfo rm an ce. F o r su c h a c o r r e l a t i o n , a f a c t o r is

d e r i v e d , a n d th is f a c t o r is a p p lie d to th e f a r m e r ' s s a m p le in s p e c tio n s

to d e t e r m i n e h is c a n e q u a li t y . The f a c t o r m ay be d e t e r m i n e d w e e k ly ,

b i - w e e k l y , or f o r the c r o p an d m a y be e x p r e s s e d in g e n e r a l t e r m s a s

fo llo w s:

F a c to r = F a c t o r y U nits________
T o t a l F a r m e r s ' U nits

F o r s u c h a f a c t o r to b e r i g o r o u s l y c o r r e c t ,

the f a r m e r s ' u n its ( a s s u c r o s e p er c e n t

c a n e , s u g a r , e t c . ) sh o u ld in c lu d e both the

in d e p e n d e n t and f a c t o r y - o w n e d c a n e .

T hen:

E ach F a r m e r 's = E a c h F a r m e r ' s U nits x F a c t o r

C ane Q u a l it y

In th e r e c e n t m o d if ic a tio n s to the Q u e e n s la n d CCS s y s t e m , the

f a r m e r s ' u n its a r e CCS u n its a s c a l c u l a t e d f r o m the C C S f o r m u la ,

w h ile the f a c t o r y u n its a r e CCS u n its a s d e t e r m i n e d f r o m th e a c t u a l

fac to ry p erfo rm an c e .
 12

S i m i l a r y , in the R e u n io n s y s t e m , the f a r m e r s ' SE a r e o b ta in e d

f r o m the SE f o r m u l a , w h ile the f a c t o r y SE is obtain ed f r o m the a c t u a l

fa c to ry p erfo rm an ce.

L ik e the Q u e e n s la n d CCS m e th o d , the R e u n io n SE s y s t e m i n ­

c o r p o r a t e s c e r t a i n a s s u m p t i o n s a s to f a c t o r y e f f ic ie n ty in the f o r m u l a .

H o w e v e r, the R e u n io n s y s t e m g o e s a s t e p f a r t h e r and r e q u i r e s m in im u m

l e v e l s of f a c t o r y e f f i c ie n c y in d e t e r m i n i n g th e f a c t o r y SE f r o m a c t u a l

p erfo r m ance.

Q U EENSLA ND

(T he CCS a n d W et D i s i n t e g r a t o r M ethods)

S o c ia l, E c o n o m ic , and L e g i s l a t i v e S y s te m s

Q u e e n s la n d , w ith a b o u t 32 f a c t o r i e s , a c c o u n ts f o r a b o u t 95 per

c e n t of the t o t a l A u s t r a l i a n s u g a r p ro d u c tio n . New S outh W ales a c ­

c o u n ts fo r the r e m a i n i n g 5 p e r c e n t . A b o u t one h a lf of the A u s t r a l i a n

r a w s u g a r f a c t o r i e s a r e c o o p e r a t i v e l y owned w hile the r e m a i n i n g

f a c t o r i e s a r e p r i v a t e l y ow ned, *

S t a tu t o r y c o n t r o l of the Q u e e n s la n d i n d u s t r y d a te s b a c k to 1915

w ith th e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f th e S u g a r C an e P r i c e s B o a r d , w hich w a s s e t

up fo r th e p u r p o s e of a d m i n i s t r a t i n g c a n e q u a lity e v a lu a tio n an d c a n e

^ R o b e rto G o n z a l e s - R i v e r a , In f o r m e S o b re E l V ia je A u s t r a l i a ,
H a w a i i , E s t a d o s U nidos d e A m e r i c a , ( R e im p r e s o de la XXIV M e m o r ia
A n u a l d e la A s o c ia tio n d e T e c n ic o s A z u c a r e r o s d e C u b a , 1950), pp.
1 2 -1 3 .
 13

p a y m e n t. The c u r r e n t c o n t r o l of the i n d u s t r y e m b o d ie s the fo llo w in g

p r i n c i p l e s in the R e g u la tio n o f S u g a r C a n e P r i c e s A c t s , 1915 to 19 54:

1. T he p r i c e of s u g a r is d e t e r m i n e d by the g o v e r n ­

m e n t.

2. T h e p r ic e of c a n e is f ix e d in r e l a t i o n to the

p r i c e of s u g a r .

3. P l a n t e r s a r e a s s i g n e d by a r e a to a p a r t i c u l a r

f a c t o r y and a r e r e q u i r e d to su p p ly c a n e o n ly to

th a t f a c t o r y .

4. F a c t o r i e s a r e c o m p e l l e d to a c c e p t c a n e f r o m

the p l a n t e r s in t h e i r a s s i g n e d a r e a .

C o n t r o l r e s t s in the h a n d s of a C e n t r a l a n d L o c a l C ane P r i c e s

B o ard s. T h e s e b o a r d s m ake th e a s s i g n m e n t s of p l a n t e r s to the f a c t o ­

r i e s , an d th r o u g h a w a r d s in e a c h a r e a s e t the c a n e v o lu m e fo r the

p l a n t e r , the c o n d itio n s d e a lin g w ith the su p p ly an d d e l i v e r y to the

f a c t o r y , s a m p li n g d e t a i l s , a n d th e p r o v i s i o n s fo r c a n e p a y m e n t. The

fin d in g s an d a w a r d s of the b o a r d s a r e p e r i o d i c a l ly p u b lis h e d in the

Q u e e n s la n d G a z e t te —a g o v e r n m e n t p u b lic a tio n .

"C an e T e s t e r s " a t e a c h f a c t o r y — e m p lo y e d b y the C e n t r a l B o a r d

— o v e r s e e c a n e w e ig h in g , s a m p li n g , a n a l y s i s , a n d the c l e r i c a l w o r k a s

t h e s e f a c t o r s a f f e c t p a y m e n t f o r ,the c a n e .

S u g a r c a n e p ro d u c tio n in Q u e e n s la n d is e s s e n t i a l l y by s m a l l
 14

in d e p e n d e n t p l a n t e r s . T h e m e d ia n s i z e f a r m i s a b o u t 60 a c r e s . A few

f a c t o r i e s grow a s u b s t a n t i a l a m o u n t of a d m i n i s t r a t i o n c a n e , b u t the

m a j o r i t y grow no c a n e . ^

T h e r e a r e a b o u t 80uu a s s i g n m e n t s ( f a r m s ) w ith a to ta l a r e a of

n e a r l y 600, UUO a c r e s . T o ta l s u g a r p r o d u c tio n a v e r a g e s a b o u t

l , 2 0 0 , 0 0 u long to n s a n n u a lly of w h ic h a b o u t 6 5 0 ,0 0 0 long to n s a r e e x -

3
p o r t e d a n d the r e m a i n d e r c o n s u m e d lo c a lly .

C a n e i s p r e d o m i n a n t l y hand h a r v e s t e d . T r a n s p o r t a t i o n is p r i ­

m a r i l y by p r i v a t e l y owned r a i l w a y s y s t e m s c a lle d t r a m w a y s - the c a r s

h aving a n o m in a l c a p a c ity of 2 to 3 to n s . A l t e r n a t i v e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n is

by p u b lic r a i l w a y in w h ich th e c a r s a v e r a g e 6 to 12 to n s . Som e c a n e is

t r a n s p o r t e d by t r u c k s ( l o r r i e s ) r a n g in g in c a p a c ity f r o m 5 to 7 t o n s . 4

S a m p lin g

E a c h s h ip m e n t of c a n e is a c c o m p a n ie d by a " t r u c k " tic k e t

show ing n a m e , d a te , f ie ld , v a r i e t y , c l a s s (p lan t o r r a to o n ) , and

w h e th e r b u r n e d o r g r e e n c a n e .

D e p en d in g on the s i z e of the s h ip m e n t, s a m p lin g m a y be c o n ­

tin u o u s o r s p o t. C o n tin u o u s s a m p lin g i s p r a c t i c e d w h e r e the d e l i v e r i e s

2
I b i d . , 1. 12.
3
J . L . C la y to n , " T h e Q u e e n s la n d S y s te m of C an e P a y m e n t , "
P r o c e e d i n g s of th e T e n th C o n g r e s s of the I n t e r n a ti o n a l S o c iety of
S u g a r C a n e T e c h n o l o g i s t s , (1959), p. 205.

4 I b i d . , pp. 2 0 7 -2 0 8 .
 15

a r e r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e in s i z e and few in n u m b e r . S a m p lin g is c o n t i n u ­

ous th ro u g h o u t p a s s a g e of the s a m e c o n s i g n m e n t th r o u g h the m il l . A

" s a m p l e " m a y c o n s t it u t e f r o m 5 to 50 to n s , b u t g e n e r a l l y a v e r a g e s 15

to 35 t o n s . T he s a m p li n g m a y b e a u to m a tic th ro u g h e m p l o y m e n t of the

" S iv y e r " s a m p l e r . T h is d e v ic e is a c t u a t e d a s e a c h d e l i v e r y e n t e r s the

c a r r i e r and p e r f o r m s th e e n t i r e s a m p lin g o p e r a t io n s w ith o u t h u m a n

a ssista n c e . ®

F a c t o r i e s w h ich r e c e i v e a h ig h f r e q u e n c y o f s m a l l s i z e c a n e

d e l i v e r i e s u se s p o t s a m p lin g . H e r e e v e r y te n th , tw e lfth , o r f if te e n th

ton s u p p lie d b y a p la n te r c o n s t i t u t e s a s a m p le lo a d . F o r tram c a rs

th is m a y m ea n th a t e v e r y fifth o r s ix th t r a m c a r is ta k e n a s a " s a m p l e " ,

and c o l l e c t i o n of ju ic e p r o c e e d s d u r i n g the m illin g of th e c a r o n ly .

L a r g e r f a c t o r i e s have found i t n e c e s s a r y to c o n s o lid a te s e v e r a l t r a m

c a r s in to a m in im u m u n it f o r s a m p li n g .

T e s tin g a n d E v a lu a tio n

T h e s t a n d a r d of c a n e q u a l i t y in Q u e e n s la n d is C C S , ( C o m m e r ­

c ia l Cane S ugar). T e c h n ic a lly , CCS is d e fin e d a s t h a t p e r c e n t a g e by

w e ig h t of a s h i p m e n t of c a n e w h ic h w ould b e r e c o v e r e d a s p u re s u c r o s e

if m illin g and b o ilin g h o u s e o p e r a t io n s w e r e c o n d u c te d a t a p r e s c r i b e d

le v e l o f e f f i c ie n c y . CCS thus r e p r e s e n t s a t h e o r e t i c a l y ie ld . T he CCS

f o r m u l a , d e v is e d in 1888 and i n c o r p o r a t e d in the o r i g i n a l 1915 s t a t u t o r y

5I b i d ., p . 208
 16

r e g u l a t i o n s , in its s i m p l e s t f o r m s t a t e s t h a t the s u c r o s e r e c o v e r a b l e

f r o m a g iv e n q u a n tity of c a n e (CCS) is l e s s th a n the s u c r o s e p r e s e n t

in the c a n e by a n a m o u n t e q u a l to one h a lf of the so lu b le i m p u r i t i e s in

the ju ic e in the c a n e .

C C S = S u c r o s e in C a n e ~ D i s s o lv e d I m p u r i t i e s in C an e
2

T o m ak e the f o r m u l a a d a p ta b le to r o u t in e s a m p li n g , the q u a lity

of the f i r s t e x p r e s s e d ju ic e a n d the f i b e r c o n t e n t of the c a n e a re in ­

c o r p o r a t e d in to the b a s ic f o r m u l a th ro u g h f a c t o r s to give the c a n e

q u a l i t y f o r m u l a in its w e ll-k n o w n f o r m ,

CCS = P (100 - (F + 5) - 1B (100 - (F + 3) - P (100 - (F +

2 Too Too

or

C CS = 3 p f l - F + 5 - 1 B 1 - F + 3
2 100 2 100

w here: P is the p o l ( a p p a r e n t s u c r o s e ) % f i r s t e x p r e s s e d

ju ic e .

B i s the B r i x % f i r s t e x p r e s s e d j u i c e .

F i s the f i b e r % c a n e .

A c l o s e i n s p e c t io n of th e a b o v e f o r m u l a r e v e a l s th a t it i n c o r p o r ­

a t e s th e fo llo w in g t h e o r e t i c a l a s s u m p t i o n s :
 17

1. B a s i s f o r the f o r m u la is the t o ta l ju ic e in the

c a n e ( a b s o lu te ju ic e ) .

2. T o ta l j u ic e (a b s o lu te ju ic e) p e r c e n t c a n e

= 100 - f i b e r p e r c e n t c a n e .

3. If the f i r s t e x p r e s s e d ju ic e in s p e c tio n s a r e

a p p lie d d i r e c t l y to the a b s o lu te ju ic e p e r c e n t

c a n e , h i g h e r B r i x and po l p e r c e n t c a n e th an

a c t u a l (o r p se u d o v a lu e s ) a r e o b ta in e d . T h ere­

f o r e , to o b ta in th e to ta l B r ix a n d pol in the c a n e ,

t h r e e p e r c e n t a n d five p e r c e n t of the B r i x and

p o l in the f i r s t e x p r e s s e d ju ic e a r e s u b t r a c t e d

f r o m the p se u d o B r i x an d pol in the c a n e .

4. S u c r o s e l o s s e s in b a g a s s e (m illin g l o s s e s ) and

i n mud a r e n il.

5. E v e r y pound of s o lu b le n o n - s u g a r s in c a n e

c a r r i e s w ith it in to f in a l m o l a s s e s o n e - h a l f

pound of s u c r o s e .

T h e F r o n t R o lle r J u ic e - S tic k F i b e r CCS - F o r m a n y y e a r s

th e f r o n t r o l l e r ju ic e — s t i c k f ib e r CCS s y s t e m h a s b e e n u se d

fo r c a n e q u a li t y a s s e s s m e n t . The ju ic e s a m p l e , a s the n a m e

i m p l i e s , is tak e n f r o m a two r o l l c r u s h e r or f r o m th e f r o n t

r o l l of a t h r e e r o l l c r u s h e r . A p p r o p r i a t e f i b e r c o n te n ts a r e

a p p lie d to the CCS f o r m u l a . T h e s e f i b e r v a lu e s r e p r e s e n t the

 18

s p e c if ic v a r i e t y , c l a s s , an d c o n d itio n of th e c a n e . The

f i b e r v a lu e s h a v e b e e n d e t e r m i n e d p r e v i o u s ly f r o m d i r e c t

f i b e r d e t e r m i n a t i o n s on s t a lk s of c a n e w h ic h have b e e n r e ­

m o v ed f r o m " s a m p l e " c a r s and s e g r e g a t e d a c c o r d i n g to

v a r i e t y , w h e t h e r p la n t o r r a to o n , a n d w h e th e r b u r n e d or
6
green . In i t s s i m p l e s t a p p li c a t io n , only tw o f i b e r f i g u r e s

a r e used, i . e . , " h a rd " cane and "so ft" c a n e .

T he CCS s o d e t e r m i n e d is a p p lie d d i r e c t l y to the B o a r d

A w a r d C ane P r i c e S c a le .

T h e In d iv id u a l F i b e r a n d J u ic e W e ig h t CCS — W ith the a d ­

v e n t of ju ic e s c a l e s a n d the s u b s e q u e n t m o r e p r e c i s e c h e m ­

i c a l c o n t r o l , in a d e q u a c ie s b e g a n to a p p e a r in the F r o n t

R o l l e r —S tic k F i b e r CCS m e th o d . P a r t i c u l a r l y e v id e n t

w e r e d i s c r e p a n c i e s b e tw e e n u n d e te r m i n e d l o s s e s by the

ju ic e s c a l e s a n d th o se b a s e d on the CCS m eth o d c u r r e n t l y

in u s e . T h is t r e n d w a s a g g r a v a t e d b y m e c h a n iz a tio n of

h a r v e s t i n g o p e r a t io n s in so m e a r e a s and d e la y b e tw e e n
7
b u rn in g and m illin g of c a n e .

^ E . R. B e h n e , " T h e C . C . S . F o r m u l a , " C an e G r o w e r s
Q u a r t e r l y B u lle tin , ( A p r il, 1948).
7
G. A . A n d e r s o n , "T h e Ju ic e S c a le s - In d iv id u a l F i b e r
S y s te m f o r the D e t e r m i n a t i o n of Cane Q u a lity , " P r o c e e d i n g s of
the T e n th C o n g r e s s o f the I n t e r n a t i o n a l S o c ie ty of S u g a r C ane
T e c h n o l o g i s t s , (1959), p. 182.
 C h a n g e s in the CCS m eth o d w e r e p e r m i tt e d by a n a m e n d ­

m e n t to R e g u la tio n 51. T h is a m e n d m e n t i n c o r p o r a t e d r e v i ­

s io n s in the m eth o d of d e t e r m i n i n g f i b e r and p e r m i t t e d the

ju ic e s c a l e s to be u se d a s c o n t r o l to d e t e r m i n e a c o r r e c t e d

C C S.

U n d e r th e a m e n d e d s y s t e m , w e e k ly f i b e r d e t e r m i n a t i o n s

a r e m a d e fo r the in d iv id u a l p l a n t e r s . F o r th is , r a n d o m

s a m p l e s of c a n e a r e r e m o v e d f r o m the c a r r i e r a f t e r knifing

and s h r e d d i n g , an d the f ib e r c o n t e n t is d e t e r m i n e d . The

a v e r a g e f i b e r fo r e a c h p la n te r f r o m t h r e e c o n s e c u t iv e w e e k s 1

d e t e r m i n a t i o n is i n c o r p o r a t e d in to the p l a n t e r 's C C S f o r m u la

a lo n g w ith the f r o n t r o l l ju ic e a n a l y s i s f r o m e a c h c a n e d e ­

liv e ry .

In a d d itio n , a w e e k ly f a c t o r y CCS is d e t e r m i n e d , w hich is

b a s e d on the m e a s u r e m e n t of the c a n e , m a c e r a t i o n w a t e r , a n d

m ix e d j u i c e . The f a c t o r y CCS r e t a i n s the c o n c e p t t h a t the

p u re r e c o v e r a b l e s u c r o s e is e q u a l to pol in c a n e m in u s h a lf the

so lu b le i m p u r i t i e s . H o w e v e r , i n s t e a d o f u s in g f a c t o r s , the pol

a n d B r i x a r e o b ta in e d f r o m the f a c t o r y c o n t r o l m e a s u r e m e n t s
8
an d c a l c u l a t i o n s .

A t w e e k ly i n t e r v a l s the a v e r a g e p l a n t e r s ' CCS is d e t e r ­

m in e d f r o m th e CCS fo r e a c h p l a n t e r b y the CCS f o r m u la . T h is

 20

CCS is c o m p a r e d w ith the a v e r a g e f a c t o r y CCS. The ra tio

of the two thus c o n s t i t u t e s a c o r r e l a t i o n f a c t o r :

C o r r e l a t i o n = W eek ly A v e r a g e F a c t o r y CCS
F a c to r W e e k ly A v e r a g e P l a n te r CCS

A f a c t o r e d CCS fo r e a c h p la n te r is th en o b ta in e d b y a p ­

plying th e c o r r e l a t i o n f a c t o r to h is CCS d e t e r m i n a t i o n for

9
the w e e k .

D i r e c t A n a l y s i s of C an e by The W et D i s i n t e g r a t o r M ethod

A s a n a l t e r n a t i v e to the CCS m ethod of c a n e e v a lu a tio n , the

B u r e a u of S u g a r E x p e r i m e n t S ta tio n s h a s u n d e rta k e n a stu d y d e v o te d

to d i r e c t a n a l y s i s o f m ill fe e d . "T he "w et d i s i n t e g r a t o r , " w h ich h a s

d e v e lo p e d f r o m th e s e s t u d i e s , c o n s i s t s of a v e r t i c a l s h a f t r o t a t i n g a t

6000 r p m in a c o n ta in e r 13 in c h e s h ig h and 11 in c h e s in d i a m t e r . The

s h a ft c a r r i e s t h r e e s p r i n g s t e e l b l a d e s 5 in c h e s long a n d s p a c e d 1/2

in c h e s a p a r t . The b la d e s a r e s e t a t th e end o f the s h a f t a l m o s t a t the

b o tto m of the c o n t a i n e r .

A te n t a t i v e m eth o d of o p e r a t io n in c lu d e s s a m p lin g a n d c o m p o ­

s itin g the s a m p le of c a n e to the f i r s t m i l l of the t a n d e m . T he c o m ­

p o site d c a n e is m ix e d , q u a r t e r e d an d s u b - s a m p l e s to a p p r o x i m a t e ly

4 kg. F r o m th is s u b - s a m p l e , a 2 kg. p o rtio n is tak en fo r pol and B r ix

^ C la y to n , op. c i t . , p. 210.
 21

a n a l y s e s w ith the d i s i n t e g r a t o r , a n d the r e m a i n d e r is u se d fo r m o i s ­

tu r e d e t e r m i n a t i o n . T he 2 kg. s a m p l e and 8 k g. of w a t e r a r e p la c e d

in a d i s i n t e g r a t o r a n d pulped fo r 30 m in u te s . B r ix of th e e x t r a c t is

d e t e r m i n e d b y p y c n o m e te r and p o l by H o r n e 's d r y le a d .

M o i s t u r e is d e t e r m i n e d b y d r y in g a h a m m e r - m i l l e d s a m p le fo r

t h r e e h o u r s a t 105°C . in a S p e n c e r Oven.

P o l a n d B r i x p e r c e n t C a n e a r e c a l c u l a t e d by f o r m u l a s w hich

i n c o r p o r a t e th e B r i x and p o l in s p e c tio n s of the e x t r a c t , the m o i s t u r e

p e r c e n t c a n e an d a s s u m p t i o n s on the h y g r o s c o p ic m o i s t u r e c o n ta in e d

in the c a n e .
4 1 0

T e n t a t i v e o b s e r v a t i o n s of d i r e c t c a n e e v a lu a tio n by the W et D i s ­

i n t e g r a t o r m eth o d o p e r a t e d in p a r a l l e l w ith ju ic e w eight c o n t r o l in d ic a te

th a t the r e s u l t s of the d i r e c t e v a lu a tio n d o n o t a g r e e w ith th o s e b a s e d

on j u ic e w e ig h t c o n t r o l . T h is s u g g e s t s a p o s s ib le f u n d a m e n ta l d i f f e r ­

e n c e b e tw e e n the e f f e c t s of m illin g on one h a n d an d of pulpin g on the

11
o th e r.

A n d e r s o n c i t e s s o m e p r a c t i c a l d i s a d v a n t a g e s to th e d i r e c t
12
m eth o d of c a n e e v a lu a tio n :

*°R . D i e c k e , " I n v e s tig a tio n s w ith the W et D i s i n t e g r a t o r f o r the

D i r e c t A n a l y s i s of C a n e , " P r o c e e d i n g s o f the T e n th C o n g r e s s of th e
I n t e r n a t i o n a l S o c ie ty of S u g a r C ane T e c h n o lo g i s t s , (1959), pp. 169-
173.

^ C la y to n , o p. c i t . , p. 2 1 1 .

^A nd erso n , oj>. c i t . , p. 185.

 22

1. W ith th e Wet D i s i n t e g r a t o r m e th o d , a c o n s i d e r a b l e

i n c r e a s e in the l a b o r a t o r y s t a f f w ill be n e c e s s a r y .

2. R o u tin e p y c n o m e te r B r i x d e t e r m i n a t i o n s w ill r e ­

q u i r e a h i g h e r d e g r e e o f s k i l l on the p a r t of the

la b o ra to ry sta ff th an a t p re s e n t.

M i s c e ll a n e o u s C o m m e n ts

T h e g e n e r a l p r o b le m of r a p i d l y c h a n g in g c o n d itio n s in the i n ­

d u s t r y on a c a n e p a y m e n t s y s t e m h a s b e e n w e ll e x p r e s s e d by C la y to n :

" F o r m an y y e a r s Q u e e n s la n d h a s e n jo y e d a s a m p lin g
s y s t e m w h ic h w as c o m p a tib le w ith the o p e r a tio n of
h a r v e s t i n g an d t r a n s p o r t of th e c a n e ; a q u a lity f o r m u la
w h ic h , th o u g h n o t p e r f e c t , gave a h ig h d e g r e e of s a t i s ­
f a c tio n ; a n d a p a y m e n t f o r m u l a b a s e d on sound p r i n ­
c ip le s .

" E v e n ts h a v e c o n s p i r e d to u p s e t the s m o o th w o rk in g
of t h i s m a c h i n e r y . The i n d u s t r y h a s e x p a n d e d c o n ­
s i d e r a b l y s in c e 1950 a n d c r u s h i n g r a t e s h a v e s o a r e d ,
b u t the u n it d e l i v e r y o f c a n e r e m a i n s a b o u t the s a m e .
B oth the s iz e of the a v e r a g e f a r m an d th e n u m b e r of
f a r m s have r i s e n s u b s ta n tia lly . The need for s t r e a m ­
lin in g the h a n d lin g o f c a n e i s m o r e p r e s s i n g and the
b u r d e n of the s a m p lin g s y s t e m is b e c o m in g m o re
o n e r o u s . M e c h a n i c a l h a r v e s t i n g is on the h o r i z o n
and m ig h t w e ll h a v e m ad e m o r e r a p i d s t r i d e s in the
i n d u s t r y b u t fo r the f a c t t h a t u n d e r m an y c i r c u m ­
s t a n c e s i t would c a l l f o r s u b s t a n t i a l m o d ific a tio n of
the p r e s e n t p a y m e n t s y s t e m .

E f f e c t of W a sh W ater on CCS — A 1956 C i r c u l a r of the Q u e e n s la n d C ane

G r o w e r s ' C o u n c il, in d i s c u s s i n g th e p r o b le m of fie ld s o i l in th e c a n e

13
C la y to n , oj>. c i t . , p . 2 1 1 .
 23

e n t e r i n g the t a n d e m , s u g g e s te d th e a p p lic a tio n o f a CCS c o r r e l a t i o n

f a c t o r to c o m p e n s a t e fo r w a s h w a t e r a p p lie d to c a n e in th e c a r r i e r .

W ith s u c h a n a p p r o a c h , a l l c a n e w ould h a v e to be w a s h e d to p ro v id e
14
a c o n s t a n c y of f a c t o r s .

E f f e c t of D i r t on C a n e W eig h t a n d J u ic e B r i x — A n d e r s o n d i s c u s s e s

s t u d i e s on th e effect of s u s p e n d e d s o i l an d o t h e r in s o lu b le s o lid s ~

c o ll e c t iv e ly r e f e r r e d to a s d i r t . D i r t in th is c a s e w as d e t e r m i n e d by

c e n tr if u g in g ju ic e s a m p l e s and d r y i n g the d e p o s i t . D i r t a m o u n te d to

0. 5 p e r c e n t of m ix e d ju ic e in 1957 and 0 .6 6 p e r c e n t in 1958. By

m ak in g B r i x i n s p e c t io n s on c e n t r if u g e d a n d u n c e n trif u g e d ju ic e

s a m p l e s , i t w a s found t h a t the B r i x in fla tio n due to d i r t w a s 0 .2 1 u nits

in 1957 and 0 .3 4 u n its in 1958. T h is c o r r e s p o n d e d to 0 .7 p e r c e n t and

15
1. 1 p e r c e n t CCS r e s p e c t i v e l y .

R E U N IO N 16
(T he SE M ethod)

S o c ia l, E c o n o m ic , a n d L e g i s l a t i v e S y s t e m s

F o u r t e e n f a c t o r i e s on the I s la n d p ro d u c e a b o u t 175, 000 tons of

^ Q u e e n s la n d C ane G r o w e r s 1 C o u n c il, C i r c u l a r No. "D " 6 ,

( M a r c h 29, 1956), p. 3.

^ A n d erso n , 0 £. c i t . , p. 184.

16E . H u g o t, "C an e P a y m e n t on a Q u a lity B a s i s , A n E x t r a c t a b l e

S u g a r F o r m u l a in R e u n io n , " T h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l S u g a r J o u r n a l , LVII
(1955), pp. 1 8 7 -1 9 0 .
 24

r a w s u g a r a n n u a lly .

T h e i n d u s t r y is s u b j e c t to l e g i s l a t i v e c o n t r o l th ro u g h the C e n t r e

T e c h n iq u e de la C a n n e e t d u S u c r e , a b r a n c h of the D e p a r t m e n t of

A g ricu ltu re. C h e m i s t s of the C e n t r e T e c h n iq u e a r e p la c e d a t e a c h

f a c t o r y d u r i n g the g rin d in g s e a s o n .

A b o u t t w o - t h i r d s of the I s la n d c a n e is grow n by in d e p e n d e n t

p l a n t e r s w hile the r e m a i n i n g o n e - t h i r d is c u lt i v a t e d on e s t a t e s owned

or l e a s e d b y the f a c t o r i e s .

F o r p u r p o s e s of a d m i n i s t e r i n g c a n e r e c e i p t s , th r e e c a t e g o r i e s

of c a n e s u p p ly a r e r e c o g n i z e d , i . e . , l a r g e g r o w e r s p ro d u c in g o v e r

2 , 0 0 0 tons o f c a n e p e r s e a s o n (and w h o se c a n e d e l i v e r i e s a r e a n a ly z e d

s e p a r a t e l y ) ; g ro u p s of two o r s e v e r a l g r o w e r s jo in e d to g e th e r to r e a c h

2, 000 to n s ; a n d r e g io n s m ad e up of s m a l l g r o w e r s . The i n s p e c t io n s of

c a n e d e l i v e r e d by g ro u p s an d r e g i o n s a r e a p p lic a b le to a l l g r o w e r s in

the g ro u p o r r e g i o n .

C a n e is n o r m a l l y d e l i v e r e d by t r u c k s , a n d one tr u c k lo a d c o n ­

s t i t u t e s a " d e t e r m i n a t i o n " or b a s i s fo r s a m p l e . S m a ll g r o w e r s d e l i v e r

by o x - c a r t , a n d 4 to 5 c a r t l o a d s a r e n e c e s s a r y to m ak e a " d e t e r m i n a ­

t io n " .

S a m p lin g

C a n e in the c a r r i e r is m a r k e d w ith lim e to in d ic a te the b e ­

ginning an d end of a d e l i v e r y fo r s a m p lin g . S a m p lin g is c o n tin u o u s

w hile the tr u c k l o a d o r c a r t - c o m b in a tio n p a s s e s th r o u g h the c r u s h e r .

 25

A c r u s h e r ju ic e s a m p le is c o ll e c t e d f r o m e a c h " d e t e r m i n a t i o n " . The

f i b e r i n s p e c t io n s a r e m ad e l e s s f r e q u e n t l y — one fo r e v e r y two or

t h r e e ju ic e a n a l y s e s .

T e s t i n g an d E v a lu a tio n

T h e s t a n d a r d of c a n e q u a li t y in R e u n io n is SE ( E x tr a c tab le

Sugar). SE is d e fin e d a s th e c o m m e r c i a l r a w s u g a r of 9 7 ° t i t r e p e r

c e n t c a n e th a t sh o u ld be o b ta in e d f r o m a c a n e d e l i v e r y by a f a c t o r y of

95 p e r c e n t e x t r a c t i o n and 100 b o ilin g h o u s e e f f ic ie n c y . 17 SE thus

r e p r e s e n t s a t h e o r e t i c a l y ie ld .

The R e u n io n c a n e q u a lity f o r m u la w h ich w as d e v e lo p e d by E .

H ug ot, is e x p r e s s e d a s fo llo w s:

S E = K x B 1 ( P x —3 0) ( 1 - 1 . 4f)
100

w here: SE is c o m m e r c i a l s u g a r of 9 7 ° t i t r e , % c a n e .
18
Bj is the B r i x of the f i r s t e x p r e s s e d ju ic e .

Pj is the a p p a r e n t p u r i t y of the f i r s t e x ­
p r e s s e d ju ic e .

f is the p a r t s o f f i b e r p e r 100 p a r t s of c a n e .

K is the f a c t o r y E f f i c ie n c y C o e f fic ie n t.

T i t r e = s u c r o s e - 2 x g lu c o s e - 4 x a s h .

^ C r u s h e r ju ic e in s p e c t io n s in c lu d e B r i x by h y d r o m e t e r a n d
a p p a r e n t s u c r o s e (pol). While the t e r m s u c r o s e is u s e d fo r s i m p l i c i t y
th r o u g h o u t the d i s c u s s i o n of the f o r m u l a , the a u th o r n o te s th a t th is is
th e a p p a r e n t v a lu e , i . e . , the pol.
 26

B a s i s fo r the SE f o r m u la

1. T h e f o r m u la is d e v e lo p e d f r o m th e a b s o l u te ju ic e in th e

c a n e . T he a b s o l u te j u ic e q u a li t y is i n f e r r e d f r o m the

c r u s h e r ju ic e in s p e c tio n s a n d th e f i b e r c o n te n t of th e

cane. F a i r l y fix ed r a t i o s of the f i r s t e x p r e s s e d ju ic e

an d a b s o lu te ju ic e B r i x a n d p u r i ty a r e a s s u m e d . T hus

S, the s u c r o s e p e r c e n t c a n e h a s th e f o r m :

s = Bo ^ o
100

or

S = K X B x P ^ (1 - f )
100

w here: S is the s u c r o s e % c a n e .

BQ is the B r ix of the a b s o lu te ju ic e .

P Qis th e p u r i ty of the a b s o lu te j u i c e .

B j i s the B r i x of the f i r s t e x p r e s s e d j u i c e .

P j is th e p u r i t y of the f i r s t e x p r e s s e d j u i c e .

K j is a c o m b in e d c o e f f i c i e n t r e l a t i n g th e f i r s t

e x p r e s s e d ju ic e B r i x to the a b s o lu te ju ic e

B r i x an d the f i r s t e x p r e s s e d ju ic e p u r i t y to

the a b s o lu te ju ic e p u r ity .

2. T he a b o v e f o r m u la fo r s u c r o s e p e r c e n t c a n e is a d ju s te d

to a c c o u n t f o r a s t a n d a r d e x t r a c t i o n an d l o s s e s in m ud s
 and u n d e te r m i n e d l o s s e s . T he s t a n d a r d e x t r a c t i o n is a

95 p e r c e n t r e d u c e d e x t r a c t i o n a t 12.5 p e r c e n t f i b e r in

cane. L o s s e s in m uds an d u n d e te r m i n e d l o s s e s a r e

a c c o u n te d fo r b y a f a c t o r K £. H e n ce the s u c r o s e p e r

c e n t c a n e , E , o b tain ed a f t e r a s t a n d a r d e x t r a c t i o n and

a f t e r a c c o u n tin g fo r u n d e te r m i n e d l o s s e s and l o s s e s in

muds is :

E = K j K2 B j P j (1 - f) (1 - 0. 4 f )
Too

3. The s t a n d a r d r e t e n t i o n is d e v e lo p e d th ro u g h the u s e of

the S JM f o r m u la a n d a b o ilin g h o u s e e f f ic ie n c y of 100.

E s s e n t i a l l y , the m ix e d ju ic e p u r i ty is f a c t o r e d f r o m the

f i r s t e x p r e s s e d ju ic e p u r ity , P]_, th ro u g h a f a c t o r

and a s s u m i n g a f in a l m o l a s s e s p u r i t y of a b o u t 2 9 .

S u g a r of 100 p u r i t y is a s s u m e d . T hese a d ju stm en ts

give the b a s ic f o r m u l a : ^

SE = K j K 3 B x (1 - 1 . 4f) ( P x - 30)
( 100“ )

or

SE = K B j (1 - 1.4f) ( P j — 30)
( 100 >

197W hile n o t m e n tio n e d in the a r t i c l e , i t a p p e a r s th a t K 3 m u s t

a l s o a c c o u n t fo r f a c t o r i n g th e yield f r o m p u re s u c r o s e p e r c e n t c a n e
to c o m m e r c i a l s u g a r p e r c e n t c a n e .
A p p lic a tio n o f the SE F o r m u l a — The d e t e r m i n a t i o n of the SE for e a c h

g r o w e r , g ro u p , or r e g i o n , in v o lv e s the fo llow in g s t e p s :

1. A c r o p a v e r a g e C ane C o e f fic ie n t of Q u a lity Z r , is

d e t e r m i n e d fo r e a c h g r o w e r , g ro u p , or r e g i o n .

Z r = B 1 ( P i “ 30 > ^ - U 4 f )
( 100 )

2. T he w e ig h te d a v e r a g e C o e f f ic ie n t of Q u a lity , Z , is

d e t e r m i n e d fo r a l l d e l i v e r i e s by m u ltip ly in g Z r t im e s

the tons of c a n e d e l i v e r e d b y e a c h g r o w e r , g ro u p , or

r e g i o n , T , and s u m m in g the p r o d u c ts fo r Sum Z r x T ,

T h is s u m is d iv id e d b y the t o t a l tons of c a n e d e l i v e r e d

to the f a c t o r y , T t o ta l .

Z = Sum Z x T
m ______ r
T to ta l

3. The f a c t o r y E f fic ie n c y C o e f fic ie n t, K, is d e t e r m i n e d by

d iv id in g the a c t u a l f a c t o r y yield of 9 7 ° c o m m e r c i a l

s u g a r p e r c e n t c a n e , R m , by the w e ig h te d a v e r a g e c o ­

e f f ic ie n t o f Q u a lity , z m .
 29

4. The SE fo r e a c h g r o w e r is then d e t e r m i n e d by m u l t i p ly ­

ing th e g r o w e r 's C a n e C o e f fic ie n t of Q u a lity , Z r , b y

the f a c t o r y E f f i c ie n c y C o e f f ic ie n t, K.

S E (g ro w e r) " ^ E r

H ow ever:

a. T he E f fic ie n c y C o e ffic ie n t is to be n o t l e s s

th a n 1 .2 0 n o r g r e a t e r th a n 1.3 0.

b. If the E f f ic ie n c y C o e ff ic ie n t f o r a n y one y e a r

is g r e a t e r o r l e s s th an th a t of the p re v io u s

y e a r by 0. 005, the p a y m e n t w i l l be m ad e on

K + 0 .0 0 5 o r K - 0. 005.

T h e p u r p o s e of t h e s e p r o v i s i o n s is to p r o t e c t the g r o w e r f r o m

a n in e f f i c i e n t f a c t o r y b y s e t ti n g a g ro u n d l e v e l of f a c t o r y e ff ic ie n c y ,

and to p e r m i t th e e f f ic ie n t f a c t o r y to r a p i d l y r e c o v e r its in v e s tm e n t

for n e w e q u ip m e n t by s e t t i n g a c e i li n g to the C o e ffic ie n t.

In a d d itio n , in c a l c u l a t i n g the E f f ic ie n c y C o e ffic ie n t, a m i n i ­

m u m y ield p e r c e n t c a n e , R m , is r e q u i r e d fo r e a c h f a c t o r y . The

m in im u m is 1 0 .0 0 f o r the W in d w ard r e g i o n a n d 1 0 .5 0 fo r the L e e w a r d

reg io n .

i
M is c e lla n e o u s C o m m e n ts

Of i n t e r e s t a r e the p r o v is io n s m ad e f o r an i n it i a l g r a d u a l
 30

a p p li c a t io n of the new f o r m u l a . U n til 1953, c a n e p a y m e n t w as on a

f l a t w e ig h t b a s i s and th e r e w as n o c a n e q u a lity e v a lu a tio n . The new

s y s t e m w as in s titu te d in 1954. H o w e v e r , a t t h a t tim e t h e r e w as c o n ­

s i d e r a b l e v a r i a t i o n b e tw e e n f a c t o r y e f f i c i e n c i e s , and had a n I s la n d

a v e r a g e f a c t o r y E f f i c ie n c y C o e f f ic ie n t b e e n a p p lie d to the g r o w e r s '

C an e C o e f fic ie n t of Q u a lity , s o m e u p - t o - d a t e f a c t o r i e s w ould have

m ad e a b n o r m a l p r o f i ts , w hile o t h e r s would h a v e b e en s e v e r e l y p e n a ­

liz e d , H ence a t r a n s i t i o n p e rio d of five y e a r s w as c h o s e n . D u r in g

th is p e rio d the g r o w e r w a s not paid fo r h is f u l l SE of K Z ^ . A

p h a s e d s y s te m w as in tr o d u c e d , g r a d u a l ly le a d in g up to th e fu ll p a y ­

m e n t by the fifth y e a r .

SOUTH A F R IC A

(The J a v a R a tio and Cold E x t r a c t i o n M ethods)

L e g i s l a t i v e S y s te m

T h e South A f r i c a n i n d u s t r y o p e r a t e s u n d e r the S u g a r I n d u s t r y

A g r e e m e n t of 1943 a s a m e n d e d . C o n t r o l u n d e r the A g r e e m e n t r e s t s

in the S u g a r I n d u s t r y C o n t r o l B o a rd w hich c o n s i s t s of t h r e e m e m b e r s ,

i . e . , a g r o w e r an d a f a c t o r y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e a n d a t h ir d m e m b e r n o m i ­

n a te d by the S u g a r A s s o c i a t i o n . S u b je c t to c o n t r o l u n d e r th e A g r e e ­

m e n t a r e g r o w e r s ' q u o t a s , m ill a s s i g n m e n t s of g r o w e r s ' q u o t a s , the

p r i c e of s u g a r a n d th e p r i c e paid fo r s u g a r c a n e . A w a r d s a n d fin d in g s

o f the B o a rd a r e p u b lis h e d in the g o v e r n m e n t G a z e tte .

 31

When d e s i r e d by the g r o w e r s d e li v e r i n g to a f a c t o r y , a

" t e c h n i c a l m a n a g e r , " who is in c h a r g e of c a n e t e s ti n g a n d who is

e m p lo y e d by the B o a r d , i s m a in ta in e d a t th e f a c t o r y .

S a m p lin g

C r u s h e r j u i c e s a m p le s a r e c o ll e c t e d r e p r e s e n t i n g 80 p e r

c e n t of c a n e s h ip m e n ts of 15 to n s a n d o v e r, and 60 p e r c e n t of s h i p ­

m e n ts b e tw e e n 10 a n d 15 to n s . E v e r y a t t e m p t is m a d e to s a m p le

c o n s ig n m e n ts u n d e r 10 to n s . 20

21
T e s ti n g a n d E v a lu a tio n

T h e in s p e c t io n s of the f i r s t e x p r e s s e d j u ic e in c lu d e pol by

H o r n e 's d r y le a d w h ile u n d ilu te d j u ic e s u c r o s e is by the C l e r g e t

m e th o d .

T h e J a v a R a tio i s u s e d in South A f r i c a w h e r e th e s t a n d a r d

of c a n e q u a lity is s u c r o s e p e r c e n t c a n e . S a m p le s of c r u s h e r j u ic e

f r o m th e c o n s ig n m e n ts of c a n e a r e t e s t e d f o r a p p a r e n t s u c r o s e (pol)

a n d the r e s u l t s a r e a p p lie d to the c a n e q u a lity f o r m u la a s follo w s:

S u c r o s e % C an e - P o l % x J a v a R a tio
C r u s h e r J u ic e

S u g a r I n d u s t r y A g r e e m e n t , 1943, A s A m e n d e d ( O c to b e r 15,
1952), S c h e d u le C, P a r . 13.
21
K. O ouw es D e k k e r , " T h e D e t e r m in a t io n of C e r t a i n Q u a litie s
of In d iv id u a l C o n s ig n m e n ts of S ug ar C e n t, " P r o c e e d i n g s of th e N inth
C o n g r e s s of the I n t e r n a ti o n a l S o c iety of S u g a r C a n e T e c h n o lo g i s t s , II,
(1956), pp. 7 2 2 -7 2 3 . ”
 32

T h e J a v a R a ti o is d e t e r m i n e d w e e k ly b y the f a c t o r y and is c a l ­

c u la te d by d iv id in g the w e ig h t of s u c r o s e in c a n e m ille d d u r in g the w e ek

by a p s e u d o w e ig h t of s u c r o s e in the c r u s h e r ju ic e :

J a v a R a tio = W eight of S u c r o s e in Cane__________

W eight of S u c r o s e in C r u s h e r J u ic e

T h e p se u d o w e ig h t of s u c r o s e in c r u s h e r ju ic e is d e t e r m i n e d by

m u ltip ly in g the w e ig h t of e a c h c a n e c o n s ig n m e n t by th e c r u s h e r ju ic e

s u c r o s e fo r the c o n s i g n m e n t. T h e w eig h t of s u c r o s e in c a n e is d e ­

t e r m i n e d f r o m the f a c t o r y c o n t r o l r e c o r d s a s the s u m of the w e ig h t of

s u c r o s e in u n d ilu te d ju ic e an d in b a g a s s e . T o e n s u r e a c c u r a c y of

f a c t o r y c o n t r o l , w eig h in g s c a l e s fo r ju ic e a n d s c a l e s o r m e t e r s fo r

m a c e r a t i o n w a te r a r e r e q u i r e d .

D i r e c t A n a l y s i s of C ane b y Cold E x t r a c t i o n

S tu d ie s w e r e in itia te d in 1934, c o v e r i n g the d i r e c t e v a lu a tio n

22
of s u c r o s e in c a n e s a m p l e s . T h e s e s tu d ie s c u lm i n a t e d in the d e ­

v e lo p m e n t of the C old E x t r a c t i o n p r o c e s s u s in g a n e x t r a c t o r eq u ip p e d

w ith one or tw o r a p i d l y r o t a t i n g s e t s of k n iv e s .

In the p r o c e s s , 100 to 150 pounds of c a n e a r e d i s i n t e g r a t e d in

a c h a f f c u t t e r , the c h ip s a r e m ix e d in a m ix in g b a r r e l , a n d a 10 pound

s u b - s a m p l e is r e m o v e d . The s u b - s a m p l e is f i b r a t e d in a W ad d e ll

22
K. D ouw es D e k k e r , "A S u rv e y of the W o rk D one in S. A .
on the D i r e c t A n a l y s i s o f C ane C o n s i g m e n t s , " S u gar M illin g R e s e a r c h
I n s t i tu t e , Q u a r t e r l y B u lle tin No. 7, (A u gust, 1958), pp. 2 3 - 2 5 .
 33

s h r e d d e r a n d a 600 g m , s a m p le is r e m o v e d a n d c h a r g e d to th e e x ­

tra c to r. 1500 g m . of w a t e r a r e th en a d d e d , a n d the m ix tu r e is

a g it a t e d fo r 20 m in u t e s . T he e x t r a c t is a n a ly z e d fo r a p p a r e n t s u c r o s e

(pol) an d th e r e s i d u e fo r f i b e r .

T he C old E x t r a c t i o n p r o c e s s and the m e th o d of s a m p li n g have

sh ow n good r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y . In p a r a l l e l t e s t s on the s a m e c h a r g e , the

m e a n c o e f f ic ie n ts of v a r i a t i o n fo r p ol an d f i b e r w e r e 1 .4 8 and 1,46

re sp e c tiv e ly .

S u b s e q u e n tly , the C old E x t r a c t i o n p r o c e s s w as o p e r a t e d in

p a r a l l e l w ith the m i l l c o n t r o l a t U m fo lo z i f a c t o r y in 1957. The d i r e c t

a n a l y s i s m e th o d sho w ed a n a v e r a g e of 1 . 8 p e r c e n t h ig h e r pol th an

t h a t by th e m i l l c o n t r o l . In v ie w of the r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l e r r o r , it w a s

c o n c lu d e d th a t the Cold E x t r a c t i o n p r o c e s s w a s p r o m is in g a s a m ethod

23
of d i r e c t c a n e e v a lu a tio n .

F u r t h e r w o r k — d i r e c t e d to d e v e lo p in g a n a u to m a t i c c a n e s a m p l e r

— r e s u l t e d in a r o t a r y k i c k e r d e v ic e to w o r k on the k nifed c a n e j u s t

p r i o r to f a llin g in to the c r u s h e r .

S tu d ie s of th e C o ld E x t r a c t i o n p r o c e s s w e r e e x p a n d e d t o in clu d e

i n v e s ti g a t i o n s on B r i x - f r e e w a t e r (W) — the w a t e r bound to c a n e f i b e r

24
by p h y s i c o - c h e m i c a l b a n d s . S u c h bound w a t e r is n o t r e m o v e d by

^ ^N o d a ta w e r e g iv en i n d ic a tin g the p e r c e n t a g e o f t o t a l m ill fee d

w h ic h w a s s a m p le d .
^^D ekker, " A S u r v e y - - , " ojo. c i t . , p. 25.
 34

m ill p r e s s u r e — only th ro u g h d r y i n g the f i b e r a t e le v a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e s .

T h e s e i n v e s ti g a t i o n s in d ic a te d th a t th e B r i x - f r e e w a te r fo r the a v e r a g e

f ib e r is a b o u t 30 p e r c e n t d r y f i b e r .

A c o r r e c t d e fin itio n of f i b e r was p r o p o s e d a s "co ld w a te r i n ­

so lu b le m a t e r i a l in c a n e . " T hus d e fin in g f i b e r , the d e t e r m i n a t i o n of

25
ju ic e p e r c e n t c a n e th e n b e c o m e s :

Ju ic e P e r C e n t Cane = 100 — 1 .3 F

w here:

F is d r y f i b e r p e r c e n t c a n e .

T he c a l c u l a t i o n s f o r s u c r o s e in the e x t r a c t f r o m the w e t e x ­

t r a c t o r in clu d e a c o r r e c t i o n fo r th e B r i x - f r e e w a t e r .

The s t a n d a r d m eth o d of d e t e r m i n i n g the f i b e r c o n te n t of the c a n e

w ith th e C o ld E x t r a c t i o n p r o c e s s in v o lv e s d r y i n g the r e s i d u e r e m a in i n g

a f t e r the e x t r a c t i o n . A n e x te n s iv e stu d y to d e te r m i n e m o r e r a p id

m eth o d s of fib e r d e t e r m i n a t i o n w a s u n s u c c e s s f u l in th a t the a l t e r n a t i v e

m e th o d s , if a c c u r a t e , w e r e j u s t a s tim e c o n s u m in g a s the s t a n d a r d

m eth o d ; or if r a p i d , la c k e d a c c u r a c y . ^

2 5 J u ic e e x p r e s s e d in th is m a n n e r is in c o n t r a s t to th e w e ll-k n o w n
i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of a b s o lu te ju ic e :
A b s o lu te J u ic e % C a n e = 100 — F
w h e re a b s o lu te ju ic e is a l l d i s s o l v e d s o lid s plu s w a te r
in c a n e .
26
C . v a n d e r P o l an d C . M . Y oung, " D e te r m in a t io n of C e r t a i n
Q u a l it i e s of In d iv id u a l C an e C o n s ig n m e n ts , " S u g a r M illing R e s e a r c h
I n s t i tu t e , Q u a r t e r l y B u lle tin N o. 5, ( J a n u a r y , 1958), pp. 9 - 1 3 .
 35

M i s c e lla n e o u s C o m m e n ts

In d i s c u s s i n g th e u se of Ja v a R a tio fo r c a n e e v a lu a tio n , D ouw es

D e k k e r n o te s t h a t the f a c t o r y a v e r a g e Ja v a R a ti o is not n e c e s s a r i l y

t h a t o f the p a r t i c u l a r c o n s i g n m e n t o f c a n e — due to the s e n s i t i v i t y of

27
th e J a v a R a tio to the f i b e r c o n te n t of the c a n e . In s u b s e q u e n t w o rk ,

h o w e v e r , he a c k n o w le d g e s the a d v a n ta g e s of the J a v a R a t i o m ethod

w hich in clu d e e a s e of s a m p li n g the f i r s t e x p r e s s e d ju ic e and th e s i m -

28
p l i c i t y of the s u b s e q u e n t pol d e t e r m i n a t i o n .

29
JAM AICA 7

(The J a v a R a tio )

S o c ia l, E c o n o m ic , a n d L e g i s l a t i v e S y s te m s

A bo ut 4 0 0 , 000 long to n s of r a w s u g a r a r e a n n u a l ly p ro d u c e d by

20 p r i v a t e l y owned f a c t o r i e s , w h ich r a n g e in c a p a c i ty f r o m 5, 000 to

85, 000 tons of r a w s u g a r .

A p p r o x i m a t e l y 46 p e r c e n t of th e t o t a l I s la n d c a n e p ro d u c tio n is

c u lt i v a t e d by in d e p e n d e n t c a n e f a r m e r s . T he r e m a i n i n g c a n e is g ro w n

by f a c t o r y e s t a t e s . V olum e of p ro d u c tio n of the in d e p e n d e n t c a n e

27
D ouw es D e k k e r , "T h e D e t e r m i n a t i o n - - - , " o p . c i t . , p. 732.
28
D ouw es D e k k e r , "A Survey---, " o p . c i t . , p. 25.

^ T h e m a t e r i a l in th is s e c t i o n i s b a s e d on d i s c u s s i o n s w ith
r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of the J a m a i c a S u g a r I n d u s tr y .
 36

f a r m e r s v a r i e s w id e ly f r o m the s m a l l o p e r a t o r who p r o d u c e s l e s s th an

five tons of c a n e a n n u a lly , to the l a r g e f a r m s p r o d u c in g a b o v e 1000

tons of c a n e .

S t a tu t o r y r e g u l a t i o n of the I s la n d i n d u s t r y is u n d e r th e p r o v is io n s

of the S u g a r I n d u s t r y C o n t r o l L a w o f 1937 a s a m e n d e d . The law c o n t r o l s

the m a n u f a c tu r e of s u g a r th r o u g h f a c t o r y q u o ta s an d e x p o r t l i c e n s e s and

the p ro d u c tio n of s u g a r c a n e t h r o u g h r e g i s t r a t i o n of — a n d c a n e a s s i g n ­

m e n ts to — the in d e p e n d e n t g r o w e r s .

C o m p a r e d w ith o th e r c a n e g ro w in g a r e a s in the w o r ld , l e g i s ­

la tiv e c o n t r o l — a s i t a ff e c ts th e r e l a t i o n s of the f a c t o r i e s to th e i n d e ­

p e n d e n t c a n e f a r m e r s — is n o m in a l . S u b s ta n tia lly , (1), c a n e p r i c e s ,

(2 ) r e g u l a t i o n s r e g a r d i n g s a m p li n g , t e s t i n g a n d e v a lu a tio n o f c a n e , and

(3) m a t t e r s of d is p u te b e tw e e n the in d e p e n d e n t f a r m e r a n d the f a c t o r y

a r e c o n t r o l l e d t h r o u g h a g r e e m e n t s b e tw e e n the A ll I s la n d J a m a i c a C an e

F a r m e r s ’ A s s o c i a t i o n (C F A ), r e p r e s e n t i n g the in d e p e n d e n t c a n e f a r m ­

e r s , and the S u g a r M a n u f a c t u r e r s ' A s s o c i a t i o n (SMA) r e p r e s e n t i n g th e

fa c to rie s.

C an e t e s t e r s a r e e m p lo y e d by th e c a n e f a r m e r s to o b s e r v e the

c a n e s a m p lin g a n d t e s t i n g p r o c e d u r e s a s th e y a f f e c t the e v a lu a tio n o f

the in d e p e n d e n t f a r m e r s ' c a n e .

T o f a c i l i t a t e c a n e d e l i v e r y a n d e v a lu a tio n , the s m a l l f a r m e r s

a r e g r o u p e d to g e t h e r by r e g i o n , a n d th e s a m p le an d t e s t r e s u l t s of

c a n e d e l i v e r e d b y s u c h a r e g i o n a l g r o u p a p p ly to a l l f a r m e r s in the

group.
 37

C ane is d e l i v e r e d to the f a c t o r i e s b y t r u c k , o x - c a r t , a n d r a i l .

S a m p lin g

C r u s h e r ju ic e s a m p le s a r e a n a ly z e d fo r h y d r o m e t e r B r ix , a p ­

p a r e n t s u c r o s e (pol), and p u r ity .

In d iv id u a l t e s t s a r e p ro v id e d f o r f a r m e r s w h o s e a n n u a l c a n e

d e l i v e r i e s t o ta l 500 to n s o r m o r e . T h e fr e q u e n c y of s a m p li n g fo r i n ­

d i v id u a l f a r m e r s a n d fo r r e g i o n a l g ro u p s is e s t a b l i s h e d a t a m in im u m

of 10 p e r c e n t o f e a c h w e e k ’s c a n e d e l i v e r y .

T e s ti n g a n d E v a lu a tio n

T h e s t a n d a r d of c a n e q u a li t y is T ons of Cane p e r T on of

96 S u g ar, T C /T S . T he c a n e q u a li t y f o r m u la i s : f~TC| =
[_TsJ F a r m e r

Pol % W. C . R e te n tio n
C rusher x @ C r u s h e r Ju ic e
_Juice P u rity F a c to ry x TC
*Pol % W. C . R e te n tio n TS_ F a c to ry
C ru sh er @ C r u s h e r Ju ic e
_Juice P u rity F arm er

w h ere: W. C . R e te n tio n is th e t h e o r e t i c a l r e t e n t i o n
a s d e t e r m i n e d f r o m the W i n t e r - C a r p f o r m u l a .

T h e f a r m e r s ' d a ta a r e d e t e r m i n e d f r o m h is w e ig h te d a v e r a g e

c r u s h e r ju ic e i n s p e c t io n s fo r the c r o p .

T h e f a c t o r y T C /T S is d e t e r m i n e d f r o m the a v e r a g e f a c t o r y p e r ­

f o r m a n c e fo r the c r o p :
 38

TC : 1_
TS F a c to ry Y

a nd

Y = S x JR x E xR _, x BHE x K
Theo.

w here: Y i s the y ie ld of 9 6 ° s u g a r p e r ton of c a n e .

S i s th e P o l % c r u s h e r j u i c e .

JR i s th e J a v a R a tio , P o l % C ane__________ .
P o l % C r u s h e r J u ic e

E i s the a c t u a l m il l pol e x tr a c t i o n .

R„. is the W i n t e r - C a r p t h e o r e t i c a l r e t e n t i o n .
Theo
BHE is th e a c t u a l b o ilin g h o u s e e ff ic ie n c y .

K i s the f a c t o r f o r c o n v e r s i o n of P o l in s u g a r

- a t th e a c t u a l p u r ity of s u g a r - to 9 6 °

t e s t s u g a r , a s show n in T a b le 39, p a g e 764,

of the C a n e S u g a r H a n d b o o k , ( 8 th E d itio n ),

by G . L . S p e n c e r an d G . P . M ead.

D im e n s io n a lly , the b a s i c f o r m u la f o r y ie ld (Y) m a y b e e x ­

p r e s s e d a s fo llo w s:
(Pol)
9 6 ° s u g a r s ( P o l ) ^ J# x ( P o l ) ^ x ( P o l ^ ^ x lOu .P u rity ^

C an e (P o l) (POl) (Pol)
C .J . Cane M. J .

(P ol)
A c tu a l
P u r i t y S u g a r x 9 6 ° S u gar
(P o l) (Pol)
100 P u r i t y A c tu a l
Sugar P u r i t y S ugar
 39

30
P H IL IP P IN E S

(The J a v a R a ti o and E f f e c t of F i b e r )

G eneral

C r u s h e r ju ic e i n s p e c tio n s in c lu d e B r i x by h y d r o m e t e r a n d a p ­

p a r e n t s u c r o s e (p ol) b y d r y l e a d .

T he s t a n d a r d of c a n e q u a li t y i s P ic u ls of S u g a r p e r T on o f C a n e .

(A p ic u l is a b o u t 1 3 3 -1 /2 p o u n d s). T h e c a n e q u a li t y f o r m u l a is :

P o l%
P i c u ls of S u gar = C r u s h e r x F a c t o r
T o n s of C ane J u ic e

w h e r e F a c t o r = P i c u ls o f S u g a r
(T o n C ane) (U nit P o l % C r u s h e r Ju ic e)

T he F a c t o r is e x p r e s s e d a s fo llo w s:

F a c t o r = J R x E x S ( J -M ) x BHE x 1
J (S -M ) PS

w here: JR is th e J a v a R a t i o , P o l % C an e__________.
P o l % C r u s h e r J u ic e

E is th e pol e x t r a c t i o n .

J is th e a p p a r e n t p u r i ty o f the m ix e d j u i c e .

M is th e g r a v i t y p u r i t y of th e m o l a s s e s .

S is th e g r a v i t y p u r i t y of th e s u g a r .

OA
T h e m a t e r i a l in th is s e c t i o n i s b a s e d on c o r r e s p o n d e n c e w ith
r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of th e P h ilip p in e s u g a r i n d u s t r y .
 40

BHE is th e b o ilin g h o u s e e ff ic ie n c y .

PS is the p o l a r i z a t io n of th e s u g a r .

D i m e n s io n a ll y , th e F a c t o r a n a l y z e s a s fo llo w s:

(Pol) (P o l) (Pol)
C om m . Sugar = Canex M. J. x T h e o .R e t. x
(P o l) (P o l) (P ol) (Pol)
C. J. C. J. Cane M. J.

(Pol)
A c t . R e t, x C o m m . S u gar
(P ol) (Pol)
T h e o . R e t. A c t . R e t.

T a b l e s of F a c t o r s a r e w o rk e d o u t to e x p r e s s the y ie ld f o r c o r ­

r e s p o n d i n g c r u s h e r j u ic e p u r i t i e s . Som e f a c t o r i e s u se s p e c if ic s t a n d ­

a r d s of m il l e x t r a c t i o n a n d b o ilin g h o u s e r e t e n t i o n in t h e s e F a c t o r s .

In th is m a n n e r , the f o r m e r ' s c a n e q u a lity is in d e p e n d e n t of th e f a c t o r y

e ff ic ie n c y .

31
The E f f e c t of F i b e r on the Ja v a R a tio

U se of th e J a v a R a ti o to e v a l u a t e , t h r o u g h c r u s h e r ju ic e a n a l y s i s ,

the s u c r o s e c o n te n t o r the c o m m e r c i a l s u g a r in a c a n e s h i p m e n t ,

a s s u m e s a c o n s t a n c y of the J a v a R a tio . In th e f i r s t p la c e , th is p r e ­

s u p p o s e s t h a t the Ja v a R a t i o i s c o n s t a n t fo r a n y g iven m illin g e q u ip m e n t

31
M a n u e l V. L o c s in , "In flu en ce o f F i b e r on J a v a R a ti o , "
P r o c e e d i n g s of th e P h ilip p in e s S u g a r T e c h n o l o g i s t s , (1953), pp. 1 3 4 -
139.
 41

a n d u n d e r a n y g iv e n s e t of m illin g c o n d it i o n s . M o re i m p o r t a n t , i t is

a s s u m e d th at the J a v a R a tio r e m a i n s c o n s t a n t i r r e s p e c t i v e of the fib e r

in the c a n e .

S tu d ie s in H a w a ii a n d S outh A f r i c a h a v e show n a d e fin ite d e ­

p e n d e n c e o f the J a v a R a ti o on the f ib e r c o n te n t o f the c a n e .

S tu d ie s c o n d u c te d a t the V i c t o r i a s M illin g C o m p an y in the

P h il i p p in e s , of the m e a n Ja v a R a t i o and the per c e n t f i b e r f r o m s e v e n

r e p l i c a t e s a m p l e s of e a c h o f five v a r i e t i e s , sh o w ed a c l e a r te n d e n c y

of the J a v a R a t i o to d e c r e a s e w ith i n c r e a s i n g f ib e r in c a n e . The v a r i ­

e t i e s w ith h ig h f i b e r h a d c o r r e s p o n d i n g l y low Ja v a R a tio s .

T he n u m b e r of r e p l i c a t e t e s t s p e r f o r m e d on e a c h v a r i e t y w a s

i n s u f f i c i e n t to o b ta in a d e p e n d a b le c o r r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n J a v a R a tio and

f ib e r p e r c e n t c a n e fo r e a c h v a r i e t y .

32
MAURITIUS

G eneral

D u r in g a 100 d a y c r o p p e r i o d , 30 f a c t o r i e s p ro d u c e a b o u t

4 4 5 , 000 tons o f s u g a r . Since 1940, c a n e p a y m e n t h a s b e e n on a q u a lity

b a sis. C a n e e v a lu a tio n a n d p a y m e n t a r e g o v e rn e d by the S a le s of C an e

( C o n tro l) O rd in a n c e N o . 47 of 1941. S t a t u t o r y c o n t r o l of the i n d u s t r y

32
J . D . De R . S a in t A n t o i n e , "C ane P a y m e n t in M a u r i t i u s , "
P r o c e e d i n g s of the T e n th C o n g r e s s of th e I n t e r n a t i o n a l S o c ie ty of S u g a r
C a n e T e c h n o l o g i s t s , (1959), pp. 1 6 3 -1 6 7 .
 42

u n d e r the O r d in a n c e is v e s t e d in the " C e n t r a l A r b i t r a t i o n and C o n t r o l

B o a r d . " E a c h f a c t o r y is a s s i g n e d a f a c t o r y a r e a f r o m w h ic h i t r e ­

c e i v e s a l l its c a n e , and a l l c a n e g ro w n w ithin the a r e a m u s t be p r o ­

c e s s e d a t the a r e a f a c t o r y . E a c h f a c t o r y is r e q u i r e d to h a v e a u to m a tic

s c a l e s fo r w eig h in g ju ic e an d m a c e r a t i o n w a t e r . T hese scales a r e

p e r i o d i c a l ly c h e c k e d by o f f i c e r s o f the B o a r d .

S a m p lin g

C ane is hand h a r v e s t e d . D e l iv e r y to the f a c t o r i e s is c h ie f ly

by r a i l , a lth o u g h so m e c a n e is c o n v e y e d by t r u c k .

C r u s h e r ju ic e s a m p le s of the c a n e c o n s ig n m e n ts f r o m the i n ­

d e p e n d e n t p l a n t e r s a r e a n a ly z e d fo r B r ix and p u r ity . D i r e c t f ib e r d e ­

t e r m i n a t i o n s a r e m ade c o n c u r r e n t l y on the c a n e in the c a r r i e r . For

th is p u r p o s e a b o u t 90 s t a lk s a r e s e l e c t e d , m ix e d , and s u b - s a m p l e d .

The s u b - s a m p l e s a r e c u t into t h r e e e q u a l p o r tio n s and s h r e d d e d in a

Q u e e n s la n d f i b r a t o r (C utex ). A p o r tio n of the d i s i n t e g r a t e d c a n e is

c o lle c te d in a c lo t h , w a sh e d f o r 24 h o u r s in c o ld ru n n in g w a te r , a n d

d r i e d a t lOO^C .

The f r e q u e n c y of s a m p lin g — b a s e d on the t o t a l c a n e d e l i v e r e d

by the in d e p e n d e n t p l a n t e r s —i s a b o u t 10 p e r c e n t . T he a m o u n t of

c a n e a c c e p t a b l e fo r a t e s t is th a t e q u iv a le n t to a m in im u m of te n m i n ­

u te s g r in d in g . F a r m e r s w hose p a r t i c i p a ti o n is too s m a l l f o r in d iv id u a l

c a n e t e s t s a r e g ro u p ed to g e th e r — u s u a l l y on a r e g i o n a l b a s i s — f o r p u r ­

p o s e s of s a m p lin g .
 43

T e s ti n g and E v a lu a tio n

The s t a n d a r d of c a n e q u a lity is c o m m e r c i a l s u g a r of 99 p u r i t y

per cen t can e. The c a n e q u a lity f o r m u la r e l a t e s the p l a n t e r 's " t r u e "

s u c r o s e p e r c e n t c a n e to h is y ie ld th r o u g h a s t a n d a r d r e d u c e d e x ­

t r a c t i o n b a s e d on h is f i b e r p er c e n t c a n e and a s t a n d a r d r e t e n t i o n

b a s e d on h is m ix e d ju ic e p u r i ty . ( C r u s h e r ju ic e in s p e c tio n s in clu d e

pol — or a p p a r e n t s u c r o s e , and m ix e d ju ic e in s p e c tio n s inclu d e s u ­

c r o s e by the C l e r g e t m e th o d .)

Y ie ld , 99 "T ru e" S ta n d a r d S ta n d a rd
P u rity = S ucrose x R educed x R e te n tio n x 1____
C om m . Sugar % C ane E x tra c tio n 9 8 .5
% C ane

A s a p p lie d in a c t u a l p r a c t i c e , the p l a n t e r 's in s p e c tio n s a r e

f i r s t f a c t o r e d to the m il l i n s p e c t io n s d u r i n g the t e s t p e r io d in w h ich

he d e l i v e r e d h is c a n e ( p l a n t e r 's " a r b i t r a r y " s u c r o s e to " t r u e " s u ­

c r o s e p er c e n t c a n e ) an d then f a c t o r e d a g a in to r e f l e c t the d i f f e r ­

ence b e tw e e n the a v e r a g e f a c t o r y in s p e c tio n s d u r in g the t e s t p e rio d

and th e c r o p ( p l a n t e r 's f i b e r an d c a l c u l a t e d m ix e d ju ic e p u r ity d u r ­

ing th e t e s t p e rio d c o r r e c t e d to a c r o p b a s i s ) . The f a c t th a t m any

p l a n t e r s do n o t d e l i v e r o v e r the whole c r o p is c ite d a s the r e a s o n fo r

c o r r e c t i n g t h e i r in s p e c tio n s to a c r o p b a s i s .

The m eth o d of e v a lu a tio n in v o lv e s the follow ing p r i n c i p l e s ,

s t e p s , an d a s s u m p t i o n s :
 44

1. D e t e r m in a t io n o f a n " a r b i t r a r y " p la n te r and m ill s u ­

c r o s e p e r c e n t c a n e d u r i n g the t e s t p e rio d in w hich

the c a n e w as d e l i v e r e d . ( F o r the m ill, th is is the

r u n d u r i n g w h ich the p l a n t e r 's c a n e w as d e l i v e r e d . )

a. The " a r b i t r a r y " s u c r o s e p e r c e n t c a n e is b a s e d

on the a b s o lu te ju ic e c o n te n t of the c a n e a s

f o llo w s :

"A rb itra ry "

S ucrose % = BA x PA x A . J . % C ane
C ane 10, 000

w here: B i s the B r ix of the a b s o lu te j u i c e .

A

PA is the p u r ity of the a b s o lu te j u ic e .

A . J . % C a n e is the a b s o lu te ju ic e %

c a n e w h ic h is e q u a l to 100 — fib e r

% C ane.

b. The r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n the q u a lity of the f i r s t

e x p r e s s e d ju ic e and the a b s o lu te ju ic e a s s u m e s :

(1) A l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n the B r i x o f the

f i r s t e x p r e s s e d ju ic e and the a b s o lu te ju ic e :

BA = 0 .8 9 B j + 1.3

w here: B j is the B r ix of the f i r s t e x p r e s s e d

ju ic e .
 45

(2) A d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n m ill f i r s t e x p r e s s e d ju ic e

a nd a b s o lu te ju ic e p u r i t i e s fo r the r u n w h ic h is

c o n s t a n t f o r a l l c a n e p r o c e s s e d d u r i n g the r u n .

T h is d if f e r e n c e is a p p lie d to the p l a n t e r 's f i r s t

e x p r e s s e d ju ic e p u r i t y to d e t e r m i n e h is a b s o l u te

ju ic e p u r i ty . T hu s the p l a n t e r 's a b s o lu te ju ic e

p u r ity fo r the t e s t p e r io d is :

P = P -IP - P )
AP *1P 1M AM'

w here: f^ P *8 c a l c u l a t e d a b s o l u te ju ic e

p u r i ty of the p l a n t e r 's s a m p l e .

P jp is th e f i r s t e x p r e s s e d ju ic e

p u r i t y of the p l a n t e r 's s a m p l e .

■^lM *s a v e r a 8e f i r s t e x p r e s s e d

ju ic e p u r ity of a l l c a n e d e l i v e r e d

to the m ill d u r i n g the t e s t p e rio d .

I?AM i s the a b s o lu te ju ic e p u r i ty fr o m

the m il l c o n t r o l r e c o r d s and

r e p r e s e n ts a ll can e d e liv e re d

d u r i n g the t e s t p e r i o d .

2. C a lc u la t io n of a " t r u e " s u c r o s e p e r c e n t c a n e f r o m the

" a r b i t r a r y " s u c r o s e of the p la n te r and of the m i l l d u r ­

ing the t e s t p e r i o d .
 46

a. T he d if f e r e n c e is d e t e r m i n e d b e tw ee n the " a r b i t r a r y "

s u c r o s e f o r the p l a n t e r 's c a n e w h ic h is g ro u n d d u r i n g

the t e s t p e rio d and the m ill " a r b i t r a r y " s u c r o s e for

the s a m e p e r i o d .

b. The m ill " t r u e " s u c r o s e is then d e t e r m i n e d f r o m the

fa c to ry c o n tro l d a ta .

c. The p la n te r 's " t r u e " s u c r o s e is f in a lly d e t e r m i n e d by

a d d in g to the m il l " t r u e " s u c r o s e the d if f e r e n c e b e ­

t w e e n the " a r b i t r a r y " s u c r o s e fo r the p l a n t e r and

the m ill.

3. D e t e r m i n a t i o n of the p l a n t e r 's y ield of 99 p u r i ty s u g a r a t

the end o f the c r o p by m e a n s of the c a n e q u a lity f o r m u la

in w h ic h — to h is " t r u e " s u c r o s e p e r c e n t c a n e — a r e

a p p lie d a s t a n d a r d m ill e x t r a c t i o n — c o r r e c t e d fo r the

f ib e r in the p l a n t e r 's c a n e — and a s t a n d a r d r e t e n t i o n —

c a l c u l a t e d fo r the p l a n t e r 's m ix e d ju ic e p u r ity ,

a. The s t a n d a r d m il l e x t r a c t i o n is the r e d u c e d s u c r o s e

e x t r a c t i o n of 95. 0 s u c r o s e p e r c e n t s u c r o s e in c a n e

a t 12. 5 f i b e r p e r c e n t c a n e .

(1) The e x t r a c t i o n i s d e t e r m i n e d f r o m the p l a n t e r 's

f ib e r w h ic h is c o r r e c t e d to a c r o p b a s i s by

a p p ly in g to h is f ib e r p e r c e n t c a n e fo r the t e s t

p e rio d the d if f e r e n c e b e tw e e n the m ill f ib e r p e r

 47

c e n t c a n e f o r the c r o p an d the t e s t p e r i o d ,

b. The s t a n d a r d r e t e n t i o n is b a s e d on the SJM f o r m u l a

a s s u m i n g a c o m m e r c i a l s u g a r p u r ity o f 9 9 . 0 , a

C l e r g e t g r a v i t y m o l a s s e s p u r i ty of 4 0. 0 (10 t o 1

d ilu tio n ), and a b o ilin g h o u s e e ffic ie n c y of 9 9 . 0 .

(1) The s t a n d a r d r e t e n t i o n is d e t e r m i n e d f r o m the

p l a n t e r 's c a l c u l a t e d m ix ed ju ic e p u r i ty w h ic h is

c o r r e c t e d to a c r o p b a s i s .

(a) The p l a n t e r 's m ix ed ju ic e p u r i t y i s f i r s t d e ­

t e r m i n e d f o r the t e s t p e rio d by d e d u c tin g

f r o m h i s f i r s t e x p r e s s e d ju ic e p u r i ty the

d if f e r e n c e b e tw e e n the m ill f i r s t e x p r e s s e d

ju ic e an d m ix e d ju ic e p u r i ti e s f o r the t e s t

p erio d .

(b) T h e p l a n t e r 's m ixed ju ic e p u r i t y is c o r ­

r e c t e d to the c r o p b a s i s f r o m the t e s t p e rio d

b a s i s b y a p p ly in g to h i s m ix e d ju ic e p u r i ty

fo r the t e s t p e r io d the d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n

the m il l f i r s t e x p r e s s e d ju ic e p u r i t i e s for

the t e s t p e r i o d s an d th e c r o p a v e r a g e .
 HAWAII

( D i r e c t Q u a lity D e t e r m i n a t i o n by P o l R atio)

G eneral

T he P o l R a tio m eth o d of c a n e q u a lity d e t e r m i n a t i o n , w h ic h w a s d e ­

veloped by the H a w a iia n S u g a r P l a n t e r s A s s o c i a t i o n E x p e r i m e n t S ta tio n ,

in v o lv e s the d i r e c t d e t e r m i n a t i o n of p ol p e r c e n t c a n e an d e x p r e s s e s c an e

q u a lity a s T on s o f C ane p e r T on of P o l ( P o l R a tio ).

T h is m eth o d of c a n e e v a lu a tio n , w h ic h is a c o ld w a t e r e x t r a c t i o n

p r o c e s s , h a s p ro v e d p a r t i c u l a r l y v a lu a b le in s tu d ie s of p la n t b r e e d i n g

( s u g a r yield p e r a c r e ) , e s t i m a t i o n of l o s s e s c a u s e d by d i f f e r e n t h a r v e s t ­

ing p r a c t i c e s , a n d the e v a lu a tio n of c a n e e n t e r i n g f a c t o r i e s w h ic h w a s h

th e c a n e a t l a u n d e r in g s t a ti o n s p r e c e d i n g the ta n d e m o r on the c a r r i e r

i t s e l f — thus m ak in g e v a lu a tio n of the c a n e in the c a r r i e r i m p r a c t i c a l .

Since the d i r e c t m e th o d of c a n e e v a lu a tio n e n t a i l s the p r o b l e m of

g e ttin g r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p le s in a d d itio n to p r o c e s s i n g the s a m p l e , the

H a w a iia n s tu d ie s have in c lu d e d m e a n s fo r w ith d ra w in g a c a n e s a m p l e .

Such e x p e d ie n ts u n d e r stu d y have in c lu d e d hand g r a b , m e c h a n i c a l g r a b ,

a n d the u s e of a m ac h in e d r i v e n c y l i n d r i c a l to o th ed c o r i n g d e v ic e w h ich

w ith d r a w s a c a n e s a m p le d i r e c t l y f r o m the v e h ic le c o n v e y in g the s a m p l e .

S tu d ie s of the c o r i n g d e v ic e have n o t b e e n p u b lis h e d g e n e r a l l y , b u t it is

u n d e r s to o d th a t th is m eth o d is q u ite p r o m is in g .
 49

P r o c e d u r e fo r the P o l R a ti o M ethod

The p r o c e d u r e f o r the P o l R a tio m e th o d in v o lv e s c o l l e c t i n g a

s a m p le , r e d u c t io n and s u b - s a m p l i n g o f the s a m p l e , e x t r a c t i o n o f the s u b ­

s a m p le in a d i s i n t e g r a t o r or e x t r a c t o r , and s u b s e q u e n t i n s p e c t io n s of the

e x t r a c t and the p u lp r e s i d u e .

D e p e n d in g on the s o u r c e of the s a m p le a n d the m eth o d of w i t h ­

d r a w in g the s a m p l e , a s a m p le f r o m 30 to 400 pounds m a y be r e m o v e d .

(S a m p lin g r a t e s m a y r a n g e f r o m 0. 03 to 0 .4 0 p e r c e n t of th e c a n e to be

s a m p le d ) . The s a m p le i s fed to a n e n s ila g e c u t t e r w hich is so d e s ig n e d

t h a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 15 p e r c e n t of the e fflu e n t c h ip p e d c a n e is d i v e r t e d

in to a s a m p le r e c e i v e r . T h e d i v e r t e d c a n e is f u r t h e r m ix e d by h a n d and
33
a tw o pound s u b - s a m p l e o f c h ip p e d c a n e r e m o v e d .

The c h ip p e d cane is fed to a n HSPA D i s i n t e g r a t o r . T h is d e v ic e

c o n s i s t s e s s e n t i a l l y of tw o r o t a t i n g b la d e s in the e n d s of a s t a i n l e s s s t e e l

c y l i n d e r of a p p r o x i m a t e l y one g a llo n c a p a c i t y . A b o u t tw ic e the w eig h t of

the c a n e in w a t e r is a d d e d and th e m ix tu r e i s s u b je c te d to r a p i d r o t a t io n

of the b la d e s fo r 10 m in u te s . T h e e x t r a c t is w ith d ra w n a n d a n a ly z e d f o r

B r i x b y the p r e c i s i o n A b b e r e f r a c t o m e t e r an d fo r p o l by the H o r n e 's d r y

le a d m e th o d . T he pulp r e s i d u e is w a s h e d , p r e s s e d , and d r i e d to c o n s t a n t

J . G . D a r r o c h , F . C . D e n n is o n , L . J . R h o d e s , "The A p p l i c a ­
tio n of the P o l R a t i o M etho d of C an e A n a l y s i s , 11 P r o c e e d i n g s of the T e n th
C o n g r e s s o f the I n t e r n a t i o n a l S o c ie ty of S u g a r C a n e T e c h n o l o g i s t s , (1959)»
pp. 1 9 9 -2 0 5 .
 50

w e ig h t to give w e ig h t of d r y f i b e r . T h e w e ig h t o f the s a m p le plus a d d e d

w a t e r l e s s the w e ig h t of d r y f ib e r e q u a ls the w e ig h t of e x t r a c t — f r o m

the a n a l y s i s of w h ic h the w e ig h t of po l in e x t r a c t is c a l c u l a t e d and s u b ­

s e q u e n t l y the pol p e r c e n t c a n e . T he P o l R a tio is th e r e c i p r o c a l of the

po il p e r c e n t* c a n e . 34

R e p r o d u c i b il i ty o f th e P o l R a t i o m eth o d h a s b e e n v e r y s a t i s ­

f a c t o r y — a 2 .3 p e r c e n t C o e f f i c ie n t o f V a r i a t i o n b e tw e e n d u p lic a te t e s t s

h a s b e e n o b ta in e d . T his i s c o n s i d e r a b l y l e s s th an th e v a r i a t i o n e x is ti n g
35
b e tw e e n p lo ts .

C o m m e n ts on the P o l R a t i o M ethod

In c o m p a r i n g d i r e c t c a n e e v a lu a tio n b y the HSPA P o l R a tio m ethod

w ith the Q u e e n s la n d Wet D i s i n t e g r a t o r and the South A f r i c a n Cold E x ­

t r a c t i o n p r o c e s s e s , i t i s i n t e r e s t i n g to n ote s e v e r a l s i m p li f i c a ti o n s in the

H SPA p r o c e d u r e . The c o n c e p t of B r i x - f r e e w a te r (W) is n o t in c lu d e d in

th e HSPA c a l c u l a t i o n s , th e e x t r a c t b e in g the w e ig h t of the s a m p le plus

a d d e d w a t e r l e s s the w e ig h t of the d r y f i b e r . The o th e r tw o te c h n iq u e s

i n c o r p o r a t e B r i x - f r e e w a t e r so t h a t the w e ig h t of e x t r a c t i s d e t e r m i n e d

b y s u b t r a c t i n g f r o m the w e ig h t of the s a m p le plus a d d e d w a t e r the p r o ­

d u c t of th e d r y f i b e r t i m e s 1 .3 0 .

^ J o h n H . Payne an d H e n r y J . M a h o n , "T h e P o l R a tio M eth od

fo r E v a lu a tin g C a n e Q u a lity , " P r o c e e d i n g s of the N in th C o n g r e s s of the
I n t e r n a t i o n a l S o c ie ty of S u g a r C ane T e c h n o l o g i s t s , Vol.IX, (1956), pp.
440-441.
3 ^ I b i d . , p . 444.
 51

In a d d itio n , the HSPA te c h n iq u e u s e s th e A bbe p r e c i s i o n r e f r a c t o -

m e t e r , w hile the Q u e e n s la n d m eth o d u s e s the p y c n o m e te r . W hile the p r e ­

c i s i o n r e f r a c t o m e t e r is m o r e e x p e n s iv e th an i t s c o u n t e r p a r t , w h ich is u s e d

f o r r o u tin e l a b o r a t o r y d e t e r m i n a t i o n s , th e i n s t r u m e n t sh o uld a llo w c o n ­

s i d e r a b l y m o r e r a p i d e v a lu a tio n th a n the p y c n o m e te r .

A p p a r e n t l y , c o r i n g a s a c a n e s a m p lin g te c h n iq u e h a s b e e n e v a l u ­

a te d only by the HSPA and i n s tu d ie s a t L o u is ia n a S ta te U n i v e r s i ty . The

r e s u l t s of the HSPA s t u d i e s , w hen r e l e a s e d , sh o u ld be of i n t e r e s t in

c o m p a r i s o n w ith the 1958 s tu d ie s a t L o u is ia n a S tate U n i v e r s i ty . T he

l a t t e r s tu d ie s a r e d i s c u s s e d in a s u b s e q u e n t c h a p t e r .

S P E C I A L STUDIES IN LOUISIANA

(T he T h r e e - R o l l S a m p le M ill a n d the Sx - By F o r m u l a )

F o r m an y y e a r s the t h r e e - r o l l s a m p le m i l l h a s b e e n u s e d in

a g r o n o m ic r e s e a r c h a t the H o u m a , L o u is ia n a , E x p e r i m e n t S ta tio n o f the

U n ite d S ta te s D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e . F o r t h e s e s tu d ie s the f o r m u la

Y = Sx — B y w as d e v e lo p e d . T h is f o r m u la e x p r e s s e s c a n e q u a lity in

t e r m s of the a v a i la b l e 9 6 ° s u g a r p e r to n of c a n e (Y), a s d e t e r m i n e d

f r o m the s a m p le m il l ju ic e pol (S) a n d B r i x (B ), and f a c t o r s (x) and

(y) — f a c t o r s w hich r e l a t e the q u a li t y of the f i r s t e x p r e s s e d ju ic e to th a t

of th e n o r m a l ju ic e and i n c o r p o r a t e the e f f e c t of n o r m a l ju ic e e x t r a c t i o n

a n d a n a s s u m e d b o ilin g h o u s e e f f ic ie n c y .
 52

T he f o r m u la w as d e v e lo p e d in r e c o g n i ti o n of the f a c t t h a t the t r u e

c r i t e r i o n of c a n e q u a li t y is the r e c o v e r a b l e s u g a r in the c a n e , a n d n o t

the q u a lity o f the c a n e , p e r s e , a n d th a t p r i m a r y ju ic e a n a l y s e s a lo n e ,

a r e not s u f f i c l e n t f o r s u c h q u a li t y e v a lu a tio n s t u d i e s .

N o r m a l J u ic e is the ju ic e e x t r a c t e d f r o m s u g a r c a n e by a m il l

t a n d e m w hen no m a c e r a t i o n w a te r is u s e d , i . e . , u n d ilu te d j u ic e .

R e d u c tio n f a c t o r s r e l a t i n g the p r i m a r y to th e n o r m a l ju ic e i n ­

s p e c t i o n s a r e d e fin e d a s fo llo w s:

B r i x R e d u c tio n F a c t o r = N o r m a l J u ic e B rix
P r i m a r y Ju ic e B rix

S u c r o s e R e d u c tio n F a c t o r = N o r m a l J u ic e P o l
P r i m a r y J u ic e P o l

R outine e v a lu a tio n of c a n e q u a lity in v o lv e s m e r e l y d e t e r m i n a t i o n

o f the B r i x and pol of the ju ic e f r o m a s in g le m illin g in a t h r e e - r o l l

s a m p le m ill. The ju ic e i n s p e c tio n s a r e t r a n s l a t e d in to c a n e q u a lity

t h r o u g h the Sx — By f o r m u l a , the f a c t o r s x a n d y h a v in g b e e n p r e v i o u s ly

d e t e r m i n e d fo r the sp e c ific v a r i e t y of c a n e th ro u g h v a r i e t a l m illin g

stu d ies.

P e r io d ic v a r i e t a l m illin g s tu d ie s a r e m ade s i m u l t a n e o u s l y on the

v a r i e t y u n d e r s tu d y and a s t a n d a r d v a r i e t y g ro w n u n d e r h ig h ly c o m ­

p a r a b l e c o n d itio n s . In t h e s e s t u d i e s , c o m m e r c i a l m illin g c o n d itio n s a r e

s im u la te d . 10 to 15 s u c h d e t e r m i n a t i o n s a r e r e q u i r e d to a c c u r a t e l y d e ­

fine the f a c t o r s . T he f a c t o r s thus d e t e r m i n e d r e l a t e the v a r i e t a l m illin g

of the v a r i e t y u n d e r stu d y an d of a s t a n d a r d v a r i e t y .
 53

B a s i s of the F o r m u l a

The Sx — By f o r m u la w as d e v e lo p e d f r o m c o n v e n tio n a l e x t r a c t i o n
36
c a l c u l a t i o n s an d a s s u m i n g th e W i n t e r - C a r p t h e o r e t i c a l r e t e n t i o n . T he

d e v e l o p m e n t of the f o r m u l a is s u m m a r i z e d a s fo llo w s:

Y = 2000 x N. J . x S x ( 1 . 4 — 40) x BHE x 1_

P 96

o r:

Y =' 2000 x N. J . x S x p . 00S - 0 .4 0 (B - S)1 x BHE x 1__

S 96

w here: Y is l b s . of 9 6 ° s u g a r p e r ton of c a n e .

N . J . i s p a r t s of n o r m a l ju ic e p e r p a r t of c a n e .

S i s p a r t s pol in n o r m a l ju ic e p e r p a r t of

n o r m a l j u ic e .

BHE is th e b o ilin g h o u s e e ff ic ie n c y .

P i s the p u r i t y of the n o r m a l j u i c e .

T h r o u g h the u s e of the r e d u c t i o n f a c t o r s r e l a t i n g th e p r i m a r y ju ic e

to th e n o r m a l ju ic e i n s p e c t i o n s , a n o r m a l j u i c e / c a n e r a t i o of 1 . 0 0 , a n d

a BHE of 1 .0 0 , the e x p r e s s i o n is r e a r r a n g e d in the fo llo w in g f o r m :

Y - S x - By ....

36
G e o r g e A r c e n e a u x , "A S im p lif ie d M ethod of M ak in g T h e o ­
r e t i c a l S u g a r Y ield C a lc u la t io n s , " I n t e r n a t i o n a l S u g a r J o u r n a l , XXXVII
(1935), 2 6 4 -2 6 5 .
 54

w here: S is the pol % p r i m a r y j u i c e .

B i s the B r ix % p r i m a r y j u i c e ,

x = (29. 167) (a) (c) (d)

y = (8 .3 3 3 ) (b) (c) (d)

in w hich: 2 9 .1 6 7 is l b s . 9 6 ° S u g a r
(T on C a n e) (% p ol in P r i m a r y
Ju ic e )

a t a p ol r e d u c t io n f a c t o r = 1 . 0 0 ,
n o r m a l j u i c e / c a n e = 1 . 0 0 , and
BHE = 1 .0 0 .

8 .3 3 3 is l b s . 9 6 ° S u g a r______________
(T o n C a n e) (% B r i x in
P r i m a r y Ju ic e )

a t a B r i x r e d u c t io n f a c t o r = 1. 00,
n o r m a l j u i c e / c a n e = 1 . 0 0 , and
BHE = 1. 00

(a) is th e pol r e d u c t i o n f a c t o r .

(b) is the B r i x r e d u c t io n f a c t o r .

(c) is th e p a r t s n o r m a l j u ic e p e r p a r t of c a n e . .

(d) is th e a s s u m e d b o ilin g h o u s e e f f ic ie n c y .

A p p lic a tio n of the F o r m u l a

In v a r i e t a l m illin g t e s t s , the c o n t r o l v a r i e t y and the v a r i e t y un der

stu d y a r e m ille d to c o m m e r c i a l l e v e ls of e x t r a c t i o n in a h y d r a u l i c a l ly

lo ad e d s a m p le m i l l by m u ltip le m illin g (four p a s s e s ) . 18 p e r c e n t m a c e r -

37
a tio n w a t e r is d iv id e d b e tw e e n the l a s t t h r e e m il l in g s .

^ G e o r g e A r c e n e a u x a n d L . P . H e b e r t , " C a lc u la tio n of S u g a r
P r o d u c tio n f r o m S u g a r C a n e V a r i e t y T e s t s , " S u g a r , IL ( D e c e m b e r ,
1954), pp. 5 0 -5 2 .
 55

T he n o r m a l j u i c e e x t r a c t i o n a n d the B r i x a n d pol of t h e n o r m a l

ju ic e a r e c a l c u l a t e d . In a d d itio n , th e B rix a n d the p o l of the ju ic e f r o m

t h e f i r s t or p r i m a r y e x t r a c t i o n a r e d e t e r m i n e d .

By m e a n s of the a b o v e d a ta a n d a n a s s u m e d b o ilin g h o u s e e f f i ­

c ie n c y , the f a c t o r s x a n d y a r e c a l c u l a t e d f o r the c o n t r o l v a r i e t y an d

the v a r i e t y u n d e r s t u d y . T h e r a t i o s o f x a n d y give the v a r i e t a l c o r ­

r e c t i o n f a c t o r s fo r th e v a r i e t y u n d e r s tu d y . In a c t u a l p r a c t i c e , h o w e v e r ,
38
a u n i f o r m B r ix c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r is a s s u m e d . H e n c e , b y a p p ly in g a

s t a n d a r d B H E, the r e m a i n i n g v a r i a b l e s th e n b e c o m e the pol r e d u c t i o n

f a c t o r a n d the n o r m a l ju ic e c o n te n t o f the c a n e . A s in g le V a r i e t a l C o r ­

r e c t i o n F a c t o r ( V . C . F . ) r e f l e c t s the r e l a t i o n s h i p of t h e s e v a r i a b l e s f o r

the s tu d y v a r i e t y t o t h o s e of th e s t a n d a r d v a r i e t y .

In s u b s e q u e n t r o u tin e e v a lu a tio n s o f th e v a r i e t y u n d e r s tu d y , the

B r i x a n d po l of the p r i m a r y j u ic e (o r the j u i c e f r o m a sin g le p a s s th r o u g h

the s a m p l e m ill) a n d th e V a r i e t a l C o r r e c t i o n F a c t o r a r e a p p lie d to the

f o r m u la in w h ich x a n d y h a v e b een c a l c u l a t e d fo r th e s t a n d a r d v a r i e t y .

M i s c e ll a n e o u s C o m m e n t s

A r c e n e a u x m a k e s the fo llo w in g g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s r e g a r d i n g the Sx

— By m e th o d of c a n e e v a l u a t i o n :

M(a) T he c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r f o r a n y g iv e n v a r i e t y m a y be
r e g a r d e d a s e s s e n t i a l l y a c o n s t a n t u n d e r L o u is ia n a

38R e s u its f r o m a l a r g e n u m b e r of d e t e r m i n a t i o n s h a v e show n

e s s e n t i a l l y no d i f f e r e n c e in B r i x r e d u c t io n f a c t o r s a m o n g v a r i e t i e s .
 56

c o n d it i o n s . I t h a s b e e n found s t a t i s t i c a l l y the s a m e
w h e th e r c a l c u l a t e d on p l a n t c a n e o r stu b b le and w a s
n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t e d b y s o i l o r o th e r e n v i r o n ­
m en tal v a ria b le s . E x p e rim e n ta l v a ria tio n s a re
r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l a s in d ic a t e d b y a v a r i a b i l i t y c o e f ­
f i c i e n t o f 1 .7 p e r c e n t .

(b) R e la ti v e ly s m a l l lo ts of c a n e (80 pounds) a r e s a t i s ­

f a c t o r y fo r m illin g s t u d i e s i f a d e q u a te p r e c a u t i o n s
a r e ta k e n to m in i m iz e s a m p li n g e r r o r s . O u r c a n e
f o r s u c h s t u d i e s o r d i n a r i l y c a m e f r o m p lo ts o r g r o u p
e x p e r i m e n t s w h e r e p l o t - a r r a n g e m e n t d e s i g n s , w h ic h
w e r e e m p lo y e d to o v e r c o m e e f f e c t s of s o i l h e t e r o ­
g e n e ity , e n s u r e d h ig h ly c o m p a r a b l e v a r i e t a l s a m p l e s .

(c) A n i n c r e a s e in f i b e r p e r c e n t c a n e c a u s e d r e d u c t io n s
in th e n o r m a l j u ic e e x t r a c t i o n an d th e s u c r o s e r e d u c ­
tio n f a c t o r — b o th t e n d in g to r e d u c e the v a r i e t a l c o r ­
r e c t i o n f a c t o r . T h e o v e r a l l r e l a t i o n s h i p is su c h th a t
g iv en a v a r i e t a l f i b e r p e r c e n t c a n e in r e l a t i o n to a
c o n t r o l v a lu e , i t is p o s s ib l e to c o m p u te the v a r i e t a l
c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r w ith r e a s o n a b l e a c c u r a c y . ----
V . C . F . v a lu e s c a l c u l a t e d f r o m the follow ing e q u a ­
tio n d id n o t d i f f e r s i g n i f ic a n t l y f r o m th o s e c o m p u te d
f r o m r e s u l t s o f m il l in g t e s t s .

Bc f = - 0 . 02265

in w h ic h Bc f is the l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n of d e p a r t u r e in
the V . C . F . f r o m 1 .0 0 on d e p a r t u r e in f ib e r p e r c e n t
c a n e f r o m th a t of c o n t r o l .

(d) F i b e r c o n t e n t of a n y g iv en v a r i e t y w ill v a r y f r o m t e s t
to t e s t , and i t is r e c o g n i z e d t h a t c a l c u l a t e d s u g a r
y ie ld s b a s e d on g e n e r a l i z e d e x t r a c t i o n f a c t o r s c o u ld
d e p a r t f r o m a c t u a l v a lu e s in in d iv id u a l c a s e s . H o w ­
e v e r , in v ie w of the d e m o n s t r a t e d c o n s t a n c y of V . C . F .
v a l u e s , th is w ill h a v e n o i m p o r t a n t e f f e c t on c a l c u l a t e d
d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n v a r i e t i e s and t h a t is e s s e n t i a l l y
the p u r p o s e of a v a r i e t y t e s t .

■ ^ G eo rg e A r c e n e a u x , " S ta n d a r d s o f C a n e Q u a lity in R e la tio n to

A g ro n o m ic R e s e a r c h a n d C o m m e r c i a l E v a lu a tio n of M ill C a n e , " P a p e r
d e l i v e r e d b e f o r e the A m e r i c a n S o c ie ty o f S u g a r C ane T e c h n o lo g is ts ,
F e b r u a r y , I9 6 0 .
 C H A P T E R III

M E T H O D S O F SUGAR CA N E P A Y M E N T

L ite r a tu r e r e f e r e n c e s c o v e rin g su g a r cane p ay m en t sy ste m s a r e

q u ite l i m i t e d . T h is is in m a r k e d c o n t r a s t t o i n f o r m a ti o n on the s u b j e c t

of c a n e q u a l i t y e v a l u a t i o n , w h ic h c o n tin u e s to be the s u b j e c t of i n te n s e

in d u stry re s e a r c h .

In r e v ie w in g th e i n f o r m a t i o n w h ic h is a v a i la b l e on c a n e p a y m e n t

s y s t e m s , a p r i m a r y p r o b l e m a p p e a r e d to be th a t of o r g a n i z in g the m a ­

t e r i a l in to a f o r m w h ic h m a k e s fo r r e a d y c o m p a r i s o n of the s y s t e m s in

d i f f e r e n t c a n e g ro w in g a r e a s . In o r d e r to d o t h is , i t w as n e c e s s a r y to

e s t a b l i s h c e r t a i n t e r m s — a n d t o d e fin e s u c h t e r m s — to the e f f e c t th a t

th e y w ould c o n n o te the s a m e th in g s in e a c h of the c a n e p a y m e n t s y s ­

tem s. T h e s e t e r m s a n d t h e i r d e f in itio n s a r e :

S ta n d a r d o f C an e Q u a l it y — T h is i s th e u n it w h ic h i s u se d

to d e fin e the q u a li t y of the c a n e . T he q u a li t y o f c a n e m ay

be in t e r m s of r e c o v e r a b l e s u g a r . In R e u n io n , the s t a n d ­

a r d of c a n e q u a l i t y is S E , w h ic h is th e r e c o v e r a b l e s u g a r

of 9 7 ° t i t r e % c a n e .

T h e C a n e Q u a l i t y F o r m u l a — T h i s is the f o r m u l a to e v a l u ­

a te the c a n e in t e r m s of the s t a n d a r d of c a n e q u a li t y .
 58

T h is f o r m u l a e q u a t e s s o m e r e a d i l y m e a s u r a b l e q u a n ti t ie s a s

the c r u s h e r ju ic e i n s p e c t io n s a n d p o s s ib l y the f i b e r % c a n e

to the s t a n d a r d of c a n e q u a lity .

The B a s e P r i c e of S u g a r - M o s t c a n e p r i c e f o r m u l a s b a s e the

p r i c e paid f o r c a n e on the p r i c e of r a w s u g a r . G e n e r a ll y , the

u n it w h ic h is u s e d to e s t a b l i s h the p r i c e of r a w s u g a r is the

s a m e as the s t a n d a r d of c a n e q u a li t y . T hu s in P u e r t o R ic o ,

the s t a n d a r d of c a n e q u a lity is 9 6 ° r a w s u g a r . A l s o , the p r i c e

of s u g a r d e f in e s the v a lu e of the u n it of r a w s u g a r a s f . a . s . ,

K in g sto n , o r f . o . b . , m il l . The b a s e p r i c e in e f f e c t t e l l s one

w h a t c o s t s in a d d itio n to m a n u f a c t u r in g c o s t s a r e b o rn e b y the

fac to ry . T h u s a b a s e p r i c e , f . a . s . , i m p l i e s t h a t the f a c t o r y

c o s t s in c lu d e th o s e of t r a n s p o r t i n g th e r a w s u g a r to the s h i p

sid e .

The C an e P r i c e F o r m u l a — The c a n e p r i c e f o r m u la d e t e r m i n e s

the p a y m e n t to the g r o w e r for h i s c a n e . G e n e r a l l y th is is the

p a y m e n t f o r s u g a r only. P a y m e n t is u s u a l l y in c a s h , a lth o u g h

i t m a y be in s u g a r . If p a y m e n t is in c a s h , the c a n e p r i c e f o r ­

m u la u s u a l l y e x p r e s s e s the p r o d u c t of th e q u a li t y of the c a n e

t i m e s the p e r c e n t a g e a c c r u i n g to th e g r o w e r t im e s the b a s e

p r i c e o f the u n it o f s u g a r .
 59

T o f a c i li t a t e c o m p a r i s o n , the s e c t i o n s in th is c h a p t e r c o v e r i n g

c a n e p a y m e n t s y s t e m s a r e d iv id e d in to th e fo llo w in g s u b - s e c t i o n s :

G e n e r a l - T h is is a b r i e f r e v i e w of the p r o v is io n s fo r

s t a t u t o r y c o n t r o l of c a n e p r i c e s , th e d e fin itio n of the

s t a n d a r d of c a n e q u a li t y , a n d the c a n e q u a lity f o r m u la .

M o s t of th is m a t e r i a l is c o v e r e d i n g r e a t e r d e t a i l in

the c h a p t e r on M e th o d s of S u g a r C a n e Q u a l it y D e t e r m i ­

n a tio n .

T h e C a n e P r i c e F o r m u l a ( P a y m e n t fo r S u g a r ) - T h is

s u b - s e c t i o n c o v e r s the f o r m u la u s e d to d e t e r m i n e the

p r i c e to be paid to th e g r o w e r fo r h i s c a n e . G e n e r a lly

th is f o r m u la d e t e r m i n e s the p a y m e n t to the g r o w e r fo r

s u g a r o nly .

T he B a s e P r i c e of S u g a r - T h is s u b - s e c t i o n d e fin e s the

v a lu e of the u n it of r a w s u g a r w h ic h is u s e d in the c a n e

p ric e fo rm u la .

P a y m e n t f o r M o l a s s e s a n d B y p ro d u c ts — T h is s u b - s e c t i o n

c o v e r s the p a y m e n t t o the f a r m e r f o r m o l a s s e s and b y ­

p ro d u cts.

S u g a r C a n e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n C o s ts — T h is s u b - s e c t i o n n o te s

w h e th e r the f a r m e r p a y s the c o s t o f t r a n s p o r t i n g h i s c a n e

to th e f a c t o r y .
 60

D i s t r i b u ti o n o f R e t u r n s - T h e b a s e s f o r d e t e r m i n i n g the

g r o w e r 's s h a r e in the t o ta l r e t u r n s f r o m h i s c a n e a r e

d i s c u s s e d in th is s u b - s e c t i o n .

A v a ila b le d a t a on s e v e r a l o f the c a n e p a y m e n t >s y s t e m s a r e n o t

c o m p l e t e a s to s o m e of the i t e m s d i s c u s s e d a b o v e .

Since th e m a t e r i a l on s u g a r c a n e p a y m e n t in L o u i s i a n a i s r a t h ­

e r e x t e n s i v e , th is s u b j e c t is d i s c u s s e d in a s u b s e q u e n t c h a p t e r .

QUEENSLAND1

G eneral

S t a tu t o r y c o n t r o l of c a n e p a y m e n t i s i n c o r p o r a t e d in the R e g u ­

la t i o n of S u g a r C an e P r i c e A c t s , 1915 t o 1954 an d a d m i n i s t e r e d

th r o u g h a C e n t r a l S u g a r C a n e P r i c e s B o a r d a n d l o c a l S u g a r C ane

P ric e s B oards.

The s t a n d a r d o f c a n e q u a lity i s C C S, w h ic h is the p e r c e n t a g e

b y w e ig h t of a s h i p m e n t of c a n e w h ich w ould b e r e c o v e r e d a s s u c r o s e

if m illin g and b o ilin g h o u s e o p e r a t i o n s w e r e c o n d u c te d a t a p r e s c r i b e d

l e v e l of e ff ic ie n c y .

The c a n e q u a l i t y f o r m u la is :

CCS = 3 p f T - F + ? l -1 /2 B | T - F + T\
I [_ 100J |_ i r j

The i n f o r m a t i o n in th is s e c t i o n i s b a s e d on n o te s a n d on c o r -
r e s p o n d e n c e w ith r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f th e Q u e e n s la n d I n d u s t r y .
 61

w here: P is th e p o l of the f i r s t e x p r e s s e d j u i c e .

B i s the B r i x of the f i r s t e x p r e s s e d j u i c e .

F i s the f i b e r % c a n e .

T he C a n e P r i c e F o r m u l a ( P a y m e n t f o r S u g a r)

The Q u e e n s la n d c a n e p r i c e f o r m u l a , w hich d e t e r m i n e s the p r i c e

to be paid the f a r m e r fo r s u g a r , i n c o r p o r a t e s the c o n c e p t of CCS a s

the s t a n d a r d o f c a n e q u a lity , the f a c t o r y c o e f f i c i e n t o f w o r k w h ic h f a c ­

t o r s CCS to 94 n e t t i t r e s u g a r , a n d the b a s e p r i c e of 94 n e t t i t r e s u g a r

a s s e t b y the S u g a r B o a r d .

N et T itre (n .t.) = Pol — + (5 x a sh )

A c t u a l r a w s u g a r p ro d u c tio n is c o n v e r t e d to 94 n . t . s u g a r a s

fo llo w s:

Tons A c tu al
T o n s of 94 n . t . S u g a r = Sugar x A c tu a l n . t.
94

The c o e f f i c i e n t of w o r k , w h ic h i s b a s e d on a c t u a l f a c t o r y p e r ­

f o r m a n c e , is u s e d to c o m p a r e p e r f o r m a n c e a m o n g f a c t o r i e s and

a g a i n s t a c c e p t e d s t a n d a r d s of p e r f o r m a n c e .

C o e f f ic ie n t = T o n s of 94 n . t . s u g a r m ad e x 100
of W o rk T o n s of C C S in C a n e

W ith t h e s e c o n c e p ts in m in d , th e n , the c a n e p r i c e f o r m u l a i s :
 62

V = . 009 P (CCS - 4) + (3 s. - 4 d . )

w here: V is the p r i c e to b e paid fo r a long to n of

cane.

P is the b a s e p r i c e p e r to n of 94 n . t . s u g a r .

3 s . - 4 d . o r 40 pe n ce p e r ton of c a n e is a n a d ­

j u s t m e n t to th e c a n e p a y m e n t f o r m u la

w h ic h w a s m a d e in 1949 a s a r e s u l t of

the S u g a r C a n e P r i c e s B o a rd r e v i e w of

f a c t o r y and f a r m c o s t s and a s s e t s .

. 009 r e p r e s e n t s a 90 c o e f f i c i e n t of w o rk .

T h is f a c t o r w a s o r i g i n a l l y a d o p te d in

s e t ti n g u p th e c a n e p r i c e f o r m u la .

The CCS a s c a l c u l a t e d f r o m th e c a n e q u a lity f o r m u la m a y be

u se d d i r e c t l y in d e t e r m i n i n g the c a n e p r i c e if the f a c t o r y u s e s the

f r o n t r o l l e r ju ic e — s t i c k f i b e r m e th o d o f c a n e q u a li t y d e t e r m in a tio n ,

o r the CCS m a y be f a c t o r e d to th e w e e k ly f a c t o r y p e r f o r m a n c e if the

in d iv id u a l f i b e r and ju ic e w e ig h t e v a l u a t i o n m eth o d is u s e d . If u s e d

d i r e c t l y , th e CCS i s d e t e r m i n e d f r o m th e f a r m e r ' s c r o p a v e r a g e

c r u s h e r ju ic e and f i b e r d e t e r m i n a t i o n s .

T he B a se P r i c e o f 94 n . t . S u g a r

The b a s e p r i c e of 94 n . t . s u g a r is d e t e r m i n e d a n n u a lly b y the

 63

C e n t r a l S u g a r C an e P r i c e s B o a r d an d p u b lis h e d in the C e n t r a l B o a rd
2
A w a rd P r i c e S c a le .

The D i s t r i b u t i o n of R e tu r n s

The C e n t r a l S u g a r C a n e P r i c e s B o a rd p e r i o d i c a l ly r e v i e w s the

c o m p a r a t i v e c o s t s an d a s s e t s of g r o w e r s an d m a n u f a c t u r e r s to d e t e r ­

m ine if r e v i s i o n s to the c a n e p r i c e f o r m u l a a r e r e q u i r e d .

A s o r i g i n a l l y d r a w n u p, the c a n e p r i c e f o r m u la w as b a s e d on a v ­

e r a g e c o n d itio n s p r e v a i li n g in the i n d u s t r y a t the t i m e , i . e . , 12 CCS

and a 90 c o e f f i c i e n t of w o r k . T h is gave a s p l i t o f the r e t u r n s f r o m

s u g a r of t w o - t h i r d s to the g r o w e r an d o n e - t h i r d to the f a c t o r y . Since

the in c e p tio n of the f o r m u l a , the s t a te a v e r a g e C CS h a s i n c r e a s e d a s

h a s the a v e r a g e c o e f f i c i e n t o f w o r k . T he n e t e f f e c t of t h e s e c h a n g e s ,

a lo n g w ith the a d d itio n of 3 s . - 4 d . to the g r o w e r p a y m e n t a s d e t e r ­

m in e d by the f o r m u l a , h a s b e e n a s l i g h t l y h i g h e r p e r c e n t a g e of the r e ­

t u r n s a c c r u i n g to the g r o w e r .

R E U N IO N 3

G en eral

C an e P a y m e n t in R e u n io n is u n d e r G o v e r n m e n t c o n t r o l a n d is

2
T o be c o m p l e t e l y d e s c r i p t i v e , the b a s e p r i c e sh o u ld in clu d e a
p lac e o f r e f e r e n c e o r s h ip p in g p a r t i c u l a r s a s f . a . s . , B r i s b a n e , or
c . i . f . , L o n d o n . Such in f o r m a ti o n is n o t a t h a n d .

E . H u g o t, "C an e P a y m e n t on Q u a l it y B a s i s —A n E x t r a c t a b l e
S u g a r F o r m u l a in R e u n i o n , " The I n t e r n a t i o n a l S u g a r J o u r n a l , LVII
(1955), 1 8 7 -1 9 0 .
 64

c o o r d i n a te d by the C e n t r e T e c h n iq u e de la C an ne e t d u S u c r e . C ane

p a y m e n t p r o v is io n s a p p ly to c a n e g ro w n b y in d e p e n d e n t f a r m e r s a s

w e ll a s by f a c t o r y i n t e r e s t s .

The s t a n d a r d of c a n e q u a lity is S E , w hich is the c o m m e r c i a l

s u g a r o f 9 7 ° t i t r e , % c a n e , t h a t sh ould be o b tain ed f r o m th e c a n e by

a f a c t o r y o p e r a t in g a t c e r t a i n s t a n d a r d s of e x t r a c t i o n a n d r e t e n t i o n .

The c a n e q u a li t y f o r m u l a i s :

SE = K B 1 ( P x - 30) (1 - 1.4f)
100

w here: SE is the e x t r a c t a b l e s u g a r of 9 7 ° t i t r e %

cane.

B^ is the B r i x of the c r u s h e r j u i c e .

P^ i s the a p p a r e n t p u r i t y of the c r u s h e r

ju ic e .

f is the p a r t s f ib e r p er 100 p a r t s of c a n e .

K is the f a c t o r y e f f ic ie n c y c o e f f ic ie n t by

m e a n s of w h ich the g r o w e r 's c a n e q u a l ­

i ty is f a c t o r e d to the f a c t o r y p e r f o r m ­

a n c e — the p e r f o r m a n c e b e in g a fu n c tio n

of c e r t a i n s t a n d a r d s of e x t r a c t i o n a n d

re te n tio n .

The f a c t o r y d e t e r m i n e s th e f a c t o r y e ffic ie n c y c o e f f ic ie n t, K,

a t th e c o m p le tio n of the c r o p . The c r u s h e r ju ic e and th e f i b e r

i n s p e c t io n s f o r e a c h g r o w e r and r e g i o n a l a r r a n g e m e n t of g r o w e r s a r e

cro p av erag es.

The C a n e P r i c e F o r m u l a ( P a y m e n t f o r S u g a r)

The c a n e p r ic e f o r m u l a d e t e r m i n e s the k i l o g r a m s o f s u g a r p e r

m e t r i c to n of c a n e , C , a c c r u i n g to the g r o w e r a c c o r d i n g to h is S E .

4
C = 2 SE x Kg
3 Ton

P a y m e n t fo r M o l a s s e s and B y p r o d u c ts

The g r o w e r r e c e i v e s t w o - t h i r d s of the p r o f its a c c r u i n g f r o m

the b y p r o d u c ts — r u m , a lc o h o l, an d m o l a s s e s . T h e p r o f its a r e c a l ­

c u la te d f ro m the I s la n d a v e r a g e p r o f i ts fo r the b y p r o d u c t s p e r ton on

c a n e a n d 'th u s a r e the s a m e f o r e v e r y f a c t o r y .

SO UTH A F R I C A 5

G eneral

L e g i s l a t i v e c o n t r o l o f c a n e p a y m e n t is th r o u g h the S u g a r A c t,

1936, t o g e t h e r w ith the S u g a r I n d u s t r y A g r e e m e n t , 1943, a s a m e n d e d .

4
The c a n e p r i c e f o r m u la a s s o p r e s e n t e d i n f e r s c a n e p a y m e n t
fo r s u g a r to be in t e r m s o f a c t u a l s u g a r . M . H ug ot d o e s n o t n o te w h e th ­
e r th e g r o w e r r e c e i v e s s u g a r a s p a y m e n t — in w h ic h c a s e i t is a s s u m e d
th a t he d i s p o s e s of the s u g a r th r o u g h b r o k e r s — o r w h e th e r he r e c e i v e s
p a y m e n t d i r e c t l y fo r the v a lu e o f the s u g a r .

^S u g a r A c t , 1936, t o g e t h e r w ith th e S u g a r I n d u s t r y A g r e e m e n t ,
1943, a s A m e n d e d , S c h e d u le " B " , S e c tio n s 2, 3 , 4 .
 66

T he c o n t r o l is a d m i n i s t e r e d b y the S u g a r I n d u s t r y C o n t r o l B o a r d .

C a n e p a y m e n t p r o v i s i o n s a p p ly to c a n e g ro w n by in d e p e n d e n t f a r m e r s

a s w e ll a s by f a c t o r y i n t e r e s t s .

The s t a n d a r d of c a n e q u a l i t y is s u c r o s e % c a n e a s d e t e r m i n e d

f r o m the fo llo w in g c a n e q u a li t y f o r m u l a w h ic h r e l a t e s the g r o w e r 's

c r u s h e r ju ic e in s p e c tio n s t o the f a c t o r y J a v a R a tio .

S ucrose
x % Cane

C ru sh er
J u ic e F a c to ry

T h e C a n e P r i c e F o r m u l a ( P a y m e n t fo r S u g a r)

T h e S outh A f r i c a n c a n e p r i c e f o r m u la is b a s e d on 9 6 ° s u g a r .

T h e f o r m u la d e t e r m i n e s th e p r i c e p e r to n o f c a n e , C , to be paid to the

g r o w e r f o r s u g a r a s the p r o d u c t of the g r o w e r 's s u c r o s e % c a n e , the

b a s e p r ic e of 9 6° s u g a r , and a d i s t r i b u t i o n f a c t o r . T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n

f a c t o r s e t s the b a s e s p l i t b e tw e e n the g r o w e r a n d the f a c t o r y of th e r e ­

turns fro m su g a r. A d d itio n a l p a y m e n ts f o r s u g a r m a y a c c r u e to the

g ro w e r a s n o te d l a t e r .

B ase P ric e
C = S u c ro se % C ane x 96° Sugar x 0 .5 3 3 0 5 3

T he g r o w e r 's s u c r o s e % c a n e is d e t e r m i n e d f r o m the w e e k ly

a v e r a g e of h i s c r u s h e r i n s p e c tio n s and the f a c t o r y w e e k ly a v e r a g e Ja v a

R a tio .
 67

The B ase P r ic e of 96° Sugar

The b a s e p r i c e of 9 6 ° s u g a r is a n a v e r a g e of the l o c a l m a r k e t

p r i c e and the e x p o r t p r i c e of 9 6 ° s u g a r f o r the c r o p .

The l o c a l m a r k e t p r i c e is the a v e r a g e p r i c e a t H u l e t t 's R e f in e r y ,

H u l s a r , of f i r s t r e f i n e d s u g a r f o r lo c a l c o n s u m p tio n - l e s s a r e f i n e r ' s

m arg in .

The e x p o r t p r i c e is the f . a . s . or f . o . r . , D u rb a n , p r i c e .

P a y m e n t f o r M o l a s s e s an d B y p r o d u c ts

" G r o w e r s h a v e the r i g h t to p a r t i c i p a t e in a n y p r o f i t th a t
m a y a c c r u e to m i l l e r s by r e a s o n o f m o l a s s e s b e c o m in g
v a lu a b le a s a s o u r c e of r a w m a t e r i a l fo r a n y p ro d u c t. T he
e x te n t of s u c h p r o f i t and th e p r o p o r t io n t h e r e o f th a t s h a l l
a c c r u e to the g r o w e r s s h a l l be d e t e r m i n e d by the C e n t r a l
B oard --"6

In a d d itio n , " G r o w e r s s h a l l h a v e the r i g h t to p a r t i c i ­

pate in f i l t e r p r e s s c a k e r e s i d u a l - - in a c c o r d a n c e w ith
su c h a r r a n g e m e n t s a s m a y b e m ad e - - b e tw e e n in d iv id u a l
m ills and t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e M ill G r o u p B o a r d s .

S u g a r C ane T r a n s p o r t a t i o n C o s t s
8
Cane is d e l i v e r e d b y th e g r o w e r a t the g r o w e r 's own e x p e n s e .

T h e D i s t r i b u t i o n of R e tu r n s

The d i s t r i b u t i o n f a c t o r e f f e c t i v e l y s e t s th e b a s ic d i s t r i b u t i o n of

^ Ib id . , S e c tio n 54.

^Ib id . , S e c tio n 53.

6 I b i d . , S e c tio n 4 0 .
 68

r e t u r n s f r o m s u g a r a t 53% to the g r o w e r an d 47% to the f a c t o r y .

H o w e v e r , v a r i o u s E q u a l i z a t i o n F u n d s a r e a l s o paid to the g r o w ­

ers. E s s e n t i a l l y t h e s e fu n d s a r e b a s e d on e a c h g r o w e r 's s c a l e of p r o ­

d u c tio n —b e c o m in g i n c r e a s i n g l y l a r g e r f o r the s m a l l e r g r o w e r s .

In a d d itio n , b e n e f i ts a r e paid to the f a c t o r i e s w h ic h p ro d u c e l e s s

th a n 18, 000 to n s of s u g a r a n n u a lly . T he s m a l l e r f a c t o r i e s r e c e i v e c o r ­

r e s p o n d i n g l y l a r ger p a y m e n ts .

The g r o w e r E q u a l iz a ti o n F u n d s an d th e f a c t o r y b e n e fit p a y m e n ts

a r e fin a n c e d th ro u g h l e v i e s on th e p r o - r a t a p r o d u c tio n of the f a c t o r i e s .

S u c h l e v i e s a r e r e c e i v e d and d i s b u r s e d b y the S outh A f r i c a n S u g a r A s s o ­

c i a t i o n , w h ich is a n o r g a n i z a t i o n of g r o w e r s a n d f a c t o r y o w n e r s .

M i s c e ll a n e o u s C o m m e n ts

In s e t ti n g th e b a s e p r i c e of 96° s u g a r a s the a v e r a g e p r i c e of

l o c a l s u g a r a t the H u l l e t 's r e f i n e r y a n d of e x p o r t s u g a r , f . a . s . o r

f . o . r . , D u r b a n , th e f a c t o r i e s th u s a s s u m e the c o s t of t r a n s p o r t i n g r a w

s u g a r f r o m the f a c t o r y t o the r e f i n e r y , to s h i p s i d e , o r a b o a r d the r a i l

tra n sp o rta tio n . H o w e v e r , in o r d e r t h a t the f a c t o r i e s w h ic h a r e lo c a te d

a t a g r e a t d i s t a n c e f r o m the t e r m i n a l a r e n o t p e n a liz e d f o r h ig h t r a n s ­

p o r t a t io n c o s t s a r e s h a r e d e q u ita b ly b y a l l f a c t o r i e s a s a n I n d u s t r y o b l i ­

g a tio n . S u ch I n d u s t r y o b lig a tio n s a r e m e t b y l e v i e s on a l l f a c t o r i e s b y

th e South A f r i c a n S u g a r A s s o c i a t i o n . T h e in d iv id u a l f a c t o r i e s a r e then

r e b a t e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r s p e c ific t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c o s t s .
 69

JA M A IC A 9

G eneral

A lth o u g h s t a t u t o r y c o n t r o l of the I s la n d i n d u s t r y is p ro v id e d fo r

u n d e r p r o v is io n s of the S u g a r I n d u s t r y C o n t r o l L a w of 1933 a s a m e n d ­

e d , the c o n t r o l a s i t a f f e c t s c a n e p r i c e s is n o m in a l. Such c o n t r o l is

i n c o r p o r a t e d in p e rio d ic a g r e e m e n t s b e tw e e n the S u g a r M a n u f a c t u r e r s '

A s s o c i a t i o n (SMA) an d the A l l I s la n d J a m a i c a C ane F a r m e r s ' A s s o c i a ­

tio n (C F A ).

P r i c e s paid to the in d e p e n d e n t c a n e f a r m e r s fo r c a n e a r e c u r ­

r e n t l y c o n t r o l l e d u n d e r the t e r m s of the 1958 C an e P r i c e F o r m u l a . The

1958 f o r m u la w as r e c o m m e n d e d by a n i n v e s ti g a t o r a p p o in te d b y the SMA

a n d the C F A to p r o p o s e t e r m s fo r c a n e p r i c i n g .

The s t a n d a r d o f c a n e q u a l i t y is the T o n s of Cane p e r T on of 9 6 °

S u g a r , T C /T S .

T he c a n e q u a l i t y f o r m u la i s :

T S l F arm er

W .C . R e te n tio n
Pol % C ru sh er x @ C rusher
J u ic e ____________ J u ic e P u r i t y
W .C . R etention"
Pol % C ru sh er x @ C ru sh er
Ju ic e J u ic e P u r i t y

9 The i n f o r m a ti o n in th is s e c t i o n is b a s e d on n o te s a n d on c o r ­
r e s p o n d e n c e w ith r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of the J a m a i c a I n d u s t r y .
 T h e F a c t o r y TC /T S is d e t e r m i n e d f r o m the a v e r a g e f a c t o r y

p e r f o r m a n c e fo r the c r o p .

T he f a r m e r ' s d a ta a r e d e t e r m i n e d f r o m the w e ig h te d a v e r a g e

c r u s h e r ju ic e i n s p e c t io n s fo r the c r o p .

T he C ane P r i c e F o r m u l a ( P a y m e n t f o r S u g a r an d M o l a s s e s )

D if f e r e n c e
C = _______ I________ x B a s e P r i c e x P e r c e n t a g e — in Shipping
( T C /T S ) F a r m e r 96° Sugar E xpenses

w here: C i s the p r i c e paid to the f a r m e r p e r long ton of

cane.

B a s e P r i c e of 9 6 ° S u g a r , w h ich in c lu d e s s u g a r and

m o l a s s e s , is d i s c u s s e d b e lo w .

P e r c e n t a g e is the p r o p o r t io n of the t o t a l v a lu e of a

to n of c a n e w h ic h sh o u ld a c c r u e to the c a n e

farm er. T h e p e r c e n t a g e is b a s e d on f a c t o r y

c a p a c i t y an d v a r i e s f r o m 63 .38% f o r fo u r of the

s m a l l e s t f a c t o r i e s on the Is la n d to 67. 13% fo r

th e tw o l a r g e s t f a c t o r i e s .

D i f f e r e n c e in S h ip p in g E x p e n s e i s a n a d j u s t m e n t

m a d e to the c a n e p a y m e n t to c o m p e n s a te f o r

d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n th e in d iv id u a l f a c t o r y an d

th e I s la n d a v e r a g e r a w s u g a r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n

c o s t s f r o m th e f a c t o r y t o a J a m a i c a t e r m i n a l
 71

and fo r s t o r a g e . The f a c t o r y c o s t s th u s in c lu d e the

Is la n d a v e r a g e c o s t s a f t e r a d j u s t m e n t fo r the d i f f e r ­

e n c e b e tw e e n th o s e c o s t s of th e s p e c if ic f a c t o r y and

the Is la n d a v e r a g e .

The B a s e P r i c e of 9 6 ° S u g a r

The b a s e p r i c e is the v a lu e of one ton of 9 6 ° S u g a r . T h is v a lu e

in c lu d e s the a v e r a g e p r i c e of l o c a l c o n s u m p tio n and e x p o r t s u g a r and

the v a lu e of the Is la n d a v e r a g e f i n a l m o l a s s e s p ro d u c tio n p e r to n of

s ugar.

The p r i c e of l o c a l c o n s u m p tio n s u g a r is the a v e r a g e lo c a l p r ic e

le s s a c tu a l refin in g c o s ts .

T h e p r i c e of e x p o r t s u g a r is the a v e r a g e Is la n d f . a . s . p r i c e .

The v a lu e of the Is la n d a v e r a g e m o l a s s e s p e r ton of s u g a r is

b a s e d on th e f . a . s . e x p o r t p r i c e of m o l a s s e s .

P a y m e n t f o r B y p r o d u c ts

T he c a n e p r i c e f o r m u la in c lu d e s both s u g a r a n d m o l a s s e s a s

n o te d a b o v e . A lth o u g h a n a p p r e c i a b l e p o r tio n of th e Is la n d m o l a s s e s

is d i v e r t e d to r u m m a n u f a c tu r e — s u c h m a n u f a c tu re b e in g do ne by the

s u g a r m a n u f a c t u r e r s t h e m s e l v e s —a l l m o l a s s e s p ro d u c e d is v a lu e d

a t the p r i c e of th e m o l a s s e s w h ich is a c t u a l l y e x p o r t e d . P r i o r to the

1958 f o r m u l a , the c a n e f a r m e r s p a r t i c i p a te d in the p r o c e e d s f r o m r u m ,

s p ir its , and m o la ss e s .
 72

S u g a r C ane T r a n s p o r t a t i o n C o a ts

C a n e is d e l i v e r e d to the f a c t o r y a t the c a n e f a r m e r ’s e x p e n s e .

The D i s t r i b u t i o n of R e t u r n s

A 1945 i n d u s t r y s u r v e y c o m m i s s i o n c o m p l e t e d a c o m p r e h e n ­

siv e s tu d y of the i n d u s t r y a n d its c o s t s , a s s e t s , an d r e t u r n s . B a s e d

on t h e s e s t u d i e s , the c o m m i s s i o n p r o p o s e d a c a n e p a y m e n t f o r m u l a .

The f o r m u l a , in a r r i v i n g a t the p r i c e to be paid to the c a n e f a r m e r ,

d e d u c te d f r o m th e s u g a r r e v e n u e s a n a v e r a g e m a n u f a c tu r in g c o s t and

m a n u f a c t u r in g p r o f i t to a r r i v e a t the r e t u r n to the c a n e f a r m e r per

T C /T S fo r s u g a r . In a d d itio n , the f o r m u l a in c lu d e d p r o c e e d s p e r ton

of c a n e fo r b y p r o d u c t s , i . e . , r u m , s p i r i t s , a n d m o l a s s e s . T h is f o r ­

m u la w as n e v e r i n c o r p o r a t e d in s u b s e q u e n t c a n e p r i c e a g r e e m e n t s , ^

In i9 6 0 a c o m m i s s i o n i n v e s ti g a t e d the 1959 s u g a r i n d u s t r y

strik e . T he i n d u s t r y s u r v e y in c lu d e d s u g a r c a n e p r o d u c tio n , r a w s u g a r

m a n u f a c t u r in g , a n d r u m , s p i r i t s , an d m o l a s s e s c o s t s , r e t u r n s , and

a sse ts. T o d a t e , th e r e s u l t of the e c o n o m ic s t u d i e s h a v e n o t b e e n i n ­

c o r p o r a t e d in s u b s e q u e n t c a n e p r i c e a g r e e m e n t s .

^ R e p o r t of th e S u g a r I n d u s t r y C o m m i s s i o n — J a m a i c a — 1944-
45. K in g sto n : The G o v e r n m e n t P r i n t e r , 1945.

^ R e p o r t o f the C o m m i s s i o n of E n q u ir y on the S u g a r I n d u s t r y
of J a m a i c a . K in g sto n : T h e G o v e r n m e n t P r i n t e r , I9 6 0 .
 73

M A U R IT IU S12

G eneral

C an e p a y m e n t is g o v e rn e d by the S a le s o f C ane ( C e n tr a l) O r ­

d in a n c e N o. 47 of 1941. S t a t u t o r y C o n t r o l is v e s t e d in the C e n t r a l

A rb itra tio n and C o n tro l B oard.

The s t a n d a r d of c a n e q u a lity is c o m m e r c i a l s u g a r o f 99 p u r i t y

% cane.

T he c a n e q u a l i t y f o r m u l a r e l a t e s th e g r o w e r 's " t r u e " s u c r o s e

% c a n e to a s t a n d a r d r e d u c e d e x t r a c t i o n b a s e d on h is f i b e r % c a n e an d

a s t a n d a r d r e t e n t i o n b a s e d on h i s m ix e d ju ic e p u r i ty .

Y ie ld , 99 "T ru e" S ta n d a r d
P u rity C om m . = S u cro se x R educed x R e te n tio n x 1
S u g a r % C an e % Cane E x tra c tio n 9 8 .5

A s a p p lie d in a c t u a l p r a c t i c e , the g r o w e r 's i n s p e c t io n s ( B r ix

a n d a p p a r e n t p u r i t y of the f i r s t e x p r e s s e d ju ic e an d f i b e r p e r c e n t c a n e )

a r e f a c t o r e d to th e m i l l i n s p e c t io n s d u r i n g the p e r i o d in w h ic h he d e ­

l i v e r e d h is c a n e ( t e s t p e r i o d ) a n d th e n f a c t o r e d a g a i n to r e f l e c t the

d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n the f a c t o r y in s p e c t io n s a t th e t im e of the d e l i v e r y

an d the a v e r a g e f a c t o r y i n s p e c t io n s fo r the c r o p . F i x e d s t a n d a r d s of

f a c t o r y e x t r a c t i o n an d b o ilin g h o u s e p e r f o r m a n c e a r e a p p lie d in d e t e r ­

m in in g the y ie ld of s u g a r .

^ T h e i n f o r m a t i o n in t h i s s e c t i o n i s b a s e d on p e r s o n a l n o te s
c o v e r i n g th e M a u r i t i u s I n d u s t r y .
 74

The C an e P r i c e F o r m u l a ( P a y m e n t fo r S u g a r)

T h e c a n e p r i c e f o r m u l a , w h ic h r e p r e s e n t s the p l a n t e r ’s p a y ­

m e n t fo r s u g a r , d e t e r m i n e s the a m o u n t of s u g a r w h ich the p la n te r

r e c e i v e s in p a y m e n t fo r h is c a n e .

99 P u r i t y E q u iv a le n t S ugar
C = Sugar % x Kg. x D i s t r i b u ti o n — fo r C a n e L o ad in g
C an e Ton F a c to r & T ra n sp o rta tio n
C o s ts .

w here: C is the k i l o g r a m s of s u g a r p e r ton of c a n e

a c c r u i n g to the g r o w e r .

D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r i s the f r a c t i o n of s u g a r

a c c r u i n g to the g r o w e r a s d e t e r m i n e d by

the C e n t r a l B o a r d .

E q u iv a le n t S u g a r fo r C a n e L o a d in g k T r a n s -

p o r t a t io n C o s ts r e p r e s e n t s the c o s t s i n ­

c u r r e d in h o is tin g and t r a n s p o r t i n g th e c a n e

u sin g the f a c t o r y f a c i l i t i e s .

T he B a se P r i c e of 99 P u r i t y C o m m e r c i a l S u g a r

T h e c a n e p r i c e f o r m u la d e t e r m i n e s th e g r o w e r 's r e t u r n s fo r

s u g a r in t e r m s of a c t u a l s u g a r . W hen the g r o w e r e l e c t s to be paid in

c a s h r a t h e r th an s u g a r , he is p a id on the b a s i s o f the n e t p r i c e p e r ton

of 99 p u r i t y c o m m e r c i a l s u g a r a t the d o c k s , In th is c a s e , h a n d lin g ,

s t o r a g e , sh ip p in g , a n d i n s u r a n c e c h a r g e s a r e d e d u c te d f r o m the g r o s s

r e c e i p t s fo r s u g a r to a r r i v e a t th e n e t p r i c e p e r to n of s u g a r . The
 75

f a c t o r y c o s t s , of c o u r s e , in c lu d e th o s e of t r a n s p o r t i n g the r a w s u g a r

f r o m th e f a c t o r y t o th e d o c k s .

P a y m e n t f o r M o l a s s e s a n d B y p r o d u c ts

In a d d itio n to h i s s h a r e of s u g a r , th e p l a n t e r is e n ti t le d to tw o -

th id s of the a v e r a g e a m o u n t o f s c u m s an d m o l a s s e s p ro d u c e d b y the

f a c t o r y p e r ton o f c a n e .

S u g a r C an e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n C o s t s

A s n o te d in the s e c t i o n on the p a y m e n t f o r s u g a r , th e p la n te r

b e a r s the c o s t of lo a d in g a n d t r a n s p o r t i n g h i s c a n e . G e n e r a ll y , th e

f a c t o r y p e r f o r m s t h e s e s e r v i c e s a n d the I s la n d a v e r a g e c o s t s a r e a n ­

n u a l l y d e t e r m in e d o n a t o n - m i l e b a s i s . The I s la n d a v e r a g e c o s t s a r e

th e n a p p lie d to the p l a n t e r 's d e l i v e r i e s .

T he D i s t r i b u t i o n of R e t u r n s

The C e n t r a l B o a r d , in s e t ti n g the b a s i s f o r c a n e p a y m e n t,

r e c o g n i z e s th e p r i n c i p le t h a t u n d e r n o r m a l c o n d itio n s th e p la n te r

sh o u ld r e c e i v e a n a v e r a g e of t w o - t h i r d s of th e s u g a r w h ich h is c a n e

m ig h t be e x p e c te d t o y ie ld . P e r i o d ic s u r v e y s a r e m ad e of the c o s t s

of p r o d u c tio n of c a n e an d r a w s u g a r m a n u f a c t u r e . In s e t ti n g the

a m o u n t of s u g a r a c c r u i n g t o th e p l a n t e r b a s e d on th e s e s u r v e y s , c o n ­

s i d e r a t i o n i s given to the f a c t th a t c e r t a i n f a c t o r i e s a n d p l a n t e r s n e e d

m o r e than th e is l a n d a v e r a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n in o r d e r to s t a y in b u s i n e s s .
 P U E R T O R I C O 13

D u a l s t a t u t o r y c o n t r o l of the P u e r t o R ic a n S u g a r c a n e i n d u s t r y

is p ro v id e d in th e P u e r t o R i c a n S u g a r A c t w h ic h is a d m i n i s t e r e d by th e

I s la n d D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e an d I n d u s t r y th ro u g h the S u g a r B o a r d —

a n d the U nited S t a te s S u g a r A c t w h ich i s a d m i n i s t e r e d by th e S u g a r

D iv is io n of the U n ited S ta te s D e p a r t m e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e .

T he r e g u l a t i o n s o f the I n s u l a r S u g a r A c t a r e g e n e r a l - c o v e r ­

ing th e r e l a t i o n s b e tw e e n the f a c t o r i e s and g r o w e r s , r u l e s a n d r e g u l a ­

t io n s f o r s a m p lin g a n d a n a ly z in g c a n e , and the p a y m e n t fo r c a n e to the

farm ers. T h ro u g h h e a r i n g s , the S u g a r B o a r d p r e s c r i b e s o r d e r s , d i ­

r e c t i v e s , e t c . , w h ic h a r e n e c e s s a r y fo r the e x e r c i s e of its d u t i e s .

T h e r e g u l a t i o n s of th e F e d e r a l S u g a r A ct c o v e r p r o v is io n s w h ic h

m u s t be m e t by i n d u s t r y m e m b e r s to q u a lif y f o r the S u g a r A c t b e n e fit

p a y m e n ts . T h e s e p r o v i s i o n s , w hile r e s t r i c t e d to p r o d u c tio n of c a n e ,

e s s e n t i a l l y c o v e r the e n t i r e i n d u s t r y sin c e f a c t o r y i n t e r e s t s a s w e ll a s

the in d e p e n d e n t f a r m e r s c u ltiv a te c a n e . A s the f e d e r a l c o n t r o l a f f e c ts

the p r i c e paid fo r s u g a r c a n e , i t is i m p l e m e n te d th ro u g h a n n u a l c a n e

p r i c e h e a r i n g s in P u e r t o R ic o w hich a r e c o n d u c te d b y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s

of the S u g a r D i v i s i o n . T he b a s i s fo r the c a n e p r i c e a s s o d e t e r m i n e d

13
T h e in f o r m a ti o n i n th is s e c t i o n is ta k e n f r o m th e S u g a r A c t
of P u e r t o R ic o of M a y , 1951, and th e P u e r t o R ic a n 1959-60 C r o p F a i r
P r i c e D e t e r m i n a t i o n S . D . 87 7. 13, U nited S t a te s D e p a r t m e n t of
A g ricu ltu re.
 77

is a p p lic a b le to c a n e g ro w n by f a c t o r y i n t e r e s t s a s w e ll a s b y i n d e ­

p e n d e n t f a r m e r s — b o th r e f e r r e d to a s p r o d u c e r s .

A s c o v e r e d in the fo llo w in g s u m m a r y , the p r o v is io n s fo r c a n e

p a y m e n t in b o th the I s la n d and F e d e r a l r e g u l a t i o n s a r e e s s e n t i a l l y

sim ila r.

S u g a r c a n e is v a lu e d on a n e t c a n e b a s i s , w h e r e n e t c a n e is c a n e
14
c o n ta in in g n o t in e x c e s s of 5% t r a s h . T h e n e t w e ig h t of s u g a r c a n e is

d e t e r m i n e d b y d e t r a s h i n g a s a m p le of g r o s s c a n e w e igh ing a b o u t 100

p o u n d s. T h e w e ig h t of th e t r a s h r e m o v e d is e x p r e s s e d a s a p e r c e n t a g e

o f th e g r o s s w e ig h t of the s a m p l e . If s u c h a p e r c e n t a g e e x c e e d s five

p e r c e n t, th e d if f e r e n c e b e tw e e n 100 % a n d the e x c e s s p e r c e n t a g e is

a p p lie d to the g r o s s w e ig h t of the s u g a r c a n e f r o m w hich the s a m p le

w a s r e m o v e d to d e t e r m i n e the n e t w e ig h t of s u c h s u g a r c a n e .

T he s t a n d a r d o f c a n e q u a lity is p oun ds of 9 6 ° r a w s u g a r per

100 pounds of n e t c a n e .

T he cane q u a lity fo rm u la is:

R = T I (S - 0 .3 B ) F

w here: R is th e y ield of 9 6 ° s u g a r p e r 100 pounds of

n e t cane.

T is the t r a s h c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r w h ic h i s e q u a l

* ^ " T r a s h " m e a n s g r e e n o r d r i e d l e a v e s , s u g a r c a n e to p s ,
s t o n e s , a n d a l l o th e r e x t r a n e o u s m a t e r i a l .
 78

to 1 , 0 0 f o r c a n e w ith 5% o r l e s s t r a s h , 0 .9 9

f o r 6 % t r a s h , 0 .9 8 f o r 7% t r a s h , e t c .

I is a c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r w h ich is a p p lie d only

to i n f e r i o r v a r i e t i e s o f c a n e an d w h ic h is a

fu n c tio n o f th e p u r i ty of the c r u s h e r ju ic e

sa m p le s.

S is the p o l of the c r u s h e r ju ic e s a m p l e .

B is the B r i x of the c r u s h e r ju ic e s a m p l e .

F is the y ie ld f a c t o r w h ic h is the q u o tie n t of

the a c t u a l w e ig h t of 9 6 ° r a w s u g a r p ro d u c e d

b y the f a c t o r y d u r i n g th e s e t t l e m e n t p e rio d

d iv id e d by the su m of the " te n ta tiv e r e c o v e r ­

ie s o f r a w s u g a r " f o r a l l p r o d u c e r s .

W eig h t of 9 6 ° R a w S u g a r A c t u a l ly
F = P r o d u c e d b y the F a c t o r y
Sum W x T I (S - 0 .3 B )

w here: Sum W x T I ( S - 0 . 3 B ) is the s u m of

the p r o d u c t of the w e ig h t of e a c h

p r o d u c e r 's c a n e d e l i v e r y , W, t im e s

h is " te n ta tiv e r e c o v e r y of r a w s u g a r , "

T I ( S - 0 . 3 B ).

T he r u n p e r i o d s fo r w h ic h the f a c t o r y d e t e r m i n e s the f a c t o r y F

m a y n o t e x c e e d one m o n th . T h e c r u s h e r ju ic e in s p e c tio n s fo r e a c h
 79

p r o d u c e r a r e a v e r a g e d f o r the sa m e p e rio d .

The C a n e P r i c e F o r m u l a ( P a y m e n t f o r S u g a r)

C = R x % x " P r i c e of R a w S u g a r "

w here: C is the p a y m e n t t o the p r o d u c e r p e r 100

pounds of n e t s u g a r c a n e .

R is the yield of 9 6 ° r a w s u g a r p er 100

pounds of n e t s u g a r c a n e .

% is the p e rc e n ta g e of the yield of 9 6 °

s u g a r w hich a c c r u e s to the p r o d u c e r .

T h is p e r c e n ta g e v a r i e s f r o m 63.0% for

a yield of 9 . 0 pounds of 9 6 ° r a w s u g a r

p e r 100 pounds of n e t s u g a r c a n e to

67^5% fo r 1 3 .5 pounds and o v e r of 9 6 °

r a w s u g a r p e r 100 pounds of n e t s u g a r

cane. T h is is in e f f e c t a n in c e n tiv e s y s ­

t e m in w h ich the p r o d u c e r is paid a n i n ­

c r e a s i n g l y l a r g e p e r c e n t a g e o f the yield

fo r h ig h e r c a n e q u a lity .

A c tu a lly , c a n e p a y m e n t fo r s u g a r m a y be in c a s h a s d e t e r m i n e d

a b o v e , o r in s u g a r in w hich c a s e the c a n e p a y m e n t i s :

C =R x %
 80

w here: C i s the p a y m e n t to the p r o d u c e r in pounds of

r a w s u g a r p e r 100 pounds of n e t s u g a r c a n e .

B a s e P r i c e of 9 6 ° R a w S u g a r

The b a s e p r i c e is the v a lu e o f 9 6 ° r a w s u g a r , f. o. b. f a c t o r y .

T o a r r i v e a t th is f i g u r e , s e l li n g a n d d e l i v e r y e x p e n s e s a r e d e d u c te d

f r o m the s i m p le a v e r a g e p r i c e of r a w s u g a r fo r the c r o p y e a r a s

q u o te d on the N ew Y o r k C offee and S u g a r E x c h a n g e .

The s e llin g and d e l i v e r y e x p e n s e s in c lu d e f r e i g h t f r o m the

m i l l d i r e c t l y to the d o c k , r e c e i v i n g , h a n d lin g , lig h t e r a g e (if b a g g ed ),

lo a d in g , o c e a n f r e i g h t , an d u n lo a d in g c o s t s a s w e ll a s a n a llo w a n c e

f o r i n s u r a n c e , b r o k e r a g e , a n d w eig h in g a n d t e s t i n g c o s t s .

P a y m e n t fo r M o l a s s e s

The p r o d u c e r i s paid fo r m o l a s s e s p e r n e t ton of s u g a r c a n e

d e l i v e r e d to the f a c t o r y . T h is p a y m e n t is e q u a l to the p r o d u c t of

66% of the n e t f a c t o r y p r o c e e d s p e r g a llo n of m o l a s s e s t im e s the

f a c t o r y a v e r a g e p r o d u c tio n of b l a c k s t r a p m o l a s s e s p e r n e t to n of

cane,

The n e t f a c t o r y p r o c e e d s f r o m m o l a s s e s a r e d e t e r m i n e d by

d e d u c tin g f r o m the a v e r a g e g r o s s s a l e s p r i c e a d m i s s a b l e s e l li n g

and d e l i v e r y e x p e n s e s . T h e s e s e llin g an d d e l i v e r y e x p e n s e s include

p u m p in g c o s t s f r o m the f a c t o r y s t o r a g e ta n k , f r e i g h t c o s t s , and

w e ig h in g , t e s t i n g , an d b r o k e r a g e c o s t s .
 81

D istrib u tio n o f R e tu rn s

The c o n s i d e r a t i o n s in a n n u a lly s e t ti n g the b a s i s fo r c a n e p a y ­

m e n t a r e w e l l s t a t e d in the f a i r p r i c e d e t e r m i n a t i o n :

" A n a ly s is of the c o m p a r a t i v e c o s t s , r e t u r n s , and p r o f its

of p r o d u c in g a n d p r o c e s s i n g s u g a r c a n e o b tain ed th r o u g h
fie ld s u r v e y fo r p r i o r y e a r s a n d r e c a s t in t e r m s o f the
p r o s p e c t i v e p r i c e a n d p ro d u c tio n c o n d itio n s f o r the 1959-
60 c r o p , i n d i c a t e s t h a t the s h a r i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw ee n
p r o d u c e r s a n d p r o c e s s o r s p ro v id e d in th is d e t e r m i n a t i o n
is e q u it a b l e , "*5

l 5 I b i d . , p. 3
 C H A P T E R IV

SUGAR CANE QU A LITY D E T E R M IN A T IO N

AND CA N E PA Y M EN T IN LOUISIANA

GENERAL

S o c ia l a n d E c o n o m ic C o n d itio n s *

T h ro u g h the te n y e a r p e rio d o f 1952 th ro u g h 1961, s u g a r c a n e

p ro d u c tio n fo r s u g a r in L o u is ia n a h a s a v e r a g e d 6 ,3 6 6 , 000 g r o s s tons

a n n u a lly , w ith 1961 w i t n e s s i n g a r e c o r d p ro d u c tio n of 7 ,6 5 9 ,2 5 3 to n s .

The c o m p a r a b l e r a w s u g a r p ro d u c tio n in 9 6 ° r a w s u g a r v a lu e w as

4 6 8 ,9 0 0 to n s a s the t e n y e a r a v e r a g e w ith a r e c o r d p r o d u c tio n of

6 4 2 ,0 0 0 tons in 1961.

A n n u a l f a c t o r y th ro u g h p u t a v e r a g e d 117, 700 g r o s s tons of c a n e

in the p e rio d 1952 th r o u g h 1961, w ith a p e a k th ro u g h p u t of 166 ,5 0 6

tons in 1961. C o m p a r a b le r a w s u g a r p ro d u c tio n w as 9 ,4 2 0 tons a s the

te n y e a r a v e r a g e , a n d a r e c o r d p r o d u c tio n of 13 ,9 6 0 tons in 1961.

A m a lg a m a t io n of the p r o c e s s i n g s e g m e n t of the i n d u s t r y h a s

^The s t a t i s t i c a l m a t e r i a l in th is s e c t i o n c o v e r i n g the p e rio d

1952 th r o u g h 1961 is a b s t r a c t e d f r o m the S p e c ia l S t a t i s t i c a l I s s u e of
The S u g a r B u l le t in , XXXIX (1961). T h e 1961 c r o p d a ta a r e b a s e d on
p r e l i m i n a r y r e p o r t s r e l e a s e d by the A g r i c u l t u r a l S t a b iliz a tio n a n d
C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e — L o u is ia n a S ta te O ffice, U nited S ta te s D e p a r t ­
m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e .

82
 83

been f a ir ly e x te n siv e . W h e r e a s t h e r e w e r e 54 f a c t o r i e s in o p e r a tio n

in 1952, the 1961 c r o p w a s h a n d le d b y 46 f a c t o r i e s .

The s t a t e f a c t o r i e s v a r y w id e ly in c a p a c i t y , r a n g in g f r o m a b o u t

70 to 185 g r o s s to n s of c a n e p e r h o u r . N ine of the f a c t o r i e s a r e f a r m e r -

owned c o o p e r a t i v e e n t e r p r i s e s . T he c o o p e r a t i v e s g rin d a b o u t t w e n ty -

five p e r c e n t o f the s t a t e c a n e p r o d u c tio n .

T he a v e r a g e f a c t o r y y ield (1 9 5 2-19 61) w a s 17 0 .2 pounds of 96°

r a w s u g a r p er n e t to n of c a n e . 1958 a n d 1961 w e r e r e c o r d y e a r s w ith

y ie ld s o f 1 8 2 .0 a n d 182 .3 pounds r e s p e c t i v e l y .

T h e n u m b e r of g r o w e r s su p p ly in g e a c h L o u is ia n a f a c t o r y v a r i e s

c o n sid e ra b ly . A t one e x t r e m e , one L o u is ia n a f a c t o r y of a b o u t s t a te

a v e r a g e c a p a c i t y r e c e i v e s c a n e f r o m a b o u t 440 g r o w e r s , w h ile a t th e

o th e r e x t r e m e , a f a c t o r y of c o m p a r a b l e c a p a c i t y r e c e i v e s c an e f r o m

a b o u t 32 g r o w e r s .

T h e r e h a s b e e n a n a m a l g a m a t i o n of f a r m s in the i n d u s t r y , w ith

the n u m b e r of s u g a r c a n e f a r m s d e c r e a s i n g f r o m 4 ,4 6 3 in 1952 to

2 , 5 4 7 in I9 6 0 . The a v e r a g e s iz e p e r f a r m h a s i n c r e a s e d c o r r e s p o n d ­

in g ly f r o m 6 6 . 0 a c r e s in s u g a r c a n e in 1952 to 1 1 0 .6 in 1961.

T he f a r m s v a r y c o n s i d e r a b l y in s i z e . W hile a b o u t 80 p e r c e n t

of th e f a r m s a r e u n d e r 100 a c r e s in s i z e (a b o u t 42 p e r c e n t a r e u n d e r

25 a c r e s ) , 78 p e r c e n t of the c a n e is g ro w n on f a r m s of 100 a c r e s an d

o v e r in s i z e .

T h e te n y e a r a v e r a g e f a r m y ie ld h a s b e e n 2 2 . 4 n e t to n s of c a n e
 84

per a cre. 1955 and 1961 w e r e r e c o r d y e a r s w ith y ie ld s of 2 4 , 4 and

2 5 .5 n e t tons of c a n e p e r a c r e .

A b o u t 50 p e r c e n t of the L o u is ia n a c a n e p r o d u c tio n is f a c t o r y

a d m i n i s t e r e d o r g ro w n by c o o p e r a t i v e f a c t o r y o w n e r s .

T h e L e g i s l a t i v e S y s te m

U. S. s u g a r c a n e an d s u g a r b e e ts in it i a l l y w e r e p la c e d on a

q u o ta b a s i s u n d e r th e p r o v is io n s of the J o n e s - C o s t i g a n A c t of May

1934. T h is a c t w as a n a m e n d m e n t to the sw ee p in g A g r i c u l t u r a l A d ­

j u s t m e n t A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( A . A . A . ) , w h ic h w as d e s ig n e d to r e l i e v e the

d e p r e s s i o n b o r n d i s t r e s s of the c o u n t r y ’s a g r i c u l t u r e .

A m o n g o t h e r th in g s , the J o n e s - C o s t i g a n A c t p ro v id e d fo r b e n e ­

f it p a y m e n ts to s u g a r c an e p r o d u c e r s f r o m r e v e n u e s d e r i v e d f r o m a

p r o c e s s i n g ta x of o n e - h a l f c e n t p e r pound of r e f i n e d s u g a r . It w as the

i n te n t of the A c t th a t, th ro u g h th e b e n e f it p a y m e n ts , the c a n e p r o ­

d u c e r s w ould be g u a r a n t e e d a p a r i t y p r i c e of e q u iv a le n t buying p o w e r

of s u g a r c a n e — r e f e r r e d to the b a s e p e rio d of 1 9 0 9 -1 9 1 4 . T h e b e n e f its

w e r e to a c c r u e to t h o s e p r o d u c e r s who c o m p lie d w ith the q u o ta an d

o th e r p r o v i s i o n s of th e A c t.

A lth o u g h th e b e n e fit p a y m e n t p r o v is io n s of the J o n e s - C o s t i g a n

A c t w e r e n u llifie d by a S u p re m e C o u r t r u lin g , the S u g a r A c t of 1937

r e e s t a b l i s h e d the p r i m a r y e s s e n t i a l s of th e f o r m e r A c t.

T h e 1937 A c t w as s u b s e q u e n tly a m e n d e d in 1941, 1944 and

a g a in in 1946, an d e x p ir e d on J a n u a r y 1, 1948, P r e s e n t l y , th e U. S.
 85

s u g a r i n d u s t r y is a d m i n i s t e r e d u n d e r th e S u g a r A c t of 1948 a s a m e n d ­

ed.

B a s i c a l l y , th e S u g a r A c t s h a v e b e e n d e s i g n e d to m a in ta in a

h e a l th y and c o m p e ti t iv e d o m e s tic s u g a r i n d u s t r y of l im i te d s i z e ; to

a s s u r e a d e q u a te s u g a r s u p p lie s to c o n s u m e r s a t r e a s o n a b l e p r i c e s ;
2
an d to p r o m o te th is c o u n t r y 's g e n e r a l e x p o r t t r a d e . S p e c if ic a lly , the

A c ts in c lu d e p r o v i s i o n s f o r :

1. M a in te n a n c e o f the P r i c e of S u g a r : T h e in te n t of

the S u g a r A c t s is to m a i n t a i n th e p r i c e of s u g a r

a t s u c h a l e v e l a s to a s s u r e the c o n s u m e r a n e q u i ­

ta b le p r i c e and to p ro v id e a f a i r r e t u r n to the d o ­

m e s tic s u g a r p ro d u c in g i n d u s t r y . T h is c o n t r o l is

e x e r c i s e d b y the S e c r e t a r y of A g r i c u l t u r e th ro u g h

the d e t e r m i n a t i o n - a f t e r public h e a r i n g s in th e f a l l

of e a c h y e a r — o f the p r e d i c t e d a n n u a l s u g a r c o n ­

s u m p tio n ( r a w v a lu e ) f o r th e c o n ti n e n t a l U nited S t a t e s .

T h is d e t e r m i n a t i o n e f f e c t i v e l y e s t a b l i s h e s the q u a n ­

t i t y of s u g a r in s h o r t tons r a w v a lu e th a t m a y be

m a r k e t e d in th e U n ited S t a te s d u r i n g th e y e a r u n d e r

c o n sid e ra tio n . (By p r o v i s i o n s of the A c t s , the p o r tio n

T h e U n ited S ta te s S u g a r P r o g r a m , A g r i c u l t u r a l I n f o r m a t io n
P r o g r a m B u lle tin N o . I l l , U n ited S ta te s D e p a r t m e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e ,
W a sh in g to n , D . C . , J u ly , 1953, p . 50.
 86

of the to ta l c o n s u m p tio n a c c r u i n g to th e U nited S ta te s

industry- is f i x e d .)

In s e t ti n g th e a n n u a l s u g a r r e q u i r e m e n t s , a n d in s u b ­

s e q u e n t r e v i s i o n s of the i n i t i a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n , the

S e c r e t a r y of A g r i c u l t u r e is a b le to c o n t r o l the p ric e

of r a w s u g a r . A p r e d i c te d h ig h s u g a r c o n s u m p tio n

m a y r e s u l t in a d r o p in the p r i c e of r a w s u g a r if the

a c t u a l r e f i n e r s ' d e m a n d s d o n o t m e e t the p r e d i c ti o n .

By the s a m e to k en , a p r e d i c t e d low c o n s u m p tio n m a y

r e s u l t in a s u b s e q u e n t h ig h p r i c e of s u g a r b e c a u s e

d e m a n d p r o v e s to be g r e a t e r th a n a n ti c i p a te d .

2. E s t a b l i s h i n g Q u o ta s to D o m e s t ic and F o r e i g n P r o ­

d u c in g A r e a s : A f t e r the S e c r e t a r y h a s d e t e r m i n e d

the a n n u a l s u g a r r e q u i r e m e n t s , e a c h d o m e s tic and

f o r e i g n p ro d u c in g a r e a su p p ly in g the c o u n t r y w ith

s u g a r is a s s i g n e d a q u o ta r e p r e s e n t i n g its s h a r e of

the m a r k e t .

3. E s t a b l i s h i n g M a r k e tin g A l l o tt m e n t s to M a r k e t e r s :

One i m p o r t a n t fu n c tio n o f the s u g a r p r o g r a m is to

p r o m o te o r d e r l y m a r k e ti n g . T he e s t a b l i s h m e n t of

q u o ta s c a n u s u a l l y a c c o m p l i s h t h i s . H o w e v e r,
 87

s o m e t i m e s q u o t a s a r e n o t en o u g h — e s p e c i a l l y w hen

s u p p lie s in the p r o d u c in g a r e a s m a t e r i a l l y e x c e e d the

q u o tas. If the S e c r e t a r y b e lie v e s t h a t the p r e s s u r e

of s u p p lie s in a c e r t a i n d o m e s ti c a r e a is l ik e ly to

c a u s e d i s o r d e r l y m a r k e ti n g , h e m u s t a ll o c a t e the

q uota f a i r l y a m o n g the m a r k e t e r s , f a c t o r i e s o r i m ­

p o r t e r s in the a r e a .

4. A s s ig n in g P r o p o r t i o n a t e S h a r e s : F o r d o m e s ti c a r e a s ,

th e S u g a r A c t r e q u i r e s th e S e c r e t a r y of A g r i c u l t u r e

to d iv id e the m a r k e t a m o n g in d iv id u a l f a r m s . Each

f a r m ' s a l l o t m e n t , known a s i ts " p r o p o r ti o n a te s h a r e " ,

m a y be e x p r e s s e d in a c r e s , to n s of s u g a r c a n e or

b e e t s , or in to n s of s u g a r , r a w v a lu e , w hich c a n

n o r m a l l y be p r o d u c e d f r o m c a n e o r b e e t s .

In a c t u a l p r a c t i c e , p r o p o r t io n a te s h a r e s a r e n o t m ade

r e s t r i c t i v e u n l e s s p ro d u c tio n in a n a r e a h a s e x c e e d e d

o r p r o m i s e s to e x c e e d the q u o ta , a n d the m a r k e tin g

a ll o t m e n t s h a v e f a ile d to b r i n g a b o u t a b a la n c e b e tw e e n

p ro d u c tio n and a llo w a b le a r e a m a r k e t i n g s . M a r k e tin g

a ll o t m e n ts a r e a p p lie d w hen e x c e s s i v e p ro d u c tio n an d

d is o r d e rly m ark e tin g f i r s t becom e a p ro b le m . Som e­

t im e s the a l l o t m e n t s a r e s u f f ic ie n t to c a u s e g r o w e r s to
b r in g p ro d u c tio n m o r e n e a r l y in lin e w ith q u o ta s .

H o w e v e r, if the t r e n d to i n c r e a s e c r o p o u tp u t is

s t r o n g , m a k in g p r o p o r t io n a te s h a r e s r e s t r i c t i v e is

u s u a l l y n e e d e d to b r i n g a b o u t the p r o p e r b a la n c e .

A s s u r i n g a F a i r D i s t r i b u t i o n of the B e n e fits of the

S u g a r P r o g r a m to the G r o w e r , the F i e l d W o r k e r , a n d

the F a c t o r y O w n e r : T h is o b je c tiv e is a c c o m p l i s h e d

p r i m a r i l y th r o u g h the p r o v is io n s fo r b e n e f it — or

c o n d itio n a l — p a y m e n ts to th e g r o w e r s . B a s i c a ll y ,

the o b je c tiv e s of the c o n d itio n a l p a y m e n ts a r e (a) to

ind uce the g r o w e r s to a d j u s t t h e i r p ro d u c tio n to th e

q u o ta and c a r r y - o v e r n e e d s ; (b) to h e lp p ro v id e a d e ­

q u a te in c o m e to the g r o w e r s ; (c) to p r e v e n t e m p l o y ­

m e n t of c h ild la b o r in fie ld w o rk ; and (d) to a s s u r e

g r o w e r s , f ie ld w o r k e r s , and f a c t o r y o w n e r s a f a ir

s h a r i n g of th e r e t u r n s to the i n d u s t r y .

The l a s t o b je c tiv e is a c c o m p l i s h e d th ro u g h a n n u a l fie ld

w age d e t e r m i n a t i o n s a n d c a n e and b e e t f a ir p ric e p r o ­

v isio n s. T h e f a i r p r i c e p r o v is io n s a r e e n f o r c e a b le

s in c e g r o w e r s who a r e a l s o p r o c e s s o r s ( m a n u f a c t u r e r s

a r e r e q u i r e d to pay p r i c e s fo r c a n e an d b e e ts in a c c o r d

a n c e w ith th e f a i r p r i c e p r o v is io n s in o r d e r to r e c e i v e
 89

c o n d it i o n a l p a y m e n ts . (In L o u is ia n a , a l l p r o c e s s o r s

a r e a l s o g r o w e r s — e i t h e r t h r o u g h c a n e g ro w in g i n ­

t e r e s t s owned b y the f a c t o r y , o r ow ned b y th e f a c t o r y

ow ners th e m s e lv e s .)

F a i r p r i c e s a r e d e t e r m i n e d a n n u a lly by the S e c r e t a r y

in e a c h d o m e s ti c c a n e or b e e t a r e a a f t e r public h e a r ­

in g s an d a f t e r in v e s ti g a t i o n of the e c o n o m ic p o s itio n

of the g r o w e r s an d p r o c e s s o r s . T he h e a r i n g s a r e c o n ­

d u c te d b y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of the S u g a r D iv is io n of the

D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e . The t e s ti m o n y w h ich h a s

b e e n p r e s e n t e d by th e g r o w e r an d the p r o c e s s o r r e p r e ­

s e n t a t iv e s —a lo n g w ith f a c t o r y an d f a r m c o s t and r e ­

t u r n d a ta w h ic h h a v e b e en c o l l e c t e d b y S u g a r D iv is io n

a r e a s u r v e y t e a m s — is s u b s e q u e n t ly r e v i e w e d to

a r r i v e a t the b a s i s fo r d e t e r m i n i n g th e b e e t o r c a n e

f a i r p r i c e p r o v is io n s f o r the f o r th c o m in g c r o p . T he

a n n u a l f a i r p r i c e d e t e r m i n a t i o n s a r e i s s u e d in p r in te d

f o r m p r i o r to the s t a r t of th e c r o p .

In L o u is ia n a , a n i n d u s t r y g r o w e r - p r o c e s s o r c o m m i tt e e

s u p e r v i s e s the c o n t r a c t u a l r e l a t i o n s b e tw e e n the g r o w ­

e r s an d p r o c e s s o r s . G e n e r a ll y , the i n d u s t r y p o s itio n is

p r e s e n t e d b e fo r e the a n n u a l h e a r i n g s by a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e
 90

of the c o m m i t t e e . One y e a r a g ro w e r m e m b e r s u b ­

m its the c o m m i t t e e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s a n d the n e x t

y e a r a p r o c e s s o r m e m b e r m a k e s the p r e s e n t a t i o n . In

s e v e r a l i n s t a n c e s , the g r o w e r - p r o c e s s o r c o m m i t t e e

h a s n o t b e e n a b le to r e a c h a n a g r e e m e n t on r e c o m ­

m e n d a tio n s to be sub&nitted a t the h e a r i n g . In s u c h c a s e s ,

s e p a r a t e b r i e f s h a v e b e e n p r e s e n t e d b y the p r o c e s s o r a n d

g r o w e r s e g m e n t s of the i n d u s t r y . I t h a s b e e n the c u s t o m

of the S u g a r D iv is io n r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s to p e r m i t in d iv id u a l

m e m b e r s of the i n d u s t r y — g r o w e r s or p r o c e s s o r s — to

e n t e r in t e s t i m o n y d a ta o r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s w h ic h m a y

n o t h a v e b e e n in c lu d e d in the b r i e f s of the i n d u s t r y r e p r e ­

se n ta tiv e s.

The c o n d it i o n a l p a y m e n ts f o r c a n e a r e b a s e d on the p r e ­

d ic te d r e c o v e r a b l e s u g a r c o n te n t of the c a n e . In a d d itio n ,

the r a t e s of th e p a y m e n ts v a r y w ith the v o lu m e o f s u g a r ,

r a w v a lu e , p ro d u c e d f r o m the c a n e g ro w n on a f a r m . The

r a t e s a r e g r a d u a t e d d o w n w a rd f r o m th e s m a l l to the l a r g e

p roducer. T h e b a s ic r a t e o f $ . 8 0 a h u n d r e d pounds of

s u g a r , r a w v a lu e , is paid on the f i r s t 350 s h o r t to n s p r o ­

d u c e d on a f a r m . T h is r a t e is r e d u c e d p r o g r e s s i v e l y to

a m in im u m of $ . 3 0 a h u n d re d pounds on a l l s u g a r p ro d u c e d

in e x c e s s of 30, 000 s h o r t to n s on a f a r m .
 T h e s u g a r p r o g r a m a l s o p r o v id e s lim ite d b e n fits fo r

g r o w e r s in the f o r m of s p e c i a l c o n d itio n a l p a y m e n ts

f o r c r o p d e f i c ie n c y or a b a n d o n m e n t c a u s e d b y d r o u g h t,

flo o d , s t o r m , f r e e z e , d i s e a s e , o r i n s e c t s . T o ta l b e n ­

e f i t p a y m e n ts t o the L o u is ia n a c a n e f a r m e r c u r r e n t l y

a v e r a g e a b o u t $ 1 . 2 0 / n e t to n of c a n e .

T h e c o n d itio n a l p a y m e n ts a r e f in a n c e d o ut of the g e n ­

e r a l funds of the U .S . T r e a s u r y . H o w e v e r, a tax on

s u g a r p r o v id e s fund s for th e T r e a s u r y w h ich m o r e th an

o f f s e t th e to ta l o f a l l c o n d itio n a l p a y m e n ts , plus the

c o s t s i n c u r r e d in a d m i n i s t e r i n g the S u g a r A c t. T h is ta x

is in the a m o u n t of o n e - h a l f c e n t a pound, r a w v a lu e , on

a l l s u g a r p r o c e s s e d an d i m p o r t e d fo r d i r e c t c o n s u m p tio n .

I t is i m p o s e d on d o m e s tic p r o c e s s o r s — r e f i n e r s an d

b e e t p r o c e s s o r s —a n d on i m p o r t e r s of d i r e c t c o n s u m p ­

tio n s u g a r .

H a rv e stin g

In L o u is ia n a , the h a r v e s t i n g o p e r a t io n i s e s s e n t i a l l y 100 per

c e n t m e c h a n ic a l. T h e ty p ic a l m e c h a n i c a l h a r v e s t e r c u ts the c a n e to p

and b o tto m a n d d i s c h a r g e s the c a n e to the g r o u n d . C an e is m e c h a n i ­

c a l l y load ed in to t r a c t o r - d r a w n c a r t s w h ic h d e l i v e r the c a n e to fie ld

h o i s t s — or d i r e c t to the f a c t o r y if th e fie ld is in c l o s e p r o x i m i t y to
 92

the f a c t o r y . W hile the l a r g e r f a r m s m a y own m e c h a n i c a l h a r v e s t e r s ,

the s m a l l e r u n its h a r v e s t by c o n t r a c t .

The g e n e r a l p r a c t i c e of m e c h a n i c a l h a r v e s t i n g h a s r e s u l t e d in

a h ig h in c id e n c e of t r a s h a c c o m p a n y in g the c a n e , i . e . , i m m a t u r e j o in t s

e i t h e r lo o se o r s t i l l a d h e r i n g to the s t a l k s , l e a v e s , s o i l , and in s o m e

c a s e s sto o ls. W hen w e a t h e r p e r m i t s , i t is g e n e r a l p r a c t i c e to b u r n the

c a n e a f t e r h a r v e s t i n g , to r e m o v e the f o lia g e . In r a i n y w e a t h e r th is i s

n o t p o s s ib le a n d the t r a s h a c c o m p a n y in g the c a n e m ay v a r y f r o m 10 to

20 p e r c e n t .

M o s t L o u is ia n a f a c t o r i e s w a s h the c a n e a t the f a c t o r y . P ro v i­

s io n s fo r la u n d e r in g the c a n e in clu d e h ig h v e l o c i t y w a t e r n o z z l e s an d

m o d ific a tio n s of the f e e d e r t a b l e s to p e r m i t m a x im u m c o n t a c t of c a n e

w ith the w a sh w a te r a s the c a n e e n t e r s the c a r r i e r . W a sh in g m a y be

i n t e r m i t t e n t or c o n tin u o u s . M any f a c t o r i e s w a s h c a n e o n ly d u r i n g

p e r i o d s of r a i n y w e a th e r w h en a h ig h i n c id e n c e of field s o i l a c c o m ­

p a n ie s the c a n e . A t su c h t i m e s the p r a c t i c e is n e c e s s a r y b e c a u s e of

the r e f r a c t o r y e f f e c t on th e m illin g o p e r a t io n ( s lip p a g e an d w e a r ) ,

l o w e r e d c l a r i f i c a t i o n c a p a c i t y , and h ig h s u c r o s e l o s s e s in the f i l t e r

m uds.

C ane T ra n sp o rta tio n

The q u a n tity of c a n e d e l i v e r e d to the L o u is ia n a f a c t o r y m a y v a r y

f r o m a s little a s t h r e e to n s p e r d a y p e r s h i p p e r to s e v e r a l h u n d r e d t o n s .

F o r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f r o m the f ie ld to the f a c t o r y the c a n e is

 93

g e n e r a l l y s e c u r e d w ith c h a i n s in to b u n d le s w h ic h w e ig h f r o m tw o an d

o n e - h a l f to t h r e e t o n s .

P r i m a r i l y the c a n e is t r a n s p o r t e d b y t r u c k t r a i l e r s w h ic h h a u l

f r o m 15 to 30 to n s of c a n e p e r lo ad f r o m fie ld h o i s t to the f a c t o r y . The

t r a n s p o r t a t i o n m a y be f a c t o r y o w ned, f a r m e r ow ned, or c o n t r a c t e d . In

a d d itio n , a s u b s t a n t i a l p o r t io n of the c a n e f r o m a r e a s in c l o s e p r o x i m i t y

to the f a c t o r i e s i s d e l i v e r e d in t r a c t o r d r a w n c a r t s w h ic h h a n d le f r o m

tw o and o n e - h a l f to five to n s of c a n e . Som e c a n e is d e l i v e r e d in s t a n d ­

ard gauge r a i l w a y c a r s (c o m m o n c a r r i e r s ) , p la n ta tio n r a i l r o a d c a r s ,

a n d by b a r g e .

CA N E Q U A L IT Y D E T E R M IN A T IO N

S a m p lin g

The p r a c t i c e o f w a s h in g the c a n e e n t e r i n g th e c a r r i e r , the

s m a l l s iz e of the in d iv id u a l c a n e d e l i v e r i e s r e l a t i v e to the c a p a c i t y of

m a n y of the f a c t o r i e s , a n d the f a c t t h a t m o s t c a n e i s d e l i v e r e d d u r i n g

th e d a y lig h t h o u r s — t h e s e f a c t o r s have r e s u l t e d in the a l m o s t u n i v e r ­

s a l u se of the t h r e e - r o l l s a m p le m i l l f o r d i r e c t c a n e q u a lity d e t e r m i ­

n a tio n , a lth o u g h a few f a c t o r i e s s t i l l b a s e t h e i r c a n e q u a lity d e t e r m i ­

n a ti o n on c r u s h e r ju ic e s a m p l e s .

S a m p le s a r e r e m o v e d f r o m the c a n e c o n v e y a n c e f o r rash d e­

t e r m i n a t i o n and f o r s u c r o s e a n d p u r i t y d e t e r m i n a t i o n by th e t h r e e - r o l l

s a m p le m i l l .
 94

The f r e q u e n c y of s a m p lin g fo r t r a s h an d f o r s u c r o s e and p u r i t y

(as w e ll a s the p r e s c r i b e d m e th o d s o f te s tin g ) is s p e c i f i e d in the p r o ­

c e d u r e p u b lis h e d a n n u a l ly b y the S u g a r D iv is io n title d S a m p lin g , T e st­

ing, and R e p o r ti n g P r o c e d u r e t o be F o llo w e d b y L o u is ia n a S u g a r M ills

U n d e r th e S u g a r A c t D e t e r m i n a t i o n . P r a c t i c a l l y , b e c a u s e of the wide

v a r i a t i o n in f a c t o r y c a p a c i t y a n d in the n u m b e r of g r o w e r s d e l i v e r i n g to

e a c h f a c t o r y , the s a m p lin g f r e q u e n c y of the in d iv id u a l f a c t o r i e s v a r i e s .

T h is is i l l u s t r a t e d in T a b le I w h ich sh o w s f o r 14 f a c t o r i e s the n u m b e r

of s h i p p e r s s u p p ly in g the f a c t o r y , the a v e r a g e n u m b e r of s h i p p e r s d e ­

li v e r i n g d a ily , th e a v e r a g e f r e q u e n c y of s a m p lin g fo r t r a s h and fo r s u ­

c r o s e an d p u r i ty (in t e r m s of th e a v e r a g e to n s of c a n e p e r te s t) , and
3
t h e c o s t of the t r a s h a n d the s u c r o s e and p u r i ty t e s t s . T he s p e c ific

s a m p lin g p r a c t i c e s in s e l e c t e d f a c t o r i e s a r e d i s c u s s e d in d e t a i l in r e ­

p o r t s p r e p a r e d by the L . S . U . D e p a r t m e n t of C h e m i c a l E n g in e e r i n g

u n d e r a c o n t r a c t u a l p r o g r a m w ith the U nited S ta te s D e p a r t m e n t of

4, 5
A g r i c u l t u r e c o v e r i n g s u g a r c a n e s a m p lin g an d e v a lu a tio n in L o u is ia n a . '

S a m p le s f o r t r a s h an d f o r s u c r o s e a n d p u r i ty m a y be by hand

or b y m e c h a n i c a l g r a b . In the l a t t e r c a s e , the s a m p le s a r e r e m o v e d

3
P r o g r e s s R e p o r t N o. 2 —A S tudy on S a m p lin g a n d M ethods of
D e t e r m i n i n g S u c r o s e , P u r i t y , a n d F i b e r C o n te n t of S u g a r C a n e , USDA
C o n t r a c t N o. 1 2 - 2 5 -0 1 0 -5 5 8 , p. 15.

^ I b id . , p p. 2 -1 8 .

^F i n a l R e p o r t —A S tu d y on S a m p lin g and M e th o d s of D e t e r ­
m in in g S u c r o s e , P u r i t y , and F i b e r C o n te n t of S u g a r C a n e , USDA
C o n t r a c t N o. 1 2 - 2 5 - 0 1 0 - 5 5 8 , E x h ib i t I.
 TABLE I

F R E Q U E N C Y AND COST O F SA M PLIN G

1 9 5 7 -5 8 C R O P

Nam e N o. of C a n e T e s ti n g C a n e f o r T r a s h T e s ti n g C a n e f o r S u c r o s e & P u r i t y
of S h ip p e r s Av. Tons A v . M an Av. C ost Av. Tons A v . M an A v. C ost
F a c to ry T o ta l A v . / D a . C a n e /T e st H rs ./T e s t per T est C a n e /T e st H rs ./T e s t per T est

A 41 26 6 1 .1 5 1.12 $ 1 .2 6 1 0 4 .8 7 3 .2 2 $ 1.10

B 34 31 5 2 .9 5 0 .8 3 0.86 5 4 .7 2 0 .7 6 0 .8 7

C 36 20 4 3 .4 5 0 .1 6 0 .7 3 7 3 .8 7 0 .6 7 1 .7 9

D 301 120 2 6 .4 8 0 .4 4 0 .7 4 1 5 .9 7 0 .2 4 0 .4 6

E 568 225 3 3 .3 8 0.61 0 .6 1 11.02 0 .5 4 0 .5 5

F 32 21 4 8 .8 5 1 .1 3 1 .3 0 9 1 .6 1 0 .9 3 - V'04
G 220 45 29.01 1 .0 4 1 .0 9 29.01 0 .3 1 0 .3 6

H 41 20 3 9 .3 0 1.01 1 .0 8 3 0 .9 2 0 .4 1 0 .4 2

J 44 6 6 1 .0 3 0 .3 4 0 .3 9 142 .81 1 .8 9 2 .1 7

K 110 80 5 0 .7 4 0 .1 9 1 .4 8 5 2 .2 1 0.20 0 .6 4

L 185 98 4 3 .8 4 0 .7 5 1 .2 9 1 4 .3 4 1 .6 3 2 .8 2

M 122 34 3 4 .3 2 0 .6 1 0 .6 7 3 4 .3 2 0 .5 9 0 .6 5

204 138 2 3 .1 0 0.98 1 .0 9 5 .5 5 0 .4 4 0 .5 6

N

O 45 24 4 4 .1 1 1.20 1 .4 1 0 8 8 .8 1 1 .0 4 1 .4 7
cn
 96

f r o m the o p e n ed bundle o f c a n e by a h y d r a u l i c a l l y o p e ra te d g r a b w hich

is c a p a b le o f h a n d lin g a s a m p le of 40 to 120 pounds of c a n e .

T r a s h — If the b u ndle is p la c e d on the f e e d e r ta b le , a 5 0 -

100 pound s a m p le is r e m o v e d by m e c h a n i c a l g r a b o r by

hand. If the b undle is p la c e d on the g ro u n d , a 5 0-1 00

pound s a m p le is r e m o v e d by h a n d . The g r o s s c a n e is

w e ig h e d , d e t r a s h e d , and th e n e t c a n e is w e ig h e d . F ro m

t h e s e d a ta , the p e r c e n t t r a s h is d e t e r m i n e d .

S u c r o s e an d P u r i t y — S a m p le s a r e r e m o v e d e i t h e r by

m e c h a n i c a l g r a b o r by h a n d . If m e c h a n i c a l g r a b , a s a m p le

is r e m o v e d f r o m the o pened bundle on the f e e d e r ta b le .

The s a m p le m a y be g ro u n d d i r e c t l y or i t m a y be c o m p o s ite d

w ith o th e r s a m p l e s f r o m the s a m e g r o w e r and g roun d a t the

end of the d a y . If the s a m p le is by h a n d , a hand " g r a b " of

20 t o 40 pounds m a y be ta k e n f r o m the opened bundle and the

s a m p le g ro u n d d i r e c t l y . O r 2 to 10 s t a l k s a m p le s m a y be

r e m o v e d p e r b u n d le. T h e s e s ta lk s a r e c o m p o s it e d w ith o th e r

s a m p l e s f r o m the s a m e g r o w e r an d g ro u n d a t th e end of the

day.

T e s tin g and E v a lu a tio n

The c a n e s a m p le s — e i t h e r d i r e c t o r c o m p o s it e d — a r e g ro u n d

in the t h r e e - r o l l s a m p le m il l an d the ju ic e s a m p l e s a n a ly z e d fo r
 97

a p p a r e n t s u c r o s e (pol) b y th e H o r n e 's d r y le a d m eth o d an d fo r B r i x b y

h y d ro m eter. The s a m p le m ills m a y be e i t h e r fix e d s e ttin g o r h y -

d r a u l i c a l l y lo a d e d . S e v e r a l f a c t o r i e s u se tw o t h r e e - r o l l s a m p le m ills

in ta n d e m to o b tain g r e a t e r e x t r a c t i o n s e v e r i t y .

N o r m a l J u i c e ; C a n e q u a lity in L o u is ia n a is b a s e d on the c o n c e p t of

n o rm a l ju ic e . N o r m a l ju ic e is d e fin e d a s the ju ic e e x t r a c t e d f r o m

s u g a r c a n e b y a m i l l ta n d e m w hen no m a c e r a t i o n w a t e r is u s e d , i. e f ,

u n dilu ted j u i c e . S in c e m a c e r a t i o n w a t e r is_ u se d to i n c r e a s e th e m i l l ­

ing e f f ic ie n c y , i t is n e c e s s a r y to c a l c u l a t e the f a c t o r y n o r m a l ju ic e i n ­

s p e c tio n s f r o m the c r u s h e r and m ix e d ju ic e i n s p e c tio n s and a m illin g

f a c t o r . The g r o w e r 's n o r m a l ju ic e q u a li t y is d e t e r m i n e d by a p p ly in g

s i m i l a r f a c t o r s to h i s s a m p le m i l l ju ic e i n s p e c t i o n s .

S ta n d a rd C a n e : By m e a n s of the n o r m a l ju ic e i n s p e c t io n s i t is p o s s ib le

to d e t e r m i n e the s t a n d a r d c a n e . S ta n d a r d c a n e is in e f f e c t the s t a n d a r d

of c a n e q u a l i t y in L o u is ia n a . S ta n d a r d c a n e is d e fin e d a s n e t s u g a r c a n e

( g r o s s c a n e m in u s t r a s h ) c o n ta in in g 12 p e r c e n t pol in n o r m a l ju ic e w ith

a p u r ity a t l e a s t 76. 00, b u t n o t m o r e th a n 7 6 .4 9 p e r c e n t . N et sugar

c an e is c o n v e r t e d to s t a n d a r d s u g a r c a n e th r o u g h the a p p li c a t io n of

Q u a lity ( n o r m a l j u ic e pol) F a c t o r s and P u r i t y ( n o r m a l j u ic e p u rity )

F a c to rs . T h is c o m p u ta tio n is the L o u is ia n a c a n e q u a lity f o r m u l a a s

show n b elow :
 98

Q u a lity P u rity
S ta n d a r d = N et x ( N o r m a l J u ic e ) x ( N o r m a l Ju ic e )
Sugar C ane, Sugar C ane, (P o l ) (P u rity )
Tons Tons F a c to r F a c to r

w here: N e t S u g a r C ane fo r e a c h g r o w e r is d e t e r m i n e d f r o m

h is tr a s h in sp e c tio n s.

The Q u a l it y F a c t o r fo r e a c h g r o w e r is d e t e r m i n e d

f r o m h is n o r m a l ju ic e p o l th ro u g h the f o llo w ­

ing r e l a t i o n s h i p :

Pol % Q u a l it y
N o r m a l J u ic e F a c to r

9 .5 0 .6 0
10 . 0 0 .7 0
1 0 .5 d. 80
11 . 0 0 .9 0
11. 5 0 .9 5
12 . 0 1.00
12. 5 1 .0 5
1 3 .0 1.10
13. 5 1. 15
14. 0 1,20
14. 5 1 .2 5

The q u a lity f a c t o r s w e r e o r i g in a ll y d e t e r m ined

f r o m a r e v i e w of L o u is ia n a f a c t o r y r u n r e p o r t s

in w hich the n o r m a l ju ic e pol w as r e l a t e d to the

a c tu a l fa c to ry ra w su g a r y ield s.

The P u r i t y F a c t o r fo r e a c h g r o w e r is r e l a t e d to h is

n o r m a l ju ic e p u r i t y th r o u g h ta b le s w h ich a c c o m ­

p an y the a n n u a l c a n e p r i c e d e t e r m i n a t i o n s . The
 99

p u r i t y f a c t o r s w e r e i n c o r p o r a t e d in the 1949 d e ­

t e r m i n a t i o n to e n c o u r a g e the d e l i v e r y of f r e s h

cane. T h e s e f a c t o r s a r e b a s e d on the c a l c u l a t e d

r e t e n t i o n by the W i n t e r - C a r p f o r m u la a t v a r i o u s

n o r m a l ju ic e pol l e v e l s . E s s e n t i a l l y th e s e

f a c t o r s r e p r e s e n t p r e m i u m s an d p e n a l it i e s abov e

and b e lo w the s t a te a v e r a g e p u r i t i e s c o r r e s p o n d ­

ing t o the d i f f e r e n t n o r m a l ju ic e s u c r o s e l e v e l s .

D r y M illin g F a c t o r : T he d r y m illin g f a c to r p r o v id e s the m e a n s by w h ic h

the f a c t o r y n o r m a l ju ic e B r i x is c a l c u l a t e d f r o m the c r u s h e r ju ic e B r i x .

The d r y m illin g f a c t o r r e l a t e s the n o r m a l j u ic e B rix to the c r u s h e r ju ic e

B r ix a s fo llo w s:

D r y M illin g = N o r m a l J u ic e B r i x
F a c to r C r u s h e r J u ic e B r i x

T he d r y m illin g f a c t o r m a y b e e i t h e r 0 .9 7 a s s p e c if ie d in the

L o u is ia n a S a m p lin g , T e s ti n g , and R e p o r ti n g P r o c e d u r e , or it m a y be

d e t e r m i n e d by a c t u a l d r y m illin g t e s t s .

W hen m a c e r a t i o n w a te r is a p p lie d t o the m ill ta n d e m , the n o r m a l

ju ic e B r i x i s th en c a l c u l a t e d f r o m the c r u s h e r ju ic e B r i x in th e follow ing

m anner:

F a c t o r y N o r m a l =F a c t o r y C r u s h e r x D r y M illin g
J u ic e B r ix Ju ic e B r i x F a c to r
 100

T he f a c t o r y n o r m a l ju ic e p u r i t y i s a s s u m e d to be th a t of the

f a c t o r y d ilu te ju ic e o r m ix e d j u i c e . The n o r m a l ju ic e pol is th en d e ­

t e r m i n e d f r o m the p r o d u c t of the n o r m a l j u ic e B r i x and the n o r m a l

ju ic e p u r i ty a s fo llo w s:

F a c to ry N o rm al = F a c to ry N o rm al x F a c to ry N o rm al
J u ic e po l Ju ic e B rix J u ic e P u r i t y

D ilu tio n C o m p e n s a tio n F a c t o r ( D C F ) : W h e re c a n e is w a s h e d , it is n o t

p o s s ib le to d e t e r m i n e the f a c t o r y n o r m a l ju ic e B r i x by a p p ly in g the

d r y m illin g f a c t o r to the d ilu te d c r u s h e r ju ic e B r ix . In th is c a s e i t is

n e c e s s a r y to d e t e r m i n e a d ilu tio n c o m p e n s a ti o n f a c t o r w hich r e l a t e s

the f a c t o r y " u n d ilu te d " c r u s h e r ju ic e B r ix t o the s a m p le m i l l B r ix . :

D ilu tio n C o m p e n s a tio n = C r u s h e r J u ic e B r i x

F a c to r S a m p le M ill B r i x

T h u s w h en w a s h w a t e r is a p p lie d to th e c a n e in the c a r r i e r , the

d a i l y " u n d ilu te d " c r u s h e r ju ic e B r i x is c a l c u l a t e d f r o m the d a i l y a v ­

e r a g e s a m p le m ill B r i x a n d the d ilu tio n c o m p e n s a ti o n f a c t o r i n the

fo llo w in g m a n n e r :

D a i ly D a ily A v e r a g e D ilu tio n

U n d ilu te d = S a m p le M ill x C o m p e n s a tio n
C r u s h e r J u ic e J u ic e B r ix F a c to r
B r ix

The d ilu tio n c o m p e n s a ti o n f a c t o r is d e t e r m i n e d a m in im u m of

t h r e e t i m e s p e r c r o p in the fo llow ing m a n n e r : F o r a p e r io d of a t

l e a s t one h o u r , the w a s h w a t e r is d is c o n tin u e d and the c a n e e n t e r s the

 101

k n iv e s an d c r u s h e r " d r y " . D u r in g th is p e r i o d , s a m p l e s of c a n e a r e r e ­

m o v ed f r o m the c a r r i e r an d s a m p l e s of c r u s h e r ju ic e a r e c o m p o s it e d ,

A t th e end o f the h o u r , the c a n e s a m p l e s a r e p r o c e s s e d th ro u g h th e

s a m p le m il l . The c r u s h e r and s a m p le m i l l ju ic e s a m p le s a r e a n a ly z e d

f o r B r i x , a n d the d ilu tio n c o m p e n s a ti o n f a c t o r is d e t e r m i n e d .

6
S a m p le M ill B r ix a n d P o l F a c t o r s : H av in g d e t e r m i n e d the d a i l y a v ­

e r a g e f a c t o r y n o r m a l ju ic e B r i x and pol, i t is th en p o s s ib le t o c a l c u l a t e

th e n o r m a l ju ic e B r ix , pol, and p u r i t y f o r e a c h g ro w e r f r o m the g r o w ­

e r ' s s a m p le m ill i n s p e c t io n s and s a m p le m i l l B r i x a n d pol f a c t o r s .

The s a m p le m il l B r i x a n d pol f a c t o r s r e l a t e the f a c t o r y n o r m a l

ju ic e B r i x an d pol to the s a m p le m i l l B r i x and po l fo r the c o r r e s p o n d i n g

p e r i o d in th e follow ing m a n n e r :

S a m p le M ill = F a c t o r y N o r m a l J u ic e B r ix
B rix F a c to r S a m p le M ill J u ic e B r ix

S a m p le M ill = F a c t o r y N o r m a l J u ic e P o l
Pol F a c to r S a m p le M ill J u ic e P o l

T he s a m p le m i l l ju ic e B r i x an d p o l a r e d e t e r m i n e d in the f o llo w ­

ing m a n n e r : D u r in g the s a m e 2 4 h o u r p e rio d in w hich the f a c t o r y

c o m p r e h e n s i v e stu d y of L o u is ia n a s a m p le m il l f a c t o r s and
t h e i r v a r i a t i o n f r o m f a c t o r y t o f a c t o r y i s p r e s e n t e d b y W. M. G r a y s o n
in "A S tu d y of the F a c t o r s A ffe c tin g G r o w e r s ' J u ic e S a m p le s , " P r o ­
c e e d in g s A m e r i c a n S o c ie ty of S u g a r C ane T e c h n o lo g is ts 1 9 4 6 -1 9 5 0 ,
( F e b r u a r y , 1953), pp . 176 -189.
 102

n o r m a l ju ic e B rix an d p ol a r e c a l c u l a t e d , the n e t w e ig h t of e a c h c a n e

d e l i v e r y a n d the c o r r e s p o n d i n g s a m p le m i l l B r i x an d p ol a r e ta b u la te d .

T h e d a il y a v e r a g e s a m p le m il l B r i x an d p ol a r e th e n d e t e r m i n e d f r o m

the s im p le a v e r a g e or the w e ig h te d a v e r a g e s a m p le m i l l d a t a .

T he n o r m a l ju ic e p o l and p u r i ty fo r e a c h g r o w e r a r e th e n c a l c u ­

l a t e d by a p p ly in g s i x - d a y m o v in g a v e r a g e s a m p le m il l B r i x and pol

f a c t o r s to the g r o w e r 's s a m p l e m i l l i n s p e c t i o n s a s fo llo w s:

G r o w e r 's G r o w e r 's S ix - D a y M oving

N o r m a l Ju ic e = S a m p le M ill x A v erage
B r ix J u ic e B r ix S a m p le M ill
B rix F a c to r

G r o w e r 's G r o w e r 's S ix - D a y M oving

N o r m a l Ju ic e =S a m p le M ill x A verage
Pol J u ic e P o l S a m p le M ill
P ol F a c to r

G r o w e r 's
N o r m a l J u ic e = G r o w e r 's N o r m a l J u ic e P o l
P u rity G r o w e r 's N o r m a l J u ic e B r ix

T he m oving a v e r a g e f a c t o r s a r e d e t e r m i n e d d a i l y by a v e r a g i n g

the f a c t o r s f o r e a c h d a y a n d the fiv e d a y s p r e c e d i n g .

C a n e S a m p lin g by C r u s h e r Ju ic e I n s p e c t i o n s : W hen the g r o w e r 's c a n e

is s a m p le d b y c r u s h e r ju ic e in s p e c tio n i n s t e a d of by the s a m p le m ill,

h i s n o r m a l ju ic e q u a li t y is d e t e r m i n e d by m u ltip ly in g h is c r u s h e r ju ic e

B r i x and pol by the c o r r e s p o n d i n g B r i x and pol f a c t o r s a s fo llo w s:

 103

G r o w e r 's G r o w e r 's B rix

N o r m a l J u i c e = C r u s h e r J u ic e x F a c t o r
B rix B rix

G r o w e r 's G r o w e r 's Pol

N o r m a l J u i c e = C r u s h e r J u ic e x F a c t o r
Pol Pol

T h e B r i x and p ot f a c t o r s a r e the r a t i o of the d a ily f a c t o r y n o r m a l

j u i c e B r i x to th e c r u s h e r j u i c e B r i x an d the r a t i o of th e d a ily f a c t o r y

n o r m a l j u ic e pol to th e c r u s h e r ju ic e pol.

SUGAR CANE P A Y M E N T 7

T h e C a n e P r i c e F o r m u l a ( P a y m e n t f o r Sugar)

T h e c a n e p r i c e fo r m u la a p p lie s e q u a lly to c a n e s u p p lie d by i n ­

d e p e n d e n t g r o w e r s a n d to f a c t o r y owned ( a d m i n is t r a t io n ) c a n e .

G r o w e r 's B asic P r ic e C ane

C - S ta n d a r d x F o r S ta n d a rd + T ra n sp o rta tio n
Sugar C ane S u g a r C an e A llo w a n c e

w here: C is th e p r i c e to b e paid to the g r o w e r fo r

su g a r, $.

G r o w e r 's S ta n d a r d S u g a r C an e is the c an e

q u a lity a s d e t e r m i n e d f r o m the c a n e

7
T h e in f o r m a ti o n in th is s e c t i o n r e p r e s e n t s th e r e c e n t c a n e p r i c e
p r o v i s i o n s a s th ey a r e show n in the L o u is ia n a 1961 C ro p S u g a r C ane
P r i c e D e t e r m in a t io n , S u g a r D e t e r m in a t io n 8 7 4 .1 4 , U n ited S ta te s
D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e .
 q u a lity f o r m u l a , to n s .

The B a sic P r i c e fo r S t a n d a r d S u g a r C an e is b a s e d

on th e s u g a r c a n e p r i c i n g f a c t o r an d the a d ­

ju sted a v e ra g e p ric e fo r ra w s u g a r.

B a sic P r i c e S u g a r C ane A d ju s te d
F o r S ta n d a r d P ric in g F a c to r, A verage
Sugar C ane, = $ / S t a n d a r d T o n x 9 6 ° R aw
$ /S ta n d a r d of C a n e p e r Sugar P ric e
Ton of C a n e One q //lb. of 4 / lb.
9 6 ° R a w S ugar

The S u g a r C ane P r i c i n g F a c t o r in e f f e c t

s e t s the s p l i t of r e t u r n s b e tw e e n the

g r o w e r an d th e p r o c e s s o r .

T he A d ju s te d A v e r a g e 9 6 ° R a w S u g a r P r i c e

is the a v e r a g e q u o te d 9 6 ° r a w s u g a r

p r i c e a s c o r r e c t e d w ith a r a w s u g a r

fre ig h t d ifferen tial. T h ro u g h the r a w

s u g a r f r e i g h t d i f f e r e n t i a l , the g r o w e r s

p a r t i c i p a t e in r a w s u g a r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n

c o s t s f r o m the f a c t o r y to the r e f i n e r y .

A d ju s te d A verage Raw Sugar

A verage 96 R aw F re ig h t
96° Raw = Sugar — D iffe re n tia l
Sugar P r i c e , <//lb. 4 / lb .
P r i c e , 4 / lb .
 105

C ane T r a n s p o r t a t i o n A llo w a n c e c o v e r s the c o s t s of h o i s t in g

an d t r a n s p o r t i n g the c a n e w h ic h a r e i n c u r r e d b y the

g r o w e r in d e l i v e r i n g h is c a n e f r o m the fie ld h o i s t to the

f a c t o r y o r f r o m the f a r m d i r e c t l y to the f a c t o r y .

P r i c e of 9 6 ° R aw S u g a r

T h e b a s e p r i c e o f s u g a r , a s u s e d in d e t e r m i n i n g the b a s ic p r i c e

f o r s t a n d a r d s u g a r c a n e , is the a v e r a g e p r i c e of 9 6 ° r a w s u g a r a s

q u o ted b y the L o u is ia n a S u g a r E x c h a n g e , I n c . , N ew O r l e a n s , L o u is ia n a .

T he p r i c e in the c a n e p a y m e n t f o r m u l a m a y be e i t h e r the w e e k ly a v e r ­

a g e o r the s e a s o n e d - a v e r a g e p r i c e .

P a y m e n t fo r M o l a s s e s a n d B y - p r o d u c t s

T h e g r o w e r i s paid fo r m o l a s s e s p e r n e t to n of s u g a r c a n e w h ich

he d e l i v e r s to the f a c t o r y . C u r r e n t l y the p a y m e n t is e q u a l to the p r o ­

d u c t of 6 . 6 g a llo n s t im e s o n e - h a l f the a v e r a g e p r i c e p e r g a llo n of f in a l

m o l a s s e s in e x c e s s of s i x c e n t s . T he a v e r a g e p r i c e of f in a l m o l a s s e s

is the p r i c e q u o ted b y the L o u is ia n a S u g a r E x c h a n g e . The p r i c e m a y b e

e i t h e r th e w e e k ly or the s e a s o n ’s a v e r a g e p r i c e .

S u g a r C an e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n C o s t s

T r a n s p o r t a t i o n a ll o w a n c e s to the g r o w e r s a r e b a s e d on n e t c a n e .

T h e s e a llo w a n c e c o v e r c o s t s i n c u r r e d by the g r o w e r in d e l i v e r i n g c a n e

f r o m fie ld h o i s t s to the f a c t o r y o r d i r e c t l y f r o m the f a r m to the f a c t o r y .

 106

M any f a c t o r i e s p ro v id e th e f a c i l i t i e s d i r e c t l y or by c o n t r a c t —

and t h e r e b y a s s u m e the c o s t s — f o r h o i s t in g and t r a n s p o r t i n g the s u g a r

c a n e f r o m the fie ld h o i s t s to the f a c t o r y . If the g r o w e r s p ro v id e t h e s e

s e r v i c e s — e i t h e r d i r e c t l y or by c o n t r a c t — th e y a r e r e i m b u r s e d . In

s u c h c a s e s the r a t e s a r e t h o s e m u tu a lly a g r e e d upon b e tw e e n the f a c t o r y

an d g r o w e r s . H o w e v e r , s u c h r a t e s a r e u s u a l ly c o n d itio n e d b y c o n t r a c t

h a u lin g a n d h o i s t in g s e r v i c e s in the a r e a .

In the c a s e of f a r m s l o c a te d in c l o s e p r o x i m i t y to the f a c t o r y —

in w h ic h e v e n t c a n e is u s u a l ly d e l i v e r e d b y t r a c t o r - d r a w n c a r t s — the

fa c to rie s a ls o pay tra n s p o rta tio n a llo w a n ce s. The m a x im u m a l l o w ­

a n c e s w h ic h m a y be paid a r e s p e c if ie d in th e c a n e p r i c e d e t e r m i n a t i o n .

Raw Sugar T ra n sp o rta tio n C o sts

T he a v e r a g e p r i c e of 9 6 ° r a w s u g a r a s q uo ted by the L o u is ia n a

S u g a r E x c h a n g e is e s s e n t i a l l y the p r i c e o f r a w s u g a r d e l i v e r e d to N ew

O r l e a n s (the a r e a o f h e a v i e s t r a w s u g a r r e f i n e r y c o n c e n tr a ti o n ) . The

g r o w e r s p a r t i c i p a t e in the r a w s u g a r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c o s t s f r o m f a c t o r ­

i e s in th e "high c o s t " f r e i g h t a r e a s to N ew O r l e a n s . T here a re e f ­

f e c t iv e l y th r e e f r e i g h t r a t e a r e a s in th e s u g a r b e lt. A s s e t up in th e

1949 d e t e r m i n a t i o n , the a r e a c l o s e s t to N ew O r le a n s w a s r e c o g n i z e d

a s th e b a s e f r e i g h t a r e a . The d i f f e r e n c e s in f r e i g h t c o s t s b e tw e e n th e

o th e r tw o a r e a s a n d the b a s e a r e a w e r e s h a r e d — t w o - t h i r d s of the

d i f f e r e n c e w as b o r n e b y th e g r o w e r s d e l i v e r i n g to the f a c t o r i e s in t h e s e

a r e a s (the r a w s u g a r f r e i g h t d i f f e r e n t i a l ) a n d o n e - t h i r d b y th e f a c t o r i e s .
 107

The f r e i g h t r a t e s in the t h r e e a r e a s - a s s e t b y the I n t e r s t a t e C o m ­

m e r c e C o m m i s s i o n —h a v e v a r i e d o v e r the y e a r s ; h o w e v e r , th e f r e i g h t

d i f f e r e n t i a l s (as p e r i o d i c a l l y r e v i s e d ) h a v e c o n tin u e d th e t w o - t h i r d s

and o n e - t h i r d s h a r i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p . W ith the d r o p in f r e i g h t r a t e s in

r e c e n t y e a r s , the g r o w e r s in the b a s e a r e a a r e now c r e d i t e d w ith t h e i r

s h a r e of the d e c r e a s e f r o m , the 1949 f r e i g h t r a t e .

P a y m e n t fo r S u b - S ta n d a r d C an e

Two c a te g o rie s of s u b -s ta n d a rd su g a r can e a r e rec o g n ize d ,

i . e . , s a lv a g e c a n e a n d f r o z e n c a n e . S a lv a g e s u g a r c a n e is d e fin e d a s

s u g a r c an e c o n ta in in g e i t h e r l e s s th an 9 . 5 p e r c e n t s u c r o s e in n o r m a l

ju ic e or l e s s th a n 68 p e r c e n t p u r i t y in th e n o r m a l j u i c e .

F r o z e n s u g a r c a n e m a y be e i t h e r f r e e z e - d a m a g e d c a n e s u c h

th a t the b o ilin g h o u s e o p e r a t io n s a r e a d v e r s e l y a f f e c te d - or c a n e

d a m a g e d in a g e n e r a l f r e e z e s u c h th a t a b n o r m a l l y low s u g a r r e c o v e r y

re s u lts .

G e n e r a l l y , p a y m e n t fo r s a lv a g e s u g a r c a n e is b y the S c a le d

D ow n M ethod in w h ic h q u a l i t y a n d p u r i t y f a c t o r s for s t a n d a r d c a n e a r e

s c a l e d do w n to r e f l e c t the lo w e r s u g a r c a n e q u a lity . Som e f a c t o r i e s

u s e th e W i n t e r - C a r p M e th o d in w h ich the r e t u r n s fo r s u g a r an d m o ­

l a s s e s a r e p r e d i c te d f r o m the b o ilin g h o u s e r e t e n t i o n f o r m u l a u sin g

a s s u m e d v a lu e s of b o ilin g h o u s e e f f i c ie n c y a n d n o r m a l ju ic e e x t r a c t i o n .

T h e g r o w e r 's c a n e p a y m e n t is c a l c u l a t e d a f t e r d e d u c tin g a p r o c e s s i n g

c h a r g e f r o m the c a l c u l a t e d r e t u r n s .
 108

P a y m e n t f o r f r e e z e - d a m a g e d c a n e is d e t e r m i n e d by a p p ly in g to

the s t a n d a r d c a n e p a y m e n t, d e d u c tio n s b a s e d on the t i t r a t e d a c i d i t y of

the g r o w e r 's ju ic e s a m p l e s .

The m eth o d fo r p a y m e n t fo r c a n e in th e e v e n t of a g e n e r a l f r e e z e

is s i m i l a r to th e W i n t e r - C a r p M ethod f o r s a lv a g e c a n e in w h ic h a p r o ­

c e s s i n g c o s t i s d e d u c te d f r o m the c a l c u l a t e d r e t u r n s to a r r i v e a t the

g r o w e r 's p a y m e n t.

D istrib u tio n of R e tu rn s

The c o n s i d e r a t i o n s in a n n u a lly s e t ti n g th e b a s i s fo r c a n e p a y ­

m e n t a r e s t a t e d in the 1961 c a n e p r i c e d e t e r m i n a t i o n :

" A n a ly s is of c o m p a r a t i v e r e t u r n s , c o s t s , and p r o f its of

p r o d u c in g a n d p r o c e s s i n g s u g a r c a n e o b ta in e d th ro u g h field
s u r v e y an d r e c a s t in t e r m s of p r o s p e c t i v e p r i c e and p r o -
due tio n c o n d itio n s fo r the 1961 c r o p , in d ic a t e s th a t th e s h a r ­
ing r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n p r o d u c e r s and p r o c e s s o r s p r o v id e d
by the I960 d e t e r m i n a t i o n w ill a l s o be e q u ita b le fo r the 1961
cro p . "8

T h e s e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s a r e a m p lif ie d in th e s e c t i o n of the 1961 d e ­

t e r m i n a t i o n c o v e r i n g the S u g a r D i v i s i o n 's c o n c lu s io n s r e g a r d i n g a r e ­

q u e s t b y the L o u is ia n a F a r m B u r e a u F e d e r a t i o n th a t the g r o w e r s ' p a r ­

tic ip a tio n in the m o l a s s e s p r o c e e d s be i n c r e a s e d .

8I b i d . , p. 13.
 109

" C o m p a r a tiv e r e t u r n s a n d c o s t d a ta f a r p ro d u c in g a n d
p r o c e s s i n g su g a r c a n e r e v e a l th a t d u r i n g the p a s t s e v e r a l
y e a r s p r o c e s s in g c o s t s h a v e c h a n g e d in a b o u t th e s a m e
p r o p o r t io n a s have p r o d u c in g c o s t s , a n d that u n d e r the
p r e s e n t s h a r i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p , the p r o d u c e r s ' s h a r e of r e ­
t u r n s is fa v o r a b le c o m p a r e d to to ta l c o s t s . T h u s to m a i n ­
ta in a n e q u ita b le s h a r i n g of t o t a l r e t u r n s , a c h a n g e in the
s h a r i n g of the p r o c e e d s f r o m m o l a s s e s a s r e c o m m e n d e d
would n e ed to be o f f s e t b y a c o m p a r a b l e c h a n g e in the
s h a r i n g of r a w s u g a r r e t u r n s . A c c o r d i n g l y th e s h a r i n g
r e l a t i o n s h i p a p p lic a b le to th e i96 0 c r o p h a s b e e n c o n t i n ­
ued.

T he c o m p a r a t i v e c o s t a n d r e t u r n s d a ta a r e d e r i v e d f r o m d a ta

c o ll e c t e d b y S u g a r D iv is io n s u r v e y te a m s w h ic h m ake i n d u s t r y fie ld

s tu d ie s e v e r y fo u r y e a r s . In t h e s e fie ld s t u d i e s , a n n u a l e c o n o m ic d a ta

f r o m s e l e c t e d s u r v e y f a c t o r i e s a n d f a r m s f o r a t h r e e y e a r p e rio d a r e

ta b u la te d and c o ll a t e d .

M E CH A N ICA L H A R V E ST IN G - ITS E F F E C T ON

C A N E QUALITY AND CANE PA Y M EN T IN LOUISIANA

The E a rly Y ears

T he p e rio d of W o rld W ar II b ro u g h t a b o u t d r a s t i c c h a n g e s in the

m eth o d of h a r v e s t i n g s u g a r c a n e . S h o rta g e of fie ld l a b o r r e s u l t e d i n ­

i t i a l l y in m e r e l y h a n d - c u t ti n g the c a n e to p a n d b o tto m a n d s u b s e q u e n t ly

in th e r a p i d in tr o d u c tio n o f m e c h a n i c a l lo a d in g an d m e c h a n i c a l h a r v e s t ­

in g . The p r a c t i c e of b u rn in g the c a n e a f t e r c u tt i n g a n d b e fo r e lo a d in g

9I b i d . , p. 15.
 110

b e c a m e s t a n d a r d in m a n y a r e a s . H ow ever, d u rin g ra in y p e rio d s , b u r n ­

ing w as i m p o s s i b l e a n d f a c t o r i e s r e p o r t e d r e c e i v i n g c a n e c a r r y i n g f r o m

five to tw e n ty p e r c e n t t r a s h .

E a r l y s tu d ie s w e r e d i r e c t e d to d e t e r m i n i n g the v o lu m e an d q u a l ­

ity of the t r a s h a c c o m p a n y in g th e c a n e an d th e e f f e c t of the t r a s h on the

m illin g o p e r a t i o n . S tu d ie s a t Y o u n g s v ille sh o w ed th a t a s m u c h a s 35

p e r c e n t of c a n e c u t a t g ro u n d l e v e l c o n s i s t e d of u n rip e to p jo in ts and

le a v e s a t t a c h e d to the to p j o i n t s . L e a v e s a t t a c h e d to c a n e w hich w as

top ped a t the t o p r i p e jo in t w e ig h e d f r o m e ig h t to f if te e n p e r c e n t a s

m u ch a s the " c l e a n m i l l c a n e " p o r tio n of the s t a l k (topped a n d a l l f o l i ­

age rem oved). ^

A s e a r l y a s 1939, m illin g t e s t s w e r e c o n d u c te d a t the A udubon

S u g a r F a c t o r y to d e t e r m i n e the e f f e c t o f t r a s h on s u c r o s e e x t r a c t i o n .
11 12 13
T h e s e s t u d i e s w e re c o n tin u e d th r o u g h th e w a r y e a r s . ’ ’

In 1943, A r c e n e a u x c o n d u c te d d e ta il e d p ilo t s c a l e e x p e r i m e n t s

*®M. V. Y a r b r o u g h , " E f f e c ts o f M illin g C a n e T r a s h , " The

S u g a r B u l le t in , XXIV (1945), 3 3 - 3 5 .

**T. B en A r n o ld a n d A r t h u r G. K e l l e r , " S u g a r M illin g R e s u l ts

—A udubon S u g a r F a c t o r y S e a s o n 1941, " T h e S u g a r B u l le t in , XX
(1942), 1 56 -1 6 1 .

^ J , C , E t h e r e d g e a n d H . C . H e n r y , "A C o m p a r a ti v e M illin g
T e s t o f A v e r a g e and T r a s h y C a n e , " The S u g a r B u l le t in , XXI (1943),
8 9-91.

^ C a r l W . S te w a rt, "S u g a r R e s e a r c h , " The S u g a r B u l le t in ,

XXIII (1945), 125.
 Ill

c o v e r i n g the e f f e c t of g r e e n and d r y t r a s h on m illin g r e s u l t s and th e

q u a n tity and q u a lity of n o n - s u c r o s e s o lid s in e x t r a c t e d ju ic e d u e to

d i f f e r e n t p r o p o r t io n s of g r e e n an d d r y t r a s h . In th e s e s t u d i e s , w eig hed

a m o u n ts of g r e e n a n d d r y t r a s h w e re a d d e d to c l e a n c a n e . The s u b ­

s e q u e n t c a n e s a m p l e s w e r e r e p e a t e d l y m ille d w ith m a c e r a t i o n w a te r in

a s a m p le m i l l in o r d e r to s i m u la t e c o m m e r c i a l m illin g o p e r a t i o n s . ^

S tu d ie s of a s i m i l a r n a t u r e w e r e c o n d u c te d b y B a lc h and B r o e g in

1 9 4 7 . 15

R a t h e r e x te n s iv e s tu d ie s w e r e d i r e c t e d to w a rd a l l e v i a t i n g th e

t r a s h p ro b lem . Y a r b r o u g h r e p o r t e d the follo w in g b e n e fits f o r cane

w a s h in g a n d s u b s e q u e n t s o i l r e m o v a l a t Y o u n g sv ille F a c t o r y : (1) I m ­

p r o v e d f u r n a c e a n d b o ile r p e r f o r m a n c e ; (2) L o w e r f i l t e r p r e s s mud

su c ro se lo sse s; (3) I n c r e a s e d c l a r i f i c a t i o n r a t e s ; (4) R e d u c e d m ill

w e a r ; a n d (5) L e s s m ill s lip p a g e w ith s u b s e q u e n t h i g h e r m illin g r a t e s . ^

V ought r e p o r t e d on the r e s u l t s w ith a n e x p e r i m e n t a l c an e c le a n i n g u n it

a t th e S ou th C o a s t C o r p o r a t i o n T e r r e b o n n e F a c t o r y . The u n i t c o n ­

s i s t e d of a f e e d e r c a r r i e r e q u ip p e d w ith a g u illo tin e knife w h ic h c u t

^ G e o r g e A r c e n e a u x , "Som e E f fe c ts of T r a s h in C a n e on
M illin g R e s u l t s , " T he S u g a r B u l le t in , XXII (1944), 151 -158 .

*5r . t . B a lc h and C . B. B r o e g , "The S u g a r C ane T r a s h

P ro b le m fro m a C h e m ic a l S ta n d p o in t, " P a p e r p r e p a r e d fo r p r e s e n t a ­
tio n a t the A n n u a l M e e tin g of the A m e r i c a n S o c ie ty of S u g a r C ane
T e c h n o lo g ists, F e b r u a r y 12, 1948.

^ M . V. Y a r b r o u g h , " W a sh in g to n S u g a r C ane in P r e p a r a t i o n
f o r M illin g , " P r o c e e d i n g s A m e r i c a n S o c ie ty of S u g a r C ane T e c h n o lo ­
g i s t s 19 46-1 950 , ( F e b r u a r y , 1953), pp. 162-1 71.
 112

the c a n e in to s h o r t le n g t h s , r o t a t i n g d r u m s to d is lo d g e the t r a s h f r o m

the c u t c a n e , a n d b lo w e rs to r e m o v e the t r a s h f r o m the s y s t e m . 17 P re­

l i m i n a r y r e s u l t s a t the A ud ubo n S u g a r F a c t o r y w ith a r o t a t i n g c y l i n d r i c a l

18
t u m b le r f o r t r a s h r e m o v a l w e r e r e p o r t e d in 1945. In 1951 t e s t s w e r e

c o n d u c te d a t the A u dub on S u g a r F a c t o r y on c a n e w h ic h w a s m e c h a n i c a l l y

h a r v e s t e d a n d c le a n e d in the f ie ld . The h a r v e s t e r , w hich w a s b u ilt by

the T h o m p s o n M a c h i n e r y C o m p a n y of T h ib o d a u x , L o u i s i a n a , w a s d e ­

s ig n e d to c u t , c l e a n , and lo a d the c a n e in a s in g le o p e r a t io n . ^

D a u b e r t e s t i m a t e d the c o s t of t r a s h to a f a c t o r y g r in d in g 100 —

125, 000 tons of c a n e p er c r o p to be a b o u t $100, 000. T h is c o s t r e f l e c t e d

lo w e r g r in d in g r a t e s due to the a d d i t i o n a l f i b e r in the c a n e , l o s s in

c l a r i f i e r c a p a c i t y , l o s s of s u c r o s e in b a g a s s e , f i l t e r p r e s s m ud a n d u n ­

d e t e r m i n e d l o s s e s , i n c r e a s e d w e a r on m a c h i n e r y , a n d the c o s t of

s a m p lin g fo r t r a s h . ^

17
F . A . V ought, "C ane C le a n in g a s P r a c t i c e d in L o u i s i a n a , "
P a p e r s P r e s e n t e d a t M e e tin g s of the A m e r i c a n S o c ie ty of S u g a r C an e
T e c h n o lo g i s t s D u r in g the Y e a r s 1 941 -194 5 I n c l u s i v e , (H o um a,
L o u is ia n a , 1946), pp. 9 7 - 1 0 1 .

*®C. V . F e r t i t t a , C . F . W a lto n , a n d A r t h u r G. K e l l e r , "S ugar

C ane T r a s h I n v e s tig a tio n - 1 9 4 5 ," L .jS .U . E n g in e e r i n g E x p e r i m e n t
S ta tio n B u lle tin N o . 9^, pp. 15 an d 16, a n d 2 4 - 2 6 .

^ R . H . B ia n c h i a n d A r t h u r G. K e l l e r , " C le a n , F r e s h C ane —
How M uch Is It W o r t h ? , " L . S . U. E n g i n e e r i n g E x p e r i m e n t S ta tio n
B u lle tin N o . 2 8 , (1952).

^ °W . S. D a u b e r t , "T he C o s t of T r a s h to th e S u g a r F a c t o r y , "
P r o c e e d i n g s A m e r i c a n S o c ie ty o f S u g a r C ane T e c h n o lo g is ts 1 9 4 6 -5 0 ,
( F e b r u a r y , 1953), pp. 1 2 7 -1 3 1 .
 113

D u r in g th e 1943 t h r o u g h 1947 c r o p s , the c a n e p r i c e d e t e r m i n a t i o n

p e r m i t t e d a t r a s h t o l e r a n c e of th re e p e r c e n t of the w e ig h t of the s u g a r

cane d e liv e re d . Such t r a s h d e d u c tio n s w e r e , h o w e v e r , n o t m a n d a to r y .

In the 1948 d e t e r m i n a t i o n , the d e fin itio n of s t a n d a r d c a n e w as r e v i s e d

to p ro v id e m a n d a to r y w e ig h t d e d u c tio n s fo r t r a s h in e x c e s s of t h r e e p e r

c e n t. R e c o m m e n d e d p r o c e d u r e s f o r t r a s h d e t e r m i n a t i o n w e re p u b lis h e d

by the LSU E n g in e e r i n g E x p e r i m e n t S ta tio n in 1948 .^*

T h e D e c lin e in Y ield

By 1948 i t w as e v id e n t to the w hole s u g a r i n d u s t r y th a t th e yield

of r a w s u g a r a s r e p o r t e d by th e f a c t o r i e s w as d e c lin in g a t an a l a r m i n g

ra te . In r e c o g n i t i o n of th e p r o b le m , the A m e r i c a n S u g a r Cane L e a g u e

s p o n s o r e d a s t u d y to i n v e s ti g a t e the c a u s e of the d e c lin in g y ield . The

s u b s e q u e n t s tu d y sh o w ed th a t th e s t a t e a v e r a g e r a w s u g a r yield h a d i n ­

d e e d r e a c h e d a n a b n o r m a l l y low l e v e l , an d th a t th e p r o b l e m w as c o m ­

pounded by the f a c t th a t th e p a y m e n t f o r c a n e to the g r o w e r s w as n o t

r e f l e c t i n g the low y ield le v e l. The l a t t e r o b s e r v a t i o n w a s a t t e s t e d to by

a c o m p a r i s o n by c r o p y e a r of the a c t u a l s t a te a v e r a g e y ie ld w ith th e

t h e o r e t i c a l y ie ld a t the s ta te a v e r a g e n o r m a l j u ic e s u c r o s e l e v e l. The

t h e o r e t i c a l y ie ld w as d e t e r m i n e d f r o m ta b le s o f c o m m e r c i a l l y r e c o v e r ­

a b le 9 6 ° r a w s u g a r w h ic h w e r e u se d to c a l c u l a t e the S u g a r A c t b e n e f it

^ A r t h u r G. K e l l e r , "The D e t e r m i n a t i o n of T r a s h in S u g a r
C a n e , " L .J5 .U . E n g in e e r i n g E x p e r i m e n t S ta tio n C i r c u l a r N o . 1,
(1948).
 114

p a y m e n ts . T h e t h e o r e t i c a l y ie ld gave in e ff e c t th e a v e r a g e p r e d i c t e d

r e c o v e r a b l e s u g a r y ie ld f o r a g iv e n q u a lity of c a n e a s d e l i v e r e d to the

fac to ry . T a b le II sh o w s the a n n u a l s t a te a v e r a g e y ield of 96° r a w s u g a r ,

the p r e d i c t e d y ie ld , the y ie ld d e fic ie n c y ( a c t u a l m in u s t h e o r e t i c a l y ield ) and

the p e r c e n t of the r e t u r n s fo r r a w s u g a r w h ic h a c c r u e d to the s t a t e a v e r a g e

g r o w e r an d p r o c e s s o r . 22

A c o n c u r r e n t stu d y by A r c e n e a u x sh o w ed th at th e e ffe c t of v a r i e t y

c h a n g e on th e p o te n tia l y ie ld of s u g a r o v e r the p e r i o d of i n v e s ti g a t i o n w as

n e g lig ib le a n d could in no way a c c o u n t f o r th e y ie ld d e c lin e . ^

T h e y ie ld d e fic ie n c y c o uld not b e a t t r i b u t e d to l o w e r e d f a c t o r y

e ffic ie n c y o c c a s io n e d by d e t e r i o r a t i o n of e q u ip m e n t due to w a r t i m e r e ­

stric tio n s. T o th e c o n t r a r y , follow ing th e w a r , m o s t of the f a c t o r i e s in

the state had fo llo w ed a f a i r l y e x te n s iv e p r o g r a m of e q u ip m e n t m o d e r n i -

24
z a tio n and r e p l a c e m e n t . T h e r e w as r e a s o n to b e lie v e th a t th e h igh i n ­

c id e n c e of r a i n f a l l o v e r th e g rin d in g s e a s o n d u rin g the r e c e n t y e a r s had

b e e n a c o n tr ib u tin g f a c t o r to th e low y ield ; but by i t s e l f , r a i n f a l l w as n o t

25
f e lt to be the m a j o r e x p la n a tio n fo r the y i e l d d e fic ie n c y .

22
Jo h n J . Seip an d A r t h u r G. K e l l e r , "A Study of the C a u s e s of
the D e c lin in g S u g a r R e c o v e r y in L o u i s i a n a , 11 JL. S.U „ E n g in e e r i n g E x ­
p e r i m e n t S ta tio n B u lle tin N o. 14, (1948), pp. 14 and 22 .
23
G e o r g e A r c e n e a u x , "Y ie ld T r e n d s in T e s t s of S ugar C an e
V a r i e t i e s a n d in A n n u al P r o d u c t io n of C a n e and S u g a r in L o u is ia n a , "
T h e S u g a r B u l l e t i n , XXVI (1948), 2 8 9 - 2 9 9 .

^ S e i p an d K e l l e r , op. c i t . , p. 5.

^ I b i d . , pp. 1 -3 .
 115

T A B L E II

A C T U A L Y IELD VERSUS T H E O R E T IC A L YIELD

AND D ISTR IB U TIO N OF R E T U R N S F R O M SUGAR

1938-1947

Y ie ld
T h e o re tic a l A c tu al D e fic ie n c y -
Y ie ld -9 6 ° Y ie ld -9 6 ° 960
R aw S u g a r , Raw S u g a r, Raw S ugar,
L b s . /T o n L b s . /T o n L b s . /T o n % of A c t u a l S u g a r
Y ear C ane C ane C ane* G row ers P ro c e s s o rs
4
1938 167. 54 168.96 1 .4 2 6 3 .8 4 36. 16
1939 17 2 .6 6 1 7 3 .5 0 0 .8 4 64. 06 3 5 .9 4

1940 1 6 2 .8 0 16 1 .9 8 - 0 .8 2 6 4 .7 0 3 5 .3 0
1941 1 6 4 .4 4 1 6 5 .2 8 0 .8 4 64. 05 3 5 .9 5

1942 171.73 1 7 1 .4 4 - 0 .2 9 6 4 .4 8 3 5 . 52
1943 1 6 8 .6 4 164.06 - 4 .5 8 66. 17 3 3 .8 3

1944 161 .02 1 5 2 .5 4 - 8 .4 8 6 7 .9 6 3 2 .0 4

1945 160. 11 1 5 1 .3 7 - 8 .7 4 68. 09 3 1 .9 1

1946 1 6 9 .7 2 15 5 .9 5 - 1 3 .7 7 7 0 .0 6 2 9 .9 4
1947 167. 50 1 4 9 .1 0 - 1 8 .4 0 6 9 .3 5 3 0 .6 5

*Y ield D e f ic i e n c y = A c t u a l Y ie ld M in u s T h e o r e t i c a l Y ield
 116

In e a c h f a c t o r y s tu d ie d , a d e fin ite t r e n d to w a rd y ie ld d e c l in e w as

o b s e r v e d w ith a n i n c r e a s i n g u se of m e c h a n i c a l h a r v e s t i n g . H ow ever,

e v e n c o r r e c t i n g th e y ield to a n e t c a n e b a s i s an d a d ju s ti n g fo r s u c r o s e

l o s s e s in b a g a s s e due to t r a s h d id no t s a t i s f a c t o r i l y a p p r o x i m a t e the

p r e d i c t e d y ie ld . T h a t the yield d e f i c ie n c y la y in f a c t o r s p th e r th a n the

e f f e c t of the g r o s s w e ig h t of t r a s h w a s a c k n o w le d g e d in the fo llo w in g

c o m m e n t:

" M ills w h ich r e c e i v e p r e p o n d e r a n t l y hand c u t (60% o r

m o r e ) , u n b u rn e d c a n e had c o n s i d e r a b l y lo w e r yield d e f i ­
c i e n c y v a lu e s th a n did m il l s r e c e i v i n g p r e p o n d e r a n t l y
m a c h i n e - h a r v e s t e d an d b u r n e d c a n e . The f i r s t g ro u p
sh o w ed m u c h h i g h e r t r a s h p e r c e n t c a n e th a n did th e
l a t t e r g r o u p . It would thu s a p p e a r th a t f r e s h n e s s or
s t a l e n e s s of c a n e is a f a c t o r of e q u a l o r g r e a t e r i m p o r t
th an t r a s h . B e c a u s e L o u is ia n a c a n e c a n s e ld o m be
b u r n e d s ta n d in g , the p r a c t i c e h a s d e v e lo p e d fo a llo w in g
c u t c a n e to lie in the fie ld f r o m one to s e v e r a l d a y s fo r
the l e a v e s an d t r a s h to d r y s u f f i c i e n tl y to give a good
b u r n . W ithout p r o p e r c o n t r o l , and few l a r g e g r o w e r s
a p p e a r to hav e s u c h c o n t r o l , c a n e m a y d e t e r i o r a t e
g r e a t l y d u r i n g t h i s p e r io d w ith c o n s e q u e n t l o w e rin g of
n o r m a l ju ic e e x t r a c t i o n a n d p u r i ty . J u ic e f r o m f r e s h l y
c u t c a n e i n v a r i a b l y c l a r i f i e s b e t t e r and w o rk s b e t t e r in
the b o ilin g h o u s e than d o e s ju ic e f r o m s t a le c a n e .

" I t sh o u ld be n o te d , h o w e v e r , th a t t r a s h d e f i n i te l y
l o w e r s m il l c a p a c i ty to g r in d . None of the h ig h t r a s h ,
f r e s h c a n e m ills w e r e a b le to a c h ie v e th e g rin d in g r a t e s
( r e d u c e d to a c o m p a r a b l e b a s i s ) o f the m ills g r in d in g
b urned, re la tiv e ly lo w -tra s h can e.

In a s u b s e q u e n t r e v i e w of the y ield s t u d i e s , K e l l e r n oted t h a t

the b l a m e fo r poor c a n e q u a lity m u s t be s h a r e d b y th e f a c t o r i e s s in c e

43 p e r c e n t of the c a n e m ille d in L o u is ia n a w as owned by f a c t o r y

^ I b i d . , pp. 14-15
 117

in te re s ts . D a ta w e r e c o m p ile d sh o w in g th e c o s t o f t r a s h to th e f a c t o r i e s

a n d th e e x t e n t of b e n e f i t p a y m e n ts on t r a s h . The n e c e s s i t y f o r a g g r e s ­

s iv e c o o r d i n a ti o n by the f a c t o r i e s o f the c a n e h a r v e s t i n g a n d m illin g

o p e r a t io n t o a s s u r e f r e s h c a n e w a s n o te d . It w as r e c o m m e n d e d th a t n o

t r a s h t o l e r a n c e be p e r m i t t e d in c a n e p a y m e n t. M e c h a n ic a l g r a b s fo r

t r a s h s a m p lin g an d p r o v i s i o n s of m ud g u a rd s on t r u c k s , t r a c t o r s , and

cane c a r ts w e re su g g e ste d . ^

P r i o r to the 1948 c a n e p r i c e d e t e r m i n a t i o n , t r a s h d e d u c tio n s on

c a n e r e c e i v e d a t the f a c t o r y w e r e v o l u n ta r y . In the 1948 d e t e r m i n a t i o n ,

s t a n d a r d c a n e w a s d e fin e d a s c a n e w ith t h r e e p e r c e n t t r a s h . T rash d e ­

d u c tio n s a b o v e t h r e e p e r c e n t w e r e m a n d a to r y . In o r d e r to e n c o u r a g e

the d e l i v e r y of c l e a n f r e s h c a n e , the 1949 d e t e r m i n a t i o n lo w e re d th e

t r a s h t o l e r a n c e to one a n d o n e - h a l f p e r c e n t , r a i s e d the sugar, c an e

p r i c i n g f a c t o r to 1. 045 f r o m 1. 030, a n d i n c o r p o r a t e d n o r m a l ju ic e

p u r i t y f a c t o r s in the c a n e p a y m e n t f o r m u l a . In a d d itio n , the p r e v a i l ­

ing r e g i o n a l q u a lity f a c t o r s , w h ic h d i f f e r e d f r o m a r e a to a r e a b y v i r tu e

of the r a w s u g a r f r e i g h t r a t e s , w e r e e l i m i n a t e d an d a s in g le s e t of

q u a l i t y f a c t o r s w a s a d o p te d fo r the s t a t e . D i f f e r e n c e s in r a w s u g a r

f r e i g h t r a t e s w e r e to be c o m p e n s a t e d fo r b y a d jus tm e n ts to the b a s e

p r i c e of 9 6 ° r a w s u g a r a s u s e d in c o m p u tin g th e c a n e p a y m e n t. In a d d i ­

tio n , s t a n d a r d s u g a r c a n e , w h ic h f o r m e r l y w a s d e fin e d a s s u g a r c a n e

^ A r t h u r G. K e l l e r , "T h e C a n e T r a s h P r o b l e m - A P o s s i b l e
S o l u t i o n ," T he S u g a r B u l le t in , XXVII (194 9), 2 2 0 -2 3 0 .
 118

c o n ta in in g a s t a te d r a n g e of s u c r o s e in n o r m a l j u i c e , w as r e d e f i n e d a t

a s in g le l e v e l of s u c r o s e in n o r m a l ju ic e an d a s tip u la te d p u r i t y r a n g e .

In the 1950 d e t e r m i n a t i o n s , n o t r a s h t o l e r a n c e w as p e r m i t t e d ,

and the p r i c i n g f a c t o r was r a i s e d to 1 .0 6 . S ta n d a r d s u g a r c a n e w as

b a s e d on n e t ( t r a s h f r e e ) c a n e . In a d d itio n , the c a n e s a m p le s w e r e to

be g ro u n d in the s a m p le m il l in the s a m e c o n d itio n a s r e c e i v e d in the

c a n e d e l i v e r y (b e fo re r e m o v i n g t r a s h ) r a t h e r th a n t r a s h - f r e e a s in p r e ­

vio u s d e t e r m i n a t i o n s . In t h i s way i t w as f e l t th a t the s a m p le q u a lity

would m o r e c o r r e c t l y r e f l e c t the e f f e c t s of the t r a s h on the f a c t o r y

ju ic e q u a lity .

S u b s e q u e n t S tu d ie s

S tu d ie s c o n tin u e d on th e e f f e c t of t r a s h on the m illin g o p e r a t io n

a s w e ll a s the b e n e f i ts f r o m im p r o v e d h a r v e s t i n g a n d c a n e d e l i v e r y

p r a c t i c e s w h ic h w ould r e s u l t in f r e s h c a n e a t the f a c t o r y . A co m p re­

h e n s iv e stu d y a t the A udubon S u g a r F a c t o r y in 1950 p r e s e n t e d the e f f e c t

of t r a s h on m il l p o w e r , s u c r o s e e x t r a c t i o n , and f i b e r in t e r m s of one
28
p e r c e n t t r a s h in c a n e . T h e o p e r a tin g a d v a n ta g e s and e c o n o m ic s a v ­

ings fo r p r o c e s s i n g c le a n , f r e s h c a n e w e r e f u r t h e r e x p lo r e d d u r in g the

1951 c r o p . ^

^ ® F ra n c is G. S c h a ffe r and A r t h u r G. K e l l e r , "T he E f f e c t s of

Cane T r a s h on T he M illing O p e r a t i o n , " L . S . U . E n g in e e r i n g E x p e r i m e n t
S ta tio n B u lle tin N o. 2 5 , (1951).

^ B i a n c h i a n d K e lle r , op. c i t .
 119

The s a v in g s f o r f r e s h c a n e th r o u g h p r o m p t a n d w e ll c o o r d i n a t e d

fie ld to f a c t o r y d e l i v e r y w e re d e v e lo p e d in a s e r i e s of s t u d i e s b y
3 0 ,3 1 ,3 2
G u ilb e a u , C o ll, and M a r t in . T h e s e s tu d ie s p o in te d up the t r u ­

i s m s th a t r a w s u g a r is m a n u f a c tu r in g in the f i e l d ; t h a t l o s s e s in the

fie ld th r o u g h p o o r h a r v e s t i n g a n d d e l i v e r y p r a c t i c e s m a y g r e a t l y e x ­

c e e d th o se in th e r a w s u g a r f a c t o r y ; a n d th a t m o n e y a n d e f f o r t s p e n t in

r e d u c i n g the " f ie ld " l o s s e s in m a n y c a s e s sh ow s a s i g n i f i c a n t l y h ig h e r

r e t u r n in t e r m s of r a w s u g a r y ie ld th a n a n e q u iv a le n t i n v e s t m e n t in th e

f a c t o r y o p e r a t io n .

The n e e d w as r e c o g n i z e d f o r in f o r m in g —and r e m i n d i n g —th e

L o u is ia n a c a n e f a r m e r of p r o p e r h a r v e s t i n g p r a c t i c e s t o m in im iz e the

e f f e c t s of t r a s h and s t a l e c a n e . F o r th is p u r p o s e , the A m e r i c a n S u g a r

C ane L e a g u e h a s u tiliz e d its b i - w e e k l y p u b lic a tio n T he S u g a r

B u l l e t i n . 3 3 ’ 34

30W. F . G u ilb e a u , E . E . C o l l, L . F . M a r t i n , " E ff e c t of D e l a y

in G rin d in g on V a lu e an d P r o c e s s i n g Q u a lity o f S u g a r C a n e J u i c e , " T h e
S u g a r J o u r n a l , XVII (Ju ly , 1955), 2 8 - 3 1 .

________________________ , "T h e V alue o f F r e s h e r C a n e to B oth

G r o w e r s an d P r o c e s s o r s , " T he S u g a r B u lle tin , XXXIV (1956), 2 0 5 -
212.

________________________, " F r e s h e r C a n e I n c r e a s e s S u g a r
R e c o v e r i e s an d P r o f i t s for b oth G r o w e r s and P r o c e s s o r s , " T he S u g a r
B u l l e t i n , XXXVI (1958), 3 4 3 -3 4 6 .

3 3 "In th e F i e l d w ith L lo y d L a u d e n , " T h e S u g a r B u l le t in , XXXVI

(1957), 20.

34" ," T h e S u g a r B u lle tin , XXXVI (1957),

52.
 120

D e s p i t e the r e v i s i o n s w h ic h h a d b e e n m ad e to the s y s t e m , t h e r e

w as a m p l e e v id e n c e t h a t the m e th o d s o f s a m p li n g , te s ti n g , a n d e v a l u a ­

tin g s u g a r c a n e s t i l l d id n o t a d e q u a t e l y r e f l e c t th e q u a li t y of c a n e h a r ­

v e sted under m ec h an ica l c o n d itio n s. B a sic i m p r o v e m e n t s in the m e th o d s

of s u g a r c a n e q u a lity d e t e r m i n a t i o n w e re f e l t to be n e c e s s a r y . In o u t ­

lin in g th e sc o p e of s u g g e s t e d i m p r o v e m e n t s —a n o u tlin e w hich in e f f e c t

la id the b a s i s fo r s u b s e q u e n t c a n e s a m p lin g and e v a lu a tio n s tu d ie s a t

the A udubon S u g a r F a c t o r y — K e l l e r c o m m e n te d upon the e f f e c ts of the

t r a n s i t i o n of the L o u is ia n a s u g a r c a n e i n d u s t r y f r o m a n e s s e n t i a l l y

m a n u a l - a n i m a l s y s t e m of fie ld o p e r a t io n s to a c o m p l e t e l y m e c h a n iz e d

o p e r a t io n :

" M e c h a n iz a tio n h a s b e e n a m ix e d b l e s s i n g . It h a s p e r ­
m itte d the c a n e g ro w e? to b r i n g a b o u t a n e n o r m o u s r e ­
d u c tio n in the man«hcaiiis of la b o r to p ro d u c e a ton of
s u g a r c a n e an d to hold h is p ro d u c tio n c o s t s dow n to a
p o in t w h e re the a v e r a g e f a r m e r h a s b e e n a b le to p ro d u c e
c a n e a t a p r o f i t . - - - M e c h a n iz a tio n h a s b e e n the e x c u s e ,
to o, fo r s h o d d y w o r k in - - p h a s e s of the f a r m i n g o p e r a ­
t io n s . "

35A r t h u r G. K e l l e r , " M ill C a n e Q u a l it y a n d Its I m p r o v e m e n t , "

M e m o r a n d u m to the L o u is ia n a P r o c e s s o r s , (C a . 1953), (U n p u b lish e d ).
 CHAPTER V

STUDIES OF CANE Q U A L IT Y D E T E R M IN A T IO N

A T THE AU DUBON SUGAR FAC TORY

F r o m 1952 to 1959» the C h e m i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g D e p a r t m e n t c o n ­

d u c te d a t the A ud ubo n S u g a r F a c t o r y e x te n s iv e s t u d i e s on c a n e q u a li t y

d e te rm in a tio n . R a th e r th a n p r e s e n t th e in d iv id u a l s tu d ie s in c h r o n o ­

lo g ic a l f o r m , th ey a r e p r e s e n t e d in th e o r d e r w h ic h a p p e a r s in r e t r o ­

s p e c t to o ffe r a m o r e o r l e s s lo g ic a l d e v e lo p m e n t of the s u b j e c t of c an e

q u a lity d e t e r m i n a t i o n .

S tu d ie s c o m p a r i n g th e r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y of the m e th o d s o f p r o ­

c e s s i n g the c a n e s a m p l e s a r e f i r s t d i s c u s s e d . T he c o m p a r a t i v e r e ­

p r o d u c i b i li t y of the t h r e e - r o l l s a m p le m il l a n d the c h i p p e r - W a r i n g

b l e n d e r is p r e s e n t e d .

T he n e x t s e c t i o n c o v e r s the i n h e r e n t v a r i a b i l i t y of p ol p e r c e n t

c a n e a n d f ib e r p e r c e n t c a n e w ith in a f ie ld of s u g a r c a n e a n d w ith in a

c o m m e r c i a l b u n d le o f c a n e e n t e r i n g th e f a c t o r y .

The e f f e c t of the s i z e of the s a m p le — o r th e n u m b e r of s t a lk s

in th e s a m p le - on the p r e c i s i o n of the s a m p l e i s n e x t d i s c u s s e d .

S tu d ie s of v a r i o u s c o m m e r c i a l m e th o d s of w ith d ra w in g the

s a m p le f r o m a s h i p m e n t o f c a n e a r e c o v e r e d in the fo llo w in g s e c t i o n .

121
 122

T h e s e m e th o d s in c lu d e s a m p li n g by h a n d and by a h y d r a u l i c a l l y o p e r a t e d

m ech an ical g ra b .

A d e v ic e f o r r e m o v in g a s a m p le by c o r i n g t h r o u g h the bundle of

s u g a r c a n e an d th e r e l a t i v e p r e c i s i o n of th is m eth o d of s a m p lin g a s

c o m p a r e d to the m o re c o n v e n t io n a l s a m p lin g m e th o d s a r e d i s c u s s e d .

T he f i n a l s e c t i o n b r i e f l y c o v e r s in v e s ti g a t i o n s on the r e l a t i v e

c o s t s of d i f f e r e n t m e th o d s of w ith d r a w in g a n d p r o c e s s i n g the s a m p le .

R E P R O D U C IB IL IT Y O F T H E T H R E E - R O L L S A M P L E M IL L

AND OF T H E C O L D W A T E R E X T R A C T IO N PROCESS

O b je c t an d E q u ip m e n t

In 1958, a s tu d y w as m a d e of the r e l a t i v e r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y of the

tw o c o m m o n m e th o d s of d i r e c t c a n e q u a li t y d e t e r m i n a t i o n , i . e . , the

t h r e e - r o l l s a m p le m il l a n d the c o ld w a t e r e x t r a c t i o n p r o c e s s . The

t h r e e - r o l l s a m p le m i l l u s e d in t h e s e s tu d ie s is a F a r r e l k i n g - b o lt l e s s

u n i t e q u ip p e d w ith 12 in . x 12 in . r o l l e r s g r o o v e d w ith 3 / 8 i n . p itc h

a t 5 0 ° a n g le — and a n E d w a r d s h y d r a u l i c s y s t e m p r o v id in g a m a x im u m

p r e s s u r e of 40 tons on the to p r o l l .

T he e q u ip m e n t u s e d in the c o ld w a t e r e x t r a c t i o n p r o c e s s c o n ­

s i s t e d of a c a n e c h i p p e r , a Y -ty p e tu m b l e r b le n d e r and a W a r in g

b l e n d e r . The c h i p p e r , w hich a t fu ll lo ad o p e r a t e s a t a s p e e d of 1160

r p m , p r e p a r e s the c a n e in to c h ip s w h ic h a r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y c u b i c a l in

s iz e of 1 /4 in . to 3 / 4 in . p e r s i d e . The c h ip p e d c a n e w as m ix e d in a
 123

Y -ty p e t u m b l e r b l e n d e r , w h ic h r o t a t e s a t 13 r p m an d h a s a c a p a c i t y of

40 g a llo n s . T he W a r in g b l e n d e r c o n s i s t s o f a s t a i n l e s s s t e e l bow l of

a r a t e d c a p a c i t y of one g a llo n , a w a t e r - t i g h t lid t o the b o w l, and a m o to r

m o u n t fo r the bowl. In sid e the b o w l a t th e b o tto m is a g la n d packed s h a f t

w ith tw o s e t s of s h o r t tw o - b la d e k n i v e s . T h e b a s e of the s h a f t is c o n ­

s t r u c t e d s o t h a t it i n t e r l o c k s w ith th e d r i v e s h a f t of the m o t o r . The

m o to r h a s f o u r s p e e d s r a n g i n g f r o m 8, 000 to 16, 000 r p m a t 2, 000 r p m

in te rv a ls.

P r o c e d u r e — The S p l i t C a n e T e s t

40 pound s a m p l e s w e r e w ith d ra w n f r o m a bundle of c a n e and d e -

tra s h e d . E a c h s t a l k in the s a m p le w a s c u t into s e c t i o n s of two to t h r e e

f e e t le n g th , a n d the s e c t i o n s s p l i t i n to h a l v e s . The h a lv e s w e r e d i s ­

t r i b u t e d in to two s e t s of s a m p l e s (S a m p le A and S a m p le B) w h ich w e r e

to be s u b s e q u e n t ly p r o c e s s e d th ro u g h e i t h e r the s a m p le m i l l o r the

c h ip p e r-W a rin g b len d e r. E a c h s a m p l e s e t w as th o r o u g h ly m ix e d .

T he m illin g t e s t s a m p l e s w e r e w e ig h e d p r i o r to p r o c e s s i n g to

p r o v id e a m a t e r i a l b a la n c e c h e c k a g a i n s t th e w e ig h t of the p r o d u c t s .

E a c h s a m p le w as h a n d le d s e p a r a t e l y . The s a m p le s w e re la id in feed

tr o u g h s c o n s t r u c t e d o f g a lv a n iz e d i r o n . T he tr o u g h s w e r e of s u c h d i ­

m e n s io n s t h a t th e y fitte d e a s i l y in to the m i l l h o u s in g , a n d by tiltin g th e

t r o u g h s the c a n e fed by g r a v i t y in to the f e e d r o l l of the m il l . A f te r

p a s s i n g once th r o u g h the m i l l , the c r u s h e d c a n e w a s r e m i l l e d to

a s s u r e u n if o r m e x t r a c t i o n . The b a g a s s e a n d ju ic e w e r e w e ig h e d ,
 124

i n s p e c t e d , a n d the pol a n d fib e r p e r c e n t c a n e a n d the p u r ity of the e x ­

t r a c t e d ju ic e w e r e c a l c u l a t e d . P o l w a s d e t e r m i n e d b y H o r n e 's d r y

le a d , Soluble so lid s w e re b y h y d r o m e t e r .

S a m p le s A a n d B fo r the c h i p p e r - W a r i n g b le n d e r w e r e p r o c e s s e d

se p arately . T he s a m p le s w e r e c h ip p e d in the c h i p p e r , an d the m a s s of

c h ip p e d s a m p le w as p la c e d in the Y -ty p e t u m b l e r - b l e n d e r an d m ix e d for

10 m i n u t e s . A b out 300 g r a m s of th e c h ip p e d s a m p le w e r e w e ig h ed out

and m ix e d w i t h 1000 m l. o f w a t e r in the W a r in g b le n d e r — an d the c h ip s

w e r e d i g e s t e d for a p e rio d of 30 m in u te s a t 8, 000 r p m . The r e s i d u e

and e x t r a c t w e r e i n s p e c t e d , f r o m w hich d a ta the pol and f ib e r p e r c e n t

c a n e a n d th e p u r i ty of the e x t r a c t e d ju ic e w e r e d e t e r m i n e d .

R e s u l ts

F o r p u r p o s e s o f th is r e v i e w , in o r d e r to sh o w the r e l a t i v e p r e ­

c i s i o n of the t h r e e - r o l l s a m p le m i l l a n d th e c h i p p e r - W a r i n g b l e n d e r ,

the c o e f f i c i e n t s of v a r i a t i o n fo r s u c r o s e an d f i b e r p e r c e n t h a v e b e e n

c a l c u l a t e d f r o m the o r i g i n a l d a t a . * The r e s u l t s a r e sh ow n b e lo w w hile

the o r i g i n a l d a t a a r e p r e s e n t e d in T a b le III:

B i r a j a B ila s h P a u l , " E v a lu a tio n of C o m m e r c i a l D e l i v e r i e s of

S u g a r C a n e , " P h .D . D i s s e r t a t i o n , in the D e p a r t m e n t of C h e m i c a l
E n g in e e r i n g , L o u is ia n a S ta te U n i v e r s i t y , (A u g u s t, I9 60), p. 182.
 T A B L E HI

P R E C IS IO N O F T H E T H R E E - R O L L S A M P L E M IL L VERSUS

T H E COLD W ATER E X T R A C T IO N P R O C E S S

(S P L IT CANE TESTS)

Pol % Cane - F i b e r % C ane

3 - R o ll S a m p le M ill C old W a te r E x t r a c t i o n 3 - R o ll S a m p le M ill C old W a te r E x t r a c t i o n
A B A B A B A B

Run No.

1 8,-85 8 .8 9 1 0 .0 2 9 .0 5 1 3 .3 7 1 3 .3 0 1 3 .9 0 1 3 .1 0

2 8 .7 4 8 .7 3 7 .5 8 7. 72 1 3 .6 0 1 3 .7 8 1 5 .7 0 1 4 .5 0

3 8 .9 6 8 .9 7 9 .0 7 8 .9 6 1 4 .4 1 1 4 .5 5 1 3 .2 0 1 3 .4 0

4 8 .7 8 8 .9 5 9 .2 2 9 .4 4 1 3 .8 4 1 4 .5 2 1 2 .9 0 1 2 .8 3

5 8 .7 2 8 .6 6 8 .3 8 8 .1 1 1 4 .6 7 1 4 .9 2 1 4 .0 7 1 3 .6 7

6 9 .5 2 9 .3 4 9 .2 3 9 .3 2 1 4 .5 0 1 6 .0 4 1 3 .8 0 1 3 .6 0

125
7 8 .6 1 8 .5 0 8 .1 9 8 .3 8 1 6 .6 8 1 6 .8 5 1 3 .6 7 1 2 .8 7
 126

C o e ffic ie n t o f V a r ia t io n , %
________(S p lit C a n e T e s t)________
T h re e -R o ll C h ip p er-W arin g
S a m p le M ill B le n d e r

P o l % C an e 1 .2 9 4 .9 8

F i b e r % C ane 5 .1 7 4 ,4 4

C o m m e n ts

C o e f fic ie n ts of v a r i a t i o n fo r pol p e r c e n t c a n e of 1 .4 8 p e r c e n t

a n d for f ib e r of 1 .4 6 p e r c e n t w e r e r e p o r t e d in South A f r i c a fo r the

c o ld w a te r e x t r a c t i o n p r o c e s s . ^ A c o e f f i c i e n t of v a r i a t i o n of 2 . 3 p e r

c e n t fo r pol p e r c e n t c a n e w a s r e p o r t e d in H a w a ii. C o m p a r e d to t h e s e

d a t a , the c o ld w a te r e x t r a c t i o n p r o c e s s in the LSU s tu d ie s w ith a c o ­

e f f i c i e n t of v a r i a t i o n of 4 . 9 8 p e r c e n t fo r p ol a n d 4 . 4 4 p e r c e n t fo r f ib e r

sh o w ed c o n s i d e r a b l y l e s s p r e c i s i o n th an m ig h t be e x p e c te d .

The c o e f f i c i e n t of v a r i a t i o n f o r p ol p e r c e n t c a n e of 1 .2 9 p e r c e n t

sh o w ed v e r y good r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y fo r the t h r e e - r o l l s a m p le m i l l w ith

r e s p e c t to th is c r i t e r i o n of c a n e q u a li t y .

The c o e f f i c i e n t of v a r i a t i o n fo r f i b e r p e r c e n t c a n e of 5. 17 p e r

c e n t w ith the s a m p le m il l is not to o s a t i s f a c t o r y . If the p a i r e d d a ta fo r

2
K. D ouw es D e k k e r , "A S u r v e y of the W o r k done in S .A . on
the D i r e c t A n a l y s i s o f C an e C o n s i g n m e n t s , " S u g a r M illin g R e s e a r c h
I n s t i t u t e , Q u a r t e r l y B u lle tin N o . 7, (A u g u st, 1958), pp. 2 3 - 2 5 .

^ J o h n H . P a y n e an d H e n r y J . M ahon, " T h e P o l R a tio M ethod

o f E v a l u a t i n g C a n e Q u a lity , " P r o c e e d i n g s of the N in th C o n g r e s s of
th e I n t e r n a t i o n a l S o c ie ty o f S u g a r C a n e T e c h n o lo g i s t s , (1956), p. 4 4 4 .
 127

R u n N o. 6 w ith the s a m p le m il l an d R un N o . 2 f o r the c h i p p e r - W a r i n g

b l e n d e r a r e e li m in a te d b e c a u s e of v e r y p o or a g r e e m e n t b e tw e e n p a i r s ,

the c o e f f i c i e n t of v a r i a t i o n fo r f ib e r p e r c e n t c a n e b e c o m e s 2 .3 8 p e r c e n t

fo r the t h r e e - r o l l s a m p le m il l and 2 . 6 7 p e r c e n t fo r the c h i p p e r - W a r i n g

b len d e r. T h is e ff e c ts a c o n s i d e r a b l e i m p r o v e m e n t in p r e c i s i o n .

R e g a r d i n g the r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y of the l a b o r a t o r y p r o c e d u r e in

m a k in g the p ro d u c t i n s p e c t i o n s , i t is i n t e r e s t i n g to n o te th e r e l a t i v e e x ­

t e n t of a g r e e m e n t of p a i r e d d a ta f r o m d u p lic a te po l an d f i b e r in s p e c tio n s

o f the s a m e s a m p l e s . A m o n g P a u l 's s t u d i e s w e r e d u p lic a te in s p e c tio n s

of the p r o d u c t s f r o m the t h r e e - r o l l s a m p le m i l l an d the c h i p p e r - W a r i n g

4
b l e n d e r c o v e r i n g 10 r u n s . T h e s e d a t a h a v e b e e n r e w o r k e d to d e t e r m i n e

the c o e f f i c i e n t s of v a r i a t i o n fo r pol p e r c e n t c a n e and fib e r p e r c e n t c a n e

a s the c o e f f i c i e n t s r e f l e c t the p r e c i s i o n of the l a b o r a t o r y i n s p e c t io n s .

T he r e s u l t s a r e a s fo llo w s:

C o e f fic ie n t of V a r ia t io n
( F r o m D u p lic a te L a b o r a to r y )
( In s p e c tio n s of the S a m e P r o d u c t s )
T h re e -R o ll C h ip p er-W arin g
S a m p le M ill B le n d e r ______

P ol % Cane 0 .2 8 1 .71

F ib e r % Cane 2 .6 0 2 .4 5

^ B i r a j a B i l a s h P a u l , "S a m p lin g o f C o m m e r c i a l D e l i v e r i e s of
S u g a r C an e - A C o m p a r a ti v e S tu dy, " M . S. T h e s i s in the D e p a r t m e n t
o f C h e m i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g , L o u i s i a n a S ta te U n i v e r s i t y , (Ju n e , 1958),
p . 72.
 128

T h e s e d a ta sh o w e x c e l l e n t r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y for th e pol i n s p e c tio n s

of the ju ic e and b a g a s s e f r o m the t h r e e - r o l l s a m p le m il l . In th e c a s e

o f f ib e r p e r c e n t c a n e , t h e s e d a ta show a n i n h e r e n t l a c k of r e p r o d u c i ­

b i l i t y in th e m e th o d s of d e t e r m i n i n g f ib e r in b a g a s s e f r o m the s a m p le

m i l l and in the r e s i d u e f r o m the W a r in g b l e n d e r .

In a n e f f o r t to i m p r o v e the p r e c i s i o n of th e c h i p p e r - W a r i n g

b le n d e r m e th o d , the s tu d ie s w e r e e x te n d e d t o c o v e r the e f f e c t o f b l e n d ­

ing tim e a n d the s i z e o f the c h i p s . T he la c k of u n i f o r m i t y in c h ip s iz e

le d P a u l to the h y p o th e s is t h a t the s m a l l e r c h ip s —b e c a u s e of the

g r e a t e r in c id e n c e of r u p t u r e d ju ic e c e l l s — w e r e l o s in g ju ice to the
5
w a lls of the t u m b l e r . B e c a u s e of the le n g th of tim e in v o lv e d in p r e ­

p a r i n g the c a n e fo r th e W a r in g b l e n d e r an d in th e s u b s e q u e n t l a b o r a ­

t o r y o p e r a t io n w ith the b l e n d e r , n o f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h w o rk on the

c h i p p e r - W a r i n g b l e n d e r w as f e l t to be j u s t i f i e d . ^

THE IN H E R E N T VA RIATION IN SUGAR CA N E QU ALITY

IN THE F IE L D AND IN A C O M M E R C IA L BUNDLE

O b jectiv e

One n e ed sp e n d o n ly a l im i te d tim e of s t u d y on c a n e s a m p lin g

b e f o r e b e c o m in g a w a r e of the w ide v a r i a t i o n in c a n e q u a lity f r o m s t a l k

5I b i d . , p p. 7 3 -7 9 .

^ P a u l, " E v a lu a tio n o f C o m m e r c i a l D e l i v e r i e s of S u g a r C a n e , "

p . 104.
 129

t o s t a l k an d f r o m s a m p le to s a m p le w ith in a s h i p m e n t of c a n e . T h is is

i n a d d itio n to th e a c k n o w le d g e d v a r i a t i o n in c a n e q u a li t y f r o m to p to

b o tto m w ith in a s in g le s t a l k of c a n e . U n d e r s u c h c i r c u m s t a n c e s i t is

d e s i r a b l e to d e fin e the e x te n t of q u a li t y v a r i a t i o n i n h e r e n t in the c a n e

a s d e l i v e r e d to the f a c t o r y .

D u r in g the 1959 c r o p , s t u d i e s w e r e c o n d u c te d to d e t e r m i n e the

v a r i a t i o n of c a n e q u a li t y w ith in (1) a f i e l d p lo t of c a n e of s u f f i c i e n t s i z e

t o yield a c o m m e r c i a l b und le of c a n e , a n d (2) a c o m m e r c i a l b u n d le of

7
c a n e d e l i v e r e d to the f a c t o r y . (In L o u i s i a n a , the c o m m e r c i a l b u n d le

o f c a n e w e ig h s f r o m 2 - 1 / 2 to 3 - 1 / 2 to n s ) .

P rocedure

S u g a r C ane P l o t

1. A t o t a l of t e n plo ts of c a n e — a l l o f the s a m e v a r i e t y

an d o f u n i f o r m g r o w th — w e r e s e l e c t e d f r o m th e fie ld s

of the L o u is ia n a S ta te U n i v e r s i t y A g r i c u l t u r a l E x ­

p e r i m e n t S ta tio n , th e L o u is ia n a S ta te P e n a l F a r m a t

S t. G a b r i e l , L o u is ia n a , a n d C a t h e r i n e S u g a r F a c t o r y

a t L o b d e ll, L o u i s i a n a .

2. E a c h p lo t w a s d iv id e d in to 100 s u b d iv is io n s an d b y a

ta b le of r a n d o m n u m b e r s , t e n s u b - p l o t s w e r e s e l e c t e d .

^ S h w e n -ih W ang, " V a r ia n c e of C a n e Q u a lity —A C o m p a r a t i v e

S tu d y , " M .S . T h e s i s in the D e p a r t m e n t o f C h e m i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g ,
L o u i s i a n a S ta te U n i v e r s i t y , ( J u n e , i9 6 0 ) .
3. A s a m p le c o n s i s t i n g of te n s t a l k s of c a n e w as r e ­

m oved f r o m e a c h s u b - p l o t , c le a n e d o f to p s and t r a s h ,

an d id e n tifie d w ith a s u b - p l o t n u m b e r .

4. E a c h 1 0 - s ta lk i s u b - p l o t s a m p le w as w e ig h ed and

p a s s e d tw ice th ro u g h the t h r e e - r o l l s a m p le m ill.

T he ju ic e a n d b a g a s s e w e r e c o l l e c t e d , w eighed a n d

a n aly ze d .

5. F r o m the ju ic e a n d b a g a s s e w e ig h ts and i n s p e c t io n s ,

the pol an d f ib e r p e r c e n t c a n e and the e x t r a c t e d

ju ic e p u r i t y w e r e d e t e r m i n e d .

6. F o r e a c h p lo t, the pol and f i b e r per c e n t c an e a n d the

e x t r a c t e d ju ic e p u r i t y of the t e n s u b - p l o t s a m p le s

w e r e t a b u la te d . T h e s u b s e q u e n t d a ta fo r the 10 plots

w ere s ta tis tic a lly an alzy ed .

S u g a r C an e Bundle

1. Six c o m m e r c i a l b u n d le s of s u g a r c a n e , w hich w e r e d e ­

l i v e r e d to the A udubon S u g a r F a c t o r y , w e re a n a l y z e d .

E a c h b und le was open ed and the n u m b e r of s ta lk s

c o u n te d . F o r e v e r y 100 s t a l k s , the f i r s t five s t a lk s

w e r e ta k e n a s a s a m p l e . Since the b u n d le s c o n ta in e d

2500 to 3000 s t a l k s , 25 to 30 s a m p le s w e re r e m o v e d

f r o m e a c h b u n d le .

2. E a c h f i v e - s t a l k s a m p le w as w eighed an d p a s s e d tw ice
 131

th r o u g h the s a m p le m ill. J u ic e a n d b a g a s s e w e re

c o l l e c t e d , w e ig h ed and a n a l y z e d .

3. F r o m the ju ic e a n d b a g a s s e w e ig h ts and i n s p e c t i o n s ,

the p ol and f ib e r p e r c e n t c a n e and th e e x t r a c t e d

ju ic e p u r i t y w e re d e t e r m i n e d .

4. F o r e a c h b u n d le , the pol and fib e r p e r c e n t c a n e

and th e e x t r a c t e d ju ic e p u r i t y of the five s t a l k

s a m p le s w e r e t a b u la te d . The s u b s e q u e n t d a ta for

the s i x b u n d le s w e r e s t a t i s t i c a l l y a n a ly z e d .

The pol and f i b e r p e r c e n t c a n e a n d the p u r i t y of the e x t r a c t e d

ju ic e f o r e a c h p lo t w e r e a s s u m e d to be th e a v e r a g e of the 10 s a m p le

in sp e ctio n s. In the s a m e m a n n e r , the q u a lity of e a c h c o m m e r c i a l

bundle w a s a s s u m e d to be the a v e r a g e of the 25 to 3 1 in s p e c tio n s fo r

e a c h b u n d le .

R e s u lts

T h e a v e r a g e c o e f f i c i e n t of v a r i a t i o n fo r p o l a n d fo r f i b e r p e r

c e n t c a n e fo r th e f ie ld p lo t and fo r the b undle s tu d ie s — and the r a n g e

of c o e f f ic ie n ts a r e show n b elow :
 132

C o e f f i c ie n t of V a ria tio n
F o r One S a m p le , %

P lo t Bundle

(S a m p le s of 10 s t a lk s p er) (S a m p le s o f 5 s t a l k s p e r)
(p lo t o r a b o u t 10.0% of) (bundle o r a b o u t 3 .4% of)
(the t o t a l c a n e sa m p le d ) (the to ta l c a n e sa m p le d .® )

A v e r a ge R an g e A verage Range

Po l % C ane 4 .3 6 2 .3 3 - 6 .6 1 5 .8 5 1 .0 7 - 10.26

F i b e r % C an e 7 .5 0 5. 05 - 1 0 .5 8 5 .0 9 3 .2 0 - 7 .4 7

In b o th the fie ld and the bundle s t u d i e s , a wide v a r i a t i o n in the

pol an d the f ib e r c o n te n t w as n o te d . F o r e x a m p le , in Bundle N o. 1,

the 29 s a m p l e s of five s t a lk s e a c h r a n g e d f r o m 9. 58 to 1 1 .8 7 p ol p e r

c e n t c a n e a n d 9*53 to 1 2 .9 5 f ib e r p e r c e n t c a n e . F o r pol, the c o ­

e f f ic ie n t o f v a r i a t i o n w as 5 .9 7 p e r c e n t and f o r fib e r 7 .4 7 per c e n t .

F o r pol, the 95 p e r c e n t c o n fid e n c e l i m i t s of one f i v e - s t a l k s a m p le

w e r e 9 .3 3 to 11. 85 p ol p e r c e n t c a n e , a n d fo r f ib e r 9. 77 to 13.22

fib er per c e n t can e.

C o m m e n ts

T he f a c t th a t the bundle s a m p l e s sh o w ed a w id e r v a r i a t i o n in

po l f r o m s a m p le to s a m p le is p r o b a b ly due to s e v e r a l f a c t o r s ; a m o n g

g
T h e t o t a l c a n e sa m p le d is a s s u m e d to be only the c a n e a c t u ­
a l l y g ro u n d in the s a m p le m il l . T h u s in the p lo t s t u d i e s , ten - 10 s t a l k
s a m p l e s w e r e g ro u n d f o r e a c h p lo t. So e a c h 10 s t a l k s a m p le r e p r e ­
s e n te d 10 p e r c e n t of the t o ta l c a n e .
 133

th em a r e : (1) E a c h f i v e - s t a l k bundle s a m p le r e p r e s e n t e d only a b o u t

3 . 4 per c e n t o f the to ta l c a n e a c t u a l l y s a m p le d in the bundle s t u d i e s ,

w h ile e a c h 1 0 - s t a lk s a m p le w as te n p e r c e n t of the t o t a l c a n e s a m p le d

in th e plo t s t u d i e s ; (2) T he b u n d les s a m p le d w e re ta k e n a t the b e ­

g in nin g of the c r o p an d i m m a t u r e c a n e m a y show a w id e r v a r i a t i o n in

q u a lity th a n m a tu r e c a n e ; an d f i n a l ly (3) W hile the plot s a m p le s w e re

topp ed and d e s t r a s h e d p r i o r to g r in d in g , t h e r e is no r e c o r d th a t the

bundle s a m p l e s w e r e s o p r e p a r e d . It a p p e a r s t h a t they w e r e ground

a s r e m o v e d fr o m the b u n d le.

T o p ro v id e a " f e e l" fo r the t y p ic a l v a r i a t i o n in pol p e r c e n t

c a n e w hich m ig h t be e x p e c te d f r o m f i v e - s t a l k s a m p le to f i v e - s t a l k

s a m p le in a c o m m e r c i a l b u ndle of c a n e e n t e r i n g a f a c t o r y , the d a ta
9
on Bundle N o. 1 a r e r e p r o d u c e d in T a b le IV.

F r o m the d a ta of t h e s e s tu d ie s i t is p o s s ib le to p r e d i c t th e

b e n e f i c i a l r e s u l t s of i n c r e a s i n g th e n u m b e r o f s ta lk s in a s a m p le .

T a b u la te d below a r e the p r e d i c te d c o e f f i c i e n t s of v a r i a t i o n an d 95 per

c e n t c o n fid e n c e l i m i t s w hen d r a w in g a 10 and a 15- s t a l k s a m p le a s

c o m p a r e d to a f i v e - s t a l k s a m p le in B undle N o. 1.

9I b i d . , p. 58
 134

95% C onf.
N u m b e r of % of T o ta l L i m i t s of
S ta lk s in S ta lk s C o e ffic ie n t of One S a m p le ,
S a m p le S a m p le d V a r ia t io n , % P o l % C an e

5 3 .4 5 .9 7 9 . 3 3 - 1 1 .8 5

10 6 .9 4 .2 5 9 .6 8 - 1 1 .5 0

15 10.3 3 .4 4 9 .8 2 - 1 1 .3 6

SIZ E O F S A M P L E VERSUS

PR EC ISIO N OF THE CANE Q U ALITY T E S T S 10

O b je c tiv e

The s t u d i e s in th is s e c t i o n a r e c i t e d a s a n e x a m p le of i n v e s t i ­

g a tio n s to show the a c t u a l e f f e c t of the s a m p le s i z e — o r the n u m b e r

of the s t a l k s — on the p r e c i s i o n of the t e s t s for p ol an d f ib e r in c a n e .

The o r i g in a l p u r p o s e of t h e s e s tu d ie s w a s to p ro v id e a r a p i d m e a n s

of a n a ly z in g th e m illin g r e s p o n s e o f new v a r i e t i e s of su g a r c a n e . The

c o n v e n tio n a l m eth o d of t e s t i n g new v a r i e t i e s a t the A udubon S u g a r

F a c t o r y c o n s i s t e d of g r in d in g on th e f a c t o r y m ill ta n d e m a t l e a s t two

to n s o f c a n e — f o r a sin g le t e s t —and up to fo u r to e ig h t to n s fo r

re p lic a te te s ts . T h is p r o c e d u r e w a s tim e c o n s u m in g and d e la y e d th e

10 W ille m M e lis a n d A r t h u r G. K e l l e r , " E v a l u a t i o n of S u g a r

C ane V a r i e t i e s —A C o m p a r i s o n of T e s tin g P r o c e d u r e s - 1952 and
1953 S tu d ie s , " A R e p o r t of w o r k do ne u n d e r c o n t r a c t w ith th e U n ited
S t a te s D e p a r t m e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e a n d a u th o r i z e d b y the R e s e a r c h a n d
M a r k e t i n g A c t of 1946, L o u is ia n a S ta te U n i v e r s i t y (1953). (U n ­
p u b lis h e d ).
 TA BLE IV

V A R IA T IO N IN P O L P E R C E N T C A N E

O F SAM PLES FROM

A C O M M E R C IA L B U N D L E O F SUGAR C A N E

POL % CANE

B a s i s : O n e 5 - s t a l k s a m p l e r e m o v e d e v e r y 100 s t a l k s o f c a n e i n t h e b u n d l e . _________
B u n d le SA M PLE NUMBER
No. D a te 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

1 1 0 /2 4 /5 9 1 0 .3 1 9 .9 9 1 1 .3 7 9 .6 9 9 .5 8 1 0 .2 9 1 1 .1 9 1 0 .8 7 1 0 .2 3 9 .9 5 1 0 .1 8 1 0 .2 2 1 1 .8 3 1 0 .4 7 1 1 .7 0 1 1 .8 7

2 1 0 /3 1 /5 9 1 0 .6 5 1 1 .0 5 1 0 .7 1 1 0 .5 4 1 1 .1 5 1 0 .5 3 1 0 .2 5 1 1 .5 8 1 1 .7 8 1 1 .5 6 1 1 .1 1 1 1 .8 4 1 1 .2 6 1 0 .4 6 1 1 .1 0 1 0 .2 9

3 1 1 /7 /5 9 9 .4 5 1 0 .0 5 9 .8 5 9 .9 4 1 0 .6 5 1 0 .1 3 1 0 .2 0 1 0 .0 9 1 0 .0 5 1 0 .0 7 1 0 .6 9 9 .9 0 1 0 .9 0 1 0 .1 4 1 0 .3 5 1 0 .5 4

4 1 1 /1 4 /5 9 1 1 .2 7 1 0 .9 1 1 0 .4 6 9 .8 6 1 0 .9 2 8 .8 2 1 0 .7 4 1 0 .0 5 9 .8 8 9 .9 8 1 0 .0 6 8 .1 1 8 .6 4 9 .5 6 1 0 .7 3 8 .8 2

5 1 1 /2 1 /5 9 9 .5 9 8 .9 7 1 0 .9 0 8 .9 8 9 .8 5 9 .6 4 1 0 .1 8 9 .9 5 9 .8 4 1 0 .1 8 9 .0 7 8 .5 4 9 .6 7 9 .2 7 8 .3 4 9 .0 5

6 1 2 /7 /5 9 8 .3 1 8 .6 9 8 .1 2 7 .3 3 7 .4 3 7 .4 5 7 .4 1 7 .3 7 7 .7 2 8 .4 0 7 .8 8 7 .7 4 8 .2 0 8 .1 2 8 .5 6 7 .2 6

B u n d le SA M PLE NUMBER
No. D a te 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg.

1 1 0 /2 4 /5 9 1 0 .9 5 1 0 .0 9 1 0 .4 2 1 0 .1 4 1 0 .4 6 9 .8 4 1 0 .4 1 1 1 .1 7 1 1 .0 1 1 0 .2 8 1 0 .8 0 1 0 .4 9 1 1 .3 9 - - 1 0 .5 9

2 1 0 /3 1 /5 9 9 .5 9 1 0 .5 5 1 0 .5 9 1 1 .0 3 1 0 .8 8 1 0 .7 9 1 0 .2 3 1 0 .9 9 9 .7 0 1 1 .0 9 1 1 .0 1 9 .6 2 1 1 .3 2 1 0 .2 7 1 0 .3 5 1 0 .7 7

3 1 1 / 7 /5 9 9 .9 9 1 0 .6 4 1 0 .6 6 1 0 .1 8 1 0 .1 7 1 0 .7 1 1 0 .6 0 1 0 .1 5 - - - - - - - 1 0 .2 5

4 1 1 /1 4 /5 9 1 0 .1 8 8 .8 4 8 .5 1 8 .4 9 8 .4 4 8 .4 0 9 .1 6 9 .9 6 - - - - - - - 9 .5 7

5 1 1 /2 1 /5 9 9 .6 3 9 .0 3 9 .6 1 8 .5 3 8 .8 4 9 .2 9 8 .3 0 9 .8 7 9 .3 8 - - - - - - 9 .3 8

135
6 12/ 7 /5 9 8 .6 5 8 .4 8 8 .6 9 8 .3 2 7 .9 8 8 .0 5 9 .0 9 7 .3 3 8 .6 8 8 .1 5 7 .9 1 8 .6 6 8 .3 7 _ 8 .0 8
 136

r e l e a s e of new v a r i e t i e s . It w as h o p e d to p ro v id e a m illin g p r o c e d u r e

r e q u i r i n g o n ly a b o u t 100 pounds of s a m p le w hich would b e p r o c e s s e d

on a t h r e e - r o l l s a m p le m il l , thus p e r m i t t i n g m o r e r a p i d e v a lu a tio n and

e a r l i e r t e s t i n g of n e w v a r i e t i e s . S p e c if ic a lly , the 1952-1953 s tu d ie s

w e r e d i r e c t e d to:

1. D e v e lo p in g a m illin g p r o c e d u r e fo r s m a l l t e s t s a m p le s

w h ic h w ould y ield s t a t i s t i c a l l y r e l i a b l e r e s u l t s .

2. D e t e r m i n i n g th e m in im u m s i z e t e s t s a m p le w h ich

w ould be n e c e s s a r y to give a r e l i a b l e e s t i m a t e of the

p o l a n d f ib e r in a c o m m e r c i a l s h i p m e n t of c a n e .

P ro ced u re

M ethod of C o lle c tin g the S a m p l e :

The s a m p lin g s y s t e m c o n s i s t e d of c o u n tin g the s t a l k s an d r e ­

m oving a s t a l k a t s p e c if ie d i n t e r v a l s , i . e . , fo r a one p e r c e n t s a m p l e ,

one s t a l k w a s s e t a s i d e fo r e v e r y 100 s t a l k s , a n d the s t a l k s w e r e c o m ­

p o s ite d to m a k e a s a m p l e . S a m p le s w e re c o l l e c t e d in th is m a n n e r

o v e r th e r a n g e of 1 /4 to 5 p e r c e n t of the s h ip m e n t.

M ethod of S a m p le P r e p a r a t i o n :

In both the 1952 an d 1953 s t u d i e s , the s t a lk s w e r e c u t in to

p ie c e s 8 to 12 in c h e s lo n g a n d th o ro u g h ly m ix e d . D u r in g the f i r s t

h a lf o f the 1952 c r o p , the p ie c e s w e r e g ro u n d d i r e c t l y . H ow ever,

d u r i n g the l a t t e r h a lf o f the c r o p and d u r i n g the whole of th e 1953 c r o p ,

 137

the p i e c e s w e r e s h r e d d e d in a s m a l l s w i n g - h a m m e r m ill in the e x ­

p e c ta tio n th a t a m o r e u n i f o r m fee d to the s a m p le m il l w ould r e s u l t .

T he s h r e d d e r w as a J e f f e r y 15 in . x 18 in. J u n i o r P u l v e r i z e r , d r i v e n

a t 2200 r p m b y a 10 H P m o t o r .

P r o c e s s i n g th e S a m p l e :

W hen h a n d lin g c a n e p r e p a r e d w ith the s h r e d d e r , the c a n e w as

s p r e a d to a u n if o r m d e p th an d d e n s i t y in g a lv a n iz e d tr o u g h s w h ich

w e r e 12 in c h e s w id e, 6 in c h e s d e e p and a p p r o x i m a t e l y 60 in c h e s lo n g .

T h e t r o u g h s w e r e the s a m e w id th a s the m il l r o l l e r s so th a t b y tiltin g

the t r o u g h the fe e d e n t e r e d th e m i l l b y g r a v i t y . E a c h s a m p le w as

w e ig h e d an d g ro u n d tw ic e in the s a m p le m ill. ^ J u ic e a n d b a g a s s e

w e re an aly ze d . F r o m the ju ic e and b a g a s s e w e ig h ts and i n s p e c tio n s

th e p o l and f i b e r p e r c e n t c a n e of the s a m p le w e r e d e t e r m i n e d . A fter

the s a m p l e s w e r e r e m o v e d f r o m the b u n d le , th e r e m a i n d e r of the

c a n e w a s w e ig h e d and g ro u n d on the l a r g e m il l . F r o m the p r o d u c t

w e ig h ts a n d i n s p e c t i o n s , the pol and f i b e r p e r c e n t c a n e of the a c t u a l

sh ip m en t w ere d e te rm in e d :

S t a t i s t i c a l H a n d lin g of the D a t a :

F o r e a c h s iz e s a m p l e , the r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n th e pol and

^ T h e L o u is ia n a S ta te U n i v e r s i t y A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e r i m e n t
S ta tio n t h r e e - r o l l s a m p l e m i l l w as u s e d fo r t h e s e s t u d i e s . The
s t u d i e s c i t e fo r the m ill a h y d r a u lic lo a d on the to p m ill of 2 5 tons
an d a m il l s p e e d of 6 r p m .
 138

f ib e r p e r c e n t c a n e of the s a m p le and th e b ig m i l l was d e v e lo p e d

th ro u g h l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n of the d a ta f o r a l l r u n s fo r the p a r t i c u l a r

s a m p le s i z e . Such a r e l a t i o n - o r c o r r e l a t i o n — co u ld be e x p r e s s e d

in the fo llo w in g f o r m :

A
y = a + bx

w here: y is th e e s t i m a t e d big m ill in s p e c tio n , i . e . ,

pol p er c e n t c a n e o r f i b e r per c e n t c a n e ,

x is the o b s e r v e d s a m p le m il l i n s p e c t io n ,

i . e . , po l p e r c e n t c a n e o r f ib e r p e r c e n t

cane.

a is the i n t e r c e p t and b the slope of the lin e

(the r e g r e s s i o n c o e ffic ie n t) w hich a r e d e ­

v e lo p e d th ro u g h a r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s of

the o b s e r v e d p a ir e d d a ta fo r a l l the r u n s

f o r e a c h s a m p le s i z e .

H a v in g d e v e lo p e d s u c h a c o r r e l a t i o n , i t is th e n p o s s ib le to p r e ­

d i c t the q u a lity of a s h i p m e n t o f c an e f r o m a n a n a l y s i s of a s a m p le

f r o m the s h ip m e n t.

In the 1952 - 1953 s t u d i e s , the d e g r e e of the a s s o c i a t i o n b e ­

tw e e n the s a m p le and the big m ill r e s u l t s —a s e x p r e s s e d b y the

l i n e a r c o r r e l a t i o n — w as d e t e r m i n e d by m e a n s of the c o r r e l a t i o n c o ­

e f f i c ie n t, r . A c o m p a r i s o n of the r v a lu e s fo r d i f f e r e n t s iz e
 139

s a m p l e s th u s gives a m e a s u r e of the r e l a t i v e p r e c i s i o n of e a c h s i z e
2
sa m p le s. (T h e c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s q u a r e d , r , m a y be r e c o g ­

n iz e d a s e x p r e s s i n g the f r a c t i o n of the su m of the s q u a r e s of d e v ia tio n

w h ic h is r e m o v e d b y the c o r r e l a t i o n and is a m e a s u r e of the g o o d n e ss

of the c o r r e l a t i o n . )

The m e m o r a n d u m c o v e r i n g th e s t u d i e s sh o w s o nly the c o r r e ­

l a t i o n c o e f f ic ie n ts fo r pol p e r c e n t c a n e and f o r f i b e r p e r c e n t c a n e

f o r e a c h s i z e s a m p le and n o t the l i n e a r c o r r e l a t i o n s t h e m s e l v e s .

R e su lts

The r e s u l t s of the 1952 an d 1953 s t u d i e s a r e s u m m a r i z e d b e ­

low in t e r m s of the c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t — o r the d e g r e e of c o r r e ­

la tio n w ith the b ig m ill r e s u l t s - fo r d i f f e r e n t s iz e s a m p l e s :

C o r r e l a t i o n C o e f fic ie n t, r
P o l % C ane F i b e r % C ane

U n- Un-
S ize of S a m p le , S h r e d d e d S h re d d e d
p e r c e n t of Cane S h re d d e d C a n e C ane S h r e d d e d C ane
T o t a l Bundle I 952 1952 1953 1952 1952 1953

5 .0 0 0 .9 0 7 8 12 0 .7 4 6 0
2 . 00 0 .9 4 9 0 0 .7 5 1 7

1.00 0 .9 4 7 0 0. 8035 0 .8 7 1 5 0 .4 7 9 4 0 . 5 2 0 0 12 0 .4 8 9 4
0. 50 0 .9 2 9 5 0 .8 8 5 4 0 .8 6 7 6 0 .5 8 2 9 0 .6 3 9 0 0.3 3 3 3

0 .2 5 0 .8 5 0 0 0 .5 4 3 3

^ T h e v a lu e s o f 0 .9 0 7 8 and 0. 5200 w e r e d e t e r m i n e d b y r e c a l c u ­
l a t i n g the ta b u la te d d a ta f r o m the 1 9 5 2 -1 9 5 3 S tu d ie s . T he o r i g in a l
c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s o f 0 .9 6 4 3 a n d 0 .7 1 6 0 a r e a p p a r e n t l y in e r r o r .
 140

C o m m e n ts

F o r pol p e r c e n t c a n e , the s t u d i e s sho w ed no s ig n i f ic a n t i n ­

c r e a s e in th e p r e c i s i o n of s a m p lin g w ith a c o r r e s p o n d i n g i n c r e a s e in

the s a m p le s i z e . In th e c a s e of f i b e r p e r c e n t c an e h o w e v e r , t h e r e

is a p e r c e p t i b l e i n c r e a s e in the s a m p li n g p r e c i s i o n fo r the 2 p e r c e n t

a n d the 5 p e r c e n t s a m p l e s c o m p a r e d w ith the s m a l l e r s a m p l e s . How­

e v e r , the b e s t c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t of 0 .7 5 a p p e a r s to be f a r s h o r t

of a s a t i s f a c t o r y p r e c i s i o n .

T h e r e a s o n fo r the f a i l u r e of the pol s a m p l e s to show a r e ­

la t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n s i z e of s a m p le and p r e c i s i o n of s a m p li n g is n o t c l e a r .

P e r h a p s the s a m p le m i l l w h ich w as u s e d fo r th e s tu d ie s d id n o t give the

r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y in m illin g w h ich w a s o b tain ed w ith th e n e w e r t h r e e - r o l l

un it u s e d in l a t e r s tu d ie s a t the A udubon S u g a r F a c t o r y . It is p r o b a b ly

s i g n i f ic a n t th a t th e tw o l a r g e s t s a m p l e s , i . e . , the tw o p e r c e n t a n d the

fiv e p e r c e n t s a m p l e s , e a c h gave the b e s t c o r r e l a t i o n of th e p a r t i c u l a r

r u n s e r i e s , a lth o u g h th e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n th e c o e f f ic ie n ts in e a c h of

the s e r i e s is n o t p r o n o u n c e d .

T o p ro v id e a " t ie " b e tw e e n the c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f ic ie n t an d a c o ­

e f f i c ie n t of v a r i a t i o n for the c o r r e l a t i o n , c o e f f ic ie n ts of v a r i a t i o n w e r e

c a l c u l a t e d f r o m the 1952 u n s lire d d e d c a n e t e s t s . T he c o e f f i c i e n t s fo r

th is p u r p o s e w e r e d e t e r m i n e d b y d iv id in g th e s t a n d a r d d e v ia tio n of the

e s t i m a t e , s (y), by the a v e r a g e v a lu e of the b ig m ill i n s p e c t io n s , y.

The c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s and the c o r r e s p o n d i n g c o e f f ic ie n ts of v a r i ­

a ti o n a r e show n b elow :
 141

________P o l %_Cane________ F i b e r % Cane_________

S iz e of
S a m p le , % C o r r e l a t i o n C o e f fic ie n t C o r r e l a t i o n C o e f f i c ie n t
of T o ta l C o e f f ic ie n t of V a r i a t i o n , C o e ffic ie n t of V a r ia t io n ,
B undle r _______ %_______ r ______ %_______

2. 00 0 .9 4 9 0 5 .6 8 0.7 5 1 7 8. 03

1. 00 0 .9 4 7 0 5. 77 0 .4 7 9 4 1 0 .6 1

0 .5 0 0 .9 2 9 5 6 .6 3 0 .582 9 9 .7 9

C O M M E R C IA L M ETHOD S OF SA M PLIN G SUGAR CANE

AND T H E IR A C CU RA CY AND PR E C IS IO N

O b je c t

F r o m 1956 th r o u g h 1958, s t u d i e s w e r e c o n d u c te d to d e t e r m i n e

the a c c u r a c y a n d p r e c i s i o n of v a r i o u s c o m m e r c i a l l y f e a s i b l e m e th o d s

of s a m p li n g s u g a r c a n e . T h e s e c a n e s a m p lin g s tu d ie s w e r e the o b je c t
 142

of in v e s ti g a t i o n s b y s t u d e n t g r o u p s in 1956, 1957, an d 1958, ’ ' *

16 17
a s w e ll a s f o r m in g the b a s i s fo r two g r a d u a te r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t s . *

M e th o d s of S a m p li n g :

T he m e th o d s of s a m p lin g w hich w e r e in v e s ti g a t e d f e ll u n d e r the

fo llo w in g m a j o r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s :

S im p le H and S a m p l e : 2 to 10 staljks of c a n e w e r e r e m o v e d

a t r a n d o m f r o m the opened b u n d le . The n u m b e r of s t a lk s

13
" C a n e S a m p lin g S tu d ie s - 1956, " A s t u d e n t g r o u p r e s e r a c h
p r o j e c t in c lu d e d in the c o u r s e C h e m i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g N o. 161,
C h e m i c a l E n g in e e r i n g P r a c t i c e L a b o r a t o r y , (U n p u b lish e d ).
14
"C a n e S a m p lin g S tu d ie s — 1957, " A s tu d e n t g r o u p r e s e a r c h
p r o j e c t in c lu d e d in the c o u r s e C h e m i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g No. 161,
C h e m i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g P r a c t i c e L a b o r a t o r y . (U n p u b lish e d ). T h e p r o ­
c e d u r e , d a t a , an d r e s u l t s w e r e p u b lis h e d in " P r o g r e s s R e p o r t N o. 1 —
A S tu d y of S a m p lin g and M e th o d s of D e t e r m i n i n g S u c r o s e , P u r i t y , a n d
F i b e r C o n te n t of S u g a r C a n e - 1957 C r o p O p e r a tio n , " A r e p o r t of
w o r k don e u n d e r C o n t r a c t No. 1 2 -2 5 - 0 1 0 -5 5 8 w ith the U nited S ta te s
D e p a r t m e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e , ( J u n e , 1958), A p p e n d i x E .

^ " C a n e S a m p lin g S tu d ie s — 1958, " A s tu d e n t g r o u p r e s e a r c h

p r o j e c t in c lu d e d in th e c o u r s e C h e m i c a l E n g in e e r i n g N o. 161,
C h e m i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g P r a c t i c e L a b o r a t o r y , (U n p u b lish e d ). T he d a ta
f r o m t h e s e s tu d ie s w e r e p u b lis h e d in " F i n a l R e p o r t - A S tudy of
S a m p lin g a n d M e th o d s of D e t e r m in i n g S u c r o s e , P u r i t y , an d F i b e r C o n ­
t e n t of S u g a r C a n e , " A r e p o r t of w o r k d o n e u n d e r C o n t r a c t N o. 1 2 - 2 5 -
0 1 0 -5 5 8 w ith the U n ited S t a t e s D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e , (O c to b e r 7,
1959), E x h i b i t IV.

^ P a u l , "S a m p lin g of C o m m e r c i a l D e l i v e r i e s of S u g a r C ane —

A C o m p a r a t i v e S tu d y . "

I7 p au l, " E v a lu a tio n o f C o m m e r c i a l D e l i v e r i e s of S u g a r C a n e , "

 143

to be r e m o v e d w as s p e c if ie d fo r the t e s t s e r i e s .

M u ltiple H and S a m p l e : The open ed bundle w as c o n s i d ­

e r e d t o c o n s i s t of e ig h q u a d r a n t s (four q u a d r a n t s on

e a c h e n d ). T w o to t h r e e s ta lk s o f c a n e w e r e r e m o v e d

f r o m e a c h q u a d r a n t and c o m p o s i t e d . In l a t e r s t u d i e s ,

the c e n t e r s e c t i o n of e a c h end of the bundle w as i n ­

c lu d e d in the s a m p li n g , thus g iv in g e ig h t q u a d r a n t s

and two c e n t e r s e c t i o n s . The n u m b e r of s ta lk s to be

r e m o v e d w as s p e c if ie d fo r the t e s t s e r i e s .

S im p le M e c h a n ic a l G ra b : F r o m th e opened b u n d le , a

s in g le 20 to 3 0 pound s a m p le w as r e m o v e d by a h y -

d r a u l i c a l l y o p e r a t e d m e c h a n ic a l g r a b . The a p p r o x i ­

m a te s i z e of the s a m p le was s p e c if ie d fo r th e r u n

se rie s.

M u ltip le M e c h a n ic a l G r a b : T w o to t h r e e 15 to 40 pound

m e c h a n i c a l g r a b s a m p l e s w e re r e m o v e d f r o m the opened

bundle of c a n e . The n u m b e r of the s a m p l e s and the a p ­

p r o x im a te s iz e of the s a m p le w e r e s p e c if ie d for the t e s t

se rie s.

P rocedure

The s a m p l e s w e r e p r o c e s s e d t h r o u g h both the n e w F a r r e l ;

 144

t h r e e - r o l l s a m p le m i l l an d the c h i p p e r - W a r i n g b l e n d e r . To a c c o m p l i s h

t h i s , s a m p l e s o f tw ice the s iz e s t a te d a b o v e w e r e r e m o v e d f r o m the

b u n d le and s e p a r a t e d in to tw o p a r t s fo r s u b s e q u e n t p r o c e s s i n g . The

s a m p l e s w e r e p r o c e s s e d in the m a n n e r d e s c r i b e d in the p r e c e e d in g

s e c t i o n c o v e r i n g th e c o m p a r a t i v e r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y of the t h r e e - r o l l

s a m p le m ill a n d the c o ld w a t e r e x t r a c t i o n p r o c e s s . A f t e r the s a m p le s

h a d b e e n r e m o v e d , the r e m a i n i n g c a n e w a s p r o c e s s e d in the big m ill.

T he s a m p le an d the b ig m il l r e s u l t s w e r e c o m p a r e d in t e r m s of the

s u c r o s e p e r c e n t c a n e , th e f ib e r p e r c e n t c a n e , an d the p u r ity of the

e x t r a c t e d j u i c e . 18

S t a t i s t i c a l H a n d lin g o f the D a ta :

The pol p er c e n t c a n e and the f i b e r p e r c e n t c a n e of the s a m p le

w e r e c o m p a r e d w ith the c o r r e s p o n d i n g d a ta fo r the b ig m il l in t e r m s

o f th e a c c u r a c y and th e p r e c i s i o n of the s a m p li n g m e th o d . The ac -

c u r a c y w as m e a s u r e d in t e r m s of the a v e r a g e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n the

s a m p l e and the b ig m ill d a ta fo r a l l r u n s , (T h is d if f e r e n c e — i f c o n ­

s i s t e n t - is in e f f e c t the b i a s of th e s a m p lin g m e th o d .) The p r e c i s i o n

w a s m e a s u r e d in t e r m s of th e e s t i m a t e d s t a n d a r d d e v ia tio n of the i n d i ­

v id u a l d i f f e r e n c e s , i . e . , the d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n the in d iv id u a l s a m p le

*®The m e th o d s of p r o c e s s i n g the s a m p l e s and of c o n d u c tin g the

c o n c u r r e n t b ig m ill t e s t s a r e c o v e r e d in " P r o g r e s s R e p o r t No. 1 —A
S tudy of S a m p lin g a n d M e th o d s of D e t e r m in i n g S u c r o s e , P u r i t y , and
F i b e r C o n te n t of S u g a r C an e - 1957 C r o p O p e r a tio n , " A r e p o r t of w o r k
d o n e u n d e r C o n t r a c t N o, 1 2 - 2 5 -0 1 0 - 5 5 8 w ith the U nited S ta te s D e p a r t ­
m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e , ( J u n e , 1958), A p p e n d ic e s C and D .
 145

r e s u l t s an d th e c o r r e s p o n d i n g big m ill r e s u l t s . (T h is is in e f f e c t a

m e a s u r e o f the d e g r e e o f s c a t t e r of the in d iv id u a l d i f f e r e n c e s a b o u t the

m ean d ifferen c e ).

R e su lts

M e a s u r e d in t e r m s of the p r e c i s i o n of the s a m p lin g m e th o d , the

d a ta f r o m the e a r l i e r s tu d ie s show ed c o n s i d e r a b l e v a r i a t i o n . F o r pol,

the e s t i m a t e d s t a n d a r d d e v ia tio n of the d if f e r e n c e r a n g e d f r o m 0 .5 7 to

1. 57 pol p e r c e n t c a n e , an d the c o e f f i c i e n t of v a r i a t i o n , w h ich w as

c a l c u l a t e d f r o m the s t a n d a r d d e v ia tio n , ^ r a n g e d f r o m 5 .4 3 to 1 4 .4

per c e n t. F o r f i b e r th e c o r r e s p o n d i n g d a ta w e r e 0 .7 6 to 2 .3 7 f ib e r p e r

c e n t c a n e a n d 5. 7 to 17. 8 p e r c e n t . N o c o n s i s t e n t d i f f e r e n c e s in the

p r e c i s i o n of the v a r i o u s s a m p lin g m e th o d s w e r e e v id e n t.

P a u l 's 1958 s tu d ie s w h ic h w e re b a s e d on a r e v i e w of the p o s ­

s ib le s o u r c e s of e r r o r in the p re v io u s i n v e s t i g a t i o n s , sh ow ed the m o s t

p r o m i s i n g r e s u l t s — in t e r m s of p r e c i s i o n — of a n y of the s a m p lin g

stu d ies. In th is t e s t s e r i e s , s im p le h a n d s a m p l e s of 10 s t a l k s per

b u n d le w e re c o m p a r e d w ith a s im p le m e c h a n i c a l g r a b of 3 0 pounds and

a m u ltip le m e c h a n i c a l g r a b of two 15 pound s a m p l e s . The d a ta f r o m

^ T h e c o e f f i c i e n t of v a r i a t i o n w a s c a l c u l a t e d f r o m the o r i g in a l
d a t a fo r th e p u r p o s e of th is r e v i e w . S in c e the c o e f f ic ie n t is b a s e d on
the s t a n d a r d d e v ia tio n of the d i f f e r e n c e in th is c a l c u l a t i o n , it d o e s not
r e f l e c t the a v e r a g e d i f f e r e n c e o r b ia s b e tw e e n the b ig m ill and the
sa m p le .
 146

20
th e s e 1958 s tu d ie s a r e s u m m a r i z e d in T a b le V. A n a ly z in g th e d a ta

f r o m the t h r e e - r o l l s a m p le m i l l in t e r m s o f the p r e c i s i o n of the s a m ­

plin g m e th o d i t is n o te d t h a t f o r pol p er c e n t c a n e the m e c h a n i c a l g r a b

is s u p e r i o r to the s i m p le h a n d s a m p le — a n d the m u ltip le m e c h a n i c a l

g r a b a p p e a r s to be m o re p r e c i s e than the s im p le m e c h a n i c a l g r a b . For

f i b e r p e r c e n t c a n e , the m eth o d of s a m p lin g a p p e a r s to h a v e n o e f f e c t

on the p r e c i s i o n of the s a m p l e . In c o m p a r i n g the c h i p p e r - W a r i n g

b le n d e r w ith the t h r e e - r o l l s a m p le m ill, i t a p p e a r s t h a t the t h r e e - r o l l

s a m p le m il l is m o r e p r e c i s e f o r pol p e r c e n t c a n e and b o th m e th o d s of

s a m p li n g show a b o u t the s a m e p r e c i s i o n fo r f ib e r p e r c e n t c a n e .

C o m m e n ts

It is r a t h e r d iff ic u lt to e v a lu a te a s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s in w h ic h

b o th the a c c u r a c y — o r a v e r a g e d i f f e r e n c e of the s a m p le f r o m the b ig

m il l - a n d the p r e c i s i o n — o r m e a s u r e o f s c a t t e r — m u s t be c o n s i d e r e d .

In the a b o v e d i s c u s s i o n o f P a u l 's 1958 s t u d i e s , o n ly the p r e c i s i o n w a s

c o n sid ere d . O b v io u sly , one m e th o d of s a m p lin g m a y sh o w a l a r g e m e a n

d i f f e r e n c e - o r b ia s — b u t e x h ib it a h ig h d e g r e e of p r e c i s i o n . On the

^ T h e d a ta in T a b le V a r e ta k e n f r o m " F i n a l R e p o r t - A S tudy
of S a m p lin g a n d M e th o d s of D e t e r m i n i n g S u c r o s e , P u r i t y , and F i b e r
C o n te n t o f S u g a r C a n e , " A r e p o r t of w o r k done u n d e r C o n t r a c t N o. 1 2 -
2 5 - 0 1 0 - 5 5 8 w ith the U n ited S t a te s D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e , (O c to b e r
7, 1959), pp. 46 a n d 4 9 . The c o e f f i c i e n t s o f v a r i a t i o n , w h ic h a r e show n
in this t a b l e , w e r e c a l c u l a t e d f o r the p u r p o s e of th is r e v i e w f r o m the
s t a n d a r d d e v ia tio n s o f the d i f f e r e n c e . A s s u c h , th e y d o n o t r e f l e c t the
a v e r a g e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n the big m ill a n d the s a m p le - o n ly the p r e ­
c i s i o n of the s a m p li n g .
 TABLE V

ACCU RACY AND P R E C IS IO N O F

C O M M E R C IA L M ETH O D S O F SA M PLIN G SUGAR CANE

1958 S tu d ie s (28 R u ns)

P o l % C an e F ib e r , % C ane
A verage A verage
D if f e r e n c e S ta n d a rd D if f e r e n c e S ta n d a r d
M ethod B ig M ill D e v ia tio n C o e ffic ie n t B ig M ill D e v ia tio n C o e ffic ie n t
M ethod M inus of th e of M inus of th e of
of S a m p le , D if f e r e n c e , V a r ia t io n S a m p le , D if f e r e n c e , V a r ia t io n
S a m p lin g Po l % C ane P o l % C an e % F ib e r % C ane F ib e r % Cane %

T h r e e - R o l l S a m p le M ill

S im p le H and -0 .7 4 0 .6 4 5 .5 4 + 1 .6 8 0 .9 2 6 .4 4

S im p le M ech.
G rab -0 .2 4 0 .4 5 3 .9 0 + 1 .6 0 0 .9 2 6 .4 4

M u ltip le M e c h .
G rab - 0 .3 0 0 .3 9 3 .3 8 + 1.21 0 .8 5 5 .9 5

C h ip p er-W arin g B len d e r

S im p le H and — N ot R u n

S im p le M e ch .
G rab + 0 .1 7 0 .6 0 5 .2 0 + 1 .8 4 1 .0 4 7 .2 8

M u ltip le M e c h .
G rab + 0 .1 2 0 .5 5 4 . 77 + 1 .6 3 0 .7 8 5 .4 6
o th e r h a n d , a s a m p lin g p r o c e d u r e co u ld a v e r a g e v e r y c l o s e l y the b ig

m ill r e s u l t s b u t sh o w a h ig h d e g r e e of s c a t t e r . An a lte rn a tiv e s t a t i s t i ­

c a l m eth o d would be to d e r i v e a c o r r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n th e s a m p le r e s u l t s

an d th o s e of the b ig m ill. In th is m a n n e r , the a v e r a g e d if f e r e n c e — or

b ia s —c a n be r e m o v e d , an d only the p r e c i s i o n n e e d be s tu d ie d . A lo n g

th is lin e , the 1958 d a ta fo r pol p e r c e n t c a n e h a v e b e e n r e c a l c u l a t e d in

t e r m s of a l in e a r c o r r e l a t i o n r e l a t i n g the b ig m ill d a ta to th a t of the

sa m p le . T h is m eth o d of d a ta h a n d lin g w as d i s c u s s e d in th e p r e c e d in g

s e c t i o n SIZ E O F SA M P L E VERSUS PR ECISIO N OF T H E CANE

Q U A L IT Y T E S T S . F r o m s u c h a c o r r e l a t i o n , w hich w a s d e r i v e d th r o u g h

a r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s , the c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t , r , h a s b e e n d e t e r -

m in e d . In a d d itio n , the c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f ic ie n t s q u a r e d , r , w as c a l ­

c u la te d . r ^ is th e f r a c t io n of the s u m of the s q u a r e s w h ich is r e m o v e d

by the c o r r e l a t i o n . F i n a ll y the c o e f f i c i e n t of v a r i a t i o n w as d e t e r m i n e d

b y d iv id in g the s t a n d a r d d e v ia tio n of the e s t i m a t e , s(y ), b y the a v e r a g e

b ig m ill v a lu e , y. The r e s u l t s of this m eth od of s t a t i s t i c a l h a n d lin g a r e

show n b e lo w .

P o l % C ane
T h r e e - R o l l S a m p le M ill

C o e ffic ie n t of
M e th o d of S a m p lin g r r V a r ia t io n , %

S im p le H and 0 .6 9 0 .4 8 7 .7 5

S im p le M e c h a n ic a l G r a b 0 .8 1 0 .6 6 6 .7 7

M u ltip le M e c h a n ic a l G r a b 0 .8 4 0 .7 1 5 .6 1
 149

T h e s e d a ta sh o w the m e c h a n i c a l g r a b to be d e c id e d ly s u p e r i o r

to the s a m p le hand m etho d of s a m p lin g fo r s u c r o s e per c e n t c a n e .

W hile P a u l 's 1958 s t u d i e s w e r e e n c o u r a g in g , the p r e c i s i o n of

the v a r i o u s s a m p lin g m e th o d s a p p e a r s to be s t i l l l e s s th an d e s i r e d .

The b e s t c o e f f i c i e n t of v a r i a t i o n of five to s i x p e r c e n t fo r the m u ltip le

m e c h a n i c a l g r a b m e th o d of s a m p li n g r e p r e s e n t s 95 per c e n t c on fid en ce

l i m i t s fo r one s a m p l e of a b o u t 10 to 12 p e r c e n t . T h is is a f a i r l y l a r g e

o r d e r of m a g n itu d e . By c o m p a r i s o n , i t w ill be r e c a l l e d t h a t the c o ­

e f f i c ie n t of v a r i a t i o n r e p r e s e n t i n g the r e p r o d u c ib ility of th e t h r e e - r o l l

s a m p le m i l l w a s d e t e r m i n e d to be a b o u t 1 .3 p e r c e n t . T he c o r r e s p o n d ­

in g 95 p e r c e n t c o n fid e n c e l i m i t s w ould a p p r o x i m a t e 3 . 0 p e r c e n t .

In s p e c u l a ti n g upon m e a n s to i m p r o v e the p r e c i s i o n of the s a m ­

pling m e th o d , i t is n o te d t h a t the l a r g e s t s a m p l e s , i . e . , the s im p le 30

pound m e c h a n i c a l g r a b and the tw o 15 pound m u ltip le m e c h a n i c a l g r a b s ,

r e p r e s e n t e d o nly a b o u t one p e r c e n t of the t o ta l c a n e d e l i v e r y . It w ill

be r e c a l l e d th a t f r o m the s tu d ie s on the s iz e of the s a m p le v e r s u s the

p r e c i s i o n of the q u a lity t e s t s , i t w as d e d u c e d th a t r e a s o n a b l y c o n s i s t e n t

p r e c i s i o n m ig h t be e x p e c te d w ith tw o to five p e r c e n t s a m p l e s . H ence

b y i n c r e a s i n g the s i z e of the s a m p l e s in the s tu d ie s of c o m m e r c i a l

s a m p lin g m e th o d s , the p r e c i s i o n of the m eth o d s m ig h t h a v e b e e n i n ­

c reased .

One o th e r s o u r c e of e r r o r n o t m e n tio n e d s o f a r is the a c c u r a c y

of the b ig m i l l d a t a . O b v io u sly , a n y e r r o r in the big m ill m a t e r i a l

 150

b a la n c e or p r o d u c t i n s p e c tio n s would be r e f l e c t e d in a lo w e r d e g r e e of

c o r r e l a t i o n fo r a l l s a m p lin g m e th o d s . In the s u b s e q u e n t s tu d ie s w h ich

f o r m the b a s i s fo r th is d i s s e r t a t i o n , the s iz e of the big m ill t h r o u g h ­

put w as i n c r e a s e d to m in im iz e the e f f e c t of i n h e r e n t l im i ta t io n s in the

p r o d u c t w eig h in g e q u ip m e n t a t low v o lu m e th ro u g h p u t. U n fo rtu n a te ly ,

a l a r g e r m il l th ro u g h p u t n e c e s s i t a t e d a l a r g e r v o lu m e of s a m p l e . The

s i z e of the s a m p le h a n d lin g e q u ip m e n t u l t i m a t e l y lim ite d th e s iz e of

the s a m p l e .

SA M PLIN G BY CORING

O b je c t

D u rin g th e 1957 g rin d in g s e a s o n , s tu d ie s w e r e i n itita te d on a

d e v ic e fo r r e m o v i n g a c o r e th r o u g h a fu ll b un dle of c a n e . The a d ­

v a n ta g e of s u c h a s a m p lin g d e v ic e w a s f e l t to be the a b i l i t y to r e m o v e

a c o m p l e t e l y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p le o f a c a n e c o n s ig n m e n t — in clu d in g

t r a s h , s o i l , and a n y o th er e x tr a n e o u s m a t e r i a l . In th is m a n n e r , the

h u m a n e r r o r in s e l e c ti n g a s a m p le w ould be e li m in a te d .

21
E q u ip m e n t and P r o c e d u r e

N u m e ro u s m o d ific a tio n s to the c o r i n g d e v ic e w e r e m ad e d u r i n g

21
M e c h a n ic a l d e ta il s
" P r o g r e s s R e p o r t N o. 2 —A
m in in g S u c r o s e , P u r i t y , a n d
of w o r k done u n d e r C o n t r a c t
D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e .
of the c o r e r a r e show n in the A pp en d ix to
Study of S a m p lin g an d M ethod s of D e t e r ­
F i b e r C o n te n t of S u g a r C a n e , " A r e p o r t
No. 1 2 - 2 5 - 0 1 0 -5 5 8 w ith th e U nited S ta te s
 151

t e s t w o r k c o v e r i n g the 1957, 1958, a n d 1959 c r o p s . T he f i n a l d e s i g n is

sh ow n in I l l u s t r a t i o n 1. The c o r i n g m a c h in e c o n s i s t s of a 6 " d i a m e t e r

tube e ig h t f e e t in len g th (H) an d r o t a t i n g a t 200 r p m . T he end of the

tu b e is s e r r a t e d , and the e d g es of the s e r r a t i o n s a r e h a r d e n e d and

s h a r p e n e d to p ro v id e a c u ttin g e d g e . A v e r t i c a l 10 H P m o to r (G) (900

r p m ) d r i v e s the 6 in c h tu b e th ro u g h a c h a i n (E) an d s p r o c k e t d r i v e (F

a n d D ). The s p r o c k e t s p ro v id e a s p e e d r e d u c t io n to the tu b e .

T he b u n d le of c a n e to be te s te d is m ou n ted on the c a r r i a g e (M).

W ith the h and w in c h (P ) th e c a r r i a g e is p o sitio n e d on the t r a c k (O) to

p e r m i t c o r i n g the b un dle a t the d e s i r e d point a lo n g its le n g th . The

e l e c t r i c m o to r is s t a r t e d and th e c o r i n g m a c h in e is r a i s e d by the c a b le

a n d p u lle y a r r a n g e m e n t (B and K) to p r o v id e c o r i n g th r o u g h the e n t i r e

d e p th of the c a n e b u n d le . The c o r e s a m p l e ,w h i c h w eig h s t h r e e t o s ix

p o u n d s, is c o ll e c t e d in the b u c k e t (A). A f te r th e c o r e is w ith d ra w n ,

the c o r i n g m a c h in e is lo w e r e d to its r e s t p o s itio n . By m o v in g the c a r ­

r i a g e on the t r a c k , c o r e s c a n be r e m o v e d a t d i f f e r e n t p o s itio n s a lo n g

th e le n g th of the b u n d le.

In the 1957 th r o u g h 1959 s t u d i e s , the c o r e s a m p le s w e r e s p r e a d

out le n g th w is e in the f e e d tro u g h s fo r th e t h r e e - r o l l s a m p le m i l l and

p r o c e s s e d tw ice th r o u g h the m ill. T h e ju ic e a n d b a g a s s e w e r e w eig h ed

a n d i n s p e c t e d , a n d f r o m th e s e d a ta th e . p o l and f ib e r p e r c e n t c a n e

a n d the e x t r a c t e d ju ic e p u r i t y w e re d e t e r m i n e d .
 152

LD Mi

L COEND

A - Bucket
B - Pulley
C “ Copper Scoring
0 - Sprocket (B O teo ih )
C - Cham
f - Sprocket (2 0 teeth)
0 - 10 Hp. Motor
M - Core Tube
J - L-Rolt*
K - s te e l Coble
L - B ilb ao
M - C e r r lif o
N - Cone Bundle
P - Hand Winch
0 - Track

CORE SAM PLER

Illu stra tio n 1

 153

R e s u l ts

In 1958, t e s t s w e r e c o n d u c te d to lo c a te s p e c ific p o s itio n s a lo n g

the le n g th of the bundle w h e re a c o r e s a m p le w ould a d e q u a te ly r e p r e -

22
s e n t the e n t i r e b u n d le . In t h e s e t e s t s , c o r e s w e r e r e m o v e d f r o m s ix

p o s itio n s s p a c e d a t two f e e t i n t e r v a l s a lo n g the le n g th of the b u n d le .

T h e s e s tu d ie s show ed n o s ig n i f ic a n t d if f e r e n c e in c a n e q u a lity a m o n g

the v a r i o u s c o r i n g p o s i t io n s . T h is was n o t e n t i r e l y u n e x p e c te d sin c e

the c a n e fo r th e s e t e s t s w as m a n u a lly c u t and r a n d o m l y lo a d e d .

In a l a t e r s e r i e s of t e s t s , c o r e s a m p l e s w e r e r e m o v e d f r o m
23
p o s itio n s n e a r e a c h of the tw o c h a i n s on the b u n d le . T h e s e two p o ­

s i t io n s w e re s e l e c t e d b e c a u s e the r e s p e c t i v e c o r e s a m p le s c o n ta in e d

80 to 120 s m a l l p ie c e s of c a n e — a n a p p r e c i a b l y l a r g e r q u a n tity of i n ­

d iv id u a l c a n e p ie c e s th an f ro m a n y o th er p o s itio n in the b u n d le . The

a v e r a g e of the in s p e c tio n s of the two c o r e s a m p le s w as ta k e n a s r e p r e ­

s e n ta tiv e of the b u n d le .

C o m m e n ts

T h e s tu d ie s of the v a r i a t i o n in the q u a lity of s ix c o r e s a m p le s

a lo n g th e le n g th of the bundle w e r e c o n d u c te d d u r i n g the l a t t e r p a r t of

the 1958 c r o p . D u r in g th is p e r i o d , the s a m p l e s w e r e r e m o v e d d a ily

^ J . N . G oel, " E v a lu a tio n of a New M etho d of S a m p lin g S ug ar

C an e D e l i v e r i e s , " M . S . T h e s is in the D e p a r t m e n t o f C h e m i c a l E n g i n ­
e e r i n g , L o u is ia n a S ta te U n i v e r s i ty , ( J u n e , 1959).

P a u l, " E v a lu a tio n of C o m m e r c i a l D e l i v e r i e s of S u g a r C a n e , "

p. 109.
 154

f r o m the s a m e b u n d le of c a n e w ith w h ic h P a u l w a s m ak in g h is s t u d y of

c o m m e r c i a l s a m p lin g m e th o d s . T h is f a c t m a k e s p o s s ib le a c o m p a r i s o n

of the c o r i n g m eth o d w ith th e s im p le h a n d , the s im p le m e c h a n i c a l g r a b ,

a n d the m u ltip le m e c h a n i c a l g r a b d u r i n g the l a t t e r 16 r u n s of the 1958

cro p . T h is c o m p a r i s o n h a s b e e n m ad e f o r p u r p o s e s of th is r e v i e w fo r

po l p e r c e n t c a n e . T he c o r e s a m p le q u a lity is a s s u m e d to be the a v ­

e r a g e of the s i x c o r e p o s itio n s . A l i n e a r c o r r e l a t i o n is a s s u m e d b e ­

tw e e n the q u a li t y o f the c o r e s a m p le a n d th a t of the b ig m ill, and the

c o r r e s p o n d i n g c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t h a s b e en d e te r m in e d . T h is is

c o m p a r e d w ith th e c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s fo r the o th e r s a m p lin g

m e th o d s o v e r the s a m e p e r io d a s sh o w n below : 24

P o l % C ane
C o rre la tio n
S a m p lin g M ethod C o e f fic ie n t, r

S im p le H and 0 .4 9

S im p le M e c h a n ic a l G ra b 0 .8 0

M u ltip le M e c h a n i c a l G r a b 0 .7 5

C o re ( A v e r a g e of Six C o r e s ) 0.8 3

T h e s e s tu d ie s in d ic a te t h a t the c o r i n g m eth o d c o m p a r e d v e r y

f a v o r a b l y w ith the m e c h a n i c a l g r a b . W h e th e r the d if f e r e n c e in

^ T h e s a m p le and b ig m ill d a ta f r o m w h ic h the c o r r e l a t i o n c o ­

e f f ic ie n ts w e r e c a l c u l a t e d a r e show n on p a g e s 167, 168, an d 179 of
P a u l ’s P h . D d i s s e r t a t i o n " E v a lu a tio n o f C o m m e r c i a l D e l i v e r i e s of
Sugar C ane. "
 155

c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o f 0 .8 3 for c o r i n g an d 0 ,8 0 fo r the s im p le m e ­

c h a n i c a l g r a b is in d ic a tiv e of the s u p e r i o r i t y of c o r i n g co u ld o n ly be

p ro v e d by f u r t h e r t e s t s . I n t e r e s t i n g l y enou gh, in t h e s e l a t t e r ru n s of

P a u l 's s t u d i e s , the s im p le m e c h a n i c a l g r a b show s u p b e t t e r th a n the

m u ltip le m e c h a n i c a l g r a b . F o r the t o ta l s e r i e s of 28 r u n s , the r e v e r s e

w as t r u e .

C O M PA R A T IV E COSTS OF SA M P L IN G

AND PR OCESSIN G THE S A M P L E S

D u rin g the 1957 c r o p , m a n - h o u r d a ta an d la b o r and e q u ip m e n t

c o s t for s a m p lin g and p r o c e s s i n g the s a m p le s a t r e p r e s e n t a t i v e

L o u is ia n a r a w s u g a r f a c t o r i e s w e re c o l l e c t e d . L a te r, c o st c o m p a ri­

so n s w e r e m ad e b e tw e e n s a m p lin g by hand an d by m e c h a n i c a l g r a b ,

and u s in g the t h r e e - r o l l s a m p le m ill and the c h i p p e r - W a r i n g b l e n d e r .

F o r th e s e c o m p a r i s o n s t u d i e s , c u r r e n t e q u ip m e n t and la b o r c o s t s w e r e

used. L a b o r a t o r y e q u ip m e n t, b u ild in g s , and f u r n i s h i n g s w h ic h w e re

c o m m o n to b oth m e th o d s o f p r o c e s s i n g the s a m p le w e r e n e g le c te d .

T h e s e d a t a , w h ic h a r e e x p r e s s e d a s a n n u a l c o s t s and c o s t s p e r s a m p le ,
2S
a r e s u m m a r i z e d in T a b le VI. A c c o r d in g to t h e s e f i g u r e s , the

^ " S u p p l e m e n t a l R e p o r t - S u g a r C a n e S a m p lin g C o s t s , " A

r e p o r t of w o r k d o n e u n d e r C o n t r a c t N o. 1 2 -2 5 - 0 1 0 - 5 5 8 w ith the U nited
S ta te s D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e , (O c to b e r 22, 1959).
 156

T A B L E VI
CO M PA R A T IV E C OSTS O F SA M PLIN G AND
PROCESSIN G TH E S A M P L E *

B a sis: 7000 S a m p le s per C r o p Y e a r

M e c h a n ic a l v e r s u s H and S a m p lin g

M e ch a n ica l
Ite m H an d S a m p lin g S a m p lin g
$ /Y e a r
D e p r e c ia t io n C h a r g e s * * -- $ 9 0 .0 0
L abor N eed s, m an-hours 2 ,5 2 0 1 ,6 8 0
L a b o r C o s ts * * * $ 3 , 1 5 0 .0 0 $ 2 ,1 0 0 .0 0

T o ta l C o s t s $ 3 , 150.00 $ 2 ,1 9 0 .0 0

$ /S a m p le

C ost $ 0 .4 5 $ 0 .3 1

S a m p le P r e p a r a t i o n and A n a l y s i s

T h re e -R o ll C h ip p er-W arin g
Ite m S a m p le M ill B le n d e r
$ /Y e ar
D e p re c ia tio n C h arges**** $ 330. 00 $ 1 2 8 .0 0
L abor, m an-h o u rs 4 ,2 0 0 7 ,5 6 0
L a b o r C o s ts * * * $ 5 , 2 5 0 .0 0 $ 9 ,4 5 0 . 00

T o ta l C o s t s $ 5 , 5 8 0 .0 0 $ 9 ,5 7 8 . 00

$ /S a m p le
C ost $ 0 .8 0 $ 1 .3 7

* N e g lec tin g a l l c o s t s o t h e r than th o s e d ue s p e c i f i c a l l y to

s a m p lin g m e th o d s .

**An h y d r a u l i c a l l y - o p e r a t e d m e c h a n ic a l g r a b is e s t i m a t e d
to c o s t $1800.

* * * B a s is : $ 1 .2 5 /m a n -h o u r.
****A 12" x 12" t h r e e - r o l l m o t o r - d r i v e n s a m p le m i l l is e s t i ­
m a te d t o c o s t $66 00. A c h i p p e r a n d th r e e W a rin g b le n d e r u n its a r e
e s t i m a t e d to c o s t a to ta l of $ 255 0.
 157

e s t i m a t e d a n n u a l c o s t of s a m p lin g by m e c h a n i c a l g r a b an d p r o c e s s i n g

the s a m p le w ith the t h r e e - r o l l s a m p le m ill is a b o u t $1 . 11 p er s a m p le

f o r a f a c t o r y w h ic h a v e r a g e s a b o u t 7000 s a m p le s p e r y e a r .
 C H A P T E R VI

SUGAR CAN E Q U A L IT Y D E T E R M IN A T IO N F O R CA N E PA Y M E N T

BY

S A M P L E M IL L JU IC E E X T R A C T IO N

THOU GHTS ON C U R R E N T M ETHOD S OF

D IR E C T CANE Q U A LITY D E T E R M IN A T IO N

G eneral

V a r io u s m e th o d s of c a n e q u a lity d e t e r m i n a t i o n f o r c a n e p a y m e n t

in L o u is ia n a an d o th er s u g a r c a n e g ro w in g a r e a s o f the w o rld h a v e b e e n

r e v i e w e d in p r e v io u s c h a p t e r s . F r o m t h e s e d i s c u s s i o n s i t is e v id e n t

t h a t the p r i m a r y r e q u i s i t e of a w o r k a b le s y s t e m of c a n e q u a lity d e t e r ­

m in a tio n is the a b il i ty t o p r e d i c t a c c u r a t e l y th e v a lu e of a c o n s ig n m e n t

of c a n e . Since the p r i m a r y p r o d u c t f r o m s u g a r c a n e in m o s t c a s e s is

r a w s u g a r , th e n the p r o b l e m b e c o m e s s p e c i f i c a l l y th a t of p r e d ic tin g the

a m o u n t o f r a w s u g a r w h ic h c a n be r e c o v e r e d f r o m a c o n s ig n m e n t of

cane.

The i n d i r e c t m ethod of c a n e q u a li t y d e t e r m i n a t i o n is q u ite w e ll

e sta b lish e d . In this s y s t e m , c a n e is s a m p le d , t e s te d , a n d e v a l u a t e d —

a f t e r i t e n t e r s the c a r r i e r — by m e a n s of c r u s h e r ju ic e s a m p l e s a n d

c o n c u r r e n t f ib e r d e t e r m i n a t i o n s on s a m p le s of c a n e r e m o v e d f r o m the

158
 159

c a rrie r. I n d i r e c t c a n e q u a lity d e t e r m i n a t i o n is a p p lic a b le w h e r e the

c a n e i s e s s e n t i a l l y c l e a n and t r a s h - f r e e .

The i n c r e a s i n g in c id e n c e of m e c h a n i c a l h a r v e s t i n g a n d lo a d in g

h a s r e s u l t e d in the in tr o d u c ti o n in to the m ill ta n d e m of l a r g e q u a n titie s

of e x tr a n e o u s m a t e r i a l in c lu d in g fie ld s o i l . T he s u b s e q u e n t r e c o u r s e

to c o n tin u o u s o r i n t e r m i t t a n t w a s h in g of c a n e on the f e e d e r ta b le or in

the c a r r i e r - w ith th e s u b s e q u e n t d ilu tio n of the c r u s h e r ju ic e s a m p l e s

— h a s m ad e m e th o d s of i n d i r e c t c a n e q u a li t y d e t e r m i n a t i o n v i r t u a l l y i n ­

o p e ra b le.

In r e c o g n i t i o n of the p r o b le m s in tr o d u c e d in to c a n e s a m p lin g by

m e c h a n iz a tio n of the fie ld o p e r a t i o n s , n u m e r o u s s tu d ie s in m a n y a r e a s

of the w o r ld h a v e b e e n d i r e c t e d t o w a r d e v o lv in g m e th o d s of d i r e c t c a n e

q u a li t y d e t e r m in a tio n , i . e . , e v a lu a tio n of c a n e s a m p l e s w h ic h a r e r e ­

m o v ed b e f o r e the c a n e e n t e r s the f e e d e r ta b le or the c a r r i e r . O ther

th a n L o u is ia n a and H a w a ii, th e s e s t u d i e s h a v e b e e n c o n fin e d to the

l a b o r a t o r y o r p ilo t s t a g e , a n d t h e r e a r e little d a ta a v a ila b le on c o m ­

m e r c i a l s c a l e a p p li c a t io n s of d i r e c t c a n e e v a lu a tio n m e th o d s .

In L o u is ia n a and H a w a ii, the f ie ld o p e r a t io n s a r e e s s e n t i a l l y

100 p e r c e n t m e c h a n i c a l . In H a w a ii, w h e r e c a n e is p r e p o n d e r a n t l y a d ­

m i n i s t r a t i o n o r f a c t o r y ow ned, th e e m p h a s i s i n c a n e e v a lu a tio n h a s

b e e n d i r e c t e d to f a c t o r y and fie ld c o n t r o l . On th e o t h e r h a n d in

L o u is ia n a , w h e r e a b o u t 50 p e r c e n t o f the c a n e is s u p p lie d by i n d e ­

p e n d e n t c a n e f a r m e r s , d i r e c t c a n e q u a lity e v a lu a tio n fo r c a n e p a y ­

m e n t h a s b e e n q u ite g e n e r a l fo r th e p a s t 10 y e a r s . H e r e , b e c a u s e of
 160

the m a n y p r o b l e m s a s s o c i a t e d w ith d i r e c t c a n e e v a lu a tio n , e x te n s iv e

s tu d ie s have b e e n d i r e c t e d to s a m p li n g , t e s t i n g , an d e v a lu a tio n w hich

a r e a p p lic a b le s p e c i f i c a l l y to L o u is ia n a c o n d itio n s .

D e s p ite the v o lu m e of r e s e a r c h in L o u is ia n a on th e s u b j e c t , n o

s a t i s f a c t o r y a l t e r n a t i v e h a s e v o lv e d to the n o r m a l ju ic e b a s i s f o r c a n e

q u a lity d e t e r m i n a t i o n . N o r m a l ju ic e p ol — a n d l a t e r p u r i ty — a s a

c r i t e r i a of c a n e q u a lity w e r e o r i g i n a l l y i n c o r p o r a t e d m an y y e a r s a g o

in the i n d i r e c t s y s t e m of c r u s h e r ju ic e s a m p li n g . In itia lly , w hen c a n e

w a s h a n d - c u t a n d c le a n e d —and the v a r i e t i e s w e r e s i g n i f ic a n t l y fe w e r

i n n u m b e r — th is m eth o d m a y h a v e b e e n r e a s o n a b l y s a t i s f a c t o r y . The

n o r m a l ju ic e q u a lity of th e c a n e a s d e t e r m i n e d b y a p p lic a tio n of a d r y

m illin g (B rix ) f a c t o r to the c r u s h e r ju ic e B r i x a n d a pol f a c t o r to the

c r u s h e r ju ic e pol m a y h a v e g iv e n a f a i r l y s a t i s f a c t o r y m e a s u r e of the

c a n e q u a lity .

U n fo rtu n a te ly , in a d a p tin g n o r m a l ju ic e q u a lity to d i r e c t c a n e

q u a li t y d e t e r m i n a t i o n , s t i l l a n o t h e r f a c t o r h a s b e e n a d d e d in a d d itio n

to the d r y m illin g f a c t o r , i . e . , the d ilu tio n c o m p e n s a ti o n f a c t o r by

m e a n s o f w h ic h the s a m p le m i l l ju ic e q u a lity is f a c t o r e d to t h a t of the

c r u s h e r ju ic e . P r e s u m a b l y by th is f a c t o r we a r e a b le to in f e r w hat

the c r u s h e r ju ic e B r i x would h a v e b e e n if it w e r e n o t d ilu te d by w a sh

w a te r.

In a d d itio n to th e u se of the d r y m illin g f a c to r an d the d ilu tio n

c o m p e n s a ti o n f a c t o r , the c u r r e n t n o r m a l ju ic e m eth o d h a s a n o th e r
 161

s e r i o u s l im i ta t io n . F r o m i t s v e r y i n c e p tio n , the s y s t e m of n o r m a l

j u ic e q u a l i t y d e t e r m i n a t i o n o m itte d a n i m p o r t a n t c r i t e r i o n of c a n e

q u a lity , i . e . , the v o lu m e of e x t r a c t e d o r e x t r a c t a b l e j u i c e . T h is h a s

r e s u l t e d in the a n o m a l y th a t tw o g r o w e r s ~ d e l i v e r i n g c a n e of th e s a m e

n o r m a l ju ic e pol — r e c e i v e the s a m e p a y m e n t e v e n th o u g h the d r y f ib e r

of one s h i p m e n t m a y a v e r a g e 12 per c e n t a n d t h a t of the o th e r 15 p e r

c en t.

R e a s o n in g Behind P r e v i o u s L o u is ia n a S a m p lin g S tu d ie s

It is a p p a r e n t t h a t a r e a s o n a b l y a c c u r a t e m eth o d of c a n e q u a l i t y

d e t e r m i n a t i o n fo r c a n e p a y m e n t in L o u is ia n a sh o u ld s a t i s f y a t l e a s t

the fo llo w in g c o n d itio n s : (1) T h e m eth o d sh o u ld be a p p li c a b l e to s a m ­

pling the c a n e b e fo re i t e n t e r s the c a r r i e r ; (2) th e q u a n tity a s w e ll a s

the q u a lity of the ju ic e sh o u ld e n te r in to the d e t e r m i n a t i o n ; a n d (3) a

m in im u m of f a c to r s sh o u ld e n t e r in to the d e t e r m i n a t i o n .

T h e lin e of r e a s o n i n g in p re v io u s s tu d ie s a t the A ud ubo n S ugar

F a c t o r y h a s follow ed th a t of the r e s e a r c h in d i r e c t c a n e q u a l i t y d e ­

t e r m i n a t i o n in o th er a r e a s of the w o r l d . T he A udubon S u g a r F a c t o r y

s t u d i e s an d th e c o n c u r r e n t s t u d i e s e l s e w h e r e h a v e a l l s t a r t e d w ith the

a n a l y s i s of th e c a n e p e r s e , i . e . , pol, f i b e r , a n d B r i x p e r c e n t c a n e .

T h u s in o r d e r to p r e d i c t the a v a i la b l e s u g a r i n th e c a n e , it is f i r s t

n e c e s s a r y to in fe r th e m illin g r e s p o n s e o f the c a n e c o n s i g n m e n t — o r

the e x t r a c t i o n —f r o m the f i b e r c o n te n t of the s a m p l e . The c r u x of

th is m e th o d of q u a lity p r e d i c t i o n is th us the f i b e r in the c a n e . It

 162

s e e m s r e a s o n a b l e to a s k : (1) How good a c r i t e r i o n of e x t r a c t i o n is

f ib e r ? (2) How a c c u r a t e a r e the r o u t in e m e th o d s of f ib e r d e t e r m i n a ­

tio n ? a n d (3) H ow e x te n s i v e a r e th e l a b o r a t o r y f a c i l i t i e s w hich a r e

r e q u i r e d and w h a t is the s c o p e of c o n t r o l w h ic h is n e c e s s a r y if f i b e r is

in c lu d e d in the r o u t in e s a m p lin g p r o c e d u r e ?

F ib e r a s a C rite rio n of E x tr a c tio n : A s s u m in g t h a t the d r y f i b e r in a

s a m p le of c a n e is p r o p e r l y d e t e r m in e d , d o e s the f i b e r i t s e l f p e r m i t

one t o a c c u r a t e l y p r e d i c t the m illin g r e s p o n s e of the c a n e c o n s i g n m e n t?

U n f o r tu n a te ly , t h e r e a r e l im i te d l i t e r a t u r e d a ta a v a i la b l e to s h o w th at

w ith a g iv e n s e t of m illin g c o n d it i o n s , and know ing the d r y fib e r in the

c a n e , i t i s p o s s ib le to p r e d i c t w ith r e a s o n a b l e a c c u r a c y the ju ic e or

the pol e x t r a c t e d u n d e r c o n d itio n s of v a ry in g v a r i e t y , d i f f e r e n t pol

c o n te n t of the c a n e and v a r y i n g a m o u n ts of t r a s h .

C u r r e n t s t u d i e s a t the U n ited S ta te s D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e

E x p e r i m e n t S ta tio n a t H o u m a , L o u is ia n a , r a i s e the q u e s tio n a s to

w h e th e r d r y f i b e r p e r se is a tr u e c r i t e r i o n of ju ic e e x t r a c t i o n . In

th e s e s t u d i e s , w h ic h h a v e n o t b e e n p u b lis h e d a s y e t, c a n e s t a lk s w e r e

c u t in to the to p o n e - t h i r d a n d the b o tto m t w o - t h i r d s s e c t i o n s . T h e tops

and b o tto m s w e r e s e p a r a t e l y m ille d in a t h r e e - r o l l s a m p le m ill a n d the

ju ic e e x t r a c t i o n a n d fib e r p e r c e n t c a n e d e t e r m i n e d . The t e s t d a ta

sh ow ed c o n s i s t e n t l y lo w e r f ib e r in th e to p o n e - t h i r d of the s t a lk s a s
 163

w e ll a s lo w e r ju ic e e x t r a c t i o n th a n in the b o tto m s e c t i o n s of the s t a l k . ^

The c o ld w a t e r e x t r a c t i o n p r o c e s s , a m eth o d of d i r e c t c a n e

q u a lity d e t e r m i n a t i o n , is s p e c i f i c a l l y g e a r e d to the d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f d r y

f ib e r — f r o m w h ic h the c o m m e r c i a l m il l e x t r a c t i o n is s u b s e q u e n t ly p r e ­

d icted . I n t e r e s t i n g l y e n o u g h , in s e v e r a l a d a p ta tio n s of the p r o c e s s , the

c a l c u l a t i o n s of pol in the c a n e in v o lv e the a s s u m p t i o n t h a t d r y f i b e r is

n o t the only r e s i d u e r e m o v e d in th e c o n v e n tio n a l m illin g o p e r a t io n . It

is h y p o th e s iz e d th a t b o th d r y f i b e r and B r i x - f r e e w a te r p a s s th ro u g h

the m illin g t r a i n u n a ffe c te d b y th e c o m p r e s s i o n e f f e c t of m illin g . B rix -

f r e e w a t e r is d e fin e d a s w a t e r a d s o r b e d on the c a n e f i b e r a n d / o r held

by p h y s i c o - c h e m i c a l bonds so t h a t it is u n a v a ila b le for s o lu tio n . As

su c h i t is n ot r e m o v e d by the c o m p r e s s i o n e f f e c t of the m i l l s , fo r the

bonds a r e b r o k e n o n ly by the a p p li c a t io n of h e a t a s in a b a g a s s e oven.

The 3 r i x - f r e e w a t e r m a y be of the o r d e r o f 20 to 3 0 p e r c e n t of the d r y

w e ig h t of the f i b e r . T h u s in d e t e r m i n i n g th e p o l in the e x t r a c t f r o m

the e x t r a c t o r , the d r y f i b e r is c o r r e c t e d f o r the p r e s e n c e of B r i x - f r e e

^-D iscussions w ith D r . L . P . H e b e r t , R e s e a r c h A g r o n o m i s t a t

the U nited S t a te s D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e , H o u m a , L o u i s i a n a , E x ­
p e r i m e n t S ta tio n .

^S. R . H a r r i s , P . A . H a n k s e t a l i a , " D i r e c t A n a l y s i s o f C ane

U sing a W e t : D i s i n t e g r a t o r , " P r o c e e d i n g s of the T e n th C o n g r e s s of
the I n t e r n a t i o n a l S o c ie ty o f S u g a r C a n e T e c h n o l o g i s t s , (1 9 5 9 ), p. 189.

^K . D o uw es D e k k e r , "A S u r v e y of the W o rk D one in S .A , on

the D i r e c t A n a l y s i s of C a n e C o n s i g n m e n t s , " S u g a r M illin g R e s e a r c h
I n s t i tu t e , Q u a r t e r l y B u lle tin N o. 7, (A u g u st, 1958), p. 2 5 .
 164

w a ter. In the a c t u a l c a l c u l a t i o n s , the e x t r a c t is d e t e r m i n e d to b e the

d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n the s u m of the c a n e p lus a d d e d w a t e r l e s s the p r o ­

d u c t of d r y f i b e r t i m e s a f a c t o r . The f a c t o r , w h ic h m a y b e the o r d e r

of 1 .2 0 to 1 .3 0, c o r r e c t s the w e ig h t of d r y f i b e r t o the w e ig h t of d r y

f i b e r plus B r i x - f r e e w a t e r .

H e n ce ttt the r o u tin e d e t e r m i n a t i o n s f o r p ol in a c a n e s a m p l e ,

a n a llo w a n c e is m ad e fo r B r i x - f r e e w a t e r , a s u b s ta n c e w h ic h is a p ­

p a r e n t l y u n a ffe c te d by the c o m p r e s s i o n e f f e c t of the m i l l s . H ow ever,

in s u b s e q u e n t p r e d i c ti o n s of the c o m m e r c i a l l y e x t r a c t a b l e p ol in the

s a m p l e , d r y f i b e r is a s s u m e d to be the o n ly v a r i a b l e a ff e c tin g th e m i l l ­

in g r e s p o n s e of the s a m p l e .

T h e A c c u r a c y of R o u tin e M e th o d s F o r F i b e r D e t e r m i n a t i o n : In i n ­

f o r m a l s tu d ie s a t th e A u dub on S u g a r F a c t o r y , c o n s i d e r a b l e v a r i a t i o n

w a s o b s e r v e d in the r e s u l t s of r e p l i c a t e f i b e r d e t e r m i n a t i o n s on th e

s a m e s a m p le of b a g a s s e . The p r o b le m w a s t r a c e d to the c o a r s e n a t u r e

of the b a g a s s e f r o m the t h r e e - r o l l s a m p le m i l l . E v e n d u p lic a te m illin g

of the c a n e s a m p le p ro d u c e d a b a g a s s e o f v a r y i n g p a r t i c l e s i z e . G en­

e r a l l y , the r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y of th e f i b e r d«S£ermination w a s s i g n i f ic a n t l y

i m p r o v e d by e x te n d in g the d r y i n g t i m e — t h e r e b y a tt a i n i n g a c o n s t a n c y

in th e m o i s t u r e d e t e r m i n a t i o n .

A lo n g the s a m e l in e , r a t h e r poor r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y w a s o b ta in e d

w ith the d e t e r m i n a t i o n of po l in b a g a s s e f r o m the s a m p le m i l l in th e

sam e stu d ies. A g a in th e p r o b l e m s e e m e d to b e c e n t e r e d on the l a c k

of u n i f o r m i t y in the s i z e of th e p a r t i c l e s of b a g a s s e . B l i s s , in C u ban

s t u d i e s , n o te s a d e fin ite r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n s i z e of th e b a g a s s e p a r ­

t i c l e s an d the pol c o n te n t of the p a r t i c l e s . V e ry la r g e b a g a s s e p a r t i c l e s

f r o m the m i l l ta n d e m sho w ed tw ice the p ol c o n te n t d e t e r m i n e d fo r the

4
sm a lle s t p a rtic le s. W hile B l i s s 's p r e s e n t a t i o n w as a n a r g u m e n t f o r

m o r e e ff e c tiv e c a n e p r e p a r a t i o n arid m illin g to a c h ie v e a high d e g r e e of

b a g a s s e d i s i n t e g r a t i o n , the r e s u l t s a l s o point u p the p r o b le m of a n a ­

ly z in g b a g a s s e of v a r y i n g p a r t i c l e s i z e . Such a la c k o f p a r t i c l e u n i ­

f o r m i t y r e s u l t s f r o m only one or two p a s s e s th r o u g h th e t h r e e - r o l l

s a m p le m il l .

T o im p r o v e the p r e c i s i o n of in s p e c tio n s of the b a g a s s e fro m the

s a m p le m il l — b o th f i b e r a n d pol — a l a b o r a t o r y s c a le s h r e d d e r is p r o b ­

a b l y a n e c e s s a r y a d ju n c t to the t h r e e - r o l l s a m p le m ill in o r d e r to p r o ­

v id e a u n if o r m and f i n e l y su b d iv id e d b a g a s s e p a r t i c l e s i z e for

su b seq u e n t in sp e c tio n s.

T h e o r e t i c a l l y , i t would a p p e a r th a t the c o ld w a t e r e x t r a c t i o n

p r o c e s s sh o u ld be s u p e r i o r to the t h r e e - r o l l s a m p le m i l l for a n a ly z in g

th e c o n s t it u t e n t s of the c a n e i t s e l f , i . e . , B r ix , f i b e r , a n d pol p e r c e n t

c a n e . T h e pulping a c t i o n s of the b la d e s would p ro v id e a f in a l r e s i d u e

w e ll d i s i n t e g r a t e d a n d u n i f o r m l y e x t r a c t e d .

4
L . R . B lis s, "E l A n a ly sis P ro v e c h o so d el B agazo, " M e m o ria
de la XXXI C o n f e r e n c i a A n u a l de la A s o c i a c i o n d e T e c n ic o s A z u c a r e r o s
d e C u b a , (1957), pp. 2 2 5 -2 3 4 .
 166

R e q u i r e me n t s f o r R un n in g R o u tin e F i b e r D e t e r m i n a t i o n s : A n d e r s o n

n o te s th a t in Q u e e n s l a n d , a b o u t 150 f ib e r d e t e r m i n a t i o n s w e r e r u n

w e e k ly in a f a c t o r y t e s t s e r i e s on th e J u ic e S c a l e s - I n d i v i d u a l F i b e r

CCS S y s te m fo r d e t e r m i n i n g c a n e q u a li t y . In th is c a s e , a t l e a s t one
5
f i b e r d e t e r m i n a t i o n w a s m a d e fo r e a c h g r o w e r w e e k ly .

P a u l in h i s s t u d i e s a t the A u d u b o n S u g a r F a c t o r y a s s u m e d

a b o u t 700 s a m p l e s p e r w e e k in d e v e lo p in g th e c o m p a r a t i v e c o s t s of

s a m p lin g b y h a n d a n d b y m e c h a n i c a l g r a b , an d p r o c e s s i n g the s a m p le

in the t h r e e - r o l l s a m p le m il l and the c h i p p e r - W a r i n g blender.**

In d i s c u s s i n g th e R e u n io n SE m e th o d of c a n e q u a li t y d e t e r m i ­

n a tio n , H ugo t n o te s t h a t b e tw e e n 3 00 an d 1, 000 f i b e r d e t e r m i n a t i o n s

7
w e r e m ad e p e r f a c t o r y d u r i n g the 1954 c r o p .

I t would a p p e a r th a t a p p r e c i a b l e l a b o r a t o r y e q u ip m e n t, p e r ­

s o n n e l, and s u p e r v i s i o n a r e n e c e s s a r y in o r d e r to p e r f o r m r o u t in e

f i b e r d e t e r m i n a t i o n s a s p a r t of the c a n e q u a l i t y d e t e r m i n a t i o n . In

r e c o g n i ti o n o f t h i s , r a t h e r e x te n s iv e s tu d ie s in S outh A f r i c a w e r e

G. A , A n d e r s o n , "T he J u ic e S c a l e s - I n d i v i d u a l F i b e r S y s te m
f o r the D e t e r m in a tio n of C a n e Q u a lity , " P r o c e e d i n g s of the T e n th
C o n g r c s s of the I n t e r n a t i o n a l S o c ie ty of S u g a r C a n e T e c h n o l o g i s t s ,
(1959), p. 185.

^ " S u p p le m e n ta l R e p o r t — S u g a r C ane S a m p lin g C o s t s , " A

r e p o r t of w o r k done u n d e r C o n t r a c t N o . 1 2 5 - 2 5 - 0 1 0 -5 5 8 w ith the U nited
S ta te s D e p a r t m e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e , (O c to b e r 2 2 , 1958).

^E . H u g o t, "C ane P a y m e n t on a Q u a lity B a s i s , A n E x t r a c t a b l e

S u g a r F o r m u l a in R e u n io n , " T he I n t e r n a t i o n a l S u g a r J o u r n a l , LVII
(1959), 18 7 -1 9 0 .
 167

d i r e c t e d to w a r d s im p lif y in g the p r o c e d u r e fo r m ak in g r o u tin e f i b e r d e ­

te rm in a tio n s . H o w e v e r , none of the " s t r e a m l i n e d " m e th o d s gave the

d e s i r e d a c c u r a c y .®

M i s c e lla n e o u s C o m m e n ts on th e Cold W a te r E x t r a c t i o n P r o c e s s : A s

n o te d a b o v e , the u se o f f ib e r a s a c r i t e r i o n of c a n e q u a lity r a i s e s

q u e s t io n s a s to th e a c c u r a c y o f the s u b s e q u e n t e x tr a c t i o n p r e d i c t i o n s ,

th e p r e c i s i o n of the ro u tin e m e th o d s fo r f ib e r d e t e r m i n a t i o n , and the

r a t h e r e x te n s iv e p e r s o n n e l , l a b o r a t o r y e q u ip m e n t, and s u p e r v i s i o n

w h ic h a r e n e c e s s a r y to i n c o r p o r a t e f ib e r in to the c a n e p a y m e n t s y s t e m .

W ith r e g a r d to the c o ld w a t e r e x t r a c t i o n p r o c e s s i t s e l f , i t a p ­

p e a r s t h a t s p e c i a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s m a y h a v e to be m ad e a s to l a b o r a ­

t o r y e q u ip m e n t a n d the m e th o d s of c a l c u l a t i n g c a n e q u a lity f r o m the

e x tr a c t and resid u e in sp e c tio n s . In o r d e r to a c c o m o d a te the low e x ­

t r a c t c o n c e n t r a t i o n , th e p y c n o m e te r is u se d in A u s t r a l i a to d e t e r m i n e

th e B r ix o r so lu b le s o lid s r a t h e r th an the h y d r o m e t e r s p in d le . In

H a w a ii, the p r e c i s i o n type r e f r a c t o m e t e r is u s e d .

In South A f r i c a and A u s t r a l i a , the m eth o d of c a l c u l a t i n g the

p o l in the e x t r a c t f r o m the e x t r a c t o r is r e f i n e d to inclu d e a c o r r e c t i o n

®C. v a n d e r P o l a n d C . M. Young, " D e te r m in a t io n of C e r t a i n

Q u a l i t i e s of I n d iv id u a l C ane C o n s i g n m e n t s , " S u g a r M illin g R e s e a r c h
I n s t i t u t e , Q u a r t e r l y B u lle tin N o. 5 ( J a n u a r y , 1958), pp. 9 - 1 3 .
 168

9 10
for B r ix - f re e w a te r. * As m e n tio n e d p r e v i o u s ly , the w e ig h t of the

e x t r a c t is a s s u m e d to be th a t of the c a n e c h a r g e plus w a t e r l e s s the

p ro d u c t of d r y f ib e r t i m e s a f a c t o r to c o r r e c t fo r B r i x - f r e e w a t e r in

the r e s i d u e . H o w e v e r , in H a w a ii, the p r o c e d u r e is the m o r e c o n v e n ­

tio n a l one of m e r e l y d e d u c tin g the w e ig h t of the d r y f ib e r f r o m th a t of

c a n e plus w a t e r . ^

AN A L T E R N A T IV E M ETHOD

OF

D IR E C T CANE Q U A L IT Y D E T E R M IN A T IO N

BY

S A M P L E M IL L JU IC E E X T R A C T IO N

The p r e c e d i n g d i s c u s s i o n is n o t m e a n t to be a n i n d ic t m e n t of the

c o n c e p t of f i b e r a s a c r i t e r i o n of c a n e q u a li t y n o r of the c o ld w a te r e x ­

t r a c t i o n p r o c e s s a s a m e a n s of d e fin in g c a n e q u a lity . It is s u g g e s t e d ,

h o w e v e r , th a t the o b je c tio n s c it e d a b o v e a r e s u f f ic ie n tly v a lid to w a r r a n t

s e r i o u s c o n s i d e r a t i o n of a l t e r n a t i v e m e th o d s of d i r e c t cane q u a li t y d e ­

te r m i n a t i o n w hich i n c o r p o r a t e n e it h e r f ib e r n o r the u se of the c o ld w a t e r

ex tra c tio n p ro c e s s .

o
7H a r r i s , H an ks e t a l i a , I b i d . , p. 189.
^ D o u w es D ekker, I b i d . , p. 2 5.

^ J o h n H . P a y n e and H e n r y J . M ahon , "T he P o l R a t i o M eth od fo r

E v a lu a tin g C ane Q u a lity , " P r o c e e d i n g s of the N in th C o n g r e s s o f the I n t e r '
n a ti o n a l S o c ie ty of S u g a r C ane T e c h n o l o g i s t s , V ol. n , (1956), p. 4 4 1 .
 169

Such a n a l t e r n a t i v e is s u g g e s te d b y the u se of the t h r e e - r o l l

s a m p le m i l l in l ie u of the c o ld w a t e r e x t r a c t i o n p r o c e s s in the A udu b o n

Sugar F a c to ry stu d ie s. In t h e s e s t u d i e s , the s a m p le m il l w as u se d to

p r e p a r e c a n e s a m p l e s . f o r s u b s e q u e n t B r i x , f i b e r , and pol d e t e r m in a -

tio n s . It is r e a s o n e d th a t th e s a m p le m i l l e x t r a c t i o n i t s e l f - r a t h e r than

the f ib e r c o n te n t — is a s u f f i c i e n t c r i t e r i o n of the c o m m e r c i a l s c a l e m i l l ­

ing r e s p o n s e of the s a m p l e . In s u c h a c a s e , f ib e r d e t e r m i n a t i o n s a r e no

lo n g e r n e c e s s a r y . O b v io u sly , the q u e s tio n to be a n s w e r e d is w h e th e r the

e x t r a c t i o n of a w e ll d e s ig n e d s a m p le p r o c e s s i n g or m illin g d e v ic e b e a r s

a r e l a t i v e l y r e p r o d u c i b le r e l a t i o n s h i p to t h a t of a c o m m e r c i a l s c a l e m i l l ­

ing t a n d e m . F o r m a n y y e a r s , a h y d r a u l i c a l l y lo a d e d t h r e e - r o l l s a m p le

m i l l has b e e n u se d a t the USDA H o u m a , L o u isia n a , E x p e r i m e n t S ta tio n in

a g r o n o m ic r e s e a r c h . In t y p i c a l v a r i e t a l m illin g s t u d i e s , f a c t o r s a r e d e ­

t e r m i n e d w h ich r e l a t e the r e s u l t s f r o m a s in g le p a s s th ro u g h th e m ill

w ith th o se f r o m m u ltip le m illin g of the s a m e v a r i e t y in the m i l l u n d e r

e s s e n t i a l l y c o m m e r c i a l c o n d itio n s of m a c e r a t i o n a n d m ill p r e s s u r e . The

f a c t o r s h a v e e x h ib ite d a h ig h d e g r e e of r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y — so m u c h s o th a t

it h a s b e e n s u g g e s t e d th a t a c o m p a r a b l e m eth o d of c a n e e v a lu a tio n m igh t

be e v o lv e d fo r c a n e p a y m e n t p u r p o s e s . H o w e v e r , no s p e c if ic m e th o d s
12
of c o m m e r c i a l s c a l e a p p lic a tio n hav e b e e n s u g g e s t e d .

^ G e o r g e A r c e n e a u x , " S ta n d a r d s of C a n e Q u a lity in R e l a t i o n to
A g r o n o m ic R e s e a r c h and C o m m e r c i a l E v a lu a tio n of M ill C a n e , " P a p e r
d e l i v e r e d b e fo re the A m e r i c a n S o c ie ty o f S u g a r C an e T e c h n o lo g i s t s ,
F e b r u a r y , I960 .
 W ith t h e s e th o u g h ts in m in d , s c r e e n i n g s tu d ie s w e r e m ad e a t

the A u du b o n S u g a r F a c t o r y d u r i n g the i9 6 0 c r o p in w hich the e x t r a c t i o n

of d i f f e r e n t s a m p le p r o c e s s i n g 01 m illin g d e v ic e s w as c o m p a r e d to th a t

of the f a c t o r y m i l l ta n d e m . In t h e s e s t u d i e s , the c a n e fe e d a n d the e x -

t r a c t e d ju ic e w e ig h ts o f the s a m p le w e r e d e t e r m i n e d , and f r o m the ju ic e

i n s p e c t i o n s , the po l and b r i x e x t r a c t i o n p e r c e n t c a n e w e r e c a l c u l a t e d .

T h e s e r e s u l t s w e r e c o m p a r e d w ith th o s e f r o m th e big m ill. The b ig

m il l w a s o p e r a t e d u n d e r c o n s t a n t c o n d itio n s of m a c e r a t i o n , m ill s p e e d ,

s e t ti n g and p r e s s u r e . The s a m p le p r o c e s s i n g d e v ic e s w h ic h w e re s t u d ­

ied in c lu d e d (1) sin g le m illin g t h r o u g h the t h r e e - r o l l F a r r e l s a m p le

m i l l , ( 2 ) p r e p a r i n g the c a n e s a m p le in a s m a l l s h r e d d e r follo w ed b y

s in g le m illin g in th e s a m p le m ill, an d (3) e x t r a c t i o n of c h ip p e d c a n e in

a n e x t r u d e r - t y p e c o tto n s e e d o il s c r e w p r e s s .

In t h e s e s a m p lin g s t u d i e s , c o n s i d e r a b l e d iff ic u lty w a s e x p e r i ­

e n c e d in m a in ta in in g u n i f o r m feed of the s h r e d d e d c a n e t h r o u g h the t h r e e -

r o l l s a m p le m ill, an d the ju ic e e x t r a c t i o n v a r i e d w id e ly - e v e n in t e s t s

on c a n e f r o m the s a m e lo t. H o w e v e r, the r e s u l t s f r o m m illin g of the

w hole c a n e in the t h r e e - r o l l m ill an d of p r o c e s s i n g the c a n e th r o u g h the

s c r e w p r e s s w e r e q u ite e n c o u r a g in g .

C o n c u r r e n t w ith the i960 s tu d ie s a t the A ud ubo n S u g a r F a c t o r y ,

a p la n t s c a l e a p p li c a t io n of the s a m p le m i l l ju ic e e x tr a c t i o n s y s t e m w as

t r i e d a t the H e lv e tia C o o p e r a tiv e r a w s u g a r m il l th ro u g h the c o o p e r a ­

tion of M r . J u le s D o r n i e r , J r . , m a n a g e r . In t h e s e p la n t s c a l e s t u d i e s ,
the r o u tin e n o r m a l ju ic e d e t e r m i n a t i o n s w e r e m ad e f o r c a n e p a y m e n t

w h ic h in c lu d e d i n s p e c tio n s o f the ju ic e f r o m th e t h r e e - r o l l s a m p le m il l .

H o w e v e r , in a d d itio n , a l l ju ic e w as w e ig h e d , f r o m w h ic h the pol an d

B r ix e x t r a c t i o n per c e n t c a n e w e r e d e t e r m i n e d fo r e a c h s a m p l e . These

d a ta w e r e w e ig h te d to r e f l e c t the a v e r a g e s a m p le m ill pol and B rix e x ­

t r a c t i o n p e r c e n t c a n e fo r a l l s h i p m e n t s d u r i n g th e w e e k ly r u n . F ro m

the c o r r e s p o n d i n g b ig m ill d a ta for the s a m e p e r i o d , pol a n d B r i x e x ­

t r a c t i o n f a c t o r s w e re c a l c u l a t e d . T h e s e f a c t o r s r e l a t e d th e e x t r a c t i o n

of the s a m p le m il l w ith th at of the b ig m ill. T h e s e f a c t o r s show ed

q u ite good r e p ro d vie i b il i ty f r o m w e ek to w e e k .

B a se d on the r e s u l t s of the s a m p le m i l l ju ic e e x t r a c t i o n s t u d i e s

on a p i lo t s c a l e a t the A udubon S u g a r F a c t o r y , a n d on a p la n t s c a l e a t

H e lv e tia C o o p e r a t iv e , plan s w e r e m a d e fo r a c o m p r e h e n s i v e s e r i e s of

t e s t s d u r i n g th e 1961 c r o p .
 C H A P T E R VII

E X P E R IM E N T A L P R O C E D U R E , E Q U IP M E N T ,

AND HANDLING OF DATA

SUMMARY

B e c a u s e the e x p e r i m e n t a l w o r k d u r i n g the 1961 c r o p c o v e r e d a

r a t h e r wide ra n g e o f in v e s tig a tio n , the sc o p e of the w o rk , the e q u i p ­

m e n t, an d the p r o c e d u r e a r e s u m m a r i z e d in th is * s e c tio n in o r d e r to

p ro v id e a n o v e r a l l p i c t u r e of the p r o j e c t . The m a t e r i a l in th is s u m ­

m a r y a r e c o v e r e d in g r e a t e r deta.il in s u b s e q u e n t s e c t i o n s .

As n o ted in the p r e c e d in g c h a p t e r , the n o r m a l j u ic e m eth o d of

c a n e q u a lity d e t e r m i n a t i o n a s u se d in L o u is ia n a h a s m a n y s h o r t ­

c o m in g s in c lu d in g i ts u se o f a m u ltip lic ity of f a c t o r s , its f a i l u r e to

i n t e r p r e t c a n e q u a lity in t e r m s of r e c o v e r a b l e s u g a r a n d its f a i l u r e

to i n c o r p o r a t e into the c a n e q u a lity the q u a n tity of ju ic e in the c a n e .

In o th e r c a n e g ro w in g a r e a s , the m o s t r e c e n t d e v e lo p m e n ts i n d i r e c t

c a n e q u a lity d e t e r m i n a t i o n , i . e . , the e v a lu a tio n of c a n e b e fo re i t

e n t e r s the c a r r i e r , b a s e the p r e d i c te d r e c o v e r a b l e s u g a r on the i n ­

s p e c tio n s of the c a n e i t s e l f — th a t i s , the a p p a r e n t s u c r o s e — or pol,

the B r ix , and the f i b e r p e r c e n t c a n e . W ith th is a p p r o a c h , the l a b ­

o r a t o r y e q u ip m e n t, p e r s o n n e l , and s u p e r v i s i o n w h ich a r e r e q u i r e d
 173

fo r r o u tin e f ib e r d e t e r m i n a t i o n s a r e a p p r e c i a b l e . In a d d itio n , t h e r e

i s th e q u e s tio n a s to how r e l i a b l e is a m illin g e x t r a c t i o n w h ic h is p r e ­

d i c t e d f r o m the f ib e r c o n te n t of the c a n e s a m p l e .

A n a l t e r n a t i v e p o s s i b i l i t y t o be c o n s i d e r e d is the u s e of a p r o ­

to ty p e s a m p le m illin g o r p r o c e s s i n g d e v ic e to p r e d i c t the ju ic e e x ­

t r a c t i o n o r m illin g r e s p o n s e of a s a m p le o f c a n e . Such a d e v ic e w ould

h a v e to be r e p r o d u c i b l e in p e r f o r m a n c e a n d sh o w a r e a s o n a b l y c o n s i s t ­

e n t r e l a t i o n s h i p w ith the e x t r a c t i o n of th e f a c t o r y m ill. B y th is m e th o d ,

a d i r e c t m e a n s w ould be a v a i la b l e fo r p r e d i c t i n g f a c t o r y e x t r a c t i o n

c o m p a r e d to the i n f e r e n t i a l m eth od a s r e q u i r e d with f i b e r . T h is p o s s i ­

b i l i t y f o r m s the b a s i s fo r the s u b s e q u e n t s t u d i e s art the A u d ubo n S u g a r

F a c to ry .

In a n y of th e m e th o d s of c a n e q u a lity d e t e r m i n a t i o n w h ic h in v o lv e

a p r e d i c ti o n of the r e c o v e r a b l e s u g a r in the s a m p l e , b o th m il l e x t r a c ­

tio n and b o ilin g h o u s e r e t e n t i o n m u s t be d e t e r m i n e d . W hile t h e s e s tu d ie s

ha v e b e e n c o n fin e d to the e v a lu a tio n o f the m illin g e x t r a c t i o n of the

s a m p l e , i t is s t i l l n e c e s s a r y to p r e d i c t the r e c o v e r y of the e x t r a c t e d

s u c r o s e in the b o ilin g h o u se by m e a n s o f one of th e c o n v e n tio n a l r e t e n ­

tio n f o r m u la s — in c o n ju n c tio n w ith a n a s s u m e d bo ilin g h o u s e e ff ic ie n c y .

T he p h a s e of c a n e q u a li t y d e t e r m i n a t i o n d e a l in g w ith the b o ilin g h o u s e

r e s p o n s e is i t s e l f a field w h ic h is v i t a l l y in n e e d o f i n v e s ti g a t i o n . For

t h e s e s t u d i e s , a n a s s u m e d b o ilin g h o u s e r e t e n t i o n w as a p p lie d to th e

e x t r a c t i o n d a ta .
 174

D u r in g the 1961 c r o p , the s tu d y p r o g r a m c o v e r e d the follo w in g

s a m p le p r o c e s s i n g d e v ic e s f o r p r e d i c ti n g the e x t r a c t i o n of a c o n s i g n ­

m e n t of c a n e :

1. T he T h r e e - R o l l S a m p le M ill

a. O nce T h r o u g h

b. T w ice T h ro u g h

2. The S crew P re s s

3. A S m a ll b o x - ty p e h y d r a u lic p r e s s s i m i l a r in c o n ­

s t r u c t i o n to the l a b o r a t o r y c a g e p r e s s .

In t h e s e s t u d i e s , s a m p le s f o r e a c h of th e p r o c e s s i n g d e v ic e s w e r e

r e m o v e d f r o m the opened bundle of c a n e on the f e e d e r ta b l e . H avin g

r e m o v e d the s a m p l e s , the r e m a i n d e r of the c a n e w a s p r o c e s s e d on the

f a c t o r y m illin g ta n d e m . J u ic e a n d b a g a s s e f r o m the s a m p l e s and the

f a c t o r y ta n d e m w e r e w e ig h e d a n d i n s p e c t e d and th e a p p r o p r i a t e c a l c u ­

la t i o n s w e re m ad e w h ic h w ould p er m i t c o m p a r i s o n of the s a m p le m i l l ­

in g o r p r o c e s s i n g r e s u l t s w ith th o s e of the f a c t o r y m ill.

By r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s e s , the B r ix and pol e x t r a c t i o n of the s a m p le

p r o c e s s i n g d e v ic e s w e r e c o m p a r e d w ith th e f a c t o r y e x t r a c t i o n in t e r m s

of a s in g le v a r i a b l e l in e a r c o r r e l a t i o n of the f o r m y = a + b x. The d e ­

g r e e of c o r r e l a t i o n w a s s t a t i s t i c a l l y t e s t e d b y the c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t

r , the s t a n d a r d d e v ia tio n of the e s t i m a t e s (y), the c o e f f i c i e n t of v a r i a n c e ,

a n d th e 95 per c e n t c o n fid e n c e l i m i t s of one s a m p l e .

In a d d itio n to the c o r r e l a t i o n s r e l a t i n g the s a m p le m i l l e x t r a c ­

tio n to th a t of the f a c t o r y , c o r r e l a t i o n s w e r e a l s o d e v e lo p e d w h ich

 175

r e l a t e d the B r ix , pol, a n d f i b e r p e r c e n t c a n e of th e s a m p le w ith s i m i ­

l a r i n s p e c tio n s of the w hole c a n e c o n s i g n m e n t a s d e t e r m i n e d f r o m the

fac to ry r e s u lts . T h is p h a se of the s tu d ie s p e r m i t t e d a c o m p a r i s o n of

t h e s e d a ta w ith s i m i l a r d a ta f r o m p re v io u s s t u d i e s .

B e c a u s e of the e m p h a s i s in c o n c u r r e n t s t u d i e s on the use of

fib e r a s a m e a n s of p r e d i c ti n g m il l e x t r a c t i o n , c o r r e l a t i o n s w e r e a l s o

d e v e lo p e d r e l a t i n g th e f ib e r c o n te n t of the s a m p le to the f a c t o r y ju ic e

e x t r a c t i o n of the whole c o n s i g n m e n t. T he p r e c i s i o n of th e s e c o r r e l a ­

tion s w e r e c o m p a r e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y w ith t h a t of c o r r e l a t i o n s r e l a t i n g the

s a m p le m il l ju ic e e x t r a c t i o n to the f a c t o r y ju ic e e x t r a c t i o n .

F r o m the s a m p le an d f a c t o r y d a t a , the f a c t o r s u s e d in the n o r m a l

j u ic e m eth o d of c a n e q u a li t y d e t e r m i n a t i o n w e r e s tu d ie d . T he d a il y a n d

a v e r a g e d ilu tio n c o m p e n s a ti o n f a c t o r s ( F a c t o r y C r u s h e r J u ic e B r i x /

S a m p le M ill J u ic e B rix ) and d r y m illin g f a c t o r s ( F a c t o r y N o r m a l J u ic e

B r i x / F a c t o r y C r u s h e r J u ic e B rix ) w e re d e t e r m i n e d . F r o m th ese d a ta ,

95 p e r c e n t c o n fid e n c e l i m i ts for one d ilu tio n c o m p e n s a ti o n f a c to r t e s t

a n d one d r y m illin g f a c t o r t e s t w e r e d e t e r m i n e d .

F i n a l l y , the s a m p le m ill e x t r a c t i o n m eth o d of c a n e q u a lity d e ­

t e r m i n a t i o n w as a p p lie d to a c a n e p a y m e n t s y s t e m . In th is p h a se of the

s t u d i e s , a v e r a g e B r ix and p o l e x t r a c t i o n f a c t o r s w e re c a l c u l a t e d . These

f a c t o r s r e l a t e d th e s a m p le m i l l e x t r a c t i o n to th a t of the f a c t o r y . The

e x t r a c t i o n f a c t o r s and a s t a n d a r d r e t e n t i o n a n d b o ilin g h o u s e e f f i c ie n c y

w e r e a p p lie d to th e d a il y s a m p le m il l d a ta in o r d e r to d e t e r m i n e a
 176

p r e d i c t e d y ie ld of 9 6 ° s u g a r . T he p r e d i c t e d c o s t of c a n e w as s u b s e ­

q u e n tl y c a l c u l a t e d u s in g the 1961 s e a s o n 's a v e r a g e p r i c e of 9 6 ° r a w

s u g a r and a s t a n d a r d d i s t r i b u t i o n of r e t u r n s f o r s u g a r b e tw e e n the

g r o w e r and p r o c e s s o r .

In a d d itio n , the c o s t of c a n e w as p r e d i c te d b y m e a n s o f the c o n ­

v e n ti o n a l n o r m a l ju ic e m e th o d a s a p p lie d to the s a m p le m i l l d a t a .

The c a n e c o s t w as a l s o c a l c u l a t e d u s in g the c a n e q u a lity a s d e ­

t e r m i n e d f r o m th e s a m p le m ill B r ix , pol, and f i b e r p er c e n t c a n e and

th e c o r r e l a t i o n s r e l a t i n g t h e s e i n s p e c tio n s to the c o r r e s p o n d i n g f a c t o r y

d a ta . A s t a n d a r d f a c t o r y e x t r a c t i o n — and r e t e n t i o n and b o ilin g h o u se

e f f i c ie n c y — w e r e a p p lie d to the c a n e q u a l i t y a s d e t e r m i n e d f r o m the

c o r r e l a t i o n s in o r d e r to d e t e r m i n e a p r e d i c te d y ie ld . F r o m the y ie ld ,

th e c o s t of cane w a s d e t e r m i n e d a s s u m i n g the s t a n d a r d d i s t r i b u t i o n of

r e t u r n s and p r i c e of s u g a r a s w ith the s a m p le m i l l j u ic e e x t r a c t i o n

m e th o d .

E Q U IP M E N T

S a m p le M illin g o r P r o c e s s i n g D e v ic e s

T h r e e - R o l l S a m p le M ill - The t h r e e - r o l l s a m p le m ill

( I l l u s t r a t i o n 2) w h ic h w as u se d in th e s e s tu d ie s w as d e ­

sig n e d by th e s t a f f of the C h e m i c a l E n g in e e r i n g D e p a r t ­

m e n t and th e A udubon S u g a r F a c t o r y , a n d c o n s t r u c t e d

a n d p r e s e n t e d to the A udubon S u g a r F a c t o r y by the

T H R E E - R O L L S A M P L E M IL L

177
Illu s tra tio n 2
 178

F a r r e l - B i r m i n g h a m C o m p a n y of A n s o n ia , C o n n e c tic u t.

T h e m ill w e ig h s 14, 125 pounds and m e a s u r e s a p p r o x i ­

m a t e l y s i x by e ig h t f e e t. A l l m e t a l s e c t i o n s of the m ill

a r e a n n e a le d an d s t r e s s - r e l i e v e d . The m i l l is p o w e re d

b y a 2 2 0 -4 4 0 v o lt, 15 H P m o to r w ith a f o u r to one sp e e d

v a r i a t i o n w h ic h g iv es a n e ff e c tiv e m il l s p e e d of a b o u t

e ig h t to f o r t y f e e t p e r m in u te . A 4 - 1 / 2 in c h f lo a tin g

s h a f t c o n n e c ts the r e d u c e r to the a c t u a l m i l l . T h is s h a f t

d r i v e s th e c an e g rin d in g u n it w hich c o n s i s t s of t h r e e

tw e lv e in c h by tw e lv e in ch r o l l s . The r o l l s a r e g ro o v e d

to t h r e e - e i g h t h i n c h w ith a p itc h a n g le of 5 0 °.

The m ill is e q u ip p e d w ith a B lac k h aw k h y d r a u l i c s y s ­

te m w h ic h c o n s i s t s of a p u m p and o il r e s e r v o i r m o u n ted

on the m a c h in e b a s e . T h is s y s t e m is c a p a b le of d e l i v e r ­

in g a m a x im u m h y d r a u lic p r e s s u r e of 2 0 0 0 p s ig w h ich is

e q u iv a le n t to f o r t y one tons p e r fo o t of to p r o l l . The h y ­

d r a u l i c s y s t e m in c lu d e s two E d w a r d s a c c u m u l a t o r s w ith

p ip in g , g a u g e s , a n d r o l l f l o a t i n d i c a t o r s . The m i l l e m ­

ploys a c e n t r a l f o r c e - f e e d l u b r i c a t i o n s y s t e m w h ic h d i s ­

t r i b u t e s o il to s i x points on th e m ill.

T he c a n e fe e d c h u te is tw elv e in c h e s w ide b y e ig h t

in c h e s d e e p , a n d is m o u n ted a t a n a n g le to f a c i l i t a t e f e e d ­

in g . T he b a g a s s e c h u te , w h ic h is w id e r th a n th e r o l l s , is
 179

in c lin e d a t a n a n g le to p r o v id e g r a v i t y d i s c h a r g e o f the

bagasse.

G a lv a n iz e d i r o n t r a y s a p p r o x i m a t e l y five f e e t long

b y tw e lv e in c h e s w ide b y e ig h t in c h e s d e e p a r e p ro v id e d

to f a c i l i t a t e f e e d in g c a n e o r b a g a s s e to the m il l . T he

t r a y s a r e s o c o n s t r u c t e d th a t th e c a n e o r b a g a s s e c a n

b e p la c e d in th e t r a y s a n d the t r a y s i n s e r t e d in th e c a n e

feed c h u te . W hen the t r a y s a r e tilte d the fe e d e n t e r s the

m ill by g ra v ity .

S c r e w P r e s s — T h e s c r e w p r e s s ( I l l u s t r a t i o n 3) w h ich

w as u s e d in t h e s e s t u d i e s is o f th e b a s i c d e s i g n fo r the e x ­

t r a c t i o n of o il f r o m c o tto n s e e d . T he p r e s s w ith s o m e

m o d if ic a tio n s fo r s u g a r c a n e e x t r a c t i o n w a s lo a n e d to the

A u d u b o n S u g a r F a c t o r y b y the F r e n c h O il M a c h i n e r y

C o m p a n y of P iq u a , O h io , the m a n u f a c t u r e r .

In p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s , the p r e s s sh o w ed b e t t e r p o l e x ­

t r a c t i o n on c a n e s a m p l e s th a n w a s o b s e r v e d w ith th e f a c t o r y

ta n d e m on the w hole c a n e s h i p m e n t . As a n in d ic a tio n of

e x t r a c t i o n s e v e r i t y , i t w a s n o te d t h a t m o i s t u r e in b a g a s s e

a v e r a g e d 37 t o 42 p e r c e n t on b a g a s s e , w hile th e f a c t o r y

ta n d e m r a n g e d f r o m 46 to 48 p e r c e n t . T h e m a n u f a c t u r e r 's

s p e c i f i c a t i o n s o n the M a c h in e N o . 15378 a r e :

3 - s e c t i o n f r a m e , r e c t a n g u l a r d o w n s p o u t.
SCREW PR E S S
Illu stra tio n 3

180
 181

3 - s e c t i o n s o lid c a g e , h e a v y d u ty , F 2 s c r e e n
b a r s , s p a c e d . 039 i n . , .0 2 0 i n c . , .0 1 0 in .

A u x i l i a r y d r a i n a g e c a g e , s p a c e d . 0 4 0 in .

M a in s h a f t a s s e m b l y fo r s u g a r c a n e , l i g h t ­
w e ig h t s o lid s h a f t, a l l h a r d c o a te d w o r m s
and c o l la r s .

S t a t i o n a r y c o n e c e n t e r d i s c h a r g e , m o to r d r i v e n .

50 H P , 1800 r p m , U .S . m o to r w ith s t a r t e r ,
3 /6 0 /2 2 0 .

8 0 -2 0 g e a r a r r a n g e m e n t

B a x P r e s s — T h e box p r e s s ( I l l u s t r a t i o n 4) u s e d in

t h e s e s a m p lin g -;stu d ie s w a s d e s ig n e d e s p e c i a l l y for th is

s e r v i c e and w a s f a b r i c a t e d by th e U n i v e r s i t y E n g i n e e r ­

ing E x p e r i m e n t S ta tio n . T he u n it a s c o m p lete d c lo s e ly

r e s e m b l e s the l a b o r a t o r y ty p e c a g e p r e s s e x c e p t t h a t i t

is m u c h l a r g e r , a n d i n s t e a d of the c y l i n d r i c a l c a g e , a

s e c t i o n of s t a n d a r d e ig h t in c h pipe w a s u s e d .

T h e f r a m e c o n s i s t s of two v e r t i c a l e ig h t in c h I b e a m s

and tw o to p a n d tw o b o tto m h o r i z o n t a l s t r i n g e r s of t h r e e

in c h b y t e n in c h a n g l e s . A t h r e e - f o u r t h s i n c h b a s e p la te

is w e ld e d to the t o p of th e b o tto m s t r i n g e r s t o s u p p o r t th e

h y d ra u lic j a c k , a n d a n o t h e r b a s e p la te of the s a m e d i m e n ­

s io n s is w e ld e d to the b o tto m of th e to p s t r i n g e r s to h o ld

the fix ed p is to n .
BOX PR ESS

Illu s tra tio n 4

 183

T h e m a n u a lly o p e r a t e d h y d r a u lic j a c k is r a t e d a t

tw e n ty to n s c a p a c i t y . T h e p r e s s p i s t o n — a 3 - 1 / 2 in ch

th ic k s e c t i o n of e ig h t in c h ro u n d i s t h r e a d e d to a se c -

tio n o f t h r e e in c h r o u n d of s u f f i c i e n t le n g th to p e r m i t

a t h i r t e e n i n c h s t r o k e of the c y l i n d e r . T he c y li n d e r

a s s e m b l y ( I l l u s t r a t i o n 5) w h ic h c o n s i s t s of a c y l i n d e r ,

b a s e p l a t e , an d f a l s e b o tto m , is a ffix e d to the j a c k by

m e a n s of a c o l l a r a n d s e t s c r e w on the b a s e p la te w h ich

e n g a g e s the j a c k p is to n .

The c y l i n d e r , w h ic h w as f a b r i c a t e d f r o m a s e c t i o n

of e ig h t i n c h s t a n d a r d s t e e l pipe, is f o u r t e e n in c h e s h ig h .

T o f a c i l i t a t e d r a i n a g e o f the e x p r e s s e d j u i c e , l / 1 6 t h i n c h

h o le s w e r e d r i l l e d in the w a ll of th e c y l i n d e r . The 3 /4

in c h b a s e p late i s g ro o v e d to r e c e i v e th e c y l i n d e r , a n d a

7 /8 in c h g u t te r h a s b e e n m a c h in e d in to the b a s e p la te n e a r

i ts p e r i f e r y to r e c e i v e the j u i c e . D r a i n a g e of the ju ic e

f r o m the g u t te r is b y m e a n s of a s m a l l s p o u t w hich h a s

b e e n t h r e a d e d i n to th e s id e of the b a s e p la te — o p e n in g

in to th e g u t t e r .

L o c a te d in s id e th e c y li n d e r a n d r e s t i n g on the b a s e

p la te is a r e m o v a b l e f a l s e b o tto m . T he b o tto m is p ro v id e d

w ith h o le s an d c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l a n d r a d i a l g ro o v in g to p e r ­

m it d r a i n a g e of the j u ic e fro m the c y l i n d e r .

 184

1.1/4" DIA, THREADED HOLE FOR BOLT TO

TOP OF PRESS.

;8"DIA. PISTON AFFIXED TO 3" DIA. SHAFT

BY 1.1/4"* 1.1/2" THREADED SECTION.

CYLINDER OF 8 DIA. STD. STEEL PIPE.

■32 l/tB" DRAIN HOLES AROUND CYLINDER

■FALSE BOTTOM ( m i dilc* A)

STEEL PLATE.

& S/Ift' WIDE* 1 /3 2 " DEEP GROOVE

TO SEAT CYLINDER.

7 /a " WIDE *1 /2 " OEEP GROOVE FOR

JUICE DRAIN.

1/2" DIA. THREADED HOLE AND NIPPLE

FOR JUICE DRAM.

DETAI L A

FALSE BOTTOM.
1/2" THICK WITH 1/16" DIA. HOLES
AND DRAM CHANNE3,

BOX P R E S S CYLINDER A SS EM B L Y AND PISTON.

I L L U S TR A TI O N NO. 9
 185

T he p u m p h y d r a u lic s y s t e m i s piped to a p r e s s u r e

g a u g e . The m a x im u m p r e s s u r e of 1 0 ,0 0 0 p sig c o r r e s ­

ponds to a w o rk in g p r e s s u r e in the e ig h t in c h c y lin d e r

of a b o u t 800 p s ig .

F a c t o r y M illin g E q u ip m e n t

C a n e is h a n d le d b y a fo ur ton A m e r i c a n s t e e l g u y d e r r i c k . The

f e e d e r ta b le is of the c o n v e n tio n a l type s t e e l c o n s t r u c t i o n a p p r o x i m a t e l y

e ig h t e e n f e e t by tw e n ty f e e t e q u ip p e d w ith f e e d e r c h a in s w h ich a r e

d r i v e n b y a s p e e d r e d u c e r a n d m o to r w ith a r h e o s t a t s p e e d c o n t r o l .

T h e f e e d e r ta b le d i s c h a r g e s in to a f o u r fo o t s t e e l s l a t c a n e c a r r i e r .

T he c a r r i e r to o is a c t u a t e d b y a r h e o s t a t c o n t r o l l e d e l e c t r i c m o to r .

T he c a n e is p r e p a r e d by m e a n s of tw o s e t s of k n iv e s . The

f i r s t s e t , w h ic h i s l o c a te d j u s t off the f e e d e r t a b l e , c o n s i s t s of tw e n ty

fo u r k n iv e s d r i v e n a t 600 r p m by a 75 H P A . C . m o to r th r o u g h a V -

b e It d r iv e and s e t a t 2 - 1 / 2 in c h e s f r o m the s l a t s . The se c o n d s e t , a t

the h e a d s h a f t of the m a in c o n v e y o r , c o n s i s t s o f 24 k n iv e s d r i v e n a t

600 r p m by a 40 H P A . C . m o to r t h r o u g h a V - b e l t d r i v e , and is s e t a t

3 / 4 in c h e s f r o m the s l a t s .

T h e S q u ie r m illin g ta n d e m is m ad e up of a tw e n ty b y t w e n ty -

f o u r in c h F u l t o n type t w o - r o l l c r u s h e r , fo llo w ed b y t h r e e t r i a n g u l a r

s t r e s s 1 8 - 1 /2 b y 24 in c h t h r e e - r o l l m i l l s . The in d iv id u a l u n its a r e

d r i v e n b y in d e p e n d e n t d i r e c t c u r r e n t m o to r s th r o u g h d o u b le r e d u c t io n

F a lk g e arin g . T he c r u s h e r is d r i v e n b y a 50 H P m o to r , a n d e a c h of
\
 186

th e m il l s is d r i v e n by a 100 H P m o t o r . T he r o l l s p e e d of the t h r e e -

m il l s and c r u s h e r m a y be u n i f o r m l y v a r i e d in the r a n g e of t w e n ty

th r o u g h e ig h ty f e e t p e r m in u te b y v a r y i n g th e outp ut v o lta g e of the

W a rd -L e o n a rd sy ste m m o to r -g e n e ra to r s e t. The r o l l sp e e d of the

i n d iv id u a l m il l s m a y be a d j u s t e d by v a r y i n g the field c u r r e n t on the

m o to rs. R o ll p r e s s u r e s a r e m a in ta in e d b y E d w a r d s a c c u m u l a t o r s

a t th e e n d s of th e t o p r o l l of e a c h m ill.

A c o m p le te m a t e r i a l b a la n c e a r o u n d the m ill is p ro v id e d b y

c a n e , b a g a s s e , m a c e r a t i o n , a n d ju ic e m e a s u r i n g o r w e ig h in g e q u i p ­

m e n t. T h e c a n e is w e ig h ed a t th e d e r r i c k by m e a n s of a fo u r ton

H ow e d e r r i c k s c a l e . The ju ic e w e ig h t i s p ro v id e d b y the p n e u m a t i ­

c a l l y o p e r a t e d F o x b o r o ju ic e w eig h in g s y s t e m . B a g a s s e is b a le d

a n d th e n w e ig h ed on B u ffalo S c a le C o m p a n y e q u ip m e n t.

In o r d e r to r u n the d r y m illin g t e s t s — w hich r e q u i r e the d e ­

t e r m i n a t i o n of the B r i x of u n d ilu te d j u ic e — n o m a c e r a t i o n w a te r w a s

u s e d on th e m i l l s . H o w e v e r , m a c e r a t i o n w a t e r m e t e r i n g e q u ip m e n t

is a v a i l a b l e .

M i s c e ll a n e o u s E q u ip m e n t

M e c h a n i c a l G r a b : T h e m e c h a n i c a l c a n e s a m p lin g g r a b

is c o n s t r u c t e d of s t e e l pip in g a n d c a b l e . O p e r a tio n is h y ­

d r a u l i c th r o u g h a n e l e c t r i c m o to r w h ic h c r e a t e s a n o p e r a ­

tin g p r e s s u r e o f a b o u t 1900 p s i g . T h r e e h y d r a u lic c y l i n d e r s ,

w hich a r e m a n u a lly a c t u a t e d b y m e a n s of l e v e r s , m o ve the

 187

g r a b in a h o r i z o n t a l p la n e , l if t th e g r a b a r m , a n d c l o s e the

grab. B y m e a n s of c a b l e , the g r a b u n it c a n be m a n u a lly

p o s itio n e d o v e r the c a n e on the t a b l e . The bo o m is 18 f e e t

in le n g th , w hile the g r a b u n it is 1 - 1 / 2 f e e t in le n g th w ith a

h o ld in g d i a m e t e r w h ic h m a y be v a r i e d f r o m a b o u t one to

2 -1 /2 fee t. The o p e r a t in g c a p a c i ty of the g r a b is a p p r o x i ­

m a te ly 30 to 150 pounds o f c a n e .

E n s i l a g e C u t t e r ; T he M o d el 340 L e tz F o d d e r and H a y

C h o p p e r , w h ic h is m a n u f a c tu r e d b y the L e tz M a n u f a c tu rin g

C o m p a n y of C ro w n P o in t, In d ia n a , c o n s i s t s of a n e l e c t r i c

m o to r d r i v e n s t e e l s l a t c o n v e y o r , " fin g e r fe e d " c o m p r i s i n g

a d r u m w ith fo u r r o w s of s t a g g e r e d s t e e l f i n g e r s , and a

c u tte rh e a d . The c o n v e y o r b e l t c a r r i e s the c a n e — or a n y

fib ro u s m a t e r i a l — th ro u g h the f i n g e r fe e d in to the c u t t e r

h e a d w h e re th e fee d is c u t in to s m a l l s e c t i o n s .

Y -T y p e B l e n d e r ; The Y -ty p e b l e n d e r c o n s i s t s of two

c y l i n d e r s w e ld ed in to the s h a p e of a V a n d c o m b in in g in to a

sin g le v e r t i c a l c y li n d e r a t the ju n c tio n . T he u n it, w hich

h a s a n o p e r a t in g c a p a c i t y of a b o u t 40 g a llo n s , is p o w e re d

by a 1 /4 H P e l e c t r i c m o t o r . It i s d r i v e n th r o u g h a g e a r

r e d u c e r a t a sp e e d of a b o u t 10 r p m .

M i s c e ll a n e o u s e q u ip m e n t fo r p r e p a r i n g the s a m p l e s f o r l a b o r a ­

t o r y t e s t i n g w e r e 500 pound m a x im u m c a p a c i t y p l a t f o r m s c a l e s ;
 188

p a l l e t s , w h ic h w e r e c o n s t r u c t e d of h a l f - s e c t i o n s of 55 g a llo n d r u m s for

t r a n s p o r t i n g th e c a n e s a m p l e s in the a r e a ; 10, 20, a n d 55 g a llo n c o n ­

t a i n e r s f o r ju ic e and b a g a s s e ; an d # 1 0 c a n s fo r the l a b o r a t o r y s a m p l e s .

A l a b o r a t o r y p a n b a la n c e w a s u s e d f o r the s m a l l e r s a m p l e s w h ic h w e r e

r e q u i r e d fo r th e box p r e s s .

PR O C E D U R E

G e n e r a l l y fo u r b u n d les of c a n e ( e a c h w e ig h in g two to t h r e e to n s)

w e r e p r o c e s s e d in e a c h r u n . P r i o r t o the t e s t , the b u n d le s w e r e s e ­

l e c t e d f r o m t h o s e in th e c a n e y a r d to r e p r e s e n t the s a m e v a r i e t y an d

q u a l i t y of c a n e w ith r e s p e c t t o f r e s h n e s s and t r a s h o r d e g r e e of b u r n ­

in g . A s e a c h b und le o f c an e w a s p la c e d on the f e e d e r ta b le a n d opened,

a m e c h a n i c a l g r a b s a m p le of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 110 pounds w as r e m o v e d

f r o m the b u n d le and p la c e d on th e p l a t f o r m . E a c h g r a b s a m p le w as

s u b d iv id e d in to fo u r s u b - s a m p l e s . T h is s t e p w a s p e r f o r m e d w ith

c a r e to m in i m iz e the lo o s e n in g o r l o s s of t r a s h in th e s a m p l e . The

s u b - s a m p l e s w e r e la b e le d :

1. T r a s h D e te rm in a tio n

2. T h r e e - R o l l S a m p le M i l l — S ingle M illin g

3. T h r e e - R o l l S a m p le M ill — D ouble M illin g

4. S c r e w P r e s s and B o x P r e s s

T h e r e m a i n i n g b u n d les w e r e s u b - s a m p l e d in the s a m e m a n n e r ,

a n d th e s u b - s a m p l e s w e r e c o m p o s it e d a n d t ie d .
 189

T rash

T he s u b - s a m p l e l a b e le d T r a s h D e t e r m i n a t i o n w as w e ig h e d , han d

c l e a n e d , an d r e w e i g h e d .f r o m w h ic h d a ta the p e r c e n t t r a s h w as d e t e r ­

m in e d . In the hand c le a n i n g , a l l l e a v e s , e x t r a n e o u s m a t e r i a l , a n d tops

a b o v e the l a s t f u ll - f o r m e d j o in t w e r e r e m o v e d .

T h r e e - R o l l S a m p le M ill

In th e t h r e e - r o l l s a m p le m i l l p r o c e s s i n g , the c a n e s a m p l e s fo r

th e s in g le an d fo r the d o u b le m illin g w e r e w e ig h ed an d th e n p la c e d in

the g a lv a n iz e d fe e d t r o u g h s . The c a n e w a s u n i f o r m l y s p r e a d in the

t r o u g h s to a d e p th of a b o u t t h r e e l a y e r s of c a n e . The fee d tr o u g h s

w e r e c e n t e r e d in the m il l fee d c h u te an d t ilte d s o th a t the c.ane e n t e r e d

the m ill by g r a v i t y f e e d . In the d o uble m illin g , the b a g a s s e w as m ille d

a g a in — the feed b e in g e v e n ly s p r e a d in the feed t r o u g h s . The w e ig h ts

of the ju ic e an d b a g a s s e w e r e r e c o r d e d . The b a g a s s e f r o m the d ouble

m illin g s tu d y w a s p la c e d in the Y -ty p e t u m b l e r a n d m ixed fo r ten

m in u te s a f t e r w h ic h a o n e - g a llo n s a m p le w as r e m o v e d . The b a g a s s e

s a m p le a n d the o n e - g a l lo n ju ic e s a m p l e s f r o m the sin g le and the double

m illin g w e r e s e t a s i d e fo r t r a n s f e r to the l a b o r a t o r y . No b ag asse

s a m p l e s w e r e c o l l e c t e d f r o m the sin g le m illin g due to the c o a r s e n a tu r e

of the r e s i d u e .

U n if o r m m illin g c o n d itio n s w e r e m a in ta in e d in a l l r u n s a t a m ill

r o l l s p e e d of a b o u t 8 . 5 f e e t p e r m inu te a n d a h y d r a u lic p r e s s u r e of

13 00 p s ig o r a b o u t 27 to n s on the to p r o l l .
 190

In a l l r u n s , fe e d to the s a m p le m i l l w a s s u c h t h a t th e u p p e r r o l l

" f l o a t e d " a s in d ic a te d b y th e r o l l m o v e m e n t i n d i c a t o r s . In th is m a n n e r ,

m a in te n a n c e o f the in d ic a te d lo ad on the c a n e m a t w a s a s s u r e d .

S c r e w P r e s s a n d Box P r e s s

The s in g le s u b - s a m p l e f o r the s c r e w p r e s s and the b o x p r e s s

w a s p r e p a r e d in the e n s ila g e c u t t e r d u r i n g w h ic h tim e a s a m p le of a b o u t

10 pounds w as r e m o v e d f r o m the s h r e d d e d c a n e fo r the box p r e s s f e e d .

The r e m a i n i n g p r e p a r e d c a n e w a s w eig h ed a n d c h a r g e d to the s c r e w

p ress. The ju ic e and b a g a s s e p r o d u c ts w e r e w e ig h e d , and th e b a g a s s e

w a s p la c e d in the Y -ty p e b le n d e r a n d m ix e d fo r t e n m in u te s a f t e r w h ic h

a o n e -g a llo n s a m p le of b a g a s s e w a s r e m o v e d f r o m the b l e n d e r . T he

b a g a s s e s a m p le and a s a m p le of the ju ic e w e r e s e t a s i d e fo r t r a n s f e r

to the l a b o r a t o r y .

E a r l y in the s tu d y , it b e c a m e e v id e n t t h a t a r e s i d u e of b a g a s s e

a n d ju ic e w as r e m a i n i n g in the p r e s s f r o m the p r e c e d in g r u n s , and

th is m a t e r i a l w a s s o u r i n g . T o m in im iz e c o n ta m i n a ti o n b e tw e e n r u n s ,

the p r a c t i c e w a s a d o p te d of p u rg in g the u n it w ith s e v e r a l s t a l k s of c a n e

p r i o r to e a c h r u n . In a d d itio n , i t w a s found t o be n e c e s s a r y t o f e e d the

c a n e to the s c r e w p r e s s w ith c a r e to m in im iz e the p o s s i b i l i t y of

c h o k in g the u n it.

The f e e d for the box p r e s s w a s w e ig h e d and p la c e d in the e ig h t

in c h d i a m e t e r c y l i n d e r . B y m e a n s of the j a c k , the c y li n d e r w as

r a i s e d s o th a t the s t a t i o n a r y p is to n e x e r t e d p r e s s u r e on the c a n e m a t .
 191

P r e s s u r e w a s a p p lie d on the h y d r a u l i c s y s t e m t o the l i m i t of 10, 000

p sig a s in d ic a te d b y the g a u g e . T h is p r e s s u r e c o r r e s p o n d e d t o a p ­

p r o x i m a t e l y 800 p s ig on th e b a g a s s e m a t . P r e s s u r e w a s m a in ta in e d

on th e m a t f o r five m in u te s a f t e r w h ic h i t w as r e l e a s e d .

J u ic e a n d b a g a s s e w e r e w e ig h e d and the b a g a s s e w as th o r o u g h ly

m ix e d b y h a n d a f t e r w h ic h a o n e - g a l lo n s a m p le w as r e m o v e d . The

b a g a s s e a n d a s a m p le of ju ic e w e r e s e t a s i d e fo r t r a n s f e r to th e l a b ­

o ra to ry .

F a c t o r y M ill T a n d e m

A t th e b e g in n in g of e a c h r u n the c a r r i e r , m i l l s , b a g a s s e c o n ­

v e y o r , an d the m ix e d ju ic e t r a n s f e r l in e s f r o m the m il l ta n k s to the

w eig h in g t a n k s w e re e m p ty . I n i t i a l m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e m ad e of the

ju ic e in the m i l l ju ic e ta n k s an d th e F o x b o r o w e ig h in g ta n k s a s w e ll a s

the b a g a s s e in the b a l e r .

A s e a c h bundle of c a n e w a s p la c e d on th e f e e d e r t a b l e , its

w e ig h t w as r e c o r d e d . The r u n c o m m e n c e d w hen the kn ifed c a n e e n ­

t e r e d the c r u s h e r . S a m p lin g c o m m e n c e d t h i r t y s e c o n d s a f t e r the

b a g a s s e w as f i r s t d i s c h a r g e d f r o m the l a s t m il l . S a m p le s of th e

c r u s h e r , m ix e d , an d l a s t m il l ju ic e and b a g a s s e f r o m th e t h i r d m ill

w e re c o lle c te d . A u to m a tic c r u s h e r an d m ix e d ju ic e s a m p lin g d e ­

v i c e s w e r e u t il i z e d . The r u n e n d e d w hen the l a s t o f the b a g a s s e m at

w a s d i s c h a r g e d f r o m the t h i r d m i l l . D u r in g th e r u n , the b a le d

b a g a s s e w as w eig h ed o v e r th e b a g a s s e s c a l e s .
 192

A f t e r the r u n , m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e m ad e of the ju ic e in the m i l l

tan k s an d the F o x b o r o tan k s a s w e ll a s the b a g a s s e in the b a l e r . The

w e ig h t of the ju ic e w a s c o r r e c t e d f o r a n y c h a n g e in th e i n v e n to r y of

m ix e d ju ic e in the m i l l and F o x b o r o ta n k s . In a like m a n n e r , the w e ig h t

of the b a g a s s e was c o r r e c t e d for a n y c h an g e in the in v e n to r y of b a g a s s e

' in th e b a l e r . J u ic e and b a g a s s e w e ig h ts w e r e c o r r e c t e d for the w eig ht

of s a m p l e s r e m o v e d . The w eig h t of c a n e m ille d was a s s u m e d to be the

s u m of the w e ig h ts o f ju ic e plus b a g a s s e u n le s s th e r e w as e x c e p ti o n a l

d i s a g r e e m e n t b e tw e e n th is v a lu e a n d th a t of the c a n e s c a l e .

The o p e r a t in g c o n d itio n s on the f a c t o r y m ill ta n d e m d u r in g the

ru n s averag ed : m il l r o l l s p e e d a b o u t 40 fp m y h y d r a u lic p r e s s u r e in

ton s p er l i n e a r fo o t —c r u s h e r 23, 1 st m ill 26, 2nd m il l 33, 3 r d m ill

36 .

L a b o r a t o r y A n a ly s e s

J u ic e B rix w a s d e t e r m i n e d by m e a n s of the h y d r o m e t e r w hile pol

w as by H o r n e 's d r y le a d . M o is tu r e in b a g a s s e w as d e t e r m i n e d by d r y ­

ing the b a g a s s e in th e D i e t e r t M o i s t u r e T e l l e r for tw o 15 m in u te c y c l e s ,

P o l by d ig e s tio n and f i b e r b y d i f f e r e n c e follow ed the p r o c e d u r e o u tlin e d

in S e c tio n 711 of C an e S u g a r H a n db ook (E ig h th E d itio n ).

D a ta

Since the f i r s t w e e k of o p e r a t io n w a s d e v o te d to " iro n in g out th e

b u g s " in the p r o c e d u r e , ta b u la r m a t e r i a l f r o m th is p e r io d w as
d isc a rd e d . D a ta f o r the r e m a i n d e r of the c r o p a r e ta b u la te d in the

A p p e n d ix b y r u n . T h e s e d a ta in c lu d e the r o u tin e ju ic e a n d b a g a s s e

i n s p e c t io n s fo r the s a m p le p r o c e s s i n g d e v i c e s a n d the f a c t o r y m ill

ta n d e m a s w e ll a s the p r e l i m i n a r y c a l c u l a t i o n s c o v e r i n g c a n e q u a lity ,

i . e . , B r i x , pol, and f ib e r p e r c e n t c a n e , and e x t r a c t i o n d a ta .

T y p ic a l c a l c u l a t i o n s c o v e r i n g th is p h a s e of the stu d y a r e a l s o show n

in th e A p p e n d ix .

HA NDLING O F DATA

S um m ary

C a lc u la t io n s w e re d e v e lo p e d alo n g the fo llo w ing m a jo r a r e a s

of i n v e s tig a tio n :

1. C o r r e l a t i o n a n d c o m p a r i s o n of the s a m p le w ith the

f a c t o r y d a ta .

2. A p p lic a tio n of th e s a m p l e d a ta to a c a n e p a y m e n t

s y s t e m and c a l c u l a t i o n of the c o s t of c an e b y d i f ­

f e r e n t m e th o d s of c a n e p a y m e n t.

C o r r e l a t i o n and C o m p a r i s o n of the S a m p le w ith th e F a c t o r y M ill D a ta

P o l a n d B r i x E x t r a c t i o n ; S in c e t h e s e s tu d ie s w e r e d i r e c t e d t o w a r d

e v o lv in g a m e a n s o f p r e d i c ti n g th e f a c t o r y m ill e x t r a c t i o n f r o m a s a m p le

of c a n e , of p r i m a r y i n t e r e s t w e r e c o r r e l a t i o n s r e l a t i n g the s a m p le to

the f a c t o r y m il l e x t r a c t i o n a n d the a c c u r a c y of th e c o r r e l a t i o n s . By
 194

m e a n s o f r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s e s , l i n e a r c o r r e l a t i o n s w e r e d e v e lo p e d b e ­

tw e e n the s a m p le m ill a n d the f a c t o r y m ill po l e x t r a c t i o n fo r e a c h of

1 2
the s a m p le p r o c e s s i n g d e v i c e s . * T h e s e c o r r e l a t i o n s to o k th e f o r m :

S\ , ,
y = a + bx

w here: ^ i s th e p r e d i c t e d f a c t o r y m il l e x t r a c t i o n ,
3
lb s . pol e x t r a c t e d p e r ton of c a n e ,

x is th e s a m p le m il l pol e x t r a c t i o n , pol

e x tra c te d per c e n t can e,

a an d b a r e the i n t e r c e p t and r e g r e s s i o n

co efficien t re s p e c tiv e ly .

The d e g r e e of c o r r e l a t i o n an d the a c c u r a c y of e a c h d e v ic e w e r e

d e t e r m i n e d in t e r m s of the follo w in g f a c t o r s :

The c o rre la tio n co efficien t r .

*"In the i 960 s c r e e n i n g s t u d i e s , v a r i o u s ty p e s of c o r r e l a t i o n s w e re

t r i e d in c lu d in g m u ltip le d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e r e l a t i o n s h i p s a s f a c t o r y pol
e x t r a c t e d p e r c e n t c a n e v e r s u s the s a m p le p o l and f i b e r p e r c e n t c a n e .
In a d d itio n , r e l a t i o n s h i p s w e r e t e s t e d b e tw e e n the f a c t o r y o p e r a t io n and
the s a m p le m i l l p e r f o r m a n c e a s a sin g le v a r i a b l e r a i s e d to a p o w e r .
None of th e s e r e l a t i o n s h i p s show ed a n y i m p r o v e m e n t o v e r the s im p le
l i n e a r s in g le v a r i a b l e c o r r e l a t i o n .

^ T y p i c a l s t a t i s t i c a l c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e show n .in !the A p p e n d ix .

3 P o l e x t r a c t i o n w as e x p r e s s e d in l b s . pol p e r ton of c a n e r a t h e r
th an pol p e r c e n t c a n e s in c e the s u b s e q u e n t c a n e p a y m e n t c a l c u l a t i o n s
r e q u i r e d the p r e d i c t e d y ield in pounds of 9 6 ° s u g a r p e r to n of c a n e .
 195

T he g o o d n e s s of the c o r r e l a t i o n ( r ^ ) ~ o r the f r a c t i o n

of th e s u m of the s q u a r e s w h ic h is a c c o u n te d f o r

by the c o r r e l a t i o n .

The s t a n d a r d d e v ia tio n of the e s t i m a t e s (y).

The c o e f f i c i e n t of v a r i a t i o n .

The 95 p e r c e n t c o n fid e n c e l i m i t s of one t e s t a t the

a v e r a g e e x t r a c t i o n of th e r u n s .

A lth o u g h the p o l e x t r a c t i o n w a s of p r i m a r y i n t e r e s t , the B r i x e x ­

t r a c t i o n is a l s o n e c e s s a r y in o r d e r to p r e d i c t th e r e t e n t i o n of s u g a r

f r o m the e x t r a c t e d ju ic e - the r e t e n t i o n b e in g a fu n c tio n of the p u r i ty

o f th e e x t r a c t e d j u i c e . F o r th is r e a s o n , c o r r e l a t i o n s fo r B r i x e x ­

t r a c t i o n w e r e d e v e lo p e d s i m i l a r to t h o s e fo r p o l, and the a c c u r a c y of

the c o r r e l a t i o n s w a s s i m i l a r l y t e s t e d .

T h r e e p r i m a r y f a c t o r s e n t e r in to the c a l c u l a t i o n of the po l o r

B rix e x tra c te d . T h e s e f a c t o r s are the ju ic e e x t r a c t e d an d th e i n s p e c ­

tio n s of the j u i c e , i . e . , pol e x t r a c t e d = ju ic e e x t r a c t e d x pol p e r c e n t

j u i c e ^ r B r i x e x t r a c t e d = ju ic e e x t r a c t e d x B r i x p e r c e n t j u i c e . The

q u e s t io n a r i s e s : How r e p r o d u c i b l e is the r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n f a c t o r y

a n d th e s a m p le m i l l f o r e a c h o f t h e s e f a c t o r s ? In o r d e r to a n s w e r th is

q u e s t io n , th e fo llow ing r e l a t i o n s w e r e c a l c u l a t e d fo r e a c h s a m p lin g

d e v ic e :
 196

F a c t o r y M ixed J u ic e
J u ic e E x t r a c t i o n F a c t o r = E x t r a c t i o n , % C an e__________
S a m p le M ill J u ic e E x t r a c t i o n
% C ane

P o l % J u ic e F a c t o r = P o l % F a c t o r y M ixed J u ic e
P o l % S a m p le M ill J u ic e

B r i x % J u ic e F a c t o r = B r i x % F a c t o r y M ixed J u ic e
B r i x % S a m p le M ill J u ic e

T he r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y o f t h e s e f a c t o r s a s d e t e r m i n e d fo r e a c h r u n

w a s t e s t e d in t e r m s of the s t a n d a r d d e v ia ti o n f r o m the m e a n .

S a m p le J u ic e E x t r a c t i o n o r F i b e r C o n te n t a s a M e a s u r e of F a c t o r y

J u ic e E x t r a c t i o n : In th e p r e v io u s c h a p t e r , a r g u m e n t s w e r e a d v a n c e d

a g a i n s t the u se of the fiber, c o n te n t of a s a m p le fo r p r e d i c ti n g f a c t o r y

m il l e x t r a c t i o n . F r o m t h e s e a r g u m e n t s , the h y p o th e s is w as d e ­

v e lo p e d th a t the e x t r a c t i o n of a w e ll d e s i g n e d s a m p le m il l sh o u ld p r o ­

v id e the b e s t m e a n s of p r e d i c ti n g t h a t of the f a c t o r y . T o t e s t th is

c o n te n tio n , l i n e a r c o r r e l a t i o n s w e r e d e v e lo p e d in t h e s e s t u d i e s b e ­

t w e e n th e f a c t o r y j u ic e e x t r a c t i o n a n d th e s a m p le m il l ju ic e e x t r a c t i o n

a s fo llo w s:

y = a + bx

w here: ^ is the p r e d i c te d f a c t o r y m ill ju ic e e x t r a c t i o n

per c e n t can e,

x i s the s a m p le m i l l j u ic e e x t r a c t i o n p e r c e n t

cane.
 197

a and b a r e the i n t e r c e p t an d th e r e g r e s s i o n

c o e f f ic ie n t r e s p e c t i v e l y .

A s i m i l a r c o r r e l a t i o n w as d e r i v e d in w h ich x w as the f ib e r per

c e n t c a n e a s d e t e r m i n e d f r o m the s a m p le m il l d a t a . The r e l a t i v e a c ­

c u r a c y of the two p r e d i c ti o n s w as t e s t e d b y m e a n s of:

The c o rre la tio n co efficien t r .

T h e g o o d n e ss of c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f ic ie n t r ^ .

T h e s t a n d a r d d e v ia tio n o f the e s t i m a t e s (y).

T h e c o e f f ic ie n t o f v a r i a t i o n .

P o l, F i b e r , a n d B r i x P e r C e n t C a n e : In the c h a p t e r c o v e r i n g th e c a n e

s a m p li n g i n v e s ti g a t i o n s a t th e A udu bon S u g a r F a c t o r y , it w a s e v id e n t

th a t c o n s i d e r a b l e s t u d y h ad b e e n d i r e c t e d to w a rd s th e use of the c a n e

q u a li t y i ts e l f , i . e . , pol, f i b e r , and B r i x p e r c e n t c a n e , a s a m e a s u r e

of the v alue o f the c a n e — e i t h e r d i r e c t l y o r a s a m e a n s of p r e d i c ti n g

the r e c o v e r a b l e s u g a r in th e c a n e . C o r r e l a t i o n s w e r e show n r e l a ti n g

the f a c t o r y p o l and f ib e r p e r c e n t c a n e w ith the c o r r e s p o n d i n g s a m p le

i n s p e c t io n s . Since c o m p le te c a n e i n s p e c tio n s w e r e d e v e lo p e d f r o m the

s a m p l e m ill d a ta in the c u r r e n t s t u d i e s , s i m i l a r c o r r e l a t i o n s h a v e b e e n

d e v e lo p e d in th e follo w in g m a n n e r :

y = a + bx

w here: y is th e p r e d i c te d p o l o r fib e r p e r c e n t
 c a n e —f a c t o r y ,

x is the pol o r f i b e r p e r c e n t c a n e — s a m p l e ,

a a n d b a r e the i n t e r c e p t an d r e g r e s s i o n c o ­

e f f i c ie n t r e s p e c t i v e l y .

The a c c u r a c y of t h e s e p r e d i c t i o n s w a s t e s te d in the s a m e m a n n e r

a s e x p la in e d p r e v i o u s l y .

C o s t of Cane b y S a m p le M ill E x t r a c t i o n

H aving d e t e r m i n e d th e r e l a t i v e a c c u r a c y of th e e x t r a c t i o n p r e ­

d i c t i o n s by m e a n s of the v a r i o u s s a m p le p r o c e s s i n g d e v i c e s , the n e x t

p r o b l e m b e c o m e s t h a t of c o n s i d e r i n g a c a n e p a y m e n t s y s t e m b a s e d on

c a n e q u a lity a s p r e d i c t e d b y s a m p le m i l l e x t r a c t i o n .

The c a n e p a y m e n t s y s t e m c o n s i d e r e d in t h e s e s t u d i e s is b a s e d

on th e p r o p o s itio n t h a t c a n e of e q u a l q u a li t y sh o u ld r e c e i v e the s a m e

p a y m e n t r e g a r d l e s s of the f a c t o r y to w h ic h i t is d e l i v e r e d . In th is

m a n n e r , the g r o w e r is n o t p e n a liz e d fo r in e f fic ie n t f a c t o r y o p e r a t io n ,

and the f a c t o r y w h o se e f f ic ie n c y is a b o v e t h a t of a c e r t a i n s t a n d a r d r e ­

c e i v e s the b e n e f its a c c r u i n g fro m its i m p r o v e m e n t s . In s u m m a r y

f o r m , the d e t e r m i n a t i o n of c a n e p a y m e n t b y s a m p le m ill e x t r a c t i o n i n ­

c o r p o r a t e d the follo w in g s t e p s :

1. C o r r e c t i o n of the f a c t o r y e x t r a c t i o n to a s t a n d a r d e x ­

tra c tio n .

2. D e t e r m i n a t i o n of pol an d B r i x e x t r a c t i o n f a c t o r s
 199

w h ic h r e l a t e th e a v e r a g e s t a n d a r d f a c t o r y e x t r a c t i o n

t o t h a t of th e s a m p le m i l l fo r a g iv e n p e rio d of t im e

- say a run.

3. A p p lic a tio n o f th e e x t r a c t i o n f a c t o r s to the s a m p le

m ill e x t r a c t i o n fo r e a c h g r o w e r 's d e l i v e r y in o r d e r

to d e t e r m i n e a p r e d i c t e d e x t r a c t i o n fo r th e d e l i v e r y .

4. A p p lic a tio n of a t h e o r e t i c a l r e t e n t i o n f o r m u la an d a

s t a n d a r d b o ilin g h o u s e e f f i c ie n c y t o the p r e d i c te d e x ­

t r a c t i o n in o r d e r to d e t e r m i n e a p r e d i c te d y ie ld of

96° su g a r.

5. C a lc u la tio n of the v a lu e of the s h ip m e n t b a s e d on i t s

p r e d i c t e d 9 6 ° s u g a r c o n te n t.

6. D e t e r m i n a t i o n of th a t p o r t io n of th e s u g a r v a lu e o f

the s h i p m e n t w h ic h a c c r u e s t o th e g r o w e r . T h is

s t e p a s s u m e s a s t a n d a r d s p l i t in r e t u r n s for s u g a r

b e tw e e n th e f a c t o r y a n d th e g r o w e r s d e l i v e r i n g to

th e f a c t o r y .

S t a n d a r d F a c t o r y E x t r a c t i o n : T h e r e a r e v a r i o u s m e th o d s by w h ic h the

fee t o r y c o n t r o l d a ta c o v e r i n g a g iv e n p e r io d o f tim e c a n be a d ju s te d to

r e f le c t a sta n d ard e x tra c tio n . Such m e th o d s c o m e to m ind a s p ol e x ­

t r a c t i o n p e r c e n t pol in c a n e — o r r e d u c e d p o l e x t r a c t i o n a s s u m i n g a

s t a n d a r d f ib e r c o n te n t of th e c a n e . F o r p u r p o s e s of th is stu d y a v e r y

s i m p l e m e th o d w a s a d o p te d in w h ic h th e s t a n d a r d e x t r a c t i o n w as
 200

d e t e r m i n e d f r o m a n a s s u m e d s t a n d a r d l e v e l o f th e p o l / f i b e r a n d
4
B r i x / f i b e r in b a g a s s e . T h en :

P o l E x t r a c t e d %o
C a n e ; S ta n d a r d = Pol % Pol x F ib e r
F a c to ry C an e F ib er B agasse % C ane

B rix E x tra c te d
% C a n e ; S ta n d a r d = B rix B rix i x F ib e r
% C ane F ib er B agasse % C ane

T h e B r i x in b a g a s s e w a s t h a t a s d e t e r m i n e d f r o m the pol c o n te n t

of the b a g a s s e a n d th e p u r i t y of the l a s t m il l j u i c e .

In a s y s t e m s u c h a s t h i s , p r o b a b l y s t a te a v e r a g e f a c t o r y e x -

t r a c t i o n a s d e t e r m i n e d f r o m the s t a te a v e r a g e b a g a s s e i n s p e c tio n s

w ou ld b e th e s t a n d a r d — s u c h d a ta to be a f i v e - y e a r a v e r a g e . U nfor­

tu n a t e l y , th e f i g u r e s o f B r i x / f i b e r in b a g a s s e w e r e n o t a v a i la b l e —

n o r w e r e the l a s t m i l l ju ic e i n s p e c t i o n s . F o r t h i s r e a s o n , i t w as n e c ­

e s s a r y to u s e the m il l in g d a ta o f a g ro u p o f s e l e c t e d m i l l s , an d f r o m

th e s e d a ta th e s u c r o s e / f i b e r and B r i x / f i b e r in b a g a s s e w e r e d e t e r ­

m in e d f o r th e c o n c u r r e n t 1961 c r o p . The r e s p e c t i v e f i g u r e s w e re

0 .7 1 2 0 an d 0 .9 7 6 6 .

^ P r o b a b l y the a r g u m e n t s a g a i n s t d r y f i b e r a s a b a s i s fo r p r e d i c t ­
ing th e e x t r a c t i o n r e s p o n s e of a c a n e s a m p le a r e a l s o v a li d w hen u s in g
th e r a t i o of p o l a n d B r i x t o f i b e r in b a g a s s e a s a s t a n d a r d of f a c t o r y e x ­
t r a c t i o n . It m a y b e t h a t th e f a c t o r d e s i r e d is the r a t i o o f B r i x o r s u c r o s e
to d r y f i b e r p lu s B r i x - f r e e w a t e r . O th e r m e th o d s of e s t a b l i s h i n g a
s t a n d a r d f a c t o r y e x t r a c t i o n a r e u n d o u b te d ly a v a i la b l e a n d to be p r e ­
f e r r e d in a f i n a l a p p l i c a t i o n of th is s y s t e m of c a n e q u a li t y d e t e r m i n a t i o n .
 201

P o l and B r i x E x t r a c t i o n F a c t o r s : F a c t o r s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d w h ic h r e ­

l a te d the s a m p le m i l l to th e s t a n d a r d f a c t o r y e x t r a c t i o n f o r e a c h r u n

a s fo llo w s :

P o l E x tra c te d % C ane,
P ol E x tra c tio n = S ta n d a r d F a c t o r y _____
Pol E x tra c te d % C ane,
S a m p le M ill

B rix E x tra c te d % C ane,

B rix E x tra c tio n = S ta n d a r d F a c t o r y _____
B rix E x tra c te d % C ane,
S a m p le M ill

T h e s e f a c t o r s w e r e a v e r a g e d fo r the c r o p . In c o m m e r c i a l o p ­

e r a t i o n , the e x t r a c t i o n f a c t o r s w ould p r o b a b ly c o v e r the p e rio d of one

run.

P r e d i c t e d Y i e l d : T h e p r e d i c t e d y ie ld fo r e a c h r u n w as d e t e r m i n e d by

m e a n s of a m o d ifie d Y = Sx — By f o r m u l a . T h is v e r y s i m p le a n d d i r e c t

f o r m u l a w as d e v e lo p e d a t the H o u m a , L o u is ia n a , E x p e r i m e n t S ta tio n
C
and is b a s e d on the W i n t e r - C a r p r e t e n t i o n f o r m u l a . A s u s e d in th e s e

s t u d i e s , th e f o r m u l a w a s m o d ifie d by th e in c lu s io n of the a v e r a g e pol

a n d B r i x e x t r a c t i o n f a c t o r s to r e a d :

Y = Sx - By

^ G e o rg e A r c e n e a u x , "A s i m p li f i e d M etho d of M aking T h e o r e t i c a l

S u g a r Y ie ld C a l c u l a t i o n s , " I n t e r n a t i o n a l S u g a r J o u r n a l , XXXVII (1935),
264-265.
 202

w here: Y is the p r e d i c t e d y ie ld , l b s . 9 6 ° S u g a r / T o n

of G ross C ane.

S is the P o l E x t r a c t e d % Cane — S a m p le M ill.

x is 2 9. 167 (a) (c) l b s . 9 6 ° S u g a r_______________

(Ton C a n e) (% P o l E x t r a c t e d )

B is the B r i x E x t r a c t e d % C a n e — S a m p le M ill.

y is 8 .3 3 3 (b) (c) l b s . 9 6 ° S u g a r________________

(Ton Cane) (% B r i x E x tr a c t e d )

(a) is the P o l E x t r a c t i o n F a c t o r .

(b) is the B r i x E x t r a c t i o n F a c t o r .

( c ) i s the b o ilin g h o u s e e f fic ie n c y .

T h e f i v e - y e a r L o u is ia n a s ta te a v e r a g e b o ilin g e f f ic ie n c y (1 9 5 7 -
£
19 61 ) of 0 .9 6 5 9 w a s u s e d in th e s e s t u d i e s .

V alue of the S h ip m e n t: The v a lu e of the s h ip m e n t a s d e t e r m i n e d f r o m

the p r e d i c te d y ie ld w as c a l c u l a t e d a s fo llo w s:

V = Y /1 0 0 x S . P .

w here: V is the v a lu e of th e s h i p m e n t fo r s u g a r ,

$ /G ro ss Ton of C ane.

S. P . is the a v e r a g e p r i c e of r a w s u g a r f o r

a s p e c if ie d p e rio d (w e ek ly o r s e a s o n ’s

a v e r a g e ) a s q u o ted b y the N ew O rle a n s

^ " S p e c i a l S t a t i s t i c a l I s s u e , " T he S u g a r B ulletin, X L (1962),

p. 254.
 203

Sugar E xchange, $ /C w t. 9 6 ° ra w su g a r.

F o r t h e s e s t u d i e s , the 1961 s e a s o n 's a v e r a g e p r i c e of 9 6 ° r a w

7
s u g a r of $ 6 . 3 1 5 3 / c w t . was u s e d .

C o s t of C ane f o r S u g a r : T h e c o s t of c a n e f o r s u g a r , w h ic h is in e f f e c t

the s h a r e of th e v a lu e of c a n e fo r s u g a r w h ic h a c c r u e s to th e g r o w e r ,

w as d e t e r m i n e d a s fo llo w s:

C =Vx F

w here: C is the c o s t o f c a n e f o r s u g a r , $ / G r o s s C a n e .

F is th e s h a r e o f the r e t u r n s fo r s u g a r (o r the

v a lu e of s u g a r ) w h ic h a c c r u e to the g r o w e r .

T he s h a r e of the r e t u r n s fo r s u g a r to a g r o w e r in the A u d u bon

S u g a r F a c t o r y f r e i g h t a r e a (a) w a s a s s u m e d to be 0 .6 4 6 f o r s t a n d a r d

c a n e , i . e . , 12 per c e n t pol in n o r m a l j u i c e . T h is f a c t o r w a s c a l c u -
8
la te d fro m th e 1961 c r o p c o m m e r c i a l l y r e c o v e r a b l e s u g a r ta b le .

T h is t a b le , w h ic h d e t e r m i n e s th e b a s e s fo r the S u g a r A c t p a y m e n ts ,

sh o w s the p r e d i c t e d yield a t the d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s o f p o l p e r c e n t n o r m a l

ju ic e . In c a l c u l a t i n g the y i e l d s , th e W i n t e r - C a r p t h e o r e t i c a l r e t e n t i o n

7 E x h i b i t N o . 6 to th e 1961 S u g a r M ill L e t t e r N o. 3 f r o m the

L o u is ia n a A g r i c u l t u r a l S t a b il i z a ti o n a n d C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e S ta te
O ffice d a te d F e b r u a r y 26, 1962.
Q
" D e t e r m i n a t i o n of C o m m e r c i a l l y R e c o v e r a b l e S u g a r f o r the 1961
C r o p of L o u is ia n a S u g a r C a n e , " T h e S u g a r B u l l e t i n , X L (1962), p. 8 6 .
 204

f o r m u l a a n d the p r e c e d i n g f i v e - y e a r s t a te a v e r a g e n o r m a l ju ic e e x ­

t r a c t i o n and b o ilin g h o u s e e f f i c ie n c y a r e a s s u m e d .

C o s t of C a n e By N o r m a l J u ic e Q u a lity

T o p ro v id e a c o m p a r i s o n o f the c o s t of c a n e by s a m p le m ill e x ­

t r a c t i o n , the c o s t w as c o m p u te d w ith the c o n v e n tio n a l n o r m a l ju ic e pol

a n d p u r i t y m e th o d . In t h e s e c a l c u l a t i o n s a d r y m illin g fa c to r of 0 .9 7

was assu m ed . T he f a c t o r y n o r m a l ju ic e B r ix is th e n d e t e r m i n e d a s

fo llo w s:

B rix % N o rm a l = B r ix % C r u s h e r x 0 .9 7
Ju ic e, F a c to r y J u ic e

It w as a l s o a s s u m e d th at the f a c t o r y w a sh e d its c a n e s o th a t it

w a s n e c e s s a r y to d e t e r m i n e a n " u n d ilu te d " c r u s h e r ju ic e B r ix f r o m

the s a m p le m il l ju ic e B r i x an d a d ilu tio n c o m p e n s a tio n fa c to r a s

fo llo w s:

B r ix % " U n d ilu te d " B r ix % S a m p le x D ilu tio n

C r u s h e r J u ic e M ill J u ic e C o m p e n s a tio n
F a c to r

A c t u a l ly , the c a n e w as n o t w a s h e d , an d fo r t h e s e s tu d ie s the

d ilu tio n c o m p e n s a ti o n f a c t o r w as d e t e r m i n e d a s the c r o p a v e r a g e of

th e d a il y r a t i o of the B r i x o f the c r u s h e r ju ic e to the B r i x of the s a m p le

m ill ju ic e . N o r m a l l y , th is f a c t o r is d e t e r m i n e d in w e e k ly one h o u r

t e s t s on d r y s u g a r c a n e .
 205

A n o th e r a s s u m p t i o n w a s m ad e in d e t e r m i n i n g the factory-

n o r m a l ju ic e pol w hich is c a l c u l a t e d a s fo llo w s:

Pol % N orm al = B r ix % N o r r p a l x P u r i t y of
Ju ic e , F a c to ry Ju ice, F a c to ry D ilu te J u ic e

In th e s e s t u d i e s , no m a c e r a t i o n w a t e r w a s u s e d in o r d e r to

c o l l e c t d r y m illin g d a t a . F o r th is r e a s o n , the p u r i t y of th e e x t r a c t e d

ju ic e w a s h i g h e r th an i t would be u n d e r c o m m e r c i a l c o n d itio n s . Con­

s e q u e n tly , a n a s s u m e d d ilu te ju ic e p u r i t y w a s c a l c u l a t e d c o r r e s p o n d ­

ing to th e s t a n d a r d f a c t o r y e x t r a c t i o n w h ich w as d i s c u s s e d in th e

p reced in g se ctio n . T he c a l c u l a t i o n w a s a s fo llo w s:

Pol E x tra c te d %
P u r i t y of = C a n e , S ta n d a r d F a c t o r y
D ilu te J u ic e B r ix E x t r a c t e d %
C a n e , S ta n d a r d F a c t o r y

By the u s e of s a m p le m ill f a c t o r s , the g r o w e r s ' c a n e q u a lity

(the p r e d i c te d n o r m a l ju ic e p o l and p u rity ) is d e t e r m i n e d a s th e p r o ­

d u c t o f the s a m p le m i l l in s p e c tio n s a n d the s a m p le m ill f a c t o r s . These

f a c t o r s , w hich r e l a t e th e s a m p le m i l l to the f a c t o r y ju ic e i n s p e c t i o n s ,

w e r e d e t e r m i n e d a s follo w s f o r e a c h r u n , a n d th e c r o p a v e r a g e v a lu e

w as th en c a l c u l a t e d :

S a m p le M ill = B rix % N o rm a l Ju ic e , F a c to ry
B rix F a c to r B r i x % S a m p le M ill J u i c e

S a m p le M i l l = P o l % N o r m a l J u ic e , F a c t o r y
P o l F a c to r P o l % S a m p le M ill J u ic e
 206

In c o m m e r c i a l o p e r a t io n , t h e s e f a c t o r s a r e a ru n n in g five day-

a v e r a g e of the f a c t o r s f o r the c u r r e n t d a y and the p r e c e d i n g four d a y s .

The g r o w e r s 1 c a n e q u a lity (the p r e d i c te d n o r m a l ju ic e pol

a n d p u rity ) w a s th e n c a l c u l a t e d a s fo llo w s:

P red icted N o rm al = P o l % S a m p le x S a m p le M ill

J u ic e P o l M ill J u ic e Pol F a c to r

P red icted N o rm al = B r i x % S a m p le x S a m p le M ill

J u ic e B r ix M ill J u ic e B r ix F a c t o r

P red icted N o rm al = P r e d i c t e d N o r m a l J u ic e P o l
J u ic e P u r i t y P r e d i c t e d N o r m a l J u ic e B r i x

S ta n d a r d c a n e w a s th en c a l c u l a t e d a s fo llo w s :

S ta n d a r d C ane Q u a lity P u rity

p e r N e t Ton ( Pol) x F a c to r
C ane F a c to r

T hen:

S ta n d a r d C ane 1961 C r o p P a y m e n t
C o s t of C a n e , per N et Ton x fo r One Ton of
$ /N e t Ton C ane S ta n d a r d C a n e

T he 1961 c r o p p a y m e n t fo r one to n of s t a n d a r d c a n e in F r e i g h t

A r e a (a) w a s $ 6 ,7 2 6 .

T o m ak e t h i s c o s t c o m p a r a b l e w ith t h a t f r o m the s a m p le m ill

^"E x h ib it No. 6 t o , " Ibid.

 207

e x t r a c t i o n c a l c u l a t i o n s , the abov e c o s t w as c o n v e r t e d to a g r o s s c a n e

b a s i s a s fo llo w s:

C o s t of C ane C o st of C ane, x N e t Ton

$ / G r o s s Ton $ / N e t Ton G r o s s Ton

C o s t of C an e f r o m P o l , F i b e r , and B r i x P e r C e n t Cane

Since p r e v io u s s tu d ie s a t the A u dub on S u g a r F a c t o r y had d e a l t

w ith e v a lu a tio n of c a n e in t e r m s of the c a n e q u a lity i t s e l f a s pol, f i b e r ,

and B r i x p e r c e n t c a n e , i t w a s f e l t th a t c a n e c o s t d a ta b a s e d on th is

m eth o d of c a n e q u a li t y d e t e r m i n a t i o n would be of i n t e r e s t . F o r th is

p u r p o s e , the c o r r e l a t i o n s w hich w e r e d e v e lo p e d in the p r e v io u s s e c ­

tio n r e l a t i n g the s a m p le in s p e c tio n s t o th o s e of the f a c t o r y w e re u s e d .

It w ill be r e c o l l e c t e d t h a t th e s e c o r r e l a t i o n s w e r e in the f o r m ^ - = a + bx

w h e r e ^ a n d x w e r e the r e s p e c t i v e p r e d i c te d f a c t o r y and the s a m p le pol,

f i b e r , or B r i x p er c a n e .
s

P r e d i c t e d e x t r a c t i o n w as b a s e d on th e s t a n d a r d e x t r a c t i o n

f a c t o r s d i s c u s s e d p r e v i o u s ly , i . e . , p o l /f i b e r in b a g a s s e a n d B r i x / f i b e r

in b a g a s s e , a n d c a l c u l a t e d a s fo llo w s:

P re d icted P re d icted F ib e r
Pol E x tra c te d Pol % % C ane
% Cane Cane

P re d icted P re d icted F ib er
B rix E x tra c te d B r ix % % C an e
% C ane C ane
 208

T h e p r e d i c te d y ie ld fo r e a c h r u n w a s d e t e r m i n e d b y m e a n s of

Y = Sx - By, w h ic h w a s m o d ifie d fo r t h i s a p p li c a t io n a s fo llo w s:

Y = Sx - By

w here: Y i s the p r e d i c t e d y i e l d , l b s . 9 6 ° S u g a r / T o n

of G ross C an e.

S i s the p r e d i c te d p o l e x t r a c t e d p e r c e n t c a n e .

x i s 29. 167 (c) l b s . 9 6 ° S u g a r_______________

(T on C a n e ) (% P o l E x t r a c t e d )

B i s the p r e d i c te d B r i x e x t r a c t e d p e r c e n t

cane.

y i s 8 .3 3 (c) l b s . 9 6 ° S u g a r________________
(Ton C a n e ) (% B r ix E x t r a c t e d )

(c) is the b o ilin g h o u s e e f f ic ie n c y .

T he five y e a r s t a t e a v e r a g e b o ilin g h o u s e e f f i c ie n c y of 0 .9 6 5 9

w a s u s e d in t h e s e s t u d i e s .

T he v a lu e o f the s h i p m e n t and the s u b s e q u e n t c o s t o f c a n e w e r e

c a l c u l a t e d in the s a m e m a n n e r a s in the c o s t c a l c u l a t i o n s w ith the

s a m p l e m i l l e x t r a c t i o n m e th o d of c a n e e v a l u a t i o n .

M i s c e ll a n e o u s D a ta E v a lu a tio n

A m o n g the c r i t i c i s m s for the n o r m a l ju ic e m eth o d of c a n e

q u a li t y d e t e r m i n a t i o n a r e the u s e o f a d r y m illin g f a c t o r to c o n v e r t the

c r u s h e r ju ic e B r ix to t h a t of the n o r m a l j u i c e , a n d th e d ilu tio n c o m ­

p e n s a tio n f a c t o r by m e a n s o f w h ic h a n " u n d ilu te d " c r u s h e r ju ic e B r ix

 209

m a y be c a l c u l a t e d f r o m the c o r r e s p o n d i n g s a m p le m ill i n s p e c t io n

w h e n w a s h w a te r is a p p lie d to the c a n e in th e c a r r i e r .

D r y M illin g F a c t o r : No m a c e r t a i o n w a t e r w as a p p lie d to the f a c t o r y

m i l l in o r d e r t h a t a d r y m illin g f a c t o r c o u ld b e d e t e r m i n e d fo r e a c h

r u n by m e a n s of the fo llo w in g c a l c u l a t i o n :

F a c to ry N orm al
D r y M illin g F a c t o r = J u ic e B r i x __________________
F a c t o r y C r u s h e r J u ic e B r ix

A c c o r d i n g to the a n n u a l S a m p lin g T e s t i n g and R e p o r tin g P r o ­

c e d u r e , a L o u is ia n a f a c t o r y m a y u se the f a c t o r 0 .9 7 , o r it m a y r u n

a d r y m illin g t e s t to d e t e r m i n e a f a c t o r . Of i n t e r e s t , then, i s the

r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y of the f a c t o r or the ra n g e w hich m ig h t be e x p e c te d in

the f a c t o r a s d e t e r m i n e d fro m one t e s t . F o r th is p u r p o s e , the f a c t o r s

f r o m a l l r u n s w e re a v e r a g e d , a n d the 95 p er c e n t c o n fid e n c e l i m i ts

f o r one d r y m illin g t e s t w e re d e t e r m i n e d .

D ilu tio n C o m p e n s a t i o n F a c t o r : R e c e n tly , q u e s t io n s h a v e b e e n r a i s e d

a s to the v a lu e an d th e r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y of the d ilu tio n c o m p e n s a ti o n

f a c t o r , a n d p lan s h a v e b e e n f o r m u la te d to r u n d ilu tio n c o m p e n s a ti o n

f a c t o r t e s t s a t s e v e r a l L o u is ia n a f a c t o r i e s d u r in g the 1962 c r o p . Un­

f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e s e d i s c u s s i o n s to o k p la c e a f t e r th e c o m p l e t i o n of th e

p la n t t e s t s in t h i s s tu d y . A m o n g the f a c t o r s w h ic h u n d o u b te d ly i n f l u ­

e n c e the d ilu tio n c o m p e n s a ti o n f a c t o r a r e th e m eth o d of r e m o v i n g th e

 210

c a n e s a m p le - w h e th e r b y h a n d o r m e c h a n i c a l g r a b - a n d the m a n n e r

o f m illin g (he s a m p le a s the ty p e o f e q u ip m e n t, p r e s s u r e on the r o l l s ,

e tc . T h ese fa c to rs w e re a ll c o n s ta n t d u rin g th ese stu d ie s . The c a n e

w a s s a m p l e d by m e c h a n i c a l g r a b ; th e s a m p l e m i l l i s a w e l l - d e s i g n e d

p r o to ty p e o f a c o m m e r c i a l m il l ; a n d p r e s s u r e s s i m u la t in g th o s e of

c o m m e r c i a l o p e r a t i o n w e r e m a in ta in e d o n the m i l l . T h u s the only

v a r i a b l e s o p e r a b l e w h ic h m ig h t a f f e c t th e f a c to r w e r e th e q u a l i t y of

th e c a n e i t s e l f a s th e v a r i e t y a n d d e g r e e o f m a t u r i t y , th e w e a t h e r a s

r e f l e c t e d b y r a i n f a l l and s u b s e q u e n t ly w e t c a n e , a h d the v o lu m e o f

t r a s h a c c o m p a n y in g th e c a n e .

W ith th e a b o v e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s in m in d , the d ilu tio n c o m p e n ­

s a t i o n f a c t o r w a s c a l c u l a t e d f o r e a c h r u n in the fo llo w in g m a n n e r :

D ilu tio n
C o m p e n s a tio n = " U n d ilu te d 11 C r u s h e r J u i c e B r ix
F a c to r S a m p le M i l l J u ic e B r i x

S in ce n o w a s h w a t e r w a s a p p lie d to the c a n e in th e c a r r i e r , the

c r u s h e r j u ic e w a s of c o u r s e " u n d i l u t e d ."

F r y n the daily- r u n d a t a , the a v e r a g e f a c t o r w as d e t e r m i n e d ,

a n d th e 9 5 p e r c e n t c o n fid e n c e l i m i t s f o r one d i lu tio n c o m p e n s a ti o n

f a c t o r t e s t w e r e s u b s e q u e n t ly c a l c u l a t e d .
 C H A P T E R VIII

R E S U L T S AND DISCUSSION OF R E SU L T S

F A C T O R Y VERSU S SA M P L E P O L E X T R A C T IO N

F r o m the d a ta of 23 r u n s , l in e a r c o r r e l a t i o n s w e r e d e v e lo p e d

f o r e a c h s a m p le p r o c e s s i n g d e v ic e r e l a t i n g the s a m p le pol e x t r a c t i o n

to the f a c t o r y e x t r a c t i o n . The c o r r e l a t i o n s took the f o rm :

y = a -f bx

w here: ^ i s th e p r e d i c te d f a c t o r y pol e x t r a c t i o n ,

l b s . pol e x t r a c t e d p e r ton of c a n e ,

x is the s a m p le m ill pol e x t r a c t i o n , pol

e x tra c te d per c e n t can e,

a a n d b a r e the i n t e r c e p t and th e r e g r e s s i o n

c o efficien t re s p e c tiv e ly .

The e x t r a c t i o n d a ta a n d a s u m m a r y of the s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s of

the d a ta a r e show n in T a b le VII. T he d e g r e e of c o r r e l a t i o n an d th e a c ­

c u r a c y of e a c h d e v ic e in p r e d i c ti n g the f a c t o r y e x t r a c t i o n a r e s u m m a r ­

i z e d b elow :

211
 212

T A B L E VII

P O L E X T R A C T IO N C O R R E L A T IO N
FA C T O R Y VERSUS S A M P L E M IL L

B a sis: y * a + bx

W h e re : y is th e f a c t o r y e x tr a c t i o n , l b s . pol
e x t r a c t e d p e r g r o s s ton of c a n e ,
x is th e s a m p le m ill e x tr a c t i o n , pol
e x tra c te d % cane,
a a n d b a r e the i n t e r c e p t and r e g r e s s i o n
c o e ffic ie n t r e s p e c t i v e l y .

D a te
(1961) S crew Box
y F arrel - 1 F arrel - 2 P ress P ress
O c t. 26 1 9 1 .4 8 .9 7 9 .8 8 1 0 .3 0 8 .3 5
O c t, 30 1 9 0 .4 8 .9 2 9 .9 3 10.31 8 ,7 4
O c t. 31 208. 8 9 .8 1 10.91 1 0 .7 5 8 .4 2
Nov. 2 2 0 9 .2 9 .4 5 10.81 11.31 8 .7 2
Nov. 3 190.0 9 .1 5 9 .9 4 1 0 .7 2 8 .3 6
No. 6 1 8 2 .2 9.02 9 .7 9 1 0 .4 2 8 .8 1
Nov. 7 1 9 5 .4 9 .1 4 1 0 .0 3 1 0 .4 3 8.11
N ov. 9 1 9 4 .8 9 .2 4 1 0 .3 7 1 0 .4 5 8 .4 1
Nov. 10 189.8 9 .2 2 1 0 .0 9 10.31 8 .4 0
Nov. 13 1 8 2 .4 8 .4 3 9. 54 9 .3 3 7 .3 6
Nov. 14 166.8 7 .5 9 9 .5 9 9 .7 2 7 .2 5
Nov. 16 1 6 8 .4 7 .9 5 8 .3 0 9 .0 9 7 .4 2
Nov. 17 189.0 8 . 72 9 .3 3 1 0 .0 6 7 .1 2
Nov. 20 1 8 8 .2 8.88 9 .5 9 1 0 .8 9 7 .5 1
N ov. 21 200.8 9 .4 4 1 0 .5 8 1 0 .8 3 7 .6 0
Nov. 27 1 8 4 .4 8 . 55 9 .2 5 1 0 .0 9 7 .4 2
Nov. 28 196.6 9.21 9 .7 7 1 0 .3 7 8.10
Nov. 30 210.8 1 0 . 12, 1 0 .9 9 1 1 .4 9 8 .6 5
D ec. 1 2 0 3 .2 9 .6 9 10.01 11.21 7 .7 0
Dec. 4 2 0 3 .6 9 .4 8 1 0 .6 2 11.06 7 .8 7
D ec. 5 211.2 9 .8 7 10 .51 1 1 .1 6 7 .2 4
Dec. 7 2 0 8 .8 9 .8 1 10 .6 9 1 1 .2 7 7 .5 9
D ec. 8 2 1 4 .8 1 0 .2 5 10. 74 11.01 7 .3 1

a •M. 1 7 .0 1 6 .9 2 .5 1 6 1 .7
b -- 1 9 .3 9 6 1 7 .6 9 8 1 8 .2 3 4 4 .1 7 7
r -- 0.9600 0 .8 7 0 2 0 .8 6 7 6 0 .1 7 9 6
r :I -- 0.9216 0 i 7573 0 .7 5 2 7 0 .0 3 2 3

(T a b le c o n tin u ed on n e x t page)
 213

T A B L E VII ( c o n t’d)

P O L E X T R A C T IO N C O R R E L A T IO N

FA C T O R Y VERSUS S A M P L E M IL L

x
S crew Box
y F arrel - 1 F arrel - 2 P ress P ress

B(y), l b s .
pol — 3. 75 6 ,6 0 6,66 13. 18
C o e ffic ie n t
of
v a ria tio n ,
% - 1 .9 3 .4 3 .4 6.8
95%
c o n fid e n c e
L im its a t
A vg. ,
+ l b s . pol — 7 .9 1 4 .0 1 4,1 2 7 .9
 214

95% C o n f.
C oeff. L im its of One
of S a m p le a t the
S a m p le V a r ia tio n , Run A v g . E x t. ,
2
M ill r r % lb s . pol

F a rre l-1 0.9600 0.9216 1.9 7. 9

F a rre l-2 0 .8 7 0 2 0.7573 3 .4 14. 0

S crew P re s s 0 .8 6 7 6 0 .7 5 2 7 3 .4 14. 1

Box P r e s s 0. 1796 0.0323 6.8 27. 9

Of p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t is the r e l a t i v e l y h ig h d e g r e e of c o r r e l a t i o n

fo r th e sin g le m illin g in the F a r r e l m ill. The 23 r u n s c o v e r d a ta f r o m

two l a b o r a t o r y s e c t i o n s , and in e a c h s e c tio n the F a r r e l - 1 p r o c e s s i n g

s c h e m e sh o w ed the b e s t c o r r e l a t i o n . T h e c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f ic ie n t r

w a s 0 .9 2 4 8 fo r the f i r s t s e c tio n a n d 0 .9 8 0 6 fo r the se c o n d s e c t i o n . It

is of i n t e r e s t t o c o m p a r e the e x t r a c t i o n a s p r e d ic te d f r o m the F a r r e l - 1

c o r r e l a t i o n w ith th e a c t u a l f a c t o r y e x tr a c t i o n f o r the 23 r u n s . T h is is

done in T a b le VIII.

T he F a r r e l - 2 an d s c r e w p r e s s c o r r e l a t i o n w e r e r e a s o n a b l y

good — p a r t i c u l a r l y w hen c o m p a r e d to tihe d e g r e e of c o r r e l a t i o n a c h i e v ­

ed in the s tu d ie s of the p re v io u s y e a r s . T h e r e is no r e a s o n e v id e n t

w hy the d e g r e e of c o r r e l a t i o n w ith th e s e p r o c e s s i n g s c h e m e s c o u ld n o t

be im p r o v e d w ith f u r t h e r s tu d y . The box p r e s s w ith a c o r r e l a t i o n c o ­

e f f ic ie n t of 0. 1796 sh ow ed v e r y p o o r a c c u r a c y . In o r d e r to p ro v id e a n

i n s i g h t in to the p o s s ib le r e a s o n s f o r the d if f e r e n c e in th e a c c u r a c y of

the v a r i o u s s a m p le e x t r a c t i o n d e v i c e s , th e in d iv id u a l f a c t o r s w hich
 T A B L E VIII
A C T U A L VERSUS P R E D IC T E D P O L E X T R A C T IO N

F A R R E L -1

B a s i s : y = 1 7 .0 + 19 .3 9 6 x

W h e re : y is th e p r e d i c te d f a c t o r y e x t r a c t i o n , lb s . pol
e x t r a c t i o n p e r g r o s s ton of c a n e ,
x is the s a m p le m il l e x t r a c t i o n , pol e x t r a c t e d
% cane.

D a te P r e d ic ted A c tu a l D iffe re i
A
1961 X 7 7 y - P
O c t.26 8 .9 7 191. 0 19 1.4 + 0 .4
30 8 .9 2 190.0 190.4 + 0 .4
31 9 .8 1 2 0 7 .3 208. 8 + 1 .5
Nov. 2 9 .4 5 2 0 0 .3 209.2 + 8 .9
3 9. 15 194. 5 190.0 - 4 .5
6 9.02 1 92 . 0 182.2 - 9 .8
7 9. 14 194.3 1 95.4 + 1. 1
9 9 .2 4 196.2 194.8 - 1 .4
10 9.22 195. 8 189.8 - 6.0
13 8 .4 3 180. 5 1 82.4 + 1.9
14 7 .5 9 164.2 166.8 + 2.6
16 7 .9 5 171.2 1 6 8 .4 - 2.8
17 8 . 72 186. 1 189. 0 + 2 .9
20 8 . 88 189.2 188.2 - 1.0
21 9 .4 4 200. 1 200.8 + 0 .7
27 8 . 55 182. 8 1 8 4 .4 + 1. 6
28 9 .2 1 19 5 .6 196.6 + 1.0
30 10.21 215. 0 210.8 - 4 .2
D ec. 1 9 .6 9 20 5. 0 2 0 3 .2 - 1.8
4 9 .4 8 200. 9 2 0 3 .6 + 2 .7
5 9 .8 7 2 0 8 .4 211.2 + 2. 8
7 9 .8 1 2 0 7 .3 2 0 8 .8 + 1.5
8 10 .2 5 2 1 5 .8 2 1 4 .8 - 1.0

A verage,
l b s . pol - - - + 2. 7
p e r ton
cane
 216

e n t e r in to th e e x t r a c t i o n c a l c u l a t i o n w e r e s t a t i s t i c a l l y a n a l y z e d . Thus

s in c e po l e x t r a c t e d = ju ic e e x t r a c t e d x p o l p e r c e n t j u i c e , the q u e s tio n

a r i s e s a s to how r e p r o d u c i b l e is the r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n the f a c t o r y

a n d s a m p le m i l l f o r e a c h of the f a c t o r s . F o r th is p u r p o s e , the f o llo w ­

ing r e l a t i o n s w e r e c a l c u l a t e d by r u n f o r e a c h s a m p lin g d e v ic e :

F a c t o r y M ix ed J u ic e
J u ic e E x t r a c t i o n = E x t r a c t i o n % C ane
F a c to r S a m p le M ill Ju ic e
E x t r a c t i o n % C ane

P o l % J u ic e = P o l % F a c t o r y M ixed J u ic e
F a c to r P o l % S a m p le M ill J u ic e

T a b le IX sh o w s the ju ic e e x t r a c t i o n f a c t o r s f o r e a c h r u n and a

s u m m a r y of the s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s of the t o t a l r u n d a t a , w hile T a b le

X sh ow s th e pol p e r c e n t ju ic e f a c t o r s an d th e s t a t i s t i c a l s u m m a r y of

the d a t a . T he s t a t i s t i c a l d a ta a r e s u m m a r i z e d below :

S ta n d a r d D e v ia tio n , s(x)

S crew Box
F a rre l-1 F a rre l-2 P ress P ress

J u ic e E x t r a c t i o n
F a c to r 0 .0 2 1 8 0 .0 1 7 5 0. 0121 0. 0828

P o l % J u ic e
F a c to r 0. 0185 0 .0 3 8 4 0. 0310 0 .0 4 3 1

T he r e a s o n th e n f o r the b e t t e r p o l e x t r a c t i o n c o r r e l a t i o n fo r the

s in g le m illin g th r o u g h th e t h r e e - r o l l s a m p le m ill a p p a r e n t l y l i e s in the

 217

T A B L E IX

ACCU RACY O F T H E SA M P L E M IL L JU IC E E X T R A C T IO N

B a sis: Ju ic e E x tra c tio n F a c to r = F a c t o r y M ixed J u i c e % C ane

S am p le M ill J u i c e % C an e

F a c to ry S am p le M ill J u i c e % C ane
D a te M ixed J u i c e S crew Box
(1961) % C ane F a r r e l - 1 F a r r e l - 2 P ress P ress

O ct. 26 7 0 .0 3 6 4 .9 9 7 0 .1 8 7 3 .6 0 6 3 .1 8
O ct. 30 7 0 .2 2 6 0 .9 9 70. 32 7 3 .6 4 6 3 .0 2
O ct. 31 7 0 .6 2 6 3 .9 7 7 1 .0 6 7 3 .4 0 6 2 .4 0
Nov. 2 7 0 .9 9 6 2 .8 4 6 9 .7 2 7 3 .4 8 6 2 .0 6
Nov. 3 7 1 .0 8 6 4 .4 5 7 0 .0 5 7 5 .4 0 6 3 .1 1
Nov. 6 7 2 .2 7 6 5 .7 4 7 2 .3 5 1 7 4 .8 9 6 5 .1 9
N ov. 7 7 0 .4 9 6 3 .9 7 7 1 .8 3 7 4 .2 1 6 1 .1 9
Nov. 9 70. 56 64.81 7 2 .6 6 7 3 .8 7 60. 65
Nov. 10 7 1 .3 4 6 5 .8 2 71. 51 7 5 .1 9 6 2 .7 2
Nov. 13 7 3 .2 6 6 4 .5 3 7 3 .2 7 7 6 .5 9 6 1 .4 4
Nov. 14 7 1 .2 3 6 3 .2 6 7 3 .4 7 7 4 .6 0 5 9 .3 1
N ov. 16 7 1 .8 5 6 5 .0 8 7 1 .7 2 7 5 .9 3 5 9 .5 0
Nov. 17 7 1 .4 7 6 2 .6 3 70. 57 7 4 .1 4 56 .0 1
Nov. 20 7 0 .5 8 6 3 .5 4 6 7 .9 6 7 5 .4 7 5 6 .5 7
Nov. 21 6 9 .7 0 65 .51 71. 35 7 3 .4 4 5 5 .2 0
Nov. 27 6 9 .1 6 6 1 .6 5 6 8 .3 9 73 .11 5 7 .8 0
Nov. 28 7 1 .4 2 6 3 .7 8 7 2 .3 3 7 6 .2 2 5 9 .9 3
Nov. 30 6 8 .0 6 6 1 .0 7 6 6 .0 4 7 0 .4 3 5 2 .5 6
D ec. 1 7 0 .9 4 6 5 .3 6 7 0 .0 5 7 5 .9 2 5 7 .4 9
D ec. 4 6 8 ,6 1 6 0 .0 6 6 8 .3 0 7 1 .3 3 5 2 .2 8
D e c. 5 6 9 .8 1 6 3 .7 6 6 8 .9 1 7 1 .6 6 5 0 .8 5
D ec. 7 6 6 .8 4 6 0 .0 0 6 5 .6 0 6 8 .2 2 5 1 .7 6
D ec. 8 6 9 .2 0 6 1 .8 3 6 8 .1 9 7 1 .4 3 4 9 .9 2

(T a b le IX c o n tin u e d on n e x t page)
 218

T A B L E IX (co n t'd )

ACCU RACY O F T H E S A M P L E M IL L JU IC E E X T R A C T IO N

Ju ic e E x tra c tio n F a c to r
D a te Screw Box
(1961) F arrel - 1 F arrel - 2 P ress P ress

O c t. 26 1 .0 8 5 9 0 .9 9 7 9 0 .9 5 1 5 1 .1 0 8 4
O c t. 30 1 .1 5 1 3 0 .9 9 8 6 0 .9 5 3 6 1 .1 1 4 2
O c t. 31 1 .1 0 4 0 0 .9 9 3 8 0 .9 6 2 1 l i .1-317
N ov. 2 1 .1 2 8 3 1 .0 1 6 9 0 .9 6 4 9 1 .1 4 2 4
N ov . 3 1 .1 0 2 9 1 .0 1 4 7 0 .9 4 2 7 1 .1 2 6 3
N ov . 6 1 .0 9 9 3 0 .9 9 8 9 0 .9 6 5 0 1 .1 0 8 6
N ov. 7 1 .1 0 1 9 0 .9 8 1 3 0 .9 4 9 9 1 .1 5 2 0
N ov . 9 1 .0 8 8 7 0 .9 7 1 1 0 .9 5 5 2 1 .1 6 3 4
N ov. 10 1 .0 8 3 9 0 .9 9 7 6 0 .9 4 8 8 1 .1 3 7 4
N ov . 13 1 .1 3 5 3 0 .9 9 9 9 0 .9 5 6 5 1 .1 9 2 4
Nov. 14 1 .1 2 6 0 0 .9 6 9 5 0 .9 5 4 8 1 .2 0 1 0
N o v. 16 1 .1 0 4 0 1 .0 0 1 8 0 .9 4 6 3 1 .2 0 7 6
N o v. 17 1 .1 4 1 1 1 ,0 1 2 8 0 .9 6 4 0 1 .2 7 6 0
N ov. 20 1 .1 1 0 8 1 .0 3 8 6 0 .9 3 5 2 1 .2 4 7 7
N ov. 21 1 .0 6 4 0 0 .9 7 6 9 0 .9 4 9 1 1 .2 6 2 7
N ov. 27 1 .1 2 1 8 1 .0 1 1 3 0 .9 4 6 0 1 .1 9 6 5
N ov . 28 1 .1 1 9 8 0 .9 8 7 4 0 .9 3 7 0 1 .1 9 1 7
N ov. 30 1 .1 1 4 5 1 .0 3 0 6 0 .9 6 6 3 1 .2 9 4 9
D ec. 1 1 .0 8 5 4 1 .0 1 2 7 0 .9 3 4 4 1 .2 3 4 0
D ec. 4 1 .1 4 2 4 1 .0 0 4 5 0 .9 6 1 9 1 .3 1 2 4
D ec. 5 1 .0 9 4 9 1.0 1 3 1 0 .9 7 4 2 1 .3 7 2 9
D ec. 7 1 .1 1 4 0 1 .0 1 8 9 0 .9 7 9 8 1 .2 9 1 3
D ec. 8 1 .1 1 9 2 1 .0 1 4 8 0 .9 6 8 8 1 .3 8 6 2

A v erag e F a c to r 1 .1 1 0 4 1 ,0 0 2 8 0 .9 5 5 1 1 ,2 1 0 9
S ta n d a r d D e v ia tio n
s ( x ) of th e F a c t o r 0 .0 2 1 8 4 0 .0 1 7 4 5 0 .0 1 2 0 6 0 .0 8 2 7 9
 219

TABLE X

ACCURACY O F TH E SA M P L E M IL L POl^ P E R CE N T JU IC E

B a sis: P o l % J u i c e F a c t o r * F a c t o r y P o l % M ixed J u ic e
S a m p le M ill P o l % J u ic e

F a c to ry S a m p le M ill P o l % J u ic e
D a te Pol % S c rew Box
(1961) M ixed J u ic e F a rre l-1 F a rre l-2 P ress P ress

O c t. 26 13. 67 13.91 1 4 .0 8 1 3 .9 9 1 3 .2 2
O c t. 30 13. 56 14 .6 3 14.11 1 4 ,0 0 1 3 .8 5
O c t. 31 14. 78 1 5 ,3 4 1 5 .3 6 1 4 .6 5 1 3 .4 9
Nov. 2 14. 75 1 5 .0 4 15. 50 15. 38 1 4 .0 5
Nov, 3 13. 37 14 .1 9 1 4 .1 9 1 4 .21 1 3 ,2 4
N ov. 6 12. 60 1 3 ,7 3 1 3 .5 4 1 3 .9 2 1 3 .5 2
Nov. 7 1 3 .8 5 1 4 .29 1 3 .9 7 1 4 .0 5 1 3 .2 5
Nov. 9 1 3 .8 0 1 4 .2 6 1 4 .2 7 14. 15 1 3 .8 8
N ov. 10 13. 30 14.01 14.11 13.71 1 3 .4 0
N ov. 13 1 2 .4 5 13 .0 5 13, 03 1 2 .1 9 1 1 .9 9
N ov. 14 11. 71 12.00 1 3 .0 5 1 3 .0 3 1 2 ,2 4
Nov. 16 1 1 .7 2 12,21 11. 57 1 1 .9 7 1 2 .4 7
Nov. 17 1 3 .2 2 13 .92 1 3 .2 2 1 3 .5 6 12,71
Nov. 20 13. 33 13.99 14. 10 1 4 .4 3 1 3 .2 8
N ov. 21 1 4 .4 0 14.41 1 4 .8 2 1 4 .7 5 1 3 .7 7
Nov. 27 13. 33 1 3 .8 7 1 3 .5 3 1 3 .8 0 1 2 ,8 4
N ov. 28 1 3 .7 6 1 4 ,4 4 13,51 1 3 .6 0 1 3 .5 2
Nov. 30 1 5 .49 1 6 .5 6 1 6 ,6 4 16.31 1 6 .4 6
D ec, 1 14. 32 14 .8 3 1 4 .2 9 1 4 .7 7 1 3 .3 8
D ec. 4 1 4 .8 4 1 5 .7 9 15. 56 15.51 1 5 .0 5
D ec. 5 1 5 .1 3 1 5 .4 8 1 5 .2 6 1 5 .5 7 1 4 .2 4
D ec. 7 1 5 .6 2 1 6 .3 5 16 .2 9 1 6 .5 2 1 4 .6 6
D ec. 8 15. 52 1 6 ,5 8 1 5 .7 5 15.41 1 4 .6 3

(T a b le X c o n tin u e d on n e x t page)
 220

T A B L E X (co n t'd )

AC C U R A C Y O F T H E S A M P L E M IL L P O L P E R C E N T JU IC E

P ol % J u i c e F a c t o r
(D ate) S c rew Box
1961 F a rre l-1 F a r r e l -2 P ress P ress

O c t. 26 0 .9 8 2 7 0 ,9 7 0 9 0 .9 7 7 1 1 .0 3 4 0
O c t. 30 0 .9 2 6 9 0 .9 6 1 0 0 .9 6 8 6 0 .9 7 9 1
O c t. 31 0 .9 6 3 5 0 .9 6 2 2 1 .0 0 8 9 1 .0 9 5 6
N ov. 2 0 .9 8 0 7 0 .9 5 1 6 0 .9 5 9 0 1 .0 4 9 8
N ov. 3 0 .9 4 2 2 0 .9 4 2 2 0 .9 4 0 9 1 .0 0 9 8
N ov. 6 0 .9 2 4 3 0 .9 3 7 2 0 .9 0 5 9 0 .9 3 2 0
N ov. 7 0 .9 6 9 2 0 .9 9 1 4 0 .9 8 5 8 1 .0 4 5 3
N ov. 9 0 .9 6 7 7 0 .9 6 7 1 0 .9 7 5 3 0 .9 9 4 2
N ov. 10 0 .9 4 9 3 0 .9 4 2 6 0 .9 7 0 1 0 .9 9 2 5
N ov. 13 0 .9 5 4 0 0 .9 5 5 5 1 .0 2 1 3 1 .0 3 8 4
N ov. 14 0 .9 7 5 8 0 .8 9 7 3 0 .8 9 8 7 0 .9 5 6 7
N ov. 16 0 .9 5 9 9 1 .0 1 3 0 0 .9 7 9 1 0 .9 3 9 9
N ov. 17 0 .9 4 9 7 1 .0 0 0 0 0 .9 7 4 9 1 .0 4 0 1
N ov. 20 0 .9 5 2 8 0 .9 4 5 4 0 .9 2 3 8 1 .0 0 3 8
N ov. 21 0 .9 9 9 3 0 .9 7 1 7 0 .9 7 6 3 1 .0 4 5 8
N ov. 27 0 .9 6 1 1 0 .9 8 5 2 0 .9 6 5 9 1 .0 3 8 2
N ov. 28 0 .9 5 2 9 1 .0 1 8 5 1 .0 1 1 8 1 .0 1 7 8
N ov. 30 0 .9 3 5 4 0 .9 3 0 9 0 .9 4 9 7 0 .9 4 1 1
D ec. 1 0 .9 6 5 6 1 .0 0 2 1 0 .9 6 9 5 1 .0 7 0 3
D ec. 4 0.93*98 0 .9 5 3 7 0 .9 5 6 8 0 .9 8 6 0
D ec. 5 0 .9 7 7 4 0 .9 9 1 5 0 .9 7 1 7 1 .0 6 2 5
D ec. 7 0 .9 5 5 4 0 .9 5 8 9 0 .9 4 5 5 1 .0 6 5 5
D ec. 8 0.9 3 6 1 0 .9 3 6 1 1.0071 1 .0 6 0 8

A v erag e F a c to r 0 .9 5 7 5 0 .9 6 4 6 0 .9 6 7 1 1 .0 1 7 4
S ta n d a rd D e v ia tio n
s ( x ) of th e F a c t o r 0 .0 1 8 4 6 0 .0 3 8 4 3 0 .0 3 1 0 4 0 .0 4 3 1 3
 221

g r e a t e r a c c u r a c y of the ju ic e i n s p e c t i o n s . Why the a c c u r a c y of th is

f a c t o r fo r the m u ltip le m illin g is l e s s th a n t h a t fo r the s in g le m illin g

is n ot c l e a r . S ince m u ltip le m illin g g iv e s a n e x t r a c t i o n s e v e r i t y

a p p r o a c h i n g t h a t of the f a c t o r y , the r e v e r s e would be e x p e c te d .

Som e C o m m e n ts on the Box P r e s s

T he box p r e s s c o r r e l a t i o n ( c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f ic ie n t r = 0. 1899)*

an d the r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y of the ju ic e e x t r a c t i o n a n d pol p e r c e n t ju ic e

f a c t o r s a r e q u ite p o o r , A r e a s o n fo r th is b e c a m e e v id e n t e a r l y in the

te st se rie s . T h ro u g h o u t the s e r i e s , the fee d fo r the s c r e w an d box

p r e s s e s w as p r e p a r e d in the e n s ila g e c u t t e r . Of the t o t a l fe e d of a b o u t

170 p o u n d s, a b o u t e ig h t pounds w as r e m o v e d fo r the box p r e s s . The

p ro d u c t f r o m the e n s ila g e c u t t e r w as q u ite c o a r s e — v a r y i n g c o n ­

s i d e r a b l y in s i z e . In m a n y c a s e s , so m e o f the p r e p a r e d c a n e w as too

l a r g e to f it in th e bo x p r e s s c y l i n d e r . F o r th is r e a s o n , i t w as n e c e s s ­

a r y t o s e l e c t i v e l y c h a r g e the box p r e s s . In a d d itio n , the p r o d u c t f r o m

th e e n s i la g e c u t t e r r e p r e s e n t e d v a ry in g d e g r e e s of c a n e p r e p a r a t i o n —

f r o m f u lly s h r e d d e d c a n e to p o r tio n s of w hole s t a l k s . W h e r e a s both

the t h r e e - r o l l m ill a n d the s c r e w p r e s s c o n tin u e d th e s t a l k a n d c e l l d i s ­

i n t e g r a t i o n , the box p r e s s w as c a p a b le o f m e r e l y e x e r t in g s im p le

p r e s s u r e on the c a n e m a t. The v a r y i n g s i z e an d d e g r e e of d i s i n t e g r a ­

tio n a l l c o n tr i b u te d to a n o n - u n i f o r m fee d to th e box p r e s s .

T o t e s t the r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y o f the box p r e s s on a u n if o r m feed

q u a lity , the c a n e w as p r e p a r e d in the c a n e c h ip p e r fo r a s p e c i a l r u n .

 222

T he c h ip p e r c o n s i s t s o f a s o lid s t e e l hub — r o t a t i n g a t 1160 r p m -

in w h ic h knife b la d e s a r e a ffix e d in a line p a r a l l e l to the a x is of the

hub. T he p r o d u c t f r o m th e c h ip p e r is r a t h e r fin e ly d iv id e d , r a n g in g

i n s i z e f r o m a b o u t 1 /4 to 1/2 in ch c u b e s o r q u a r t e r r o u n d s . B ecause

the c h ip p e r c a n be fed a t th e r a t e o f o n ly tw o to t h r e e s t a l k s a t a t i m e ,

t r a s h y s a m p l e s a r e v e r y d if f ic u lt to h a n d le . F o r th is r e a s o n , th is

e q u ip m e n t w as n o t u s e d d u r in g th e ro u tin e t e s t r u n s .

A b o u t 100 pounds of c h ip p e d c a n e w e r e p r e p a r e d on the c h i p p e r .

T he c h ip s w e r e p la c e d on the c o n c r e t e p a y m e n t a n d w e ll m ix e d . 10

s u b - s a m p l e s w e r e p la c e d in c a p p e d c a n s fo r s u b s e q u e n t p r o c e s s i n g

i n th e bo x p r e s s . T o m in im iz e lo s s b y e v a p o r a t i o n , th e m ix in g and

s u b - s a m p l i n g w e r e don e a s r a p i d l y a s p o s s i b l e . T he 10 s u b - s a m p l e s

w e r e th e n p r o c e s s e d in the box p r e s s in a u n ifo rm m a n n e r . The pol

e x t r a c t i o n d a ta and a s u m m a r y of the s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s of th e d a ta

a r e sh o w n in T a b le X I.

The c o e f f i c i e n t of v a r i a t i o n of 1 .8 5 fo r th e box p r e s s , a s show n

in T a b le XI, sho w s th is e q u ip m e n t to be v e r y r e p r o d u c i b l e w hen

h a n d lin g a u n if o r m f e e d . The p r o b le m w ith the bo x p r e s s thu s s e e m s

to be t h a t of d e v e lo p in g e q u ip m e n t to c o m p l e t e l y a n d u n i f o r m l y r e d u c e

a l a r g e s a m p le of c a n e to p ro v id e a s u b - s a m p l e of a b o u t e ig h t to te n

pounds.

P o s s i b l e S o u r c e s of E r r o r in the E x t r a c t i o n S tu d ie s

In the 1958 r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y s tu d ie s on th e F a r r e l s a m p le m ill,

 T A B L E XI

R E P R O D U C IB IL IT Y OF THE BOX PR ESS WITH U N IFO RM

F E E D Q U A L IT Y - P O L E X T R A C T IO N

B a sis: P o l E x t. % C a n e = J u ic e E x t . % C a n e x P o l % J u ic e / 100

J u ic e Pol
E x tra c te d , Pol E x t r a c te d ,
S a m p le N o . % Cane % Juici % C an e

1 63. 82 11.81 7. 54

2 6 5 .3 4 11.83 7. 73

3 6 5 .3 0 1 1 .9 7 7. 82

4 6 3 .6 7 1 1 .6 6 7 .4 2

5 64 . 13 11 .67 7. 48

6 6 3 .8 8 1 1 .9 6 7. 64

7 6 5 . 55 1 1 .8 2 7. 75

8 6 4 .6 3 1 1 .7 7 7 .6 1

9 6 4 .3 9 11.92 7 .6 8

10 64. 17 1 1 .7 9 7. 57

A verag e, x 7 .6 2

S t a n d a r d D e v ia tio n e(x) 0. 141

C o e f f i c ie n t of V a r i a t i o n , % 1. 85
 224

s a m p l e s of c a n e w e r e c o l l e c t e d and th e s t a lk s s p l i t le n g th w is e a n d c o m ­

p o s ite d in to two s u b - s a m p l e s w h ic h w e r e s u b s e q u e n t ly m ille d tw ice to

d e t e r m i n e the p o l p e r c e n t c a n e . The d a ta f r o m s e v e n s u c h t e s t s sh ow ed

th e F a r r e l m il l to be v e r y r e p r o d u c i b l e w ith a c o e f f ic ie n t of v a r i a t i o n

of 1 .2 9 p e r c e n t . The c o r r e s p o n d i n g tw o s ig m a l i m i t s (tw ice the c o ­

e f f i c i e n t of V a ria tio n ) a r e 2. 58 p e r c e n t . F o r a c a n e s a m p le c o n t a i n ­

ing 200 pounds of pol p e r ton of c a n e , th is r e p r e s e n t s a p p r o x i m a t e

95 p e r c e n t c o n fid e n c e l i m i t s f o r one s a m p l e of a b o u t 5. 16 pounds p er

to n of c a n e .

The tw o s ig m a l i m i t s fo r the pol e x t r a c t i o n c o r r e l a t i o n s on the

F a r r e l - 1 , F a r r e l - 2 and s c r e w p r e s s a r e 3 . 8 , 6 . 8 , and 6 . 8 p e r c e n t

re sp e c tiv e ly . T h e s e c o r r e s p o n d to the c a l c u l a t e d 95 p e r c e n t c o n f i ­

d e n c e l i m i t s of 7 . 9 , 1 4 . 0 , and 14. 1 pounds pol p e r ton of c a n e r e s ­

p e c t iv e l y a t th e a v e r a g e e x t r a c t i o n le v e l of 195 pounds pol p e r ton of

cane.

In v ie w of the p r e v i o u s l y d e m o n s t r a t e d r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y of the

F a r r e l s a m p le m il l , i t i s lo g ic a l to r e v i e w t h o s e f a c t o r s w h ic h m ig h t

h a v e c o n tr i b u te d to a n a c c u r a c y in the c o r r e l a t i o n s l e s s th a n th a t

sh o w n in the r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y t e s t s . A m o n g t h e s e f a c t o r s a r e the a c ­

c u r a c y of the f a c t o r y m i l l d a ta w h ic h s e r v e d a s th e b a s e s fo r c o m p a r i ­

s o n , a n d th e p o s s ib le s o u r c e s o f e r r o r in the s a m p lin g p r o c e d u r e .

A c c u r a c y of the F a c t o r y M ill D a ta ; In c a l c u l a t i n g th e f a c t o r y m ill

m a t e r i a l b a la n c e , the fe e d to th e m il l w a s c a l c u l a t e d a s the s u m of the

 225

w e ig h ts of the m ix e d ju ic e plus b a g a s s e . F o r e a c h r u n , the fee d a s so

d e t e r m i n e d w a s c o m p a r e d w ith th e w e ig h t of c a n e a s r e c o r d e d f r o m the

c a n e s c a le on the d e r r i c k . The d i f f e r e n c e w as n o te d a s p e r c e n t of fe e d

b y w eigh t o f ju ic e p lu s b a g a s s e . A lth o u g h e x te n s i v e p r e c a u t i o n s w e r e

ta k e n to m in im iz e e r r o r s in the f a c t o r y m a t e r i a l b a la n c e , th is d i f f e r ­

e n c e a v e r a g e d a b o u t two p e r c e n t and r a n g e d f r o m — 4 . 4 0 to + 3 . 6 0 p e r

c en t. A lth o u g h a l l s c a l e s e n t e r i n g in to th e m a t e r i a l b a la n c e w e r e c a l i ­

b r a t e d — in c lu d in g the c a n e s c a l e , it w a s r e c o g n i z e d th a t the c a n e s c a l e

w as s u b j e c t to e r r o r . R e p r o d u c i b il i ty in w e ig h t d e t e r m i n a t i o n s w as

p a r t i c u l a r l y d i f f ic u lt to a tt a i n on w indy d a y s . The e f f e c t of th e wind

on the d e r r i c k boom —and the s u b s e q u e n t e r r o r in the s c a l e r e a d i n g

w a s quite n o t i c e a b l e .

E v e n a d m i t ti n g t h a t the c a n e s c a l e w as n o t 100 p e r c e n t a c c u ­

r a t e , the r e c u r r i n g d i f f e r e n c e in the m a t e r i a l b a la n c e in d ic a te d p o s s i ­

b le s o u r c e s of e r r o r in the ju ic e and b a g a s s e b a la n c e . B e c a u s e it w as

f e l t th a t c e r t a i n i n h e r e n t e r r o r s m ig h t b e p r e s e n t in h a n d lin g a s m a l l

v o lu m e of f e e d , f o u r bu n d les of c a n e w e r e g roun d e a c h r u n — r a t h e r

th a n one o r tw o a s in p re v io u s s t u d i e s . F o u r b u n d le s w e r e a b o u t th e

m a x im u m w h ic h c o u ld be h a n d le d in the n o r m a l t h r e e h o u r l a b o r a t o r y

p erio d .

The S a m p lin g P r o c e d u r e a s a S o u rc e of E r r o r : A m e c h a n i c a l g r a b w as

r e m o v e d f r o m e a c h of the f o u r b u n d le s . E a c h g r a b w as p la c e d on the

p la tf o r m a n d d iv id e d in to fo u r s u b - s a m p l e s , c a r e b e in g t a k e n to
m i n i m i z e lo o s e n in g of t r a s h a n d l o s s of e x tr a n e o u s m a t e r i a l . T he

s u b - s a m p l e s f r o m th e f o u r b u n d le s w e r e c o m p o s ite d . One s u b - s a m p l e

w a s a n a ly z e d fo r t r a s h . One e a c h s e r v e d a s fe e d to the F a r r e l - 1 an d

F a r r e l - 2 p r o c e d u r e , a n d th e f o u r th s u b - s a m p l e w a s p r e p a r e d in the

e n s i la g e c u t t e r a s fe e d to the s c r e w p r e s s an d box p r e s s - th e l a t t e r

d e v ic e tak in g a b o u t e ig h t pounds of ch opped c a n e .

T he fin a l s a m p l e s to the v a r i o u s s a m p le p r o c e s s i n g d e v ic e s

r e p r e s e n t e d a b o u t one p e r c e n t of the fee d to th e f a c t o r y and r a n g e d

f r o m a b o u t 0 . 8 to 1 .1 p e r c e n t. T he e ffe c t of s a m p le s i z e on the p r e ­

c i s i o n of th e pol a n d f i b e r t e s t s w as d i s c u s s e d in th e s e c tio n SIZ E O F

S A M P L E VERSUS PR E C IS IO N O F TH E CANE Q U A LITY T E S T S of

C h a p te r IV. In th is s e c t i o n it w as n o ted th a t th e two and the fiv e p e r

c e n t s a m p l e s e a c h g a v e the b e s t c o r r e l a t i o n f o r t h e i r p a r t i c u l a r ru n

se rie s. B a s e d on th is o b s e r v a t i o n , i t c o uld w e ll b e a r g u e d th a t the

s i z e of s a m p le s in the c u r r e n t r u n s e r i e s w as too s m a l l to a c h ie v e the

p r e c i s i o n w h ic h is d e s i r e d in t h i s , type of s tu d y . U n f o r tu n a te ly , in i n ­

c r e a s i n g th e v o lu m e of fe e d to the f a c t o r y to m in i m iz e e r r o r s in the

f a c t o r y m a t e r i a l b a la n c e , a l im i ta t io n w a s e n c o u n te r e d in the v o lu m e

of s a m p le w hich c o uld b e h a n d le d . One p e r c e n t of the f a c t o r y fee d was

a b o u t th e m a x i m u m w h ic h could be h a n d le d a s l i m i t e d by the s p a c e ,

e q u ip m e n t, a n d p e r s o n n e l . It is n o te d th a t ev en a one p e r c e n t s a m p le

i s l a r g e r th a n is n o r m a l l y h a n d le d by a c o m m e r c i a l f a c t o r y . T he

p r o b l e m a p p e a r s to b e t h a t of p ro v id in g e q u ip m e n t to ta k e a l a r g e r
 227

s a m p le and to r e d u c e a n d s u b - s a m p l e the c h a r g e to p ro v id e a feed fo r

the s a m p le p r o c e s s i n g e q u ip m e n t.

In view of the p r o b l e m s of the f a c t o r y m a t e r i a l b a la n c e an d of

the s a m p lin g p r o c e d u r e , the c o r r e l a t i o n s a s d e v e lo p e d fo r the F a r r e l

m il l and the s c r e w p r e s s a p p e a r to be u n u s u a lly a c c u r a t e .

J u ic e D e t e r i o r a t i o n in the S c r e w P r e s s : D u r in g the p r e l i m i n a r y r u n s

w h ich w e re d e v o te d to " ru n n in g in " the s a m p le p r o c e s s i n g e q u ip m e n t

and p r o c e d u r e , the b a g a s s e i n i t i a l l y le a v in g th e s c r e w p r e s s a t the

b e g in n in g of e a c h r u n h a d a p e r c e p t i b l e o d o r of f e r m e n te d j u i c e . T h is

w as a t t r i b u t e d to the b a g a s s e w h ic h r e m a i n e d in the c a g e of the p r e s s

a fte r each run. T h is p ro b le m a p p e a r e d to be so lv e d by r u n n in g s e v ­

e r a l s t a lk s of c a n e th r o u g h the p r e s s p r i o r to e a c h r u n to p u rg e the

cage.

J u ic e D ilu tio n in th e Box P r e s s : A t th e end of e v e r y r u n , the F a r r e l

m ill and box p r e s s w e r e h o s e d down w ith w a t e r to r e m o v e ju ic e and

b a g a ss e c h ip s . On s e v e r a l o c c a s io n s p r i o r to a r u n , r e s i d u a l w a te r

w as found on the box p r e s s b a s e p la te and f a l s e b o tto m . T h is u n ­

d o u b te d ly c o n tr i b u te d to the lo w e r ju ic e d e n s i t y a nd pol in ju ic e for th is

d e v ic e a s w ill be noted f r o m the ju ic e in s p e c tio n in the d a ta s h e e t s

(A ppendix). A n y su c h e r r o r a s th is would o f c o u r s e be a c c e n t u a t e d

b e c a u s e of the s m a l l v o lu m e of fe e d to the p r e s s .
 228

F A C T O R Y VERSUS S A M P L E BRIX E X T R A C T IO N

C o r r e l a t i o n s o f the y « a + bx typ e w e r e d e r i v e d w h ic h r e l a t e d

the s a m p le B r i x e x t r a c t i o n to th a t of the f a c t o r y in a m a n n e r s i m i l a r

to the pol e x t r a c t i o n s t u d i e s . The e x t r a c t i o n d a ta and a s u m m a r y of the

s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s of the d a ta a r e show n in T a b le XII. A r a t h e r poor

d e g r e e of c o r r e l a t i o n an d a c c u r a c y r e s u l t e d a s show n b y the fo llow ing

s u m m a r y of th e s t a t i s t i c a l d a ta : '

95% C o e f.
L i m i t s of
C o e ff. One S a m p le
of a t the R un
S a m p le V a r ia t io n Avg. E x t . ,
M ill r r2 % l b s . B r ix

F a rre l-1 0 .5 9 2 7 0 .3 5 1 3 2 .6 13. 7

F a rre l-2 0 .7 3 1 3 0. 5349 2 .2 1 1 .6

S crew P r e s s 0.6 5 5 3 0 .4 2 9 4 2 .4 1 2 .9

Box P r e s s 0 .1 8 9 9 0. 0361 3. 1 16. 7

The r e a s o n fo r the p o o r c o r r e l a t i o n a p p e a r s to lie in a c o m b i n a ­

tio n of f a c t o r s — n a m e l y the u se of the h y d r o m e t e r fo r so lu b le s o lid s

d e t e r m i n a t i o n and a f a i r l y h ig h in c id e n c e o f r a i n f a l l d u r i n g th e c r o p

w ith the a c c o m p a n y in g t r a s h and e x t r a n e o u s m a t e r i a l in the c a n e w h ich

w a s d e l i v e r e d to the f a c t o r y .

The e f f e c t o f s u s p e n d e d s e d i m e n t on the h y d r o m e t e r s p in d le i s ,

of c o u r s e , to b u o y u p the s p in d le , t h e r e b y giving a h ig h e r r e a d i n g and a

 229

T A B L E XII

BRIX E X T R A C T IO N C O R R E L A T IO N

F A C T O R Y VERSUS S A M P L E M IL L

B a s is : y = a + b x

W here: y is the f a c t o r y e x tr a c t i o n , l b s . B r i x
e x t r a c t e d p e r g r o s s ton of c a n e ,
x is the s a m p le m il l e x tr a c t i o n , B r i x
ex tra c te d % cane,
a and b a r e the i n t e r c e p t and r e g r e s s i o n
c o e f f ic ie n t r e s p e c t i v e l y .

x
D ate Screw Box
(1961) y F a rre l-1 F a rre l-2 P ress P ress
O ct. 26 2 4 6 .0 1 1 .4 8 1 2 .5 6 13. 54 1 0 .9 2
O ct. 30 2 5 4 .2 11. 18 1 2 .7 8 1 3 .6 8 1 1 .2 4
O ct. 31 2 6 4 .2 12. 18 13. 51 14. 10 1 0 .9 0
Nov, 2 2 5 7 .8 11. 38 1 3 .1 5 14.01 1 1 .0 6
Nov. 3 2 4 8 .8 1 1 .4 5 1 2 .4 4 1 3 .3 3 1 0 .4 9
Nov. 6 2 4 7 .8 1 1 .3 6 1 2 .4 6 13. 18 10.81
Nov. 7 2 4 8 .8 1 1 .2 6 1 2 .5 4 13.21 1 0 .1 7
Nov, 9 2 4 2 .4 . 1 1 .3 3 1 2 .9 0 1 3 .3 8 1 0 .1 7
Nov. 10 2 4 7 .2 1 1 .4 9 1 2 .7 5 13.11 1 0 .5 9
Nov. 13 2 4 2 .4 10. 78 1 2 .4 6 1 2 .4 0 9 .6 2
Nov. 14 2 5 1 .6 10. 15 12 .2 2 1 2 ,2 8 9 .1 4
Nov. 16 2 2 2 .6 10. 36 11 .2 8 1 1 .9 5 9 .2 9
Nov. 17 2 4 5 .6 10. 70 11 .7 8 12.51 8 .7 7
Nov. 20 2 5 1 .8 .11.20 12 .0 2 1 3 .6 2 9 .3 7
Nov. 21 2 5 1 .8 11. 56 1 3 .0 7 13. 38 9 .2 6
Nov. 27 2 4 4 .2 11. 12 1 2 .3 2 13. 50 9 .7 8
Nov. 28 2 4 0 .0 1 1 .0 3 1 2 .2 5 1 2 .9 9 9 .6 9
Nov. 30 2 4 7 .8 1 1 .9 0 1 2 .8 0 1 3 .7 5 9 .6 6
D ec. 1 2 5 1 .0 1 1 .6 2 1 2 .3 5 13.61 9 .2 8
D ec. 4 2 4 7 .6 1 0 .9 0 12 .6 3 1 3 .5 9 9 .0 9
D ec. 5 2 5 3 .8 1 1 .5 3 12 .5 3 1 3 .3 2 8 .7 1
D ec. 7 2 4 8 .8 1 1 .3 8 1 2 .4 0 1 3 .1 4 8 .8 9
Dec. 8 2 5 6 .4 1 1 .6 9 12.71 1 2 .9 8 8 .5 1

(T a b le XII c o n tin u e d on n e x t page)

 230

T A B L E XII (co n t'd )

BRIX E X T R A C T IO N C O R R E L A T IO N

FA C T O R Y V ERSU S S A M P L E M IL L

S c rew Box
F a rre l-1 F a rre l-2 P ress P ress

a 135. 5 9 2 .8 1 2 2 .3 2 3 0 .9
b 10.022 1 2 .4 2 5 9 .5 1 8 1 .7 8 3
r 0 .5 9 2 7 0 .7 3 1 3 0 .6 5 5 3 0 .1 8 9 9
r2 0 .3 5 1 3 0 .5 3 4 9 0 .4 2 9 4 0 .0 3 6 1

lb s.
pol 6 .4 5 5 .4 6 6 .0 5 7 .8 6
c o e f f ic ie n t
of v a r i a t i o n ,
% 2.6 2.2 2 .4 3 .1
95%
c o n fid e n c e
L im its at
A v g .,
+ l b s , pol 1 3 .7 11.6 1 2 .9 1 6 .7
 231

lo w e r c a l c u l a t e d p u r i t y th a n the t r u e v a l u e s . T h is e f f e c t w as g r a p h i ­

c a l l y i l l u s t r a t e d in the R u n of N o v e m b e r 14. The o r i g i n a l f a c t o r y d a ta

s h e e t sh ow s the c o m m e n t " C o n s i d e r a b l e flo a tin g m a t e r i a l in the

c r u s h e r an d m ix ed ju ic e s a m p l e s . " T h e p u r i t y of the c r u s h e r , m ix e d ,

a n d l a s t m ill ju ic e w e r e s u b s e q u e n tly c a l c u l a t e d to be 62. 10, 6 2 .2 8 ,

a n d 72. 50 r e s p e c t i v e l y . A lth o u g h e f f o r t s w e r e m ad e to d e c a n t off the

c l e a r s o lu tio n fo r a s o lid s d e t e r m i n a t i o n — w hen a l a r g e v o lu m e of

su s p e n d e d m a t e r i a l w a s e v id e n t in the h y d r o m e t e r c y li n d e r — qu ite

often the c l e a r s o lu tio n w h ic h r e m a i n e d f r o m the c y l i n d e r and the

s a m p le c a n w as in a d e q u a te fo r a s a t i s f a c t o r y s o lid s d e t e r m i n a t i o n .

T o w a r d s the end of the c r o p , the r e f r a c t o m e t e r w as u se d in p a r a l l e l

w ith the B r ix s p in d le ; h o w e v e r , the r e f r a c t o m e t e r d a ta c o v e r e d o nly

a s m a l l p a r t o f the whole r u n s e r i e s .

The B r i x Spindle v e r s u s the R e f r a c t o m e t e r

I n f o r m a l c o m p a r a t i v e i n s t r u m e n t p r e c i s i o n t e s t s w e re r u n to

d e t e r m i n e the 95 p e r c e n t c o n fid e n c e l i m i t s of one s o lid s d e t e r m i n a ­

tio n b y B r i x sp in d le a n d b y r e f r a c t o m e t e r . T hese te s ts w ere c o n ­

d u c te d on c l e a n j u i c e , i . e . , ju ic e w h ic h w as o b s e r v e d to be f r e e of

suspended se d im e n t. The r e s u l t s a r e s u m m a r i z e d below :

95% C o n fid e n c e L im i ts
of One D e t e r m i n a t i o n ,
In stru m en t + o r - % B r ix _______

H y d ro m eter 0. 13

R e fra c to m e te r 0 . 22
 232

I n t e r e s t i n g l y eno u g h , on ju ic e f r e e f r o m s u s p e n d e d s e d i m e n t,

the h y d r o m e t e r sp in d le show ed a h i g h e r i n s t r u m e n t p r e c i s i o n th a n the

re fra cto m e te r. T h is w a s p r o b a b ly to be e x p e c te d , fo r w hile the B rix

sp in d le is g r a d u a te d to 0. 1° B r i x , the B a u s c h an d L o m b A b be r e f r a c t o ­

m e t e r , w h ich w as u s e d in t h e s e s t u d i e s , is g r a d u a t e d to 0 . 5 ° B r ix .

The m o r e p r e c i s e s u g a r r e f r a c t o m e t e r w h ic h w as n o t u s e d in th e s e

s tu d ie s h a s a n a c c u r a c y of a b o u t 0. 02° B r i x .

I n s u f fic ie n t r e f r a c t o m e t e r d a ta w e r e c o ll e c t e d to p e r m i t a c o m ­

p a r i s o n w ith the h y d r o m e t e r w hen h a n d lin g t r a s h y c a n e . S u c h a stu d y

is p la n n e d d u r in g th e 1962 c r o p in w hich the h y d r o m e t e r w ill be c o m ­

p a r e d w ith the s t a n d a r d and the p r e c i s i o n r e f r a c t o m e t e r on c e n tr if u g e d

and u n c e n trif u g e d j u ic e ,

SA M P L E JU IC E E X T R A C T IO N OR S A M P L E F IB E R

A S A MEASURE OF FA C TO R Y JU IC E E X T R A C T IO N

Single v a r i a b l e l i n e a r c o r r e l a t i o n s w e r e d e v e lo p e d b e tw e e n the

f a c t o r y ju ic e e x t r a c t i o n a n d the s a m p le m i l l ju ic e e x t r a c t i o n . S im ila r

c o r r e l a t i o n s w e r e d e v e lo p e d in w h ic h the s a m p le f ib e r p e r c e n t c a n e w as

the d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e . T h e s e d a ta and a s u m m a r y of the s t a t i s t i c a l

a n a l y s i s of the d a ta a r e sho w n in T a b le X III. The d e g r e e of c o r r e l a ­

tion b e tw e e n the f a c t o r y ju ic e e x t r a c t i o n a n d the s a m p le m il l ju ic e e x ­

t r a c t i o n a n d the s a m p le f i b e r is show n b e lo w :
 233

T A B L E XIII

S A M P L E M IL L JU IC E E X T R A C T IO N OR S A M P L E F I B E R

A S A M E A SU RE OF FA C T O R Y JU IC E E X T R A C T IO N

B a sis: y = a + bx
W here: y i s the f a c t o r y ju ic e e x t r a c t i o n % c a n e .
x is the s a m p le m i l l ju ic e e x t r a c t i o n % c a n e or
s a m p le f i b e r % c a n e ,
a and b a r e the i n t e r c e p t a n d r e g r e s s i o n c o ­
e f f i c ie n t r e s p e c t i v e l y .

F a rre l-2 , S crew P r e s s ,

x = S a m p le x = S a m p le
D a te J u ic e J u ic e
(1961) y E x tra c tio n F ib e r E x t r a c tio n F ib e r

O c t. 31 7 0 .6 2 7 1 .0 6 13.79 7 3 .4 0 14.23
N ov. 2 7 0 .9 0 6 9 .7 2 14 .5 9 7 3 .4 8 1 4 .32
3 7 1 .0 8 7 0 .0 5 14 .1 0 7 5 .4 0 14. 08
6 7 2 .2 7 7 2 .3 5 1 0 .9 4 7 4 .8 9 1 4 .2 9
7 7 0 .4 9 7 1 .8 3 10.03 7 4 .2 1 14.03
9 7 0 .5 6 7 2 .6 6 12 .5 1 7 3 .8 7 14. 08
10 7 1 .3 4 7 1 .5 1 1 3 .22 75. 19 14. 16
13 7 3 .2 6 7 3 .2 7 11 .7 6 7 6 .5 9 1 2 .6 0
14 7 1 .2 3 7 3 .4 7 1 2 .5 4 7 4 .6 0 1 3 .7 6
16 7 1 .8 5 7 1 .7 2 12 .6 8 7 5 .9 3 1 2 .9 8
17 7 1 .4 7 7 0 .5 7 1 3 .1 8 7 4 . 14 1 3 .2 1
20 7 0 .5 8 6 7 .9 6 1 3 .7 9 7 5 .4 7 13 .73
21 6 9 .7 0 7 1 .3 5 1 2 .9 0 7 3 .4 4 1 3 .5 6
27 69. 16 6 8 .3 9 15. 09 7 3 . 11 1 5 .1 4
28 7 1 .4 2 7 2 .3 3 13. 15 7 6 .2 2 1 4 .4 5
30 6 8 .0 6 6 6 .0 4 1 5 .9 7 7 0 .4 3 1 6 .1 7
D ec. 1 7 0 .9 4 7 0 .0 5 13 .6 6 7 5 .9 2 1 3 .4 9
4 6 8 .6 1 6 8 .3 0 1 4 .7 1 7 1 .3 3 1 5 .5 5
5 6 9 .8 1 6 8 .9 1 14.42 7 1 .6 6 1 4 .4 5
7 6 6 .8 4 6 5 .6 0 1 5 .7 0 6 8 .2 2 1 6 .4 9
8 6 9 .2 0 68. 19 14.27 7 1 .4 3 1 4 .9 7

r 0 .8 3 4 8 0 .7 1 0 2 0 .9 0 9 4 0.867*
r2 0 .6 9 7 0 0. 5044 0 .8 2 7 0 0. 7521
s $ ) , Ju ice
% C ane 0 .7 9 7 1 .0 6 9 0 .6 0 2 0 .7 5 5
C o e f fic ie n t of
V a r ia t io n , % 1. 13 1.52 0 .8 6 1 .0 7
 234

F a c t o r y J u ic e E x t r a c t i o n % C ane
a s a F u n c t io n of:

S a m p le M ill S a m p le
J u ic e E x t r a c t i o n F ib e r
% C ane % C an e

F a rre l-2

0 .8 3 4 8 0 .7 1 0 2

C o e f fic ie n t of
V a r ia tio n , % 1.1 3 1 .52

S crew P r e s s

0 .9 0 9 4 0 .8 6 7 6

C o e f f ic ie n t of
V a r ia tio n , % 0.86 1. 07

B e c a u s e of the c o a r s e n a tu r e of the b a g a s s e f r o m the F a r r e l

s in g le m illin g , n o f i b e r d a ta w e r e c o ll e c t e d fo r th is m e a n s of p r o ­

c essin g .

A s the a b o v e d a ta sh o w , both th e F a r r e l - 2 a n d s c r e w p r e s s

ju ic e e x t r a c t i o n show ed a b e t t e r c o r r e l a t i o n w ith the f a c t o r y ju ic e e x ­

t r a c t i o n th a n did the f i b e r p e r c e n t c a n e of the c o r r e s p o n d i n g s a m p l e s .

The b e n e f i c i a l e ff e c t of a h ig h d e g r e e of b a g a s s e p r e p a r a t i o n

on th e s u b s e q u e n t f ib e r d e t e r m i n a t i o n is w e ll show n in the c o r r e l a t i o n

c o e f f ic ie n t fo r the s c r e w p r e s s f ib e r of 0 .8 6 7 6 c o m p a r e d to th a t of

0 .7 1 0 2 fo r the F a r r e l - 2 . The b a g a s s e f r o m the s c r e w p r e s s w as w e ll

p u lv e r iz e d a n d e a s i l y h a n d le d in s u b s e q u e n t i n s p e c t io n s . By c o n t r a s t
 235

th e b a g a s s e f r o m the d o u b le m illin g in th e F a r r e l m ill w a s qu ite

c o a r s e and n o n - u n i f o r m i n s i z e .

The f ib e r d e t e r m i n a t i o n s w e r e b y the c o n v e n tio n a l m e th o d of

d r y i n g the b a g a s s e in a D i e t e r t M o i s t u r e T e l l e r t o d e t e r m i n e the

m o is tu re . The f i b e r w a s c a l c u l a t e d in the r o u tin e m a n n e r :

F i b e r % B a g a s s e = 1 0 0 .0 0 — ( B r i x + M o i s t u r e ) % B a g a s s e

It is q u ite p o s s ib le th a t a h ig h e r d e g r e e of p r e c i s i o n is p o s s i ­

b le b y the d i r e c t m etho d of f ib e r d e t e r m i n a t i o n w hich c o n s i s t s of

w a s h in g a b a g a s s e s a m p l e for a p e r io d of 24 h o u rs to c o m p l e t e l y r e ­

m ov e so lu b le s o l i d s , a n d th en d r y in g the s a m p l e .

The r e s u l t s w ith th e s c r e w p r e s s s u g g e s t th a t w ith a w e ll and

u n i f o r m l y p u l v e r i z e d b a g a s s e , and a m o r e r i g o r o u s m e th o d of fib e r

d e t e r m i n a t i o n , the c o r r e l a t i o n of s a m p le f i b e r w ith the f a c t o r y ju ic e

e x t r a c t i o n m ig h t a p p r o a c h that of th e s a m p le m il l ju ic e e x t r a c t i o n .

S u c h r e f i n e m e n t s a s t h i s , of c o u r s e , r e q u i r e a d d it i o n a l t i m e , p e r s o n n e l ,

a n d e q u ip m e n t in the l a b o r a t o r y .

It a p p e a r s l o g i c a l to c o n c lu d e t h a t in th o s e m e th o d s of c a n e

q u a l i t y d e t e r m i n a t i o n w h ic h i n c o r p o r a t e f i b e r in the e v a l u a t i o n , a d e ­

q u a te m e a n s sh o u ld be p ro v id e d fo r th o r o u g h ly a n d u n i f o r m l y d i s i n t e ­

g r a t i n g the c a n e — fo r the c o ld w a t e r e x t r a c t i o n p r o c e s s — or the

b a g a s s e —fo r th e t h r e e - r o l l s a m p le m il l .
 236

S A M P L E VERSUS FA C T O R Y

P O L , F I B E R , AND BRIX P E R C E N T CANE

A s n o ted in the p re v io u s c h a p t e r , p r e c e d i n g s tu d ie s on c a n e

q u a li t y d e t e r m i n a t i o n a t the A udubon S u g a r F a c t o r y have in vo lved e v a l u ­

a ti o n of the c a n e in t e r m s of the p ol and f i b e r in the c a n e . In a d d itio n

to t h i s , the p u r i t y of th e e x t r a c t e d ju ic e f r o m the s a m p le w a s g e n e r a l l y

d e te rm in e d . In th e s e s t u d i e s , the s a m p le i n s p e c t io n s w e r e s u b s e ­

q u e n tly c o m p a r e d w ith th o s e of the f a c t o r y .

A lth o u g h the p u r p o s e of the c u r r e n t s t u d i e s w a s to c o m p a r e the

s a m p le m i l l and f a c t o r y e x t r a c t i o n , c o m p le te c a n e i n s p e c tio n s w e r e

d e v e lo p e d f o r the f a c t o r y and s a m p le d a t a . W ith t h e s e d a ta i t w as thus

p o s s ib le to d e t e r m i n e s in g le v a r i a b l e l i n e a r c o r r e l a t i o n s b e tw e e n the

s a m p le and f a c t o r y c a n e i n s p e c t i o n s . T a b le XIV sh o w s the d a ta f o r pol,

f i b e r , a n d B r i x p e r c e n t c a n e a s w e ll a s a s u m m a r y o f the s t a t i s t i c a l

d a ta . S i m i l a r d a ta a r e p r e s e n t e d f o r the s c r e w p r e s s in T a b le XV.

T h e c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f ic ie n ts a r e sh o w n b e lo w :

C o r r e l a t i o n C o e ffic ie n t, r

F a rre l-2 S crew P re s s

P o l % C ane 0 .8 6 6 7 0 .8 7 3 8

F i b e r % C ane 0 .6 5 5 5 0 .8 7 5 5

B r ix % Cane 0 .6 8 0 7 0 .7 3 1 7
 237

T A B L E XIV

F A R R E L - 2 VERSUS FA CTO RY

P O L , F IB E R AND BRIX P E R C E N T CA N E

B asis: y = a + bx

W h ere is the f a c t o r y pol, f i b e r , or B r i x % c a n e ,

is the F a r r e l - 2 pol, f i b e r , o r B r i x % c a n e ,
a n d b a r e the i n t e r c e p t an d r e g r e s s i o n c o ­
e f f ic ie n t r e s p e c t i v e l y .

D a te P o l % C ane F i b e r % Cane B r ix % C ane

(1961) y X y X y X

O c t. 31 1 2 .1 5 12.63 1 4 .1 5 13 .7 9 1 5 .3 7 1 5 .6 4
Nov. 2 1 2 .3 0 12 .67 13.89 14. 59 15. 16 15.43
3 1 0 .9 0 11. 55 14.06 14. 11 1 4 .2 8 1 4 .4 5
6 1 0 .4 0 11. 18 1 3 .2 8 1 0 .9 4 1 4 .1 4 14 .23
7 1 1 .5 5 11. 54 14. 00 10.03 1 4 .6 5 1 4 .4 2
9 ' 1 1 .5 5 12. 10 1 3 .8 4 1 2 .5 1 1 4 .4 5 1 5 .0 0
10 1 0 .9 7 1 1 .6 9 1 3 .6 1 13.22 1 4 .3 0 14. 78
13 10 .32 1 0 .9 8 11 .96 11 .76 13.71 1 4 .3 4
14 9 .9 8 1 1 .0 5 13.92 1 2 .5 4 1 4 .8 0 14. 09
16 1 0 .1 4 9 .7 2 1 2 .3 5 1 2 .6 8 1 3 .4 1 1 3 .2 2
17 1 0 .8 0 1 0 .6 5 1 3 .3 0 13. 18 14. 11 1 3 .4 6
20 1 0 .9 9 1 1 .3 4 1 3 .8 0 13.79 1 4.69 1 4.23
21 1 2 .1 0 1 2 .4 1 1 3 .3 8 1 2 .9 0 15. 19 15.33
27 1 0 .6 4 1 0 .6 0 14. 79 15.09 14.22 1 4 .1 0
28 1 1 .2 8 11. 14 13.52 13.15 14 .0 8 1 3 .9 7
30 11 .9 1 13.33 1 5 .6 0 1 5 .9 7 1 4 .2 0 15. 53
D ec. 1 11.83 11.73 13. 56 1 3 .6 6 1 4 .6 7 1 4 .4 8
4 12 .0 7 1 2 .5 4 1 4 .5 5 14.71 14 .7 8 1 4 .9 2
5 1 2 .2 4 12.42 1 4 .0 7 14.42 14 .9 7 1 4 .8 0
7 12 .6 9 12 .87 1 4 .8 4 1 5 .7 0 15 .21 14 .93
8 1 2 .4 5 12 .3 6 1 4 .5 6 14 .2 7 1 4 .9 6 1 4 .6 4

A verage 11.39 1 1 .7 4 13 .86 1 3 .4 8 1 4 .5 4 1 4 .5 7

a 2. 04 8 .8 9 6 .4 0
b 0 .7 9 6 8 0 .3 6 8 5 0 .5 5 8 9
r 0. 8667 0 .6 5 5 5 0 .6 8 0 7
r2 0 .7 5 0 0 0 .4 2 9 7 0.4 7 3 3
s($) 0 .4 2 3 0 0 .6 2 5 2 0 .3 8 5 0
C o e f f ic ie n t of
v a ria tio n , % 3.71 4.51 2.65
 238

T A B L E XV

SCREW P R E S S VERSUS FA C T O R Y

P O L , F I B E R , AND B R IX P E R C E N T CANE

B a sis: y «a + b x
W h ere: y is the f a c t o r y pol, f i b e r , o r B r i x % c a n e .
x is th e s c r e w p r e s s pol, f i b e r , o r B r i x % c a n e ,
a an d b a r e th e i n t e r c e p t a n d r e g r e s s i o n c o e ff ic ie n t
re s p e c tiv e ly .

D a te P o l % C an e F i b e r % C an e B r i x % C ane
(1961) y X y X y X

O c t. 31 1 2 .1 5 1 2 .2 8 14. 15 1 4 .2 3 15. 37 1 6 .1 3
N ov. 2 1 2 .3 0 12.81 1 3 .8 9 1 4 .3 2 15*4-16 1 5 .8 7
3 1 0 .9 0 1 1 ,8 8 1 4 .0 6 1 4 .0 8 1 4 .2 8 14.'79
6 1 0 .4 0 1 1 .6 3 1 3 .2 8 1 4 .2 9 1 4 .1 4 14 .7 1
7 1 1 .5 5 1 1 .8 7 1 4 .0 0 1 4 .0 3 1 4 .6 5 1 5 .0 3
9 1 1 .5 5 ■1 1 .9 4 1 3 .8 4 1 4 .0 8 1 4 .4 5 1 5 .2 9
10 1 0 .9 7 1 1 .4 6 13.61 1 4 .1 6 1 4 ,3 0 1 4 .5 7
13 1 0 .3 2 1 0 .2 6 1 1 .9 6 1 2 .6 0 13.7 1 1 3 ,6 3
14 9 .9 8 1 1 .0 8 1 3 .9 2 13. 76 1 4 .8 0 1 4 .0 0
16 1 0 .1 4 1 0 .1 8 1 2 .3 5 1 2 .9 8 13 .4 1 1 3 .3 9
17 1 0 ,8 0 1 1 .3 3 1 3 .3 0 13 .21 14. 11 1 4 .0 9
20 1 0 .9 9 1 2 .2 2 1 3 .8 0 1 3 .7 3 1 4 .6 9 1 5 .2 8
21 1 2 .1 0 1 2 .3 3 13. 38 1 3 .5 5 1 5 .1 9 1 5 .2 3
27 1 0 .6 4 1 1 .0 8 1 4 .7 9 1 5 .1 4 1 4 .2 2 314. 82
28 1 1 .2 8 1 1 .9 0 1 3 .5 2 1 4 ,4 5 1 4 .0 8 1 4 .0 1
30 11 .9 1 1 3 .2 4 1 5 .6 0 1 6 .1 7 1 4 .2 0 1 5 .8 5
Dec. 1 1 1 .8 3 1 2 .3 9 1 3 .5 6 1 3 .4 9 1 4 .6 7 1 5 .0 4
4 1 2 .0 7 12. 38 1 4 .5 5 1 5 .5 5 1 4 .7 8 1 5 .2 0
5 1 2 .2 4 1 2 .8 5 1 4 .0 7 1 4 .4 5 1 4 .9 7 1 5 .3 4
7 1 2 .6 9 1 3 .2 6 1 4 .8 4 1 6 .4 9 1 5 .2 1 1 5 .4 6
8 1 2 .4 5 1 2 .3 7 14. 56 1 4 .9 7 1 4 .9 6 1 4 .5 8

A verage 1 1 .3 9 1 1 .9 4 1 3 .8 6 1 4 .2 7 1 4 .5 4 1 4 .8 7
a 1 .1 3 3 .4 7 6 .8 8
b 0 .8 5 9 6 0 .7 2 7 7 0 .5 1 5 4
r 0 .8 7 3 8 0 .8 7 5 5 0 .7 3 1 7
r2 0 .7 6 3 6 0 .7 6 5 7 0 .5 3 5 4
s$) 0 .4 1 1 3 0 .4 0 1 2 0 .3 6 1 9
C o e ffic ie n t of
v a ria tio n , % 3 .6 1 2 .8 9 2 .4 9
 Z39,

A s in the p r e c e d i n g s e c t i o n c o v e r i n g f a c t o r y ju ic e e x t r a c t i o n

a s a fu n c tio n o f f ib e r p e r c e n t c a n e a n d of s a m p le m i l l ju ic e e x t r a c ­

tio n , f i b e r by m e a n s of the s c r e w p r e s s sh o w s a b e t t e r c o r r e l a t i o n

th a n d o e s f i b e r b y m e a n s of F a r r e l - 2 . The r e l a t i v e l y p oo r c o r r e l a ­

tio n fo r B r i x i s p r o b a b ly to be e x p e c te d in v ie w of the p o s s ib le s o u r c e s

of e r r o r w ith th e h y d r o m e t e r .

F o r p u r p o s e s of c o m p a r i s o n , the c o r r e s p o n d i n g s t a t i s t i c a l d a ta

fo r pol p e r c e n t c a n e , w h ic h w e r e d e v e lo p e d in C h a p te r V f r o m P a u l 's

1958 s t u d i e s , a r e sh o w n b e lo w . In th e 1958 s t u d i e s , a l l s a m p l e s w e r e

m ille d tw ice in the F a r r e l m il l .

C o r r e l a t i o n C o e ffic ie n t, r _______

S im p le S im p le
M e c h a n ic a l G r a b M u ltip le G ra b

P o l % C an e 0 .8 1 0 .8 4

F r o m th e s e s t u d i e s , i t is e v id e n t t h a t the d e g r e e of c o r r e l a t i o n

f o r pol p e r c e n t c a n e of the c u r r e n t s t u d i e s c o m p a r e s q u ite w e ll w ith

t h a t of p r e v io u s i n v e s t i g a t i o n s .

C O ST OF CANE

S a m p le M ill E x t r a c t i o n

S in ce th e p r o c e d u r e f o r d e t e r m i n i n g th e c o s t of c a n e by s a m p le

m il l e x t r a c t i o n is d e v e lo p e d in the p re v io u s c h a p t e r , the p r o c e d u r e is

r e v i e w e d b r i e f l y h e r e a n d in s u b s e q u e n t c a n e c o s t d i s c u s s i o n o n ly a s
 24 6

is n e c e s s a r y to d e v e lo p the d a t a . In a d d itio n , to p e r m i t a c o m p a r i ­

so n of th e c o s t of c a n e by s a m p l e m i l l e x t r a c t i o n w ith the c o s t of c a n e

u sin g th e pol, f i b e r , an d B r i x of the c a n e s a m p l e , the F a r r e l - 2 d a ta

w e re u s e d in t h e s e c a l c u l a t i o n s in c e n o f i b e r d a ta w e r e d e t e r m i n e d

d u r in g th e F a r r e l - 1 s t u d i e s .

P r i o r to d e te r m i n i n g the s a m p le m i l l B r i x an d p ol e x t r a c t i o n

f a c t o r s , th e f a c t o r y B r i x an d po l e x t r a c t i o n p e r c e n t c a n e w e r e c o r ­

r e c t e d to a s t a n d a r d e x t r a c t i o n . In th e c a s e of p o l p e r c e n t c a n e , the

s t a n d a r d e x t r a c t i o n w a s c a l c u l a t e d b y s u b t r a c t i n g f r o m the f a c t o r y pol

p e r c e n t c a n e th e p r o d u c t of th e f a c t o r y f i b e r p e r c e n t c a n e an d the

s t a n d a r d e x t r a c t i o n f a c to r of 0. 0712 p a r t s o f pol p e r p a r t of f i b e r in

bagasse. T he s t a n d a r d e x t r a c t i o n f a c t o r w a s the 1961 c r o p a v e r a g e

of a s e l e c t e d g ro u p of L o u is ia n a f a c t o r i e s . S im ila r calcu latio n s w ere

c o m p l e t e d fo r the s t a n d a r d f a c t o r y B r i x e x t r a c t i o n . T h e s e d a ta an d

the b a s e s f o r the c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e sh o w n in T a b le XVI.

T he s a m p le m il l pol an d B r i x e x t r a c t i o n f a c t o r s w h ic h r e l a t e

the s a m p le m il l an d the f a c t o r y s t a n d a r d p o l a n d B r i x e x t r a c t i o n w e r e

th e n c a l c u l a t e d f r o m th e d a i l y r u n d a t a . F r o m the d a il y d a t a , th e c r o p

a v e ra g e fa c to rs w ere d e te rm in e d . T h e s e d a ta a r e show n in T a b le XVII.

T he a v e r a g e B r i x a n d p o l e x t r a c t i o n f a c t o r s w e r e i n c o r p o r a t e d

in to the Y = Sx — By f o r m u la to d e t e r m i n e th e d a i l y p r e d i c te d yield a s

l b s . of 9 6 ° s u g a r p e r to n of g r o s s c a n e a s show n in T a b le XVIII.

F i n a l l y , the v a lu e of the s h i p m e n t f o r s u g a r w as d e t e r m i n e d

f r o m th e d a i l y p r e d i c t e d y ield a n d th e a v e r a g e p r i c e of s u g a r for
 TA B L E XVI
STANDA RD F A C T O R Y E X T R A C T IO N
COST O F CA N E BY S A M P L E M IL L E X T R A C T IO N
B a a ia : F a c to r y d a ta c o r r e c t e d to 8 ta n d a r d e x tr a c tio n .
S ta n d a rd e x tr a c tio n f a c t o r s : P o l / F i b e r in B a g a s s e = 0 .0 7 1 2 0
B r i x / F i b e r in B a g a s s e * 0 .0 9 7 6 6

S ta n d a rd P o l = Pol - I” P o l” J x F ib e r
E x tr a c t e d % C a n e % C ane [F ib e r] B a g a s s e % C an e
S ta n d a rd B r ix = B rix —ftjrix l x F ib e r
% C ane [ F ib e r ] B a g a s s e % C an e
F a c to ry S ta n d a rd
Pol B r ix
D a te Pol B rix F ib e r E x tra c te d E x tr a c te d
(1961) % C an e % C an e % C ane % C an e % C an e P u rity

O c t. 31 1 2 .1 5 1 5 .3 7 1 4 .1 6 1 1 .1 4 1 3 .9 9 7 9 .6 6
N ov. 2 1 2 .3 0 1 5 .1 6 1 3 .9 0 1 1 .3 1 1 3 .8 0 8 1 .9 4
3 1 0 .9 0 1 4 .2 8 1 4 .0 6 9 .9 0 1 2 .9 1 7 6 .6 9
6 1 0 .4 0 1 4 .1 4 1 3 .2 7 9 .4 6 1 2 .8 4 7 3 .6 1
7 1 1 .5 5 1 4 .6 5 1 4 .0 0 1 0 .5 5 1 3 .2 8 7 9 .4 5
9 1 1 .5 5 1 4 .4 5 1 3 .8 4 1 0 .5 7 1 3 .1 0 8 0 .6 6
10 1 0 .9 7 1 4 .3 0 1 3 .6 1 1 0 .0 0 1 2 .9 7 7 7 .1 0
13 1 0 .2 0 1 3 .5 5 1 1 .9 6 9 .3 5 1 2 .3 8 7 5 .5 0
14 9 .9 8 1 4 .8 0 1 3 .9 2 8 .9 9 1 3 .4 4 6 6 .8 8
16 1 0 .1 4 1 3 .4 1 1 2 .3 5 9 .2 6 1 2 .2 0 7 5 .8 8
17 1 0 .8 0 1 4 .1 1 1 3 .3 0 9 .8 5 1 2 .8 1 7 6 .9 1
20 1 0 .9 9 1 4 .6 9 1 3 .8 0 1 0 .0 1 1 3 .3 4 7 5 .0 0
21 1 2 .1 0 1 5 .1 9 1 3 .3 9 1 1 .1 5 1 3 .8 8 8 0 .3 0
27 1 0 .6 4 1 4 .2 2 14. 78 9 .5 9 1 2 .7 8 7 5 .0 4

241
28 1 1 .2 8 1 4 .0 8 1 3 .5 2 1 0 .3 2 1 2 .7 6 8 0 .8 5
30 1 1 .9 1 1 4 .2 0 1 5 .6 0 1 0 .8 0 1 2 .6 8 8 5 .1 9
D ec. 1 1 1 .8 3 14. 67 1 3 .5 6 1 0 .8 7 1 3 .3 5 8 1 .4 1
4 1 2 .0 7 14. 78 1 4 .5 5 1 1 .0 3 1 3 .3 6 8 2 .6 0
5 1 2 .2 4 1 4 .9 7 1 4 .0 7 1 1 .2 4 1 3 .6 0 8 2 .6 6
7 1 2 .6 9 1 5 .2 1 . 1 4 .8 4 1 1 .6 3 1 3 .7 6 8 4 .5 4
8 1 2 .4 5 1 4 .9 6 1 4 .5 5 1 1 .4 1 1 3 .5 4 8 4 .3 0
 TABLE XV n
S A M P L E M IL L B R IX A N D P O L E X T R A C T IO N F A C T O R S
C O S T O F C A N E B Y S A M P L E M IL L E X T R A C T IO N

B a s is : B rix E x tra c tio n F a c to r = F a c t o r y S ta n d a r d B r i x E x t r a c t e d % C a n e

S a m p le M ill B r i x E x t r a c t e d % C a n e

P o l E x tra c tio n F a c to r = F a c t o r y S ta n d a r d P o l E x t r a c t e d % C a n e
S a m p le M ill P o l E x t r a c t e d % C a n e
F a c to ry S a m p le F a c to ry S a m p le
S ta n d a r d M ill S ta n d a r d M ill
Pol Pol Pol B rix B rix B rix
D a te E x tra c te d E x tra c te d E x tra c tio n E x tra c te d E x tra c te d E x tra c tio n
(1 9 6 1 ) % C ane % C ane F a c to r F a c to r % C ane F a c to r

O c t. 31 1 1 .1 4 1 0 .9 1 1 .0 2 1 1 3 .9 9 1 3 .5 1 1 .0 3 5
N ov. 2 1 1 .3 1 1 0 .8 1 1 .0 4 6 1 3 .8 0 1 3 .1 5 1 .0 5 0
3 9 .9 0 9 .9 4 0 .9 9 6 1 2 .9 2 1 2 .4 4 1 .0 3 8
6 9 .4 6 9 .7 9 0 .9 6 6 1 2 .8 4 1 2 .4 6 1 .0 3 1
7 1 0 .5 5 1 0 .0 3 1 .0 5 2 1 3 .2 8 1 2 .5 4 1 .0 5 9
9 1 0 .5 7 1 0 .3 7 1 .0 1 9 1 3 .1 0 1 2 .9 0 1 .0 1 5
10 1 0 .0 0 1 0 .0 9 0 .9 9 1 1 2 .9 7 1 2 .7 5 1 .0 1 7
13 9 .3 5 9 .5 4 0 .9 8 0 1 2 .3 8 1 2 .4 6 0 .9 9 4
14 8 .9 9 9 .5 9 0 .9 3 7 1 3 .4 4 1 2 .2 2 1 .0 9 9
16 9 .2 6 8 .3 0 1 .1 1 6 1 2 .2 0 1 1 .2 8 1 .0 8 2
17 9 .8 5 9 .3 3 1 .0 5 6 1 2 .8 1 1 1 .7 8 1 .0 8 8
20 1 0 .0 1 9 .5 9 1 .0 4 3 1 3 .3 4 1 2 .0 2 1 .1 1 0
21 1 1 .1 5 1 0 .5 8 1 .0 5 4 1 3 .8 8 1 3 .0 7 1 .0 6 2
27 9 .5 9 9 .2 5 1 .0 3 7 1 2 .7 8 1 2 .3 2 1 .0 3 7 .
28 1 0 .3 2 9 .7 7 1 .0 5 6 1 2 .7 6 1 2 .2 5 1 .0 4 2
30 1 0 .8 0 1 0 .9 9 0 .9 8 2 1 2 .6 8 1 2 .8 0 0 .9 9 0
D ec. 1 1 0 .8 7 1 0 .0 1 1 .0 8 5 1 3 .3 5 1 2 .3 5 1 .0 8 1
4 1 1 .0 3 1 0 .6 2 1 .0 3 9 1 3 .3 6 1 2 .6 3 1 .0 5 8
5 1 1 .2 4 1 0 .5 1 1 .0 6 9 1 3 .6 0 1 2 .5 3 1 .0 8 5
7 1 1 .6 3 1 0 .6 9 1 .0 8 8 1 3 .7 6 1 2 .4 0 1 .1 1 0
8 1 1 .4 1 1 0 .7 4 1 .0 6 3 1 3 .5 4 1 2 .7 1 1 .0 6 5

A v e ra g e 1 .0 3 2 1 .0 5 4
 243

T A B L E XVIII
P R E D IC T E D YIELD

CO ST O F CANE BY S A M P L E M IL L E X T R A C T IO N

B a sis: Y = Sx - By

w here: Y is the y ie ld , l b s . 9 6 ° s u g a r / g r o s s ton of c a n e .

S and B a r e the s a m p le m ill pol a n d B r ix e x t r a c t e d

% cane.

x is 2 9 . 167 (a) (c) l b s . 9 6 ° s u g a r / ( t o n c a n e ) (% pol

e x tra c te d ).

y is 8 .3 3 3 (b) (c) l b s . 9 6 ° s u g a r /(to n c a n e ) (% B r ix

e x tra c te d ).

(a) is th e pol e x t r a c t i o n f a c to r (1. 032), (b) is the B r ix

e x t r a c t i o n f a c t o r (1 .0 5 4 ) , a n d (c) is the b o ilin g
h o u se e f f ic ie n c y ( 0 .9 6 5 9 ).

D ate
(1961) S B Y

O c t. 31 10.91 1 3 .5 1 2 0 2 .6
N ov. 2 1 0.8 1 13. 15 2 0 2 .7
3 9 .9 4 1 2 .4 4 183. 5
6 9 .7 9 12.46 178 .9
7 10. 03 1 2 .5 4 185.2
9 1 0.37 1 2 .9 0 192. 1
10 10.09 1 2 .7 5 185.2
13 9 .5 4 12.46 171 .7
14 9 .5 9 12.22 175.2
16 8 .3 0 11.28 145.6
17 9 .3 3 1 1 .7 8 171.3
20 9 .5 9 12.02 176.9
‘ 21 10. 58 13 .0 7 1 96.7
27 9 .2 5 12.32 1 6 4 .4
28 9 .7 7 1 2 .2 5 180. 1
30 1 0 .9 9 1 2 .8 0 2 1 0 .9
D ec. 1 10 .01 1 2 .3 5 186.3
4 10.62 12.63 2 0 1 .6
5 10.5 1 12.53 199.3
7 10.69 1 2 .4 0 2 0 5 .6
8 1 0 .7 4 12.71 2 0 4 .4
 24:4

the 1961 c r o p a s q uoted in th e L o u is ia n a S u g a r E x c h a n g e , Inc. , New

O rlea n s, L o u isia n a. F r o m this v a lu e a n d a s s u m i n g t h a t 6 4 .6 p e r c e n t

of the s u g a r a c c r u e s to the g r o w e r , the c o s t of c a n e fo r s u g a r w as

calcu late d . T h e s e d a ta a r e shown, in T a b le XIX. The c o s t of c a n e is

e x p r e s s e d a s $ / g r o s s ton of c a n e .

N o r m a l J u ic e Q u a lity

The d a i l y f a c t o r y n o r m a l ju ic e B r i x was d e t e r m i n e d f r o m the

s a m p le m il l B rix , a d ilu tio n c o m p e n s a tio r . f a c to r of 1 .0 2 2 , a n d an

a s s u m e d d r y m illin g f a c to r of 0 . 9 7 . The d ilu tio n c o m p e n s a ti o n fa c to r

o f 1. 022 w a s the a v e r a g e f o r the c r o p of the r a t i o of the f a c t o r y

c r u s h e r ju ic e B r i x and the F a r r e l - 2 s a m p le m ill B r ix . The d a i l y

f a c t o r y pol per c e n t n o r m a l ju ic e w a s c a l c u l a t e d a s the p r o d u c t of

the n o r m a l ju ic e B r ix and th e m ix e d ju ic e p u r ity . Since m a c e r a t i o n

w a te r w as n o t a p p lie d to the m ills d u r in g the t e s t s , the m ixed ju ic e

p u r i t y w a s d e t e r m i n e d f r o m the s t a n d a r d f a c t o r y e x t r a c t i o n d a ta of

T a b le XVI a s the r a t i o of the s t a n d a r d p o l e x t r a c t e d to the s t a n d a r d

B r ix e x t r a c t e d .

F r o m the f a c t o r y n o r m a l ju ic e B r i x and p o l and the c o r r e s ­

ponding s a m p le m ill ju ice i n s p e c t io n s , d a i l y s a m p le m ill B r ix a n d pol

f a c t o r s w e re d e v e lo p e d . T h e s e f a c t o r s r e l a t e the f a c t o r y n o r m a l ju ic e

and the s a m p le m ill ju ic e i n s p e c t i o n s . The d a ily f a c t o r s w e r e a v ­

e r a g e d to d e t e r m i n e c r o p a v e r a g e s a m p le m ill B r i x and pol f a c t o r s

of 0 .9 9 1 a n d 0 .9 7 0 r e s p e c t i v e l y .
 245

T A B L E XIX
VALUE O F THE SH IP M E N T AND C O ST O F CANE FO R SUGAR
C O ST OF CA N E BY S A M P L E M IL L E X T R A C T IO N

B a sis: V = Y /1 0 0 x S. P .

w here: Y i s the y i e l d , l b s . 96° s u g a r / t o n o f g r o s s c a n e ; S. P .

is the s e l l i n g p r i c e of r a w s u g a r ( $ 6 .3 1 5 3 / c w t 9 6 °
raw su g ar).

C =V x F

w here: C is the c o s t of c a n e fo r s u g a r , $ / g r o s s ton, an d F

is the d i s t r i b u t i o n f a c t o r (0 .6 4 6 ) .

D a te
(1961) Y V C

O c t. 31 2 0 2 .6 12 .7 9 4 8 .2 6 5
Nov. 2 20 2. 7 1 2 .8 0 4 8 .2 7 1
3 183. 5 11.586 7 .4 8 5
6 1 7 8 .9 11 .3 0 0 7 .2 9 9
7 18 5.2 11 .698 7. 557
9 192. 1 12 .1 3 0 7 .8 3 6
10 18 5.2 11.696 7. 556
13 1 7 1 .7 10.841 7. 003
14 17 5.2 11.062 7. 146
16 14 5.6 9. 197 5 .9 4 1
17 171.3 1 0 .8 2 0 6 .9 9 0
20 17 6 .9 11. 169 7 .2 1 5
21 1 9 6 .7 1 2 .4 2 4 8. 026
27 1 6 4 .4 1 0 .3 8 4 6 .7 0 8
28 180. 1 11.376 7 .3 4 9
30 2 1 0 .9 13.322 8 .6 0 6
D ec. 1 186 .3 11.786 7 .6 1 4
4 2 0 1 .6 12.733 8 .2 2 6
5 199.3 1 2 .5 8 5 8. 130
7 2 0 5 .6 1 2 .9 8 5 8 .3 8 8
8 2 0 4 .4 12.911 8 .3 4 1

Av e r a g e 7.617
 246

The c r o p a v e r a g e s a m p le m il l f a c t o r s w e r e then a p p lie d to the

d a i l y s a m p le m ill ju ic e i n s p e c tio n s to d e t e r m i n e the h y p o th e tic a l

" g r o w e r 's " n o r m a l ju ic e B r i x , pol, a n d p u r i ty . A p p r o p r i a t e q u a lity

(pol) a n d p u r i ty f a c t o r s w e re d e t e r m i n e d f r o m the 1961 L o u is ia n a c a n e

p r i c e d e t e r m i n a t i o n , a n d f r o m th e s e d a ta th e g r o w e r 's s t a n d a r d c a n e

w as d e r i v e d . F r o m the s t a n d a r d c a n e , the s a m p le t r a s h d a t a , and

the p r i c e o f s t a n d a r d c a n e b a s e d on the 1961 c r o p a v e r a g e r a w s u g a r

p r i c e , i t w a s th en p o s s ib le to d e t e r m i n e the p a y m e n t to the g r o w e r

fo r h i s c a n e . T h e s e d a ta a r e s u m m a r i z e d in T a b le XX.

P o l, B r i x , and F i b e r P e r C e n t C a n e

F r o m the p r e v i o u s l y d e v e lo p e d c o r r e l a t i o n s b e tw e e n the s a m p le

m ill a n d the f a c t o r y pol, B r i x , an d f i b e r p e r c e n t c a n e —a n d the d a i l y

s a m p le m il l d a ta — the p r e d i c te d c a n e in s p e c tio n s w e re d e t e r m i n e d fo r

each ru n . F r o m t h e s e d a t a , the p r e d i c te d e x t r a c t i o n w as c a l c u l a t e d

b a s e d on the s t a n d a r d e x t r a c t i o n f a c t o r s of 0 .0 7 1 2 0 p a r t s of pol p e r

p a r t of f i b e r in b a g a s s e and 0 .0 9 7 6 6 p a r t s of B r i x p e r p a r t of f i b e r in

bagasse. The y ie ld w as s u b s e q u e n t ly d e v e lo p e d f r o m the Y = Sx — By

f o r m u l a , an d f r o m th is the v a lu e of the s h ip m e n t a n d th e c o s t of c a n e

fo r s u g a r . T h e s e d a ta a r e s u m m a r i z e d in T a b le XXI.

C o m p a r i s o n of the C o s t o f C an e b y the D i f f e r e n t M eth ods

In T a b le XXII the d a i l y c o s t of c a n e b y the d i f f e r e n t m e th o d s of

c a n e q u a lity d e t e r m i n a t i o n is ta b u l a t e d . T h e c o s t o f c a n e by the
 T A B L E XX

COST O F CANE
BY
N O RM A L JU IC E QU ALITY

S a m p le M ilt S a m p le N o r m a l J u i c e S ta n d a r d Pavm ent

D a te T rash B rix Pol B rix Pol Cane % to G r o w e r ,
(1961) % C an e % J u ic e % J u ic e % J u ic e % J u ic e P u rity N e t C an e $ /G r o s s Ton
O c t. 31 5 .2 6 19 .0 1 1 5 .3 6 1 8 .8 4 14.91 79 .1 4 1 .2 7 4 8. 118
Nov. 2 4 .1 5 1 8 .8 5 1 5 ,5 0 1 8 .6 8 1 5 .0 5 8 0 .5 7 1 .2 9 3 8 .3 3 6
3 3 .0 9 1 7 .7 6 1 4 .1 9 1 7 .6 0 1 3 .7 8 7 8 .3 0 1 .1 7 0 7 .6 2 6
6 1 .4 8 1 7 .2 2 13. 54 17. 07 13. 15 7 7 .0 4 1 .1 0 7 7 .3 3 6
7 6 .7 8 1 7 .4 6 1 3 .9 7 1 7 .3 0 1 3 .5 6 7 8 .3 8 1 .1 4 8 7 .1 9 8
9 1 1 .0 0 1 7 .7 6 1 4 .2 7 1 7 .6 0 1 3 .8 6 7 8 .7 5 1.18 1 7 .0 6 9
10 3 .7 4 1 7 .8 3 14.11 1 7 .6 7 1 3 .7 0 77. 53 1 .1 5 7 7 .4 9 1
13 1. 76 17 .01 1 3 .0 3 1 6 .8 6 1 2 .6 5 7 5 .0 3 1 .0 4 9 6 .9 3 2
14 6 .2 0 1 6 .6 4 1 3 .0 5 1 6 .4 9 1 2 .6 7 7 6 .8 3 1 .0 6 3 6 .7 0 7
16 1 3 .0 0 1 5 .7 2 1 1 .5 7 1 5 .5 8 1 1 .2 3 7 2 .0 8 0 .9 0 7 5 .3 0 7
17 7 .6 9 1 6 .6 9 1 3 .2 2 1 6 .5 4 1 2 .8 4 7 7 .6 3 1 .0 8 7 6 .7 4 9
20 4 .3 7 1 7 .6 9 1 4 .1 0 1 7 .5 3 1 3 .6 9 7 8 .0 9 1.1 61 7 .4 6 8
21 3 .1 2 1 8 .3 3 1 4 .8 2 18. 17 1 4 .3 9 7 9 .2 0 1 .2 3 0 8 .0 1 5
27 4 .3 0 18 .01 1 3 .5 3 1 7 .8 5 1 3 .1 4 7 3 .6 1 1 .0 7 6 6 .9 2 6
28 2 .8 2 1 6 .9 4 13 .51 1 6 .7 9 13. 12 7 8 .1 4 1 .1 1 2 7 .2 6 8
30 4 .8 5 1 9 .3 8 1 6 .6 4 19.21 1 6 .1 6 8 4 .1 2 1 .4 1 7 9 .0 6 9
Dec. 1 6 .6 7 1 7 .6 2 1 4 .2 9 1 7 .4 6 1 3 .8 8 7 9 .5 9 1 .1 9 2 7 .4 8 2
4 7 .3 2 1 8 .4 9 1 5 .5 6 1 8 .3 2 15.11 8 2 .4 8 1.3 1 1 8 .1 7 3
5 2 .6 0 1 8 .1 8 1 5 .2 6 18. 02 1 4 .8 2 8 2 .2 4 1 .2 9 1 8 .4 5 7
7 7 .6 2 1 8 .9 0 1 6 .2 9 1 8 .7 3 1 5 .8 2 8 4 .4 6 1 .3 9 2 8 .6 5 0
8 1 2 .0 0 1 8 .6 4 1 5 .7 5 1 8 .4 7 1 5 .2 9 8 2 .7 8 1 .3 3 4 7 .8 9 5

A verage 7 .4 4 4

247
V
 T A B L E XXI
COST O F CANE
BY
P O L , F I B E R , AND BRIX P E R C E N T CANE

P r e d i c t e d S ta n d a rd Yield,
S a m p le M ill F a c to ry E x tra c tio n lb s. 96° Paym ent
D a te B rix Pol F ib e r B rix Pol Sugar/ To G ro w er,
(1961) % C ane % C ane % C ane % C an e % C ane T o n C an e $ / G r o s s T on
O c t. 31 15. 64 12. 63 1 3 .7 9 1 3 .7 8 11.11 2 0 2 .0 8 .2 4 0
Nov. 2 1 5 .4 3 1 2 .6 7 1 4 .5 9 1 3 .6 3 1 1 .1 2 2 0 3 .7 8 .3 1 1
3 1 4 .4 5 1 1 .5 5 14 .1 1 13. 10 1 0 .2 4 18 2 .9 7 .4 6 3
9 1 5 .0 0 1 2 .1 0 1 2 .5 1 1 3 .4 6 1 0 .7 2 1 9 3 .6 7 .8 9 9
10 1 4 .7 8 1 1 .6 9 1 3 .2 2 13 .3 2 1 0 .3 8 1 8 5 .0 7 .5 4 6
13 1 4 .3 4 1 0 .9 8 1 1 .7 6 13 .1 2 9 .8 5 1 7 1 .9 7 .0 1 2
14 1 4 .0 9 11 .0 5 1 2 .5 4 1 2 .9 5 9 .8 8 1 7 4 .0 7. 100
16 1 3 .2 2 9 .7 2 1 2 .6 8 1 2 .4 7 8. 82 1 4 8 .0 6 .0 3 8
17 1 3 .4 6 1 0 .6 5 1 3 .1 8 1 2 .5 8 9 .5 5 1 6 7 .8 6 .8 4 7
20 1 4 .2 3 1 1 .3 4 1 3 .7 9 1 2 .9 9 1 0 .0 9 1 7 9 .6 7 .3 2 7
21 1 5 .3 3 12.41 1 2 .9 0 1 3 .6 4 1 0 .9 6 1 9 9 .0 8 .1 1 7
27 1 4 .1 0 1 0 .6 0 1 5 .0 9 1 2 .8 7 9 .4 6 1 6 3 .0 6 .6 4 8
28 1 3 .9 7 1 1 .1 4 1 3 .1 5 1 2 .8 7 9 .9 4 1 7 6 .5 7 .2 0 1
30 1 5 .5 3 1 3 .3 3 1 5 .9 7 1 3 .6 4 11. 61 2 1 7 .2 8. 863
D e c. 1 1 4 .4 8 1 1 .7 3 1 3 .6 6 1 3 .1 3 1 0 .4 0 1 8 7 .3 7 .6 4 0
4 1 4 .9 2 1 2 .5 4 1 4 .7 1 1 3 .3 4 11.01 2 0 2 .8 8 .2 7 4
5 1 4 .8 0 1 2 .4 2 1 4 .4 2 1 3 .2 8 1 0 .9 3 2 0 1 .0 8 .1 9 9
7 1 4 .9 3 1 2 .8 7 1 5 .7 0 13.31 1 1 .2 5 2 0 9 .7 8 .5 4 1
8 1 4 .6 4 1 2 .3 6 1 4 .2 7 1 3 .2 0 1 0 .8 8 2 0 0 .4 8. 174

A verage 7 .6 5 5

248
 T A B L E XXII

COM PA RISON O F T H E COST O F CANE FO R SUGAR

C o s t of C a n e , $ / G r o s s T o n % of A v e r a g e S a m p le
N orm al S a m p le Pol N orm al S a m p le M ill J u i c e
D a te J u ic e M ill J u ic e F i b e r and Ju ice M ill J u i c e E x tra c tio n
(1961) Ran Q u a lity E x tra c tio n B r i x % C ane Q u a lity E x tra c tio n % C an e

O c t. 31 1 8 .1 1 8 8 .2 6 5 8 .2 4 0 107. 7 108. 5 7 1 .0 6
N ov. 2 2 8 .3 3 6 8 .2 7 1 8 .3 1 1 1 1 0 .6 1 0 8 .6 6 9 .7 2
3 3 7 .6 2 6 7 .4 8 5 7 .4 6 3 1 0 1 .2 9 8 .3 7 0 .0 5
6 4 7 .3 3 6 7 .2 9 9 — 9 7 .3 9 5 .8 7 2 .3 5
7 5 7 .1 9 8 7 .5 5 7 — 9 5 .5 9 9 .2 7 1 .8 3
9 6 7 .0 6 9 7 .8 3 6 7. 899 9 3 .8 1 0 2 .9 7 2 .6 6
10 7 7.4 9 1 7 .5 5 6 7 .5 4 6 9 9 .4 9 9 .2 7 1 .5 1
13 8 6 .9 3 2 7 .0 0 3 7 .0 1 2 9 2 .0 9 1 .9 7 3 .2 7
14 9 6 .7 0 7 7 .1 4 6 7 .1 0 0 7 9 .7 9 3 .8 7 3 .4 7
16 10 5 .3 0 7 5 .9 4 1 6 .0 3 8 7 0 .4 7 8 .0 7 1 .7 2
17 11 6 .7 4 9 6 .9 9 0 6 .8 4 7 8 9 .5 9 1 .8 7 0 .5 7
20 12 7 .4 6 8 7 .2 1 5 7 .3 2 7 9 9 .1 9 4 .7 6 7 .9 6
21 13 8 .0 1 5 8 .0 2 6 8 .1 1 7 1 0 6 .3 1 0 5 .4 7 1 .3 5
27 14 6 .9 2 6 6 .7 0 8 6 .6 4 8 9 1 .9 8 8 .1 6 8 .3 9
28 15 7 .2 6 3 7 .3 4 9 7 .2 0 1 9 6 .4 9 6 .5 7 2 .3 3
30 16 9 .0 6 9 8 .6 0 6 8 ,8 6 3 1 2 0 .3 1 1 3 .0 6 6 .0 4
D ec. 1 17 7 .4 8 2 7 .6 1 4 7 .6 4 0 9 9 .3 1 0 0 .0 7 0 .0 5
4 18 8 .1 7 3 8 .2 2 6 8 .2 7 4 1 0 8 .4 1 0 8 .0 6 8 .3 0
5 19 8 .4 5 7 8 .1 3 0 8 .1 9 9 1 1 2 .2 106. 7 6 8 .9 1
7 20 8 .6 5 0 8 .3 8 8 8 .5 4 1 1 1 4 .8 1 1 0 .1 6 5 .6 0
8 21 7 .8 9 5 8 .3 4 1 8 .1 7 4 1 0 4 .8 1 0 9 .5 6 8 .1 9

A verage 7 .5 3 7 7 .6 1 7 7 .6 5 5 7 0 .2 5

249
 250

m eth o d of pol, f i b e r , a n d B r i x p e r c e n t c a n e of the s a m p le a p p r o x i ­

m a t e s t h a t by the m e th o d of s a m p le m ill e x t r a c t i o n . F o r th is r e a s o n ,

the fo llo w in g c o m p a r i s o n is c o n fin e d to the c o s t of c a n e by n o r m a l

j u ic e a n d b y s a m p le m i l l e x t r a c t i o n .

In a n a ly z in g the c o s t of c a n e , tw o i te m s a r e c o n s i d e r e d , i . e . ,

(1) the f a c t o r y c r o p a v e r a g e c o s t of c a n e by e a c h m e th o d , and (2) the

r e l a t i o n s h i p of the c o s t of c a n e of d i f f e r e n t q u a li t y t o the a v e r a g e c o s t

b y e a c h m e th o d .

The c r o p a v e r a g e c o s t of c a n e f o r s u g a r by n o r m a l ju ic e w as

$ 7 . 5 3 7 / g r o s s to n of c a n e , w hile the c o s t by s a m p le m i l l e x t r a c t i o n

w a s c a l c u l a t e d to be $ 7 ,6 1 7 . * The h i g h e r yield a s r e f l e c t e d by the

l a t t e r m eth o d m ig h t be e x p e c te d . The 1961 c r o p w as r a t h e r unique

in t e r m s of the h ig h c a n e q u a lity th r o u g h o u t the s t a t e . M ost fa c to rie s

r e p o r t e d a h i g h e r th an a v e r a g e y ield of r a w s u g a r p e r u n it of n o r m a l

j u ic e pol.

One of the p r i m a r y d i f f e r e n c e s in the tw o m e th o d s of c a n e q u a lity

e v a lu a tio n is the q u a n tity of e x t r a c t e d o r e x t r a c t a b l e ju ic e in the c a n e .

W hile th is fa c to r d o e s n o t e n t e r in to the n o r m a l ju ic e m e th o d , i t is a

*Qne s m a l l r e f i n e m e n t m ig h t be m e n tio n e d to a v o id c o n fu s io n .
B y la w , the p r i c e to be paid fo r s t a n d a r d c a n e b y f a c t o r i e s in the
A udubon S u g a r F a c t o r y a r e a in c lu d e s the g r o w e r s 1 s h a r e of the c o s t
o f t r a n s p o r t i n g the r a w s u g a r to the r e f i n e r y . T h is is c u r r e n t l y
$ 0 . 0 3 2 / s t a n d a r d ton. W hile th is ite m w a s in c lu d e d in the c a l c u l a ­
tio n of c o s t of c a n e by n o r m a l j u i c e , s u c h a n a d j u s t m e n t w as n o t
m ad e in c o m p u tin g the c o s t b y s a m p le m i l l e x t r a c t i o n . In the l a t t e r
m e th o d , the s e a s o n 's a v e r a g e c o s t of r a w s u g a r w ith o u t a n y a d j u s t ­
m e n t fo r the f r e i g h t d i f f e r e n t i a l w as u s e d .
 251

s i g n i f ic a n t f a c t o r in the s a m p le m ill e x t r a c t i o n m e th o d . The r e la tio n ­

s h i p of the c o s t of c a n e of d i f f e r e n t q u a li t y to the a v e r a g e c o s t in t e r m s

of the v o lu m e of ju ic e e x t r a c t e d in the s a m p le m ill is s u m m a r i z e d b e ­

lo w .

C o s t of C a n e
P e r C e n t of F a c t o r y A v e r a g e
S a m p le M ill
N orm al J u ic e
C an e Q u a l i t y R uns Ju ic e E x t r ac tion

H igh E x t r a c t e d 4, 6, 8, 9, 15 92 96
Ju ic e % C a n e

L ow E x t r a c t e d 12, 16, 18, 20, 21 110 107

J u ic e % C a n e

In th is c o m p a r i s o n , the g r o w e r w ith a h ig h s a m p le ju ic e e x t r a c ­

tio n r e c e i v e s a p r e m i u m fo r h is c an e w ith th e s a m p le m il l ju ic e e x t r a c ­

tio n m e th o d , w hile the g r o w e r w ith a low ju ic e e x t r a c t i o n is p e n a liz e d

a s c o m p a r e d to the n o r m a l ju ic e m e th o d . It is i n t e r e s t i n g to note th a t

th e high ju ic e c o n te n t in th e e a r l y p a r t of the c r o p w a s a c c o m p a n ie d

by low ju ic e q u a lity in t e r m s ofothe p ol an d p u r i ty of the j u i c e . T h is

a p p e a r s to be th e e x p la n a tio n fo r the r e l a t i v e l y low p e r c e n ta g e of a v ­

e r a g e v a lu e s w ith c a n e o f a high ju ic e e x t r a c t i o n .

A c o m p a r i s o n of th e c o s t of c a n e w as a l s o m ad e w ith d a ta f r o m

i n f o r m a l p la n t s c a l e t e s t s a t the H e lv e tia S u g a r C o o p e r a tiv e d u r in g the

I9 6 0 c r o p . I n t h e s e t e s t s , e v e r y s a m p le w as a n a ly z e d b y s a m p le m ill

e x t r a c t i o n a s w e ll a s b y the c o n v e n tio n a l n o r m a l ju ic e q u a lity . The

 252

r e s u l t s of th is s tu d y f o r s e l e c t e d g r o w e r s sh o w ed the f a c t o r y a v e r a g e

c o s t o f c a n e b y n o r m a l ju ic e q u a li t y to be s l i g h t l y h ig h e r th an by s a m p le

m ill ju ic e e x t r a c t i o n .

W hile the ju ic e e x t r a c t i o n w a s d e t e r m i n e d f o r e a c h s a m p l e , th e s e

d a ta w e re n o t in c lu d e d in the f in a l d a ta s u m m a r y . The c o m p a r i s o n a t

the c o n c l u s i o n of th e s e s t u d i e s of the c q s t of c a n e o f d i f f e r e n t q u a li t y to

the a v e r a g e c o s t fo r e a c h m e th o d w as b a s e d on the pol and p u r ity of the

n o r m a l ju ic e a s the c r i t e r i o n of c a n e q u a lity . F r o m the q u a li t y o f the

n o r m a l ju ic e , the s t a n d a r d c a n e v a lu e w a s c a l c u l a t e d . H igh q u a lity

c a n e w a s d e t e r m i n e d to be o f a h ig h s t a n d a r d c a n e v a lu e or a low t r a s h

c o n te n t. T h e s e d a ta a r e s u m m a r i z e d b e lo w .

C o s t of C a n e
P e r C e n t of F a c t o r y A v e r a g e
S a m p le M ill
N orm al J u ic e
C ane Q u a lity J uic e E x t r a c tion

H igh S ta n d a r d C a n e 117 119

( S t a n d a r d / N e t C a n e)

L ow T r a s h 103 107

L o w S ta n d a r d C a n e 85 75
(S ta n d ard /N e t Cane)

H igh T r a s h 88 84

T h e s e d a ta sh o w p r e m i u m s a c c r u i n g to th e g r o w e r d e l i v e r i n g

h ig h q u a lity c a n e an d p e n a l it i e s to th e g r o w e r w ith low q u a lity c a n e by

the s a m p le m i l l ju ic e e x t r a c t i o n m ethod a s c o m p a r e d to the n o r m a l

ju ic e m e th o d .
 253

THE DRY M IL L IN G AND D IL U T IO N C O M PE N S A T IO N F A C T O R S

T he D r y M illin g F a c t o r

D a ta f r o m the d a i l y d r y m illin g t e s t s a r e show n in T a b le XXIII.

The d a ta w e r e a n a ly z e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y to d e t e r m i n e the 95 p e r c e n t c o n ­

fid en c e l i m i t s of one d r y m illin g t e s t . T h e c o n fid e n c e l i m i t s w e re

c a l c u l a t e d to be + 0. 047. S ta tin g t h e s e r e s u l t s in t e r m s of a d r y

m illin g t e s t , i f the t r u e d r y m illin g f a c t o r w e r e 0 .9 7 0 , 95 t im e s out

of a 100 we w ould e x p e c t to get a t e s t m illin g f a c t o r b e tw e e n 0.9 2 3

a n d 1 ,0 1 7 .

T he v a r i a b i l i t y of the f a c t o r a s s t a t e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y is e v id e n t

f r o m a g la n c e a t the t a b u l a r d a t a . N o a p p a r e n t c o r r e l a t i o n is o b ­

s e r v a b l e b e tw e e n the f a c t o r and the e f f e c t s of t r a s h , r a i n , o r c a n e

source. ( R a in fa ll is sho w n in T a b le X X V .) A c o r r e l a t i o n is p r o b ­

a b l y t h e r e , b u t the i n h e r e n t v a r i a b i l i t y of f a c t o r is s o g r e a t th a t the

e ffe c ts of t h e s e v a r i a b l e s a r e n o t p e r c e p t i b l e .

T he c r o p a v e r a g e d r y m illin g f a c t o r is a p p a r e n t l y n o t r e p r o ­

d u c ib le f r o m y e a r to y e a r s in c e the a v e r a g e fo r 1961 w as 0 .9 7 0 w hile

th at f o r i9 6 0 w a s 0 .9 4 7 .

T he D ilu tio n C o m p e n s a t i o n F a c t o r

T h e d ilu tio n c o m p e n s a ti o n f a c to r d a ta a s d e t e r m i n e d f r o m the

d a i l y f a c t o r y and s a m p le m i l l d a ta a r e sh o w n in T a b le XXIV. The

s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s o f the d a ta sh o w ed 95 p e r c e n t c o n fid e n c e l i m i ts
 254

T A B L E XXIII

DRY M IL L IN G F A C T O R

B a s i s : D r y M illin g F a c t o r = B rix % N o r m a l J u ic e
B rix % C r u s h e r Ju ic e

T rash B r ix % B rix % D ry
D a te S o u rc e % G ross C rusher N o rm al M illin g
(1961) of C an e C an e Ju ic e J u ic e F a c to r

O ct. 31 LSU 5 .2 6 19.43 18. 70 0 .9 6 2

N ov. 2 LSU 4. 15 19. 13 18. 18 0 .9 5 0
3 O u tsid e 3 .0 9 17. 70 17 .5 0 0 .9 8 9
6 O u tsid e 1 .4 8 1 7 .3 4 17. 14 0 .9 8 8
7 LSU 6 .7 8 1 7 .6 4 1 7 .6 4 1. 000
9 LSU 1 1 .0 0 17.93 17. 18 0 .9 5 8
10 O u tsid e 3 .7 4 1 7 .69 17.33 0 .9 8 0
13 LSU 1.7 6 1 6 .71 16. 54 0 .9 9 0
14 LSU 6 .2 0 1 9 .2 6 17.66 0 .9 1 7 ^ )
16 S t. G a b r i e l 13. 00 1 5 .9 7 15.49 0 .9 7 0
17 S t. G a b r i e l 7 .6 9 17. 09 17. 19 1 .006
20 S t. G a b r i e l 4 .3 7 18. 02 1 7 .85 0 .9 9 1
21 S t. G a b r i e l 3. 12 18. 10 18.06 0 .9 9 8
27 S t. G a b r i e l 4 .3 0 1 8 .4 8 1 7 .6 5 0 .9 5 5
28 S t. G a b r i e l 2 . 82 17. 77 17. 08 0 .9 6 1
30 S t. G a b r i e l 4 .8 5 1 9 .39 18.21 0 .9 3 9
D ec, 1 S t. G a b r i e l 6 .6 7 1 8 ,2 0 17 .68 0 .9 7 1
4 S t. G a b r ie l 7 .3 2 19. 16 18. 04 0 .9 4 2
5 S t. G a b r i e l 2 .6 0 18.82 18. 18 0 .9 6 6
7 S t. G a b r i e l 7 .6 2 1 9 .4 0 18.61 0 .9 5 9
8 S t. G a b r i e l 12. 00 18.92 18. 53 0 .9 7 9

A verage 0 .9 7 0
S ta n d a r d D e v i ­ 0 .0 2 2 7
a tio n , s(x)
C o e f f i c ie n t of 2 .3 4
V a r ia t io n , %
95% C o n fid en c e + 0 .0 4 7
L i m i t s of one
T est

(1) C o n s i d e r a b l e s u s p e n d e d m a t e r i a l in c r u s h e r h y d r o m e t e r j a r .
 255

T A B L E XXIV

D IL U T IO N C O M PE N S A T IO N F A C T O R

B a s i s : D ilu tio n C o m p e n s a t i o n F a c t o r = B r ix % C r u s h e r Ju ic e
B r i x % S a m p le M ill J u ic e

T rash B rix % B rix % D ilu te

D a te Source % G ross F a rre l-1 C ru sher C o m p e n s a tio n
(1961) of C ane C ane J u ic e J u ic e F a c to r

O c t. 31 LSU 5 .2 6 19. 04 19.43 1. 020

Nov. 2 LSU 4. 15 18. 10 19. 13 1.0 5 7
3 O u tsid e 3 .0 9 17. 77 17 .7 0 0 .9 9 6
6 O u tsid e 1 .4 8 1 7 .2 8 17 .3 4 1.003
7 LSU 6 .7 8 1 7 .6 0 17 .6 4 1.002
9 LSU 11. 00 1 7 .4 8 17.93 1.02 6
10 O uts ide 3 .7 4 17 .4 6 1 7.69 1.013
13 LSU 1.7 6 1 6 .7 1 16.71 1 .0 0 0
14 LSU 6 .2 0 1 6 .0 4 19 .2 6 1.201(1)
16 S t. G a b r i e l 13. 00 15 .9 2 15.97 1.003
17 S t. G a b r i e l 7 .6 9 17. 08 17. 09 1.001
20 S t. G a b r i e l 4 .3 7 17 .6 2 18. 02 1.023
21 S t. G a b r i e l 3. 12 1 7 .6 5 18. 10 1 .0 2 5
27 S t. G a b r i e l 4 .3 0 1 8 .0 5 1 8 .4 8 1 .0 2 4
28 St. G a b r i e l 2 .8 2 1 7 .2 9 17 .7 7 1 .0 2 8
30 S t. G a b r i e l 4 .8 5 1 9 .4 8 19 .3 9 0 .9 9 5
D ec. 1 S t. G a b r i e l 6 .6 7 17. 77 1 8 .2 0 1 .0 2 4
4 S t. G a b r i e l 7 .3 2 18. 16 19. 16 1 .0 5 5
5 S t. G a b r i e l 2 .6 0 18. 08 18.82 1.041
7 S t. G a b r i e l 7 .6 2 1 8 .9 6 1 9 .4 0 1.023
8 S t. G a b r i e l 12. 00 18 .9 1 18.92 1. 001

A verage 1 .0 2 7
S ta n d a r d D e v i ­ 0 .0 4 3 8
a tio n , s(x)
C o e f fic ie n t of 4 .2 6
V a r ia t io n , %
95% C o n fid e n c e + 0 .0 9 2
L i m i t s of one
T est

(1) C o n s i d e r a b l e s u s p e n d e d s e d i m e n t in c r u s h e r h y d r o m e t e r j a r .
 256

T A B L E XXV

R A IN F A L L

D a te R a in f a ll, Inches Date R a in fa ll, In ch es

(1961) LSU S t. G a b r ie l (1961) LSU St. G a b r i e l

O ct.28 0 Nov. 21 0 0
29 0 , 22 2. 00 1.2
30 0 23 0 T
31 0 24 0 0
Nov. 1 0 25 0 0
2 0 26 0 0
3 0.9 2 27 0 0
4 1. 18 28 0 0
5 0 0. 1 29 0 0
6 0 0 30 0 0
7 0 0 D ec. 1 0 0
8 0 0 2 0 0
9 0 .0 3 0 0
10 0 0 4 0 0
11 0 0 5 0 0
12 0 0 6 0 0
13 3. 78 3 .0 7 0 0
14 1 .7 4 T 8 0 0
15 0 1 .0
0
o
00

16
•

17 0 0
18 0 T
19 0 T
20 0 0
 257

of one d ilu tio n c o m p e n s a ti o n f a c to r t e s t to be + 0. 092. S ta tin g the r e ­

s u l t s in t e r m s of one t e s t , if the t r u e d i lu tio n c o m p e n s a ti o n f a c t o r w e r e

1. 030, 95 t im e s out of a 100 we w ould e x p e c t to get a t e s t f a c t o r b e ­

tw een 0 .9 4 8 a n d 1. 122.

F o llo w in g th e 1961 c r o p , t h e r e w a s c o n s i d e r a b l e d i s c u s s i o n in

the i n d u s t r y r e g a r d i n g the v a r i a b i l i t y and th e r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y of the d i ­

lu tio n c o m p e n s a tio n f a c t o r . A s a n o u tg ro w th o f th e s e d i s c u s s i o n s , p la n t

s c a l e in v e s tig a tio n s a r e p lan ned a t s e v e r a l of the c o m m e r c i a l r a w s u g a r

f a c t o r i e s d u r i n g the 1962 c r o p . The A udubon S u g a r M ill w ill a l s o c o ­

o p e r a t e in t h e s e s t u d i e s . It is hoped th a t a s a r e s u l t of t h e s e i n v e s t i ­

g a tio n s , s o m e i n f o r m a ti o n m a y b e c o l l e c t e d r e g a r d i n g the e f f e c t on th e

f a c t o r and its r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y by s u c h c o n s i d e r a t i o n s a s (1) the type of

s a m p le m illin g e q u ip m e n t — w h e th e r the s a m p le m i l l is h y d r a u l i c a l l y

lo a d e d o r fix ed s e t ti n g ; (2) the s iz e of the s a m p le ; (3) the m eth o d of

c o ll e c t in g the s a m p l e , i . e . , by han d o r m e c h a n i c a l g r a b ; (4) th e

m eth o d of fee d in g th e s a m p le m ill a s b y a few s t a lk s a t a t im e o r by

m e a n s of a fee d tr o u g h in w h ich a u n if o r m m e th o d of m il l fe e d in g c a n

be a p p r o x i m a t e d a n d th e m il l c a n b e " lo a d e d " ; (5) th e m e th o d of c an e

p r e p a r a t i o n p r i o r to th e m i l l ta n d e m a s k n iv e s o r s h r e d d e r s o r both;

(6) th e type of c r u s h e r or f i r s t m ill; a n d (7) th e e f f e c t of v a r i e t y , c o n ­

d itio n of c a n e a s p la n t o r stu b b le — b u r n e d o r u n b u rn e d — and the e f f e c t

of c l i m a t i c c o n d itio n s s u c h a s r a i n a s i t e f f e c t s th e w e t n e s s of th e c a n e .
 C H A P T E R IX

CONCLUSIONS

G en eral

A m eth o d o f c a n e q u a li t y d e t e r m i n a t i o n w h ich is s u ita b le to

L o u is ia n a and o th e r a r e a s w ith a h ig h in c id e n c e of m e c h a n i c a l h a r ­

v e s t in g o p e r a t io n s h a s b e e n p r o p o s e d a n d t e s t e d . T h is m etho d —

w ith a p p lic a b le p r o v is io n s fo r c a n e p a y m e n t fo r s u g a r — in c lu d e s the

fo llo w in g k e y f a c e t s :

1. W ith d ra w in g a s a m p le f r o m the c a n e s h i p m e n t by

m e c h a n i c a l g r a b o r o th e r m e a n s w h ich sh o u ld give

a s a m p le q u a lity a p p r o a c h i n g t h a t of the s h ip m e n t

its e lf.

2. a. M illin g the s a m p le in a h y d r a u l i c a l l y lo a d e d

t h r e e - r o l l s a m p le m i l l — o r o th e r p r o c e s s ­

ing d e v ic e w h ic h sh o w s good e x t r a c t i o n c o r ­

r e l a t i o n w ith t h a t of the f a c t o r y m ill ta n d e m ,

b. In p r o c e s s i n g the s a m p le w ith th e t h r e e - r o l l

s a m p le m il l , fee d in g the m ill in s u c h a m a n n e r

a s to s i m u la t e the lo a d in g on the f a c t o r y m i l l s .

In t h e s e s t u d i e s , the c a n e w as laid in feed

2 58
 259

t r o u g h s to t h r e e to fo u r l a y e r s d e p th , a n d the

t r o u g h s w e r e i n s e r t e d in th e s a m p le m ill fe e d

c h u te an d t i l t e d s o th a t th e s a m p le fed b y

g rav ity . In th is m a n n e r th e to p r o l l f lo a te d ,

in d ic a tin g t h a t the fu ll lo a d in g of the m ill h y ­

d r a u l i c s y s t e m w as on th e b a g a s s e m a t.

3. D e t e r m in in g th e s a m p le m i l l pol and B r i x e x t r a c t i o n

f r o m the e x t r a c t e d ju ic e q u a lity a n d w e ig h t.

4. D e t e r m i n i n g pol and B r i x e x t r a c t i o n f a c t o r s w h ic h

r e l a t e th e s a m p le m il l and f a c t o r y e x t r a c t i o n fo r a

s p e c if ie d p e rio d of t i m e .

5. C o r r e c t i n g th e f a c t o r y e x t r a c t i o n to a s t a n d a r d e x ­

tra c tio n . On a s t a te wide a p p l i c a t i o n of the s y s ­

t e m , the s t a n d a r d e x t r a c t i o n w ould be the s t a t e

fac to ry a v e ra g e .

6. D e t e r m in i n g the p r e d i c te d r e c o v e r a b l e s u g a r fo r

e a c h s a m p le by m e a n s of the s a m p le m il l e x t r a c ­

tio n d a ta a n d the m o d ified y ield f o r m u la Y = Sx — By,

w h e r e Y i s the r e c o v e r a b l e 9 6 ° s u g a r p e r ton of

g r o s s c a n e , and S a n d B a r e the s a m p le pol a n d B r ix

e x t r a c t i o n p e r c e n t c a n e . * T he e x t r a c t i o n f a c t o r s , a

*The o r i g i n a l Y = Sx — B y f o r m u l a w as d e v e lo p e d a t the USDA

H o u m a , L o u is ia n a , E x p e r i m e n t S ta tio n .
 260

s t a n d a r d b o ilin g h o u s e e f f ic ie n c y , a n d th e W in te r -

C a r p r e t e n t i o n f o r m u l a a r e i n c o r p o r a t e d in to the

f o r m u l a f a c t o r s x a n d y,

7. C a lc u la t in g th e c o s t o f c a n e ( p a y m e n t to the g r o w e r )

fo r s u g a r b y a p p ly in g t o the y ie ld the p r i c e of s u g a r

a n d a f a c t o r r e p r e s e n t i n g the s t a t e a v e r a g e s p l i t in

r e t u r n s f o r s u g a r b e tw e e n th e g r o w e r a n d the

fac to ry .

T h is m eth o d of c a n e q u a lity d e t e r m i n a t i o n a n d its a p p li c a t io n

in a c a n e p a y m e n t s y s t e m i n c o r p o r a t e the fo llo w in g f a c t o r s w h ic h a r e

f e l t to be e s s e n t i a l to a m eth o d of c a n e q u a li t y d e t e r m i n a t i o n w hich

is f a i r a n d e q u ita b le to the g r o w e r a n d th e f a c t o r y :

1. C a n e q u a li t y is in t e r m s o f r e c o v e r a b l e s u g a r in the

sh ip m en t.

2. T h e f a c t o r y a v e r a g e c a n e p a y m e n t r e f l e c t s the r e ­

c o v e r a b l e s u g a r in the c a n e f r o m the a r e a s e r v i n g

the f a c t o r y and n o t a n a r b i t r a r y s t a t e w ide f i g u r e .

The a v e r a g e c a n e q u a lity is in e f f e c t th a t d e t e r ­

m in e d f r o m the a c t u a l f a c t o r y c h e m i c a l c o n t r o l .

3. T h e r e c o v e r a b l e s u g a r in the c a n e is b a s e d on s t a n d ­

a r d f a c t o r y e x t r a c t i o n a n d b o ilin g h o u s e e f f i c i e n c i e s .

T h e s e a v e r a g e s a r e to be d e t e r m i n e d f r o m the c o r ­

r e s p o n d i n g s t a te a v e r a g e f i g u r e s . In th is m a n n e r the
 261

g r o w e r is n o t p e n a liz e d fo r the in e f f ic ie n t f a c t o r y ,

a n d the e ff ic ie n t f a c t o r y c a n r e a d i l y r e c o v e r its

i n v e s t m e n t to e x c e e d the s t a n d a r d .

4. T he s p l i t in the r e t u r n s f r o m s u g a r b e tw e e n the g r o w ­

e r a n d the f a c t o r y is b a s e d on the p r e d i c te d r e c o v e r ­

a b le s u g a r in the c a n e d e l i v e r y and a s t a n d a r d

d i s t r i b u t i o n of the p r e d i c t e d r e t u r n s f r o m the s u g a r .

5. The s a m p le m ill e x t r a c t i o n m eth o d e n a b le s the q u a lity

of c a n e f r o m e a c h g r o w e r to be a s s e s s e d n o t a lo n e on

its ju ic e q u a li t y b u t q u a n tity a s w e ll. By u sin g the

a c t u a l ju ic e e x t r a c t i o n in the s a m p le m i l l r a t h e r th a n

th e f ib e r c o n te n t of the s a m p le a s a m e a s u r e of the e x -

t r a c t a b l e ju ic e in the c a n e , c o n s i d e r a b l e c o s t a n d tim e

is sa v e d in the l a b o r a t o r y c o n t r o l .

P r e v i o u s s t u d i e s a t the A udubon S u g a r F a c t o r y h a v e c o v e r e d

the m eth o d of w ith d ra w in g the s a m p le and the e f f e c t of the s i z e of th e

s a m p le on the a c c u r a c y of the m ethod of s a m p lin g . The u se in the

c u r r e n t s tu d ie s of the m e c h a n i c a l g r a b an d a s a m p le a p p r o x i m a t i n g

one p e r c e n t of the c a n e d e l i v e r y w e r e b a s e d on th e s e p r i o r i n v e s t i g a ­

t io n s . W hile th e s a m p le by m e c h a n i c a l g r a b c l o s e l y a p p r o x i m a t e d

th a t of the c a n e w hich w a s s u b s e q u e n t ly m ille d in th e f a c t o r y , th e r e

is a q u e s tio n a s to w h e th e r one p e r c e n t of the t o t a l d e l i v e r y is a d e ­

q u a te ly r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of the t o ta l d e l i v e r y to give th e a c c u r a c y d e ­

sire d . T h is is d i s c u s s e d l a t e r .
 262

In a like m a n n e r , the m e th o d of fe e d in g th e t h r e e - r o l l s a m p le

m ill b y m e a n s of feed tr o u g h s w as d e v e lo p e d in p r e v io u s s t u d i e s . T h is

m eth o d o f fe e d in g v e r y e f f e c t i v e l y lo ad e d the m i l l - giving a n e x t r a c ­

tio n s e v e r i t y a p p ro a c h in g t h a t of the f a c t o r y —a n d c o n t r i b u t i n g

m a t e r i a l l y to the h ig h c o r r e l a t i o n o b s e r v e d b e tw e e n the f a c t o r y and

s a m p le m il l e x t r a c t i o n ,

P r o c e s s i n g the S a m p le

The e x p e r i m e n t a l p h a se of the c u r r e n t s tu d ie s w a s d e v o te d p r i ­

m a r i l y to d e t e r m i n i n g m e a n s of p r o c e s s i n g the s a m p le w hich would be

r e a d i l y a p p lic a b le to c o m m e r c i a l s c a l e a p p li c a t io n and w h ich would

give a h ig h d e g r e e o f c o r r e l a t i o n w ith the f a c t o r y e x t r a c t i o n . T hrough­

out the t e s t s e r i e s , d if f ic u lty w as e x p e r i e n c e d in a tta in in g a w h o lly

s a t i s f a c t o r y f a c t o r y m a t e r i a l b a la n c e a s in d ic a te d b y a r e c u r r i n g d i f ­

f e r e n c e in the w e ig h t o f c a n e g r o u n d a s d e t e r m i n e d f r o m the w e ig h t o f

ju ic e plus b a g a s s e and the c a n e w e ig h t f r o m the c a n e s c a l e s . C o n ­

s i d e r i n g t h i s , b o th sin g le a n d d o u b le m illin g of th e s a m p le th r o u g h the

F a r r e l t h r e e - r o l l s a m p le m il l sh o w ed s a t i s f a c t o r y c o r r e l a t i o n w ith the

f a c t o r y pol e x t r a c t i o n , the c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f ic ie n ts b e in g 0 .9 6 and 0 .8 7

re sp e c tiv e ly . The s c r e w p r e s s , a n e x t r u d e r type d e v ic e fo r p r o c e s s ­

ing c o t t o n s e e d , should a l s o be s a t i s f a c t o r y a s a s a m p le p r o c e s s i n g

d e v ic e — show ing a c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t of 0 .8 7 .

In p r e v io u s s t u d i e s , the F a r r e l t h r e e - r o l l s a m p le m il l p ro v e d

to be h ig h ly r e p r o d u c i b l e w ith a c o e f f i c i e n t of v a r i a t i o n of 1 .2 9 p e r
 263

c en t. T h is a p p e a r s to b e a r out the c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h a t b e t t e r c o r r e l a ­

tio n s w ould h a v e b e e n o b ta in e d w ith a m o re a c c u r a t e f a c t o r y m a t e r i a l

b a la n c e .

T he c o r r e l a t i o n of B r i x e x t r a c t i o n fo r th e s a m p le p r o c e s s i n g

d e v i c e s an d th e f a c t o r y t a n d e m w a s c o n s i d e r a b l y l e s s s a t i s f a c t o r y th an

t h a t fo r p o l e x t r a c t i o n . T h is w as a t t r i b u t e d to p r o b l e m s of o b ta in in g

an a cc u ra te so lu b le s o lid s d e t e r m i n a t i o n w ith the h y d r o m e t e r w hen

g rin d in g w et a n d t r a s h y c a n e w ith a h ig h in c id e n c e of fie ld s o i l ac -

c o m p a n y in g th e s h i p m e n t .

T h e c o r r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n the bo x p r e s s an d the f a c t o r y e x t r a c ­

tio n w a s qu ite p o o r . H o w e v e r , on c a n e s a m p l e s w h ic h w e r e s p e c i a l l y

p r e p a r e d fo r the p r e s s t o a h ig h d e g r e e of f i n e n e s s an d u n i f o r m i t y ,

th e p r e s s sh o w ed good r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y w ith a c o e f f i c i e n t of v a r i a t i o n

of 1 .8 5 p e r c e n t . T h e p r o b l e m th e n r e m a i n s of d e v is in g e q u ip m e n t by

m e a n s o f w h ic h a c a n e s a m p le o f 100 pounds o r g r e a t e r c a n be r e ­

d u c e d to s m a l l and u n if o r m c h i p s iz e f r o m w h ic h a n 8 to 10 pound

s u b - s a m p l e c a n be r e m o v e d .

In s t u d i e s w h ic h w e r e d e v o te d t o d e t e r m i n i n g the r e l a t i v e a c ­

c u r a c y o f the s a m p le m i l l ju ic e e x t r a c t i o n v e r s u s the s a m p le fib e r a s

a m e a s u r e of the ju ic e e x t r a c t i o n b y th e f a c t o r y t a n d e m , th e s a m p le

m i l l j u i c e e x t r a c t i o n sh o w ed a h ig h e r c o r r e l a t i o n w ith the f a c t o r y ju ic e

e x t r a c t i o n th a n th e fib e r c o n te n t o f the s a m p l e . H o w e v e r , the a c c u r ­

a c y of f i b e r a s a m e a n s of p r e d i c ti n g th e j u ic e e x t r a c t i o n i n c r e a s e d
 264

s i g n i f ic a n t l y w ith a n i n c r e a s e in the d e g r e e of d i s i n t e g r a t i o n of the

b a g a s s e f r o m the s a m p l e . T h e c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f ic ie n t r e l a t i n g the fib e r

in the s c r e w p r e s s s a m p le to th e f a c t o r y ju ic e e x t r a c t i o n w as 0 , 87,

w h ile t h a t fo r the d o u b le m illin g in the t h r e e - r o l l m ill w as 0 . 7 1 . The

b a g a s s e a s i t c a m e f r o m the s c r e w p r e s s w as f in e ly p u l v e r i z e d and

e a s i l y h a n d le d in the s u b s e q u e n t l a b o r a t o r y b a g a s s e m o i s t u r e a n d pol

d e te rm in a tio n s. By c o n t r a s t , the b a g a s s e f r o m the s a m p le m il l w as

q u ite i r r e g u l a r in s i z e , and s o m e of the l a r g e r p ie c e s c o u ld n o t be

h a n d le d in the l a b o r a t o r y e q u ip m e n t.

In p re v io u s i n v e s ti g a t i o n s a t the A udu bon S u g a r F a c t o r y , s tu d ie s

w e r e d e v o te d to d e te r m i n i n g c a n e q u a li t y in t e r m s o f the pol, f i b e r ,

a n d B r ix c o n te n t of th e c a n e . A s a m a t t e r of i n t e r e s t i n the c u r r e n t

in v e s t i g a t i o n s , c o r r e l a t i o n s w e r e d e v e lo p e d b e tw e e n the s a m p le a n d

the f a c t o r y pol, f i b e r , an d B r i x p e r c e n t c a n e . T h e s e c o r r e l a t i o n s fo r

the t h r e e - r o l l s a m p le m ill c o m p a r e d f a v o r a b l y w ith th o s e d e v e lo p e d

f r o m the p r e v io u s s t u d i e s . T he c o r r e l a t i o n fo r f i b e r w ith the s c r e w

p r e s s w a s c o n s i d e r a b l y b e t t e r th a n t h a t by d o u b le m illin g in the t h r e e -

r o l l m ill.

C o s t of C an e

In the 1961 p ilo t s c a le s tu d ie s a t the A udubon S u g a r F a c t o r y and

the i9 6 0 p la n t s c a l e i n v e s ti g a t i o n a t H e lv e tia S u g a r C o o p e r a t iv e , the

f a c t o r y a v e r a g e c o s t of c an e fo r s u g a r by th e s a m p le m i l l ju ic e e x ­

t r a c t i o n and by the n o r m a l ju ic e m eth o d sh o w ed a b o u t the s a m e o r d e r

 265

of m a g n itu d e . The s a m p le m i l l ju ic e e x t r a c t i o n m e th o d gave a s l i g h tl y

h i g h e r a v e r a g e c o s t of c a n e in the 1961 p ilo t s c a l e s tu d ie s a n d a

s l i g h tl y lo w e r a v e r a g e c o s t in the I960 p la n t s c a l e s t u d i e s .

T he s a m p le m i l l e x t r a c t i o n m eth o d w a s m o r e r e s p o n s i v e to

d i f f e r e n c e s in c a n e q u a li t y th a n th e n o r m a l ju ic e m e th o d . In the

A u d u b o n S u g a r F a c t o r y s t u d i e s , c a n e fo r w h ic h the s a m p l e s had a h ig h

j u ic e c o n t e n t sh o w ed a h i g h e r p e r c e n t a g e of the a v e r a g e p a y m e n t th a n

th e n o r m a l ju ic e m e th o d , w hile c a n e w ith a low ju ic e c o n te n t sh ow ed

a lo w e r p e r c e n t a g e of the a v e r a g e p a y m e n t. S im ila r r e s u lts w ere o b ­

s e r v e d in the p la n t s c a l e s t u d i e s w h e r e c a n e w ith a h ig h n o r m a l ju ic e

p o l and p u r i t y or w ith a low t r a s h c o n te n t sh o w ed a h ig h e r th a n a v ­

e r a g e p a y m e n t th a n the n o r m a l ju ic e m e th o d , w hile c a n e w ith a low

n o r m a l ju ic e pol an d p u r i t y or a h ig h t r a s h sh o w ed a lo w e r th an a v e r ­

a g e p a y m e n t.

F u tu re W or k

S iz e of the s a m p l e : P r e v i o u s s tu d ie s a t the A udubon S u g a r F a c t o r y h a v e

sh o w n t h a t t h e r e is a s i g n i f ic a n t i m p r o v e m e n t in th e p r e c i s i o n of the c a n e

q u a l i t y d e t e r m i n a t i o n o n ly a s the s a m p le s i z e a p p r o a c h e s two to five p e r

c e n t of the t o ta l d e l i v e r y . T h e s a m p l e s of the t y p ic a l L o u is ia n a f a c t o r y

p r o b a b l y r e p r e s e n t o n ly 0. 1 p e r c e n t of the c a n e d e l i v e r i e s . In t h e s e

s t u d i e s , a one p e r c e n t s a m p le w a s u s e d . T he p r o b le m th e n a p p e a r s to

be t h a t of d e v isin g m e a n s fo r d i s i n t e g r a t i n g a n d u n i f o r m l y m ix in g l a r g e

s a m p l e s to p ro v id e h o m o g e n e o u s s u b - s a m p l e s s u f f i c i e n tl y s m a l l to be
 266

h a n d le d in the p r o c e s s i n g e q u ip m e n t, i . e . , a feed of a b o u t 100 pounds

f o r the t h r e e - r o l l s a m p le m il l and th e s c r e w p r e s s and e ig h t pounds for

the box p r e s s .

The Box P r e s s

The bo x p r e s s c o s tin g $500 to $1000 r e p r e s e n t s c o n s i d e r a b l y

l e s s i n v e s tm e n t th a n the h y d r a u l i c a l l y lo a d e d t h r e e - r o l l s a m p le m ill

— the c o s t of w hich m a y r a n g e f r o m $ 6 , 000 to $15, 000. The box p r e s s

sh ow ed good r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y w ith s p e c i a l l y p r e p a r e d c an e of s m a l l and

u n if o r m c h ip s i z e , th e c o e f f ic ie n t of v a r i a t i o n b e in g 1 . 8 9 p e r c e n t .

The p ro b le m is th a t a s d i s c u s s e d in the p r e v io u s s e c t i o n of p ro v id in g

m e a n s f o r p r e p a r i n g a s u b - s a m p l e of s a t i s f a c t o r y q u a lity f r o m a l a r g e

s a m p le of the s h i p m e n t .

B o ilin g H ouse R e s p o n s e in the P r e d i c t i o n of R e c o v e r a b le S u g a r : C o n ­

s i d e r a b l e e f f o r t h a s b e e n e x p en d e d in d e v is in g m e a n s to p r e d i c t the

e x t r a c t i o n r e s p o n s e o f a c a n e d e l i v e r y th r o u g h a s a m p le a n a l y s i s . The

p r e d i c ti o n of b o ilin g h o u se r e s p o n s e is p r o b a b ly of e q u a l i m p o r t a n c e

w h e r e t h e r e is a h ig h in c id e n c e of m e c h a n i c a l h a r v e s t i n g w ith a c c o m ­

pa n y in g b u r n e d and s t a l e c a n e . T o d a t e , little h a s b e e n done on th is

p h a se o f c an e q u a lity e v a lu a tio n .

C a n e P a y m e n t M e t h o d s : W hile the s u b j e c t of c a n e q u a lity d e t e r m i n a -

tio n h a s b een e x te n s i v e l y r e v i e w e d in the l i t e r a t u r e , little is a v a ila b le

on c a n e p a y m e n t m e th o d s . W ith the w o r ld - w id e t r e n d to w a rd
 267

e s t a b l i s h i n g f a i r a n d e q u ita b le m e th o d s o f c a n e p a y m e n t, a s tu d y on th is

s u b j e c t would p r o v id e m u c h v a lu a b le i n f o r m a t i o n .

C o s t o f F a c t o r y a n d F a r m O p e r a t i o n s : M o s t o f the r e c e n t l y d e v e lo p e d

c a n e p a y m e n t m e th o d s b a s e the c o s t o f th e c a n e — o r the p a y m e n t to the

g r o w e r — on the r e l a t i v e f a c t o r y an d f a r m o p e r a t in g c o s t s o r i n v e s t ­

m e n t. It is p r o b a b ly c o r r e c t to s a y th a t t h e r e is g e n e r a l l y l i t t l e s u c h

d a ta a v a i la b l e in the f i r s t p l a c e , a n d w h en s u c h s t u d i e s a r e m a d e t h e r e

is a r e l u c t a n c e to p u b lis h th e i n f o r m a ti o n . T he s u g a r c a n e i n d u s t r y

th r o u g h o u t the w o r ld c a n g a in m u ch by a c c e l e r a t i n g su c h s tu d ie s and

e x c h a n g in g th e g e n e r a l r e s u l t s of the s t u d i e s .
 BIBLIO G RA PH Y

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D e t e r m i n a t i o n of C ane Q u a lity , " P r o c e e d i n g s of the T e n th
C o n g r e s s of the I n t e r n a t i o n a l S o c ie ty of S u g a r C a n e T e c h n o lo ­
g i s t s , (19 59) • pp . 18 2 -1 8 7 .

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Y ie ld C a l c u l a t i o n s , 11 I n t e r n a t i o n a l S u g a r J o u r n a l , XXXVII
(1935), 2 6 4 -2 6 5 .

____________. " S ta n d a r d s of C a n e Q u a l it y in R e la tio n to A g ro n o m ic

R e s e a r c h a n d C o m m e r c i a l E v a l u a t i o n of M ill C a n e , " P a p e r
d e l i v e r e d b e fo r e the A m e r i c a n S o c ie ty of S u g a r C ane T e c h ­
n o l o g i s t s , F e b r u a r y , I9 6 0 .

A r c e n e a u x , G e o rg e and H e b e r t , L . P . " C a lc u la tio n of S u g a r P r o d u c t io n

f r o m S u g a r C ane V a r i e t y T e s t s , " S u g a r , ( D e c e m b e r , 1954),
pp. 5 0 - 5 2 .

B ehne, E . R . " T h e C . C . S . F o r m u l a ," C ane G ro w ers Q u a r te r ly

B u l le t in , (Q u e e n s la n d , A u s t r a l i a ; A p r i l , 1948).

B l i s s , L . R . " E l A n a l y s i s P r o v e c h o s o d e l B a g a z o , " M e m o r ia d e la
XXXI C o n f e r e n c i a A n u a l de la A s o c i a t i a n d e T e c n ic o s
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C a n e T e c h n o l o g i s t s , (1959), pp. 2 0 5 -2 1 2 .

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T e n th C o n g r e s s of the I n t e r n a t i o n a l S o c ie ty o f S u g a r Cane
T e c h n o l o g i s t s , (1959), pp. 1 9 9 -2 0 5 .

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 269

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A n a ly s is o f C a n e , " P r o c e e d i n g s o f the T e n th C o n g r e s s o f the
I n t e r n a t i o n a l S o c ie ty of S u g a r C an e T e c h n o lo g i s t s , (1959),
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C o n g r e s s of the In te r n a t i o n a l S o c ie ty of S u g a r C ane T e c h n o lo ­
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S a m p le s , " P r o c e e d i n g s A m e r i c a n S o c ie ty of S u g a r C a n e
T e c h n o lo g i s t s 1 9 4 6 -1 9 5 0 , ( F e b r u a r y , 1953), pp. 176 -189.

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1 9 4 4 -4 5 . K in g sto n : T h e G o v e r n m e n t P r i n t e r , 1945.

K e l l e r , A r t h u r G. "T h e D e t e r m i n a t i o n of T r a s h in S u gar C a n e , "

L . S . U . E n g i n e e r i n g E x p e r i m e n t S ta tio n C i r c u l a r N o . 1
(1948).

K e l l e r , A . G. an d M e l i s , W. " E v a l u a t i o n of S u g a r Cane V a r i e t i e s —
A C o m p a r i s o n of T e s t i n g P r o c e d u r e s - 1952 an d 1953 S tu d ie s , "
A R e p o r t o f W o rk done u n d e r c o n t r a c t w ith th e U nited S ta te s
D e p a r t m e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e a n d A u t h o r i z e d by th e R e s e a r c h
and M a r k e t i n g A c t of 1946, L o u is ia n a S ta te U n i v e r s i ty (1953).
(U n p u b lish e d ),
 270

K e l l e r , A . G . a n d S e ip , J . J . "A S tu d y of the C a u s e s of the D e c lin in g

S u g a r R e c o v e r y in L o u is ia n a , " _L.jS. U. E n g i n e e r i n g E x p e r i m e n t
S ta tio n B u lle tin N o. 14, (1948)

L e B l a n c , R id le y J . "N ew M e th o d of S a m p lin g and T r a s h T e s ti n g a t

R a c e la n d F a c t o r y , " T he S u g a r B u l l e t i n , XXXIV (1956),
pp. 2 4 4 - 2 4 5 .

L o c s in , M a n u e l V. "In flu e n c e of F i b e r on J a v a R a tio , " P r o c e e d i n g s

of th e P h ilip p in e s S u g a r T e c h n o l o g i s t s , ( 1953), pp. 134 -139 .

L . S . U . C h e m i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g D e p a r t m e n t . P r o g r e s s R e p o r t N o. 1 —
A S tu d y on S a m p lin g a n d M e th o d s of D e t e r m in i n g S u c r o s e ,
P u r i t y , and F i b e r C on te n t of S u g a r C a n e — 1957 C r o p
O p e r a t i o n , USDA C o n t r a c t N o. 1 2 - 2 5 - 0 1 0 - 5 5 8 , (J u n e , 1958).

L . S . U . C h e m i c a l E n g in e e r i n g D e p a r t m e n t . P r o g r e s s R e p o r t N o . 2 —
A S tu d y on S a m p lin g an d M e th o d s of D e t e r m in i n g S u c r o s e ,
P u r i t y , and F i b e r C o n te n t of S u g a r C a n e , USDA C o n t r a c t
N o. 1 2 - 2 5 - 0 1 0 - 5 5 8 .

L . S . U . C h e m i c a l E n g in e e r i n g D e p a r t m e n t . F i n a l R e p o r t —A S tudy
on S a m p lin g an d M eth o d s of D e t e r m i n i n g S u c r o s e , P u r i t y ,
and F i b e r C o n te n t of S u g a r C a n e , USDA C o n t r a c t N o. 1 2 - 2 5 -
0 1 0 -5 5 8 , ( O c to b e r 7, 1959).

L . S . U . C h e m i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g D e p a r t m e n t . " S u p p le m e n ta l R e p o r t —
S u g a r C a n e S a m p lin g C o s t s , " U . S . D . A . C o n t r a c t N o . 1 2-
2 5 - 0 1 0 - 5 5 8 , (O c to b e r 22, 1959).

M e a d e , G. P . , S p e n c e r , G. L . C a n e S u g a r H a n d b o o k. E i g t h E d itio n .
New Y o r k : Jo h n W ile y an d S o n s , I n c . , 1945. pp. 6 4 4 -6 5 2 .

P a u l , B i r a j a B i la s h . " E v a lu a tio n of C o m m e r c i a l D e l i v e r i e s of S u g a r
C a n e , " P h . D . D i s s e r t a t i o n i n the D e p a r t m e n t of C h e m i c a l
E n g i n e e r i n g , L o u is ia n a S ta te U n i v e r s i t y , (A u g u s t, I960).

P a u l , B i r a j a B i la s h . " S a m p lin g of C o m m e r c i a l D e l i v e r i e s of S u g a r
C a n e —A C o m p a r a ti v e S tudy, " M . S . T h e s is in the D e p a r t m e n t
of C h e m i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g , L o u is ia n a S ta te U n i v e r s i t y , ( J u n e ,
1958).

P a y n e , J . H . a n d M ahon , H . J . "T he P o l R a tio M ethod f o r E v a lu a tin g

C a n e Q u a l it y , " P r o c e e d i n g s o f the N in th C o n g r e s s of the I n t e r ­
n a t i o n a l S o c ie ty of S u g a r C a n e T e c h n o l o g i s t s , II (1956), 4 3 6 -
447.
 271

Q u e e n s la n d C a n e G r o w e r s ' C o u n c il, C i r c u l a r N o . "D" 6 , (M a rc h

2 9 , 1956), p. 3.

S a in t A n to in e , J . D . D e R . "C ane P a y m e n t in M a u r i ti u s , " P r o c e e d ­

in g s o f the T e n th C o n g r e s s of the I n t e r n a t i o n a l S o c ie ty of
S u g a r C an e T e c h n o l o g i s t s , (1959), pp. 16 3-167.

S u g a r I n d u s t r y A g r e e m e n t , 1943, A s A m e n d e d , (South A f r i c a ;
O c to b e r 15, 1952).

U .S . D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e . S u g a r D e t e r m in a t io n 8 7 4 ,
( L o u is ia n a S u g a r C a n e P r i c e D e t e r m i n a t i o n s w h ich a r e
i s s u e d a n n u a lly ) , W a sh in g to n , D . C .

__________ . S u g a r D e t e r m i n a t i o n 8 7 7 , ( P u e r t o R ic o S u g a r C ane
P r i c e D e t e r m i n a t i o n s w h ic h a r e i s s u e d a n n u a lly ), W ash in g to n ,
D .C . .............

W ad d e ll, C . W . " E ffe c tiv e F i b e r D e t e r m i n a t i o n in S ugar C a n e , "

P r o c e e d i n g s of the E ig h th C o n g r e s s of the I n t e r n a ti o n a l
S o c i e t y of S u g a r C a n e T e c h n o l o g i s t s , ( 1953), pp. 8 2 8 -8 4 1 .

______________ . " P r i n c i p l e s of a R e la ti v e P e r c e n t a g e P a y m e n t S y s t e m , "

P r o c e e d i n g s of the S e v e n th C o n g r e s s of th e I n t e r n a ti o n a l
S o c ie ty of S u g a r C ane T e c h n o lo g i s t s , (1950), pp. 1 52-1 60.

W ang, S h w e n - in " V a r ia n c e in C an e Q u a lity —A C o m p a r a ti v e Study, "

M . S . T h e s i s in the D e p a r t m e n t of C h e m i c a l E n g in e e r in g ,
L o u i s i a n a S ta te U n i v e r s i t y , ( J u n e , i9 6 0 ).

Young, C . M . and V an d e r P o l, C . " D e te r m in a t io n of C e r t a i n Q u a litie s

o f In d iv id u a l C a n e C o n s i g n m e n t s , " S u g a r M illin g R e s e a r c h
I n s t i t u t e , Q u a r t e r l y B u lle tin N o. 5, (South A f r i c a ; J a n u a r y ,
1958), pp. 9 - 1 3 .
r
F a c t o r y and F a r m C o s t s an d E c o n o m ic s

A s a F a c t o r in S u g a r C a n e P a y m e n t

A m o s t r a g e m d e C u s to s d a P r o d u p a o da I n d u s t r i a A p u c a r e i r a , I n s titu to
d o A ^ u c a r e do A lc o o l, R io de J a n e i r o , B r a z i l , 1959.

D y k e r s , A . W . "T h e M e c h a n ic s of P r i c i n g L o u is ia n a S u g a r , " The

S u g a r B u l le t in , XXXII (1954), pp. 2 6 2 -2 6 4 .
 272

E f f e r s o n , J . N . "A n A n a l y s i s of the P a r i t y P r i c e P r o b l e m , " The S u g a r

B u l l e t i n , XXIV (1945), 4 5 .

G od ch au x , J r . , W a l t e r , " C u r r e n t E c o n o m ic P r o b l e m s of the L o u is ia n a
Sugar In d u s try ," T he S u g a r B u lle tin , XXXII (1954), 2 6 5 - 2 6 9 .

J a m a i c a : R e p o r t o f the C o m m i s s i o n of E n q u i r y on the S u g a r I n d u s t r y of
J a m a i c a . K in g sto n : The G o v e r n m e n t , P r i n t e r , i9 6 0 .

L . S . U . A g r i c u l t u r a l E c o n o m ic s D e p a r t m e n t . F a m i l y T ype S u g a r C a n e
F a r m s - L o u i s i a n a . F a m i l y type s u g a r c a n e f a r m d a ta e d ite d
b y D r . J . R . C a m p b e ll a n d p u b lis h e d a n n u a lly . B aton R o u g e ,
L a.

___________. C o s ts a n d R e t u r n s o n L a r g e S u g a r C ane F a r m s in
L o u i s i a n a . L a r g e s u g a r c a n e f a r m d a ta e d ite d b y D r . J . R .
C a m p b e ll a n d p u b lish ed a n n u a lly . B aton R o u g e, L a .

____________. C o s t a n d R e tu r n s f o r O p e ra tin g R a w S u g a r M ills in

L o u i s i a n a . R a w s u g a r f a c t o r y d a t a e d ite d by D r . J. R . C a m p b e ll
a n d p u b lis h e d a n n u a lly . B a to n R o u g e , L a .

R am izez, Jo se Ch. D e fe n s a A z u c a r e r a .M e x ic o , D. F . , 1954.

M i s c e ll a n e o u s

G o n z a l e s - R i v e r a , R o b e r to In fo rm e S o b re E l Via.je A u s t r a l i a , H a w a ii,
E s t a d o s U n id o s , ( R e im p r e s o de la XXIV M e m o r ia A n u a l de la
A s o c i a t i o n d e T e c n ic o s A z u c a r e r o s de C u b a , 1950), pp. 1 2 -1 3 .

U .S . D e p a r t m e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e . M a r k e tin g S u g a r C a n e in L o u is ia n a ,
P & MA, S u g a r B ra n c h , ( N o v e m b e r , 1949), W a sh in g to n ,
D .C .

U .S . D e p a r t m e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e . S u g a r S t a t i s t i c s and R e la te d D a t a .
V o l. II, S t a t i s t i c a l B u lle tin No. 2 4 4 , S u g a r D iv is io n .
(C o m p ile d D e c e m b e r 1958). W a sh in g to n , D. C .
A P P E N D IX
 NOMENCLATURE

G e n e ra l^

T rash : T he l e a v e s , t o p s , d e a d s t a l k s , r o o t s , s o i l , e t c . d e l i v e r e d a t

the f a c t o r y w ith the c l e a n c a n e .

F ib er; The d r y , w a te r-d n so lu b le m a t t e r in the c a n e .

S ucrose: The d i s a c c h a r i d e known in c h e m i s t r y a s s a c c h a r o s e or c a n e

s u g a r , C 12H 2 2 0 11.

N ote: S u c r o s e in so lu tio n is o p tic a lly a c tiv e a n d a s s u c h

r o t a t e s plane p o l a r i z e d lig h t. T h is p r o p e r t y is

u s e d fo r the q u a n tita tiv e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of s u c r o s e .

T he i n s t r u m e n t fo r s u c h d e t e r m i n a t i o n s is known

as a sa c c h a rim e te r. The 100° p o in t of a s a c c h a r i -

m e t e r is u s u a l ly b a s e d on the r o t a t io n of a d e fin ite

w e ig h t (the so c a l l e d n o r m a l w eight) of c h e m i c a l l y

p u r e s u c r o s e d i s s o l v e d in w a te r t o 100 m l. a t a

s p e c ific t e m p e r a t u r e and p o l a r i z e d a t the s a m e

t e m p e r a t u r e in a 200 m m . tu b e . A s a p p lie d to

s u c r o s e c o n ta in in g s u b s t a n c e s , th e o p e r a t io n of

^ E x c ep t a s n o te d , the t e r m s in th is s e c t i o n a r e a s d e fin e d by
the I n t e r n a t i o n a l S o c ie ty of S u g a r C a n e T e c h n o lo g is ts (ISSC T).

274
 275

d e t e r m i n i n g th e o p t ic a l r o t a t i o n of a n o r m a l

w e ig h t of the s u b s ta n c e is c a l l e d d i r e c t p o l ­

a riz a tio n .

Pol: "A lthou gh c a n e p r o d u c t s , an d to a l e s s o r e x te n t b e e t

p r o d u c t s , c o n ta in o th e r o p t ic a l l y a c t iv e s u b s ta n c e s b e ­
s i d e s s u c r o s e , the t e c h n i c a l a c c o u n tin g of s u g a r f a c ­
t o r i e s in m a n y c o u n t r i e s is s t i l l b a s e d on d i r e c t
p o l a r i z a t i o n , r a t h e r th an the a c t u a l s u c r o s e c o n te n t.
In s o m e c o u n t r i e s t h e f ig u r e o b tain ed is n e v e r ­
t h e l e s s d e s i g n a t e d a s ' s u c r o s e 1. In o r d e r to end the
e n s u in g u n c e r t a i n t y , the I n t e r n a t i o n a l S o c ie ty of S u g a r
C a n e T e c h n o lo g i s t s h a s a d o p te d the t e r m 'p o l ', d e ­
fin e d a s fo llo w s: 'T h e v a lu e d e t e r m i n e d b y s in g le or
d i r e c t p o l a r i z a t i o n of the n o r m a l w e ig h t in a s a c c h a r i -
m e t e r . ' T h is t e r m is u se d in c a l c u l a t i o n s a s if i t w e r e
a r e a l su b s ta n c e .

N o te : S u c r o s e a s d e fin e d in the p re v io u s d e fin itio n is g e n ­

e r a l l y d e t e r m i n e d by the C l e r g e t or d oub le p o l a r i ­

z a t io n m e th o d . In th is m e th o d , a s o lu tio n of the

s u g a r b e a r i n g s u b s ta n c e is i n v e r t e d b y e n z y m e or

a c i d , an d the o p t i c a l a c t i v i t y of the i n v e r t e d s o lu tio n

i s c o m p a r e d w ith the d i r e c t p o l a r i z a t i o n . S in c e the

i n v e r s i o n is e ff e c tiv e on the s u c r o s e in the s o lu tio n ,

th is c o m p a r i s o n e n a b l e s the d e t e r m i n a t i o n of the

s u c r o s e in the o r i g i n a l s u b s t a n c e .

2
C . A . B ro w n a n d F . W. Z e r b a n , S u g a r A n a ly s is ( T h ir d
E d itio n ; N ew Y o rk : John W ile y & S o n s , I n c . , 1941), p. 1016.
 276

In the d i s s e r t a t i o n c h a p t e r on c a n e q u a lity d e t e r ­

m in a tio n , s e v e r a l o f the l i t e r a t u r e r e f e r e n c e s do

n o t m ak e too c l e a r a d i s t in c t io n b e tw e e n pol and

s u c r o s e — the t e r m s u c r o s e a s u s e d b e in g a c t u ­

a l l y pol. In s u c h r e f e r e n c e s , the t e r m s u c r o s e

is e d i t o r i a l l y q u a lifie d a s a p p a r e n t s u c r o s e .

B r ix : T h e p e r c e n t by w eigh t of so lu b le so lid m a t t e r a s in d ic a te d b y

a B r ix sp in d le or o th e r d e n s i m e t r i c d e v ic e .

R e f r a c t o m e t e r B rix : The p e r c e n t by w e ig h t of s o lid s in s o lu tio n a s

in d ic a te d b y the s u g a r r e f r a c t o m e t e r — or a s d e r i v e d f r o m

the r e f r a c t i v e in d e x and r e f e r r e d to ta b le s of e q u iv a le n t p e r

c e n t s u c r o s e an d r e f r a c t i v e in d ex .

D r y S u b s t a n c e : The m a t e r i a l r e m a i n i n g a f t e r d r y i n g the p r o d u c t e x ­

a m in e d to a c o n s t a n t w e ig h t.

T ru e P u rity : T h e p e rc e n ta g e , p r o p o r t io n of s u c r o s e in the d r y s u b ­

sta n ce .

G r a v ity P u r i t y : T he p e r c e n ta g e p r o p o r t io n of s u c r o s e in the B r ix

s olid s .

P u rity : T he p e r c e n t a g e p r o p o r t io n of p o l in the B r i x s o l i d s .

A b s o lu te J u ic e : A l l the d i s s o l v e d s o lid s in the c a n e plus the t o ta l

w a te r of th e c a n e — c a n e m inus f i b e r .

U n d ilu te d J u ic e : The ju ic e e x p r e s s e d b y the m ills o r r e t a i n e d in the

b a g a s s e —c o r r e c t e d fo r im b ib itio n w a t e r .
 N o te : The t e r m n o r m a l ju ic e is s t i l l u s e d in L o u is ia n a

and o th e r a r e a s of the w e s t e r n h e m i s p h e r e .

I m b ib itio n : T he p r o c e s s in w h ic h w a t e r o r ju ic e is put on th e b a g a s s e

to m ix w ith and d ilu te the ju ic e p r e s e n t in the l a t t e r . The

w a t e r s o u se d is t e r m e d im b ib itio n w a t e r .

N o te : The t e r m m a c e r a t i o n i s c o m m o n ly u s e d in s t e a d of

im b ib itio n . T h is is s o in L o u is ia n a , an d in th e s e

s tu d ie s th e t e r m m a c e r a t i o n is u s e d in the s e n s e of

i m b i b i ti o n a s d e f in e d . A c c o r d i n g to ISSCT d e f i n i ­

tio n , m a c e r a t i o n is the p r o c e s s o f s te e p in g the

b a g a s s e in a n e x c e s s of w a t e r .

F i r s t E x p r e s s e d J u ic e : T he ju ic e e x p r e s s e d b y the f i r s t tw o r o l l e r s

of the t a n d e m .

N o te : T h is is th us the ju ic e f r o m a t w o - r o l l c r u s h e r —

o r the j u ic e e x p r e s s e d b y the c a n e and to p r o l l of

a t h r e e - r o l l c r u s h e r o r m ill.

P r i m a r y Ju ice: A l l ju ic e e x p r e s s e d b e f o r e d ilu tio n b e g in s .

S eco n d ary Ju ic e: T he d ilu te d ju ic e w h ic h — to g e th e r w ith the p r i ­

m a r y ju ic e — f o r m s the m ix e d j u ic e .

L a s t E x p r e s s e d J u ic e : T h e ju ic e e x p r e s s e d by the l a s t two r o l l s of

the t a n d e m . (In th e d a ta ta b le s — A p p e n d ix - the t e r m

L a s t R o ll Ju ic e i s u s e d . )

M ix ed J u i c e : The ju ic e s e n t f r o m the c r u s h i n g p la n t to the b o ilin g

house.
 278

R e sid u a l Ju ice: The ju ic e l e f t in the b a g a s s e - b a g a s s e m in u s f i b e r .

J u ic e E x t r a c t i o n : The p e r c e n t a g e w e ig h t of ju ic e e x t r a c t e d b y the

m ills.

P o l E x tra c tio n : P o l in m ix e d ju ic e p e r c e n t pol in c a n e .

S u c ro se E x tra c tio n : S u c r o s e in m ix e d ju ic e p e r c e n t s u c r o s e in c a n e .

M illin g L o s s : T he p e r c e n t a g e r a t i o of s u c r o s e (o r pol) in b a g a s s e

to f i b e r in b a g a s s e .

J a v a R a tio : P o l (o r s u c r o s e ) p e r c e n t c a n e d iv id e d by pol (or s u c r o s e )

p e r c e n t f i r s t e x p r e s s e d j u ic e , an d the r e s u l t a n t m u ltip lie d

by 1 0 0 .

R educed E x tra c tio n : S u c r o s e (o r pol) e x t r a c t i o n r e d u c e d to a c o m m o n

s t a n d a r d b a s i s of 1 2 .5 p e r c e n t f ib e r in c a n e .

R e te n tio n : T he p e r c e n t a g e of s u c r o s e (or pol) in the m ix e d ju ic e th a t

is r e c o v e r e d (or r e t a in e d ) in the c o m m e r c i a l s u g a r .

N o te : T h is d e fin itio n is c o m m o n l y in u se in the W e s te r n

H e m i s p h e r e — b ut a t v a r i a n c e w ith the ISSCT d e f i ­

n itio n w h e re the t e r m b o ilin g h o u se r e c o v e r y is

used. I t is f e l t b y m a n y th a t the c o n tin u e d use of

the t e r m r e t e n t i o n a v o id s c o n fu s io n w ith the t e r m

r e c o v e r y w hich is a l s o a p p lie d to th e o v e r a l l

" r e c o v e r y " of s u c r o s e (or pol) in c o m m e r c i a l

s u g a r , i . e . , e x t r a c t i o n t im e s r e t e n t i o n = r e c o v e r y .
 279

B o ilin g H o u se E f f i c i e n c y N u m b e r (B H E ): T he p e r c e n t a g e r e l a t i o n b e ­

tw e e n th e a c t u a l r e t e n t i o n and the t h e o r e t i c a l r e t e n t i o n a s

d e t e r m i n e d f r o m an a v a i la b l e s u g a r f o r m u la .

N ote: T h e ISSCT r e c o g n i z e s the t e r m Boiling H o u se

P e r f o r m a n c e to e x p r e s s the r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n

the a c t u a l and the t h e o r e t i c a l b o ilin g h o u s e r e ­

co v ery .

3
S t a t i s t i c a l D a ta

R e g r e s s i o n C o r r e l a t i o n a n d M is c e lla n e o u s

C o rre la tio n : T h e d e g r e e of a s s o c i a t i o n b e tw e e n one v a r i a b l e a n d

a n o t h e r o r b e tw e e n one v a r i a b l e a n d s e v e r a l o t h e r s .

R e g ressio n : The n a t u r e of the r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n v a r i a b l e s .

R e g r e s s i o n C o e f f ic ie n t: When two v a r i a b l e s c a n be c o r r e l a t e d

l i n e a r l y , the r e g r e s s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t is th e slo p e of the lin e

u s e d to c o r r e l a t e the v a r i a b l e s .
9
G o o d n e ss o f the C o r r e l a t i o n , r : T he r a t i o of the su m o f the s q u a r e s

r e m o v e d by th e c o r r e l a t i o n to the s u m of the s q u a r e s of the

o rig in a l d a ta .

C o r r e l a t i o n C o e f f ic ie n t, r : A m e a s u r e of the c o r r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n tw o

v a ria b le s.

a
E x c e p t a s n o ted , the t e r m s in t h i s s e c tio n a r e a s d e fin e d in
A p p lie d S t a t i s t i c s f o r E n g i n e e r s ( M c G r a w - H ill Book C o m p an y , I n c . ,
1958) by W illia m V o lk .
 280

S ta n d a r d D e v ia tio n of th e E s t i m a t e , s(y): A m e a s u r e of the a v e r a g e

d e v ia ti o n of the d a ta p o in ts f r o m the e s t i m a t e d v a lu e s a c -
A
c o r d i n g to the c o r r e l a t i o n l in e .

C o n fid e n c e L i m i t s : A r a n g e of v a lu e s t h a t — on the b a s i s of a g iv e n

s a m p le — h a s a s p e c if ic p r o b a b i l it y of in c lu d in g th e t r u e

m ean.

C o e f f i c ie n t of V a r ia t io n : T he s t a n d a r d d e v ia ti o n d iv id e d by the

a r i t h m e t i c a v e r a g e (m ean ) an d the r e s u l t a n t m u ltip lie d b y

100 .

N o te : A lth o u g h th is t e r m is u se d q u ite c o m m o n ly in

s t a t i s t i c s , i t is n o t in c lu d e d in A p p lie d S t a t i s t i c s

fo r E n g in e e r s .
 S A M P L E CA L C U L A T IO N S

M a t e r i a l B a la n c e D a ta

B a sis: T w o b u n d le s of c a n e
N o m a c e r a t i o n w a t e r on the f a c t o r y m ill ta n d e m
A l l i n s p e c t io n s m ad e in d u p lic a te
D a te : 1 2 /5 /6 2

1. W eig ht of C a n e (U nd iluted J u ic e + B a g a s s e ) , l b s .

F a c to ry = 1 7 ,8 6 4

F a r r e l ’*»2 = 99 • 4

2. W e ig h t o f U n d ilu te d J u i c e , l b s .

F a c to ry = 1 2 ,4 7 0

F a rre l-2 = 68. 5

3. W eig h t of B a g a s s e , lb s .

F a c to ry - 5 ,3 9 4

F a rre l-2 = 3 0 .9

4. B r ix P e r c e n t U nd ilu ted Ju ic e

B r i x b y h y d r o m e t e r an d t e m p e r a t u r e c o r r e c t i o n f r o m C a n e
S u g a r H a n d b o o k , (E ig h th E d itio n ) ,p a g e 728.

F a c to ry
U n c o r r e c t e d B r i x = 1 7 .8 0
B r i x % U n d ilu te d J u ic e = 17. 80 + 0 .3 8 = 18. 18

F a rre l-2
U n c o r r e c t e d B r i x = 1 7 .8 0
B r i x % U n d ilu te d J u ic e = 1 7 .8 0 + 0 .3 8 = 18. 18

281
 282

5. P o l P e r c e n t U n d ilu te d J u ic e

H o r n e 's d r y le a d m eth o d a n d e x p a n s io n of S c h m i t z 's t a b l e s f r o m

C a n e S u g a r H a n d b o o k , (E ig h th E d i t i o n ) , page 755.

F a c tor y
Sac c h a r im e t e r R e a d in g = 6 2 . 3
P o l % U n d ilu te d Ju ic e = 15.13

F a rre l-2
S a c c h a r i m e t e r R e a d in g = 6 2 .7
P o l % U n d ilu te d J u ic e = 1 5 .2 6

6. P u rity

= P o l % U n d ilu te d J u ic e x 100
B r i x % U n d ilu te d J u ic e

F a c to ry = 83. 22

F a rre l-2 = 8 3 .9 4

7. M o istu re P e r c e n t B a g asse

100 g r a m s a m p l e d r i e d fo r 3 0 m in u te s in a D i e t e r t M o is tu r e
T e lle r.

= W eight of M o i s t S a m p le — W eight of D r y S a m p le

F a c to ry = 4 5 . 83

F a rre l-2 = 4 6 .3 0

8. P o l P e rc e n t B agasse

Sing le d i g e s t i o n m eth o d u sin g S p e n c e r r o t a r y d i g e s t o r a s d e s ­

c r i b e d in C a n e ^ S u g ^ K f e n d b o o k , ( E ig h th E d itio n ) , pp. 5 6 8 -5 7 0 .

F a c t o r y (D ata fr o m a v e r a g e of tw o s a m p le s )

a . S am p le w e ig h t, g. 100

b . T o ta l w e ig h t a f t e r d ig e s ti n g , g. 3967

c . T a r e of c a p s u l e , g. 2903
 283

d. E x t r a c t plu s f i b e r , g. 1064

e. F i b e r ( a s s u m e d ) , g. 48

f. E x t r a c t , g. 1016

g. S a c c h a r i m e t e r r e a d i n g of
e x t r a c t (4 0 0 m m . tube) 4 .2

h . Pol % e x tra c t 0, 546

i. W eight of po l in e x t r a c t , g. 5 .5 5

j. Pol % B agasse 5 .5 5

F a r r e l - 2 (by s a m e p r o c e d u r e ) = 6 . 14

9. B rix P e rce n t B agasse

F a c tor y

= P o l % B a g a s s e _______ x 100 = 7 .5 7
L a s t Roll J u ic e P u r i t y

F a rre l-2

= P ol % B agasse x 100 = 7 .3 1
U n d ilu te d J u ic e P u r i t y

10. F i b e r P e r c e n t B a g a s s e

= 1 0 0 .0 0 - ( M o is tu r e + Brix)% B a g a s s e

F a c to ry = 4 6 .6 0

F a rre l-2 = 4 6 .3 9

11. F i b e r , l b s .

= W e ig h t of B a g a s s e x F i b e r % B a g a s s e

F a c to ry = 2514

F a rre l-2 = 14.33

 284

12. B r i x in U n d ilu te d J u ic e , l b s .

= W eight of U nd. J u i c e x B r ix % U nd. J u ic e

F a c to ry = 2267

F a rre l-2 = 1 2 .4 5

13. P o l i n U n d ilu te d J u i c e , l b s .

= Weight of Und. J u i c e x P o l % U nd, J u ic e

F a c to ry 1887

F a rre l-2 = 1 0 .4 5

14. B r i x in B a g a s s e , l b s .

= W eig h t of B a g a s s e x B r i x % B a g a s s e

F a c to ry = 408

F a rre l-2 = 2 .2 6

15. P o l in B a g a s s e , l b s .

= W eight of B a g a s s e x P o l % B a g a s s e

F a c to ry - 299

F a rre l-2 = 1. 90

16. B r i x in C a n e , lb s .

= W t. of B r i x in U nd. J u ic e + W t. of B r i x in B a g a s s e

F a c to ry = 2675

F a rre l-2 = 1 4 .7 1

17. P o l in C a n e , l b s .

= W t. of P o l in U nd. J u ic e + W t. of P o l in B a g a s s e

F a c to ry = 2186

F a rre l-2 = 1 2 .3 5
 285

18. T r a s h P e r c e n t C ane

E a c h b un dle o f c a n e w a s s a m p le d b y m e c h a n i c a l g r a b . F r o m
e a c h g r a b , 2 0 - 3 0 l b s . o f c a n e w e r e r e m o v e d an d c o m p o s i t e d .
( C a re w a s ta k e n to m in im iz e l o s s of t o p s , l e a v e s , a n d d i r t . )
T he c o m p o s it e s a m p l e of a l l b u n d le s w as w e ig h ed an d d e -
t r a s h e d , a n d th e n e t c a n e w as w e ig h e d . The d i f f e r e n c e b e ­
tw e e n the w e ig h t of the g r o s s an d n e t c a n e w a s the w e ig h t of
t r a s h . T he w e ig h t o f t r a s h d iv id e d b y th e w e ig h t o f g r o s s c a n e
a n d m u ltip lie d by 100 y ie ld e d the T r a s h % C a n e .

G ro ss C ane, lb s. 9 6 .0
N et C ane, lb s. 93. 5
T r a s h , lb s. 2 .5

T r a s h % C ane 2 .6 0

19. U n d ilu te d J u ic e P e r c e n t C ane

= W eight of U n d ilu te d J u ic e x 100

W e ig h t of C a n e

F a c to ry = 6 9 .8 1

F a rre l-2 = 6 8 .9 1

20. B a g a s s e P e r c e n t C ane

= W eig h t of B a g a s s e x 100
W eig h t of C a n e

F a c to ry = 3 0 . 19

F a rre l-2 = 3 1 .0 9

21. B rix P e r c e n t C ane

= W eig h t of B r i x in C a n e x 100
W e ig h t of C a n e

F a c to ry = 1 4 .9 7

F a rre l-2 = 1 4 .8 0
 286

22. P o l P e r c e n t Cane

= W eig h t of P o l in C ane x 100

W eig h t of C ane

F a c to ry = 1 2.2 4

F a rre l-2 = 12.42

23. F ib e r P e r c e n t C ane

= W eig h t of F i b e r in B a g a s s e x 100
W eig h t of C a n e

F a c to ry = 14.07

F a rre l-2 = 14.42

24. B r i x E x t r a c t e d P e r c e n t C ane

= W eight of B r i x in U n dilu ted J u ic e x 100

W eigh t of C an e ~

Fac to ry = 12. 69

F a rre l-2 = 12. 53

25. P o l E x t r a c t e d P e r c e n t Cane

= W eight of P o l in U ndiluted J u ic e x 100

W eight of C a n e

F a c to ry = 10. 56

F a rre l-2 10.51

26. B r i x E x t r a c t e d P e r c e n t B rix in C ane

= W eight of B r ix in U n dilu ted J u ic e

W eig h t of B r ix in Cane

F a c to ry = 84. 75

F a rre l-2 = 8 4 .6 4
 287

27. P o l E x t r a c t e d P e r c e n t P o l in C a n e

= W eig h t of P o l in U n d ilu te d J u ic e
W eight of P o l in C an e

F a c to ry = 8 6 .3 2

F a rre l-2 = 8 4 .6 2

S t a t i s t i c a l A n a ly s is

S in g le V a r ia b l e L i n e a r R e g r e s s i o n C o r r e l a t i o n — F a c t o r y P o l E x ­

tra c tio n V e rsu s F a r r e l Pol E x tra c tio n (T ab le XIV):

*y = a +. ubx

w here: y is th e p r e d i c t e d f a c t o r y p o l e x t r a c t i o n , l b s .

pol p e r to n of c a n e ,

x is the F a r r e l - 2 p o l e x t r a c t i o n , p o l % c a n e ,

a i s th e i n t e r c e p t .

b is the s lo p e ( r e g r e s s i o n c o e f f ic ie n t) ,

y is the o b s e r v e d f a c t o r y p ol e x t r a c t i o n , l b s .

po l p e r ton of c a n e .

N u m b e r of O b s e r v a ti o n s , n = 23

jf y = 4 ,4 8 1 .0 0 y= 194.83 ^ y 2 = 8 7 6 ,7 8 5 .4 0 0

£x = 2 1 0 .9 1 x= 9 .1 7 j f x2 = 1 ,9 4 3 .2 7 9

£ x y = 4 1 , 2 6 9 .8 8 4
 288

S um of the S q u a re s :

= 3, 769. 710
yz - tfy2 (izl
n

X 2 = c x 2 - (£ x )‘ 9 .2 3 5
n

£ ' xy =£ x y - (C*.£y) = 179.114

n

S lo p e :

b = f 1 x y = 19. 396

In terc ep t:

a = y — bx = 16. 967

G o o d n e ss of the C o r r e l a t i o n
2
•2 = { £ ' xy) = 0.9216
(JE-’x 2 . * * y2)

C o r r e l a t i o n C o e ffic ie n t:

r = ( r 2 ) 1/Z = 0.9600

S ta n d a r d D e v ia tio n o f the E s t i m a t e :
✓v 1/2
s(y) =P (1 - r 2 ) f = 3. 7522

L n-2
95 P e r C e n t C onfidence L im its of a Single E s t i m a t e d A v e r a g e V a lu e ,
A
Ya v g . = 7:

C , L *95%, d . f . = n -2 * fc9 5%, d . f . = n - 2 x s(Y)

 28 9

w here: d .f. a r e th e d e g r e e s of f r e e d o m = 21,

s($) is the e s t i m a t e d s t a n d a r d d e v ia tio n fo r

one i n s p e c tio n =
1/2
Z(y) (T + i + (x - x )' = 3 .8 2 2

t E
= 2 .0 8 0

C . L . = 2 . 0 8 0 x 3 .8 2 2 = 7 .9 5
L n

C o e f f ic ie n t of V a r ia t io n :

% = s(y) x 100 = 1 . 9 2 6
Y
 DATA
S A M P L E PROCESSING T E S T S
S e c tio n : 2
D ate: 1 0 /2 6 /6 1
S c rew Box
Item F a c to ry F a rre l-1 F a rrel~ 2 P ress P ress
T r a s h , % C ane 3 .0 0 - —
U n d ilu te d J u i c e
% C ane 7 0 .0 3 6 4 .4 9 7 0 .1 8 7 3 .6 0 6 3 .1 8
B a g a s s e , % C an e 2 9 .9 7 3 5 .5 0 2 9 .8 2 2 6 .4 0 3 6 .8 2
B rix % Cane _ _

P o l, % C a n e — — — ~ —
F ib e r % Cane — — — — —
B rix E x tra c te d ,
% C ane 1 2 .3 0 1 1 .4 8 1 2 .5 6 1 3 .5 4 1 0 .9 2
Pol E x tra c te d ,
% C ane 9 .5 7 8 .9 7 9 .8 8 9 .8 1 8 .3 5
B rix E x tra c te d ,
% B r i x in C a n e — - - — _
Pol E x tra c te d ,
% P o l in C a n e - — — —
C r. J. Und. J . L .R . J.
J u ic e : B rix 1 8 .3 8 1 7 .5 6 1 7 .1 6 1 7 .8 0 1 7 .9 0 1 8 .3 9 1 7 .2 8
Pol 1 4 .5 8 1 3 .6 7 1 3 .4 6 13.91 1 4 .0 8 1 3 .9 9 1 3 .2 2
P u rity 7 9 .2 4 7 7 .8 5 7 8 .4 4 7 8 .1 0 7 8 .6 6 7 6 .0 7 7 6 .5 0

B agasse: B rix -■ _ _ _ _
Pol _ _
M o istu re - -■ ^
F ib e r — — _ °
 SA M P L E PROCESSING T E ST S

S e c tio n 1
D ate: 1 0 /3 0 /6 1
S c rew Box
Item F a c to ry F a rre l-1 F a rre l-2 P ress P ress
T r a s h , % C an e 3 .5 — — —
U n d ilu te d J u i c e ,
% C an e 7 0 .2 2 6 0 .9 9 7 0 .3 2 7 3 .6 4 6 3 .0 2

B a g a s s e , % C an e 2 9 .7 8 3 9 .0 1 2 9 .6 8 2 6 .3 6 3 6 .9 8
B rix , % C ane — - - ~
P o l, % C a n e - - „ _
F ib e r , % Cane — — — — —

B rix E x tra c te d
% C an e 1 2 .7 1 1 1 .1 8 1 2 .7 8 1 3 .6 8 1 1 .2 4
P o l E x tra c te d
% C ane 9 .5 2 8 .9 2 9 .9 3 1 0 .3 1 8 .7 4
B rix E x tra c te d ,
% B r i x in C a n e —
Pol E x tra c te d ,
% P o l in C a n e — — — -
C r. J. Und. J . L .R . J.
J u ic e : B r i x - 1 8 .1 0 - 1 8 .3 3 1 8 .1 7 1 8 .5 8 1 7 .8 2
Pol - 1 3 .5 6 - 1 4 .6 3 1 4 .1 1 1 4 .0 0 1 3 .8 5
P u rity - 7 4 .9 1 - 7 9 .8 2 7 7 .6 8 7 5 .3 5 7 7 .7 2
B agasse: B rix — — — — —
Pol - -
M o istu re — — — — —
F ib e r — — — — _ -S
 S A M P L E PRO CESSIN G T E S T S
S e c tio n : 2
D ate: 1 0 /3 1 /6 1
S crew Box
Item F a c to ry F a rre t-1 F a rre l-2 P ress P ress

T r a s h , % C ane 5 .2 5 — — — —
U n d ilu te d J u ic e ,
% C ane 7 0 .6 2 6 3 .9 7 7 1 .0 6 7 3 .4 0 6 2 .4 0

B a g a s s e , % C ane 2 9 .3 7 3 6 .0 3 2 8 .9 4 26 . 60 3 7 .6 0
B r i x , % C an e 1 5 .3 7 — 1 5 .6 4 1 6 .1 3 1 4 .2 3

P o l, % C an e 1 2 .1 5 — 1 2 .6 3 1 2 .2 8 1 0 .9 9
F i b e r , % C ane 14. 15 - 13 .7 9 1 4 .2 3 1 4 .7 8

B rix E x tra c te d ,
% C an e 13 .21 1 2 . 18 13.51 14. 10 1 0.9 0
Pol E x tra c te d
% C ane 1 0 .4 4 9 .8 1 10.91 10. 75 8 .4 2

B rix E x tra c te d
% B r i x in C an e 8 5 .9 3 — 8 6 .3 7 8 7 .5 9 7 6 .6 0
Pol E x tra c te d ,
% P o l in C an e 8 5 .9 2 -■ 8 6 .3 5 8 7 .5 5 7 6 .6 2
C r. J. Und. J . L. R . J.
J u ic e : B rix 1 9 .4 3 1 8 .7 0 1 8 .8 3 1 9 .0 4 19.01 19.21 1 7 .4 6
Pol 1 5 .4 0 1 4 .7 8 1 4 .8 6 1 5 .3 4 1 5 .3 6 1 4 .6 5 1 3 .4 9
P u rity 7 9 .2 3 7 9 .0 1 7 9 .0 3 8 0 .5 7 8 0 .8 0 7 6 .7 6 7 7 .2 6
B agasse: B rix 7 .3 6 7 .3 5 . 7.51 8 .8 4
Pol 5 .8 2 5 .9 4 5 .7 3 6 .8 3
M o istu re 4 4 .4 5 — 4 5 .0 0 3 9 .0 0 5 1 .8 5
F ib e r 4 8 .1 9 — 4 7 .6 5 5 3 .4 9 3 9 .3 1
ts>
 SA M P L E PR O C ESSIN G T E S T S

S ection: 2
D ate: 1 1 /2 /6 1
S crew B ox
Item F a c to ry F a rre l-1 F a r r e l -2 P ress P ress

T r a s h , % Cane 4 .1 5 — — — —

U n d ilu te d J u ic e ,
% C an e 7 0 .9 0 6 2 .8 4 6 9 .7 2 7 3 .4 8 62.06

B a g a s s e ,- % C a n e 2 9 .1 0 3 7 .1 6 3 0 .2 8 2 6 .5 2 3 7 .9 4
B r i x , % C an e 1 5 .1 6 — 1 5 .4 3 1 5 .8 7 1 4 .7 6

P o l, % C a n e 1 2 .3 0 — 1 2 .6 7 1 2 .8 1 1 1 .6 3
F i b e r , % C an e 1 3 .8 9 — 14 .5 9 1 4 .3 2 1 7 .0 4
B rix E x tra c te d ,
% C ane 1 2 .8 9 1 1 .3 8 1 3 .1 5 14.01 11.06
P o l E x tra c te d
% C ane 1 0 .4 6 9 .4 5 10.81 11.31 8 .7 2

B rix E x tra c te d ,
% B r i x in C a n e 8 5 .0 2 -■ 8 5 .1 9 8 4 .2 7 7 4 .4 3
Pol E x tra c te d ,
% P o l in C a n e 8 5 .0 5 — 8 5 .2 6 8 8 .3 0 7 4 .9 5
C r. J. Und. J . L, R . J.
Ju ic e : B rix 1 9 .1 3 1 8 .1 8 1 7 .3 2 1 8 .1 0 1 8 .8 5 1 9 .0 7 1 7 .8 2
Pol 1 5 .3 6 1 4 .7 5 1 4 .0 0 1 5 .0 4 1 5 .5 0 1 5 .3 8 1 4 .0 5
P u rity 8 0 .2 9 8 1 .1 3 8 0 .8 3 8 3 .0 7 8 2 .2 3 8 0 .6 5 7 8 .8 2

B agasse: B rix 7 .8 0 — 7 .5 3 7 .0 2 9 .7 4
Pol 6 .3 3 — 6 .1 9 5 .6 6 7 .6 8
M o istu re 4 4 .5 0 — 4 4 .0 0 3 9 .0 0 4 5 .3 5
F ib e r 4 7 .7 0 4 8 .1 7 5 3 .9 8 4 4 .9 1
 S A M P L E PR O CESSIN G T E S T S

S ectio n : 1
D ate: 1 1 /3 /6 1
S c rew B ox
Item F a c to ry F a rre l-1 F a r r el 2 P ress P ress
T r a s h , % Cane 3 .0 9 — — —
...

U n d ilu te d J u i c e
% C an e 7 1 .0 8 6 4 .4 5 70. 05 7 5 .4 0 6 3 .1 1

B a g a s s e , % C ane 28.92 3 5 .5 5 2 9 .9 5 2 4 .6 0 3 6 .8 9
B r i x , % C an e 1 4 .2 8 — 14 .4 5 1 4 .7 9 1 3 .2 6

P o l, % C an e 1 0 .9 0 - ■ 11 .5 5 11.88 1 0 .5 7
F i b e r , % C ane 1 4 .0 6 - 14.11 1 4 .0 8 1 6 .0 4

B rix E x tra c te d ,
% C ane 1 2 .4 4 1 1 .4 5 1 2 .4 4 1 3 .3 3 1 0 .4 9
Pol E x tra c te d
% C an e 9 .5 0 9 .1 5 9 .9 4 1 0 .7 2 8 .3 6

B rix E x tra c te d ,
% B r i x in C ane 87. 11 — 8 6 .0 9 9 0 .1 5 7 8 .9 9
Pol E x tra c te d ,
% P o l in C a n e 8 7 .3 2 -- 86.10 9 0 .1 9 7 8 .6 5
C r, J. Und. J . Li. R . J .
J u ic e : B rix 1 7 .7 0 1 7 .5 0 1 6 .8 0 1 7 .7 7 1 7 .7 6 1 7 .6 8 1 6 .6 2
Pol 1 3 .8 2 1 3 .3 7 1 2 .7 2 1 4 .1 9 1 4 .1 9 1 4 .2 1 1 3 .2 4
P u rity 7 8 .0 5 7 6 .4 0 7 5 .6 9 7 9 .8 0 7 9 .9 0 8 0 .3 7 7 9 .6 6

B agasse: B rix 6 .3 7 — 6 .7 0 5 .9 1 7 .5 1
Pol 4 .8 2 5 .3 5 4. 75 5 .9 8
M o istu re 4 5 .0 0 — 4 6 .2 0 3 6 .8 5 4 9 .0 0

294
F ib e r 4 8 .6 3 4 7 .1 0 5 7 .2 4 4 3 .4 9
 S A M P L E PRO CESSIN G T E S T S

S ectio n : I
D ate: 1 1 / 6 /6 1
S c rew B ox
Item F a c to ry F a rre l-1 F a r r e l -2 P ress P ress
T r a s h , % C an e 1 .4 8 - - — — —

U n d ilu te d J u i c e ,
% C ane 7 2 .2 7 6 5 .7 4 7 2 .3 5 7 4 .8 9 6 5 .1 9
B a g a s se , % C ane 2 7 .7 3 3 4 .2 6 2 7 .6 5 2 5 .1 1 3 4 .8 1
B rix , % Cane 1 4 .1 4 — 1 4 .2 3 14.71 1 4 .7 5
P o l, % C a n e 1 0 .4 0 1 1 .1 8 1 1 .6 3 12.02
F i b e r , % C ane 1 3 .2 8 — 1 0 .9 4 1 4 .2 9 13 .7 1
B rix E x tra c te d ,
% C ane 1 2 .3 9 1 1 .3 6 1 2 .4 6 1 3 .1 8 10.81
P ol E x tra c te d
% C an e 9 .1 1 9.02 9 .7 9 1 0 .4 2 8 .8 1
B rix E x tra c te d ,
% B rix i n C an e 8 7 .6 0 — 8 7 .5 3 8 9 .5 7 7 3 .2 9
P o l E x tra c te d ,
% P o l in C an e 8 7 .5 5 — 8 7 .5 9 8 9 .5 7 7 3 .3 0
C r. J. Und. J . L. R . J.
Ju ic e : B rix 1 7 .3 4 1 7 .1 4 1 6 .8 1 1 7 .2 8 1 7 .2 2 1 7 .6 0 1 6 .5 9
Pol 1 3 .1 7 1 2 .6 0 1 2 .4 2 13 .7 3 1 3 .5 4 1 3 .9 2 1 3 .5 2
P u rity 7 5 .9 5 7 3 .5 1 7 3 .8 8 7 9 .4 6 78 .6 2 7 9 .0 9 8 1 .4 7
B agasse: B rix 6 .3 2 — 6 .4 2 6.11 1 1 .3 1
Pol 4 .6 8 — 5 .0 5 4 .8 3 9 .2 1
M o istu re 4 5 .8 0 — 5 4 .0 0 3 7 .0 0 4 9 .3 0

295
F ib e r 4 7 .8 8 - • 3 9 .5 8 5 6 .8 9 3 9 .3 9
 SA M PL E PR O CESSIN G T E S T S

S ectio n : 2
D ate: 1 1 /7 /6 1
S c rew Box
Ite m F a c to ry F a rrel-1 F a rre l-2 P ress P ress

T r a s h , % C ane 6 .7 8 — _. —

U n d ilu ted J u i c e ,
% C ane 7 0 .4 9 6 3 .9 7 7 1 .8 3 7 4 .2 1 6 1 .1 9
B a g a s s e , % C an e 2 9 .5 1 3 6 .0 3 2 6 .6 4 2 5 .7 9 3 8 .8 1
B r i x , % C an e 1 4 .6 5 -■ 14 .4 2 1 5 .0 3 1 4 .5 2

P o l, % C an e 1 1 .5 5 1 1 .5 4 1 1 .8 7 11.21
F i b e r , % C ane 14. 00 — 10.61 1 4 .0 3 1 4 .4 6
B rix E x tra c te d ,
% C ane 1 2 .4 4 11 .2 6 1 2 .5 4 13 .21 1 0 .1 7
Pol E x tra c te d ,
% C ane 9. 77 9. 14 10 .0 3 1 0 .4 3 8.11
B rix E x tra c te d ,
% B r i x in C ane 8 4 .8 8 — 8 6 .9 3 8 7 .9 2 7 0 .0 4
Pol E x tra c te d ,
% PoL in C an e 84. 57 -- 8 6 .9 3 8 7 .8 9 7 2 .3 0
C r. J. Und. J. L ,R , J.
Ju ic e : B rix 1 7 .6 4 1 7 .6 4 1 6 .3 0 1 7 .6 0 17 .4 6 1 7 .8 0 16.61
Pol 1 4 .0 7 1 3 .8 5 1 3 .1 0 14 .2 9 1 3 .9 7 1 4 .0 5 1 3 .2 5
P u rity 7 9 .7 7 78. 50 8 0 .3 7 8 1 .2 0 8 0 .0 1 7 8 .9 4 7 9 .7 7
B agasse: B rix 7 .5 1 — 6 . 69 7 .0 5 11.22
Pol 6 .0 4 -- 5 .3 5 5 .5 6 8 .9 5
M o is tu r e 4 5 .0 5 - 55. 66 3 8 .5 5 5 1 .5 0

296
F ib e r 4 7 .4 4 3 7 .6 5 54. 4 0 3 7 .2 8
 S A M P L E PRO CESSIN G T E S T S

S ectio n : 2
D a te: 1 1 / 9 /6 1
S crew B ox
Item F a c to ry F a rre l-1 F a r r e l -2 P ress P ress

T ra a h , % C ane 11.0 — — — —

U n d ilu te d J u i c e ,
% C ane 7 0 .5 6 6 4 .8 1 7 2 .6 6 7 3 .8 7 6 0 .6 5
B a g a s s e , % C ane 2 9 .4 4 3 5 .1 9 2 7 .3 4 2 6 .1 3 3 9 .3 5
B r i x , % C an e 1 4 .4 5 -■ 1 5 .0 0 1 5 .2 9 1 3 .7 7
P o t, % C a n e 1 1 .5 5 — 12.10 1 1 .9 4 1 1 .3 9
F ib e r , % C ane 1 3 .8 4 — 12.51 1 4 .0 8 1 6 .0 7
B rix E x tra c te d
% C ane 12.12 1 1 .3 3 12.90 1 3 .3 8 1 0 .1 7
P o l E x tra c te d ,
% C an e 9 .7 4 9 .2 4 1 0 .3 7 1 0 .4 5 8 .4 1
B rix E x tra c te d ,
% B r i x in C a n e 8 3 .8 7 -■ 8 5 .9 7 8 7 .5 7 7 3 .8 5
P ol E x tra c te d ,
% P o l in C ane 8 4 .3 0 — 8 5 .7 2 8 7 .5 6 7 3 .8 5
C r. J. Und. J. L. R . J.
J u ic e : B rix 1 7 .9 3 1 7 .1 8 1 7 .0 6 1 7 .4 8 1 7 .7 6 1 8 .1 2 1 6 .7 7
Pol 1 4 .2 8 1 3 .8 0 1 3 .2 4 1 4 .2 6 1 4 .2 7 1 4 .1 5 1 3 .8 8
P u rity 7 9 .6 2 8 0 .3 3 7 7 .6 1 8 1 .6 1 80. 35 7 8 .0 9 8 2 .7 7
B agasse: B rix 7 .9 2 — 7 .6 8 7 .2 6 9 .1 6
Pol 6 .1 5 — 6 .1 7 5 .6 7 7 .5 8
M o istu re 4 5 .0 8 — 4 6 .5 5 3 8 .9 5 5 0 .0 0
F ib e r 471. 00 — 4 5 .7 7 5 3 .8 9 4 0 .8 4
 SA M P L E PRO CESSIN G T E S T S
S e c tio n ; 1
D ate: 1 1 /1 0 /6 1
Screw B ox
Item F a c to ry F a rre l~ l F arrel~ 2 P ress P ress
T r a s h , % Cane 3 .7 4 — — — —
U n d ilu te d J u ic e ,
% C an e 7 1 .3 4 6 5 .8 2 7 1 .5 1 7 5 .1 9 6 2 .7 2

B a g a s s e , % C an e 2 8 .6 6 3 4 .1 8 2 8 .4 9 2 4 .8 1 3 7 .2 8
B r i x , % C an e 1 4 .3 0 — 14 .7 8 1 4 .5 7 1 2 .9 4
P o l, % C an e 1 0 .9 7 1 1 .6 9 1 1 .4 6 1 0 .2 7
F i b e r , % C ane 13.61 — 13 .2 2 1 4 .1 6 1 5 .3 0

B rix E x tra c te d ,
% C an e 12. 36 1 1 .4 9 12 .7 5 13 .11 1 0 .5 9
Pol E x tra c te d ,
% C an e 9 .4 9 9.22 10 .0 9 10.31 8 .4 0
B rix E x tra c te d ,
% B r i x in C an e 8 6 .4 4 — 8 6 .2 9 8 9 .9 9 8 1 .8 5
Pol E x tra c te d ,
% P o l in C an e 86.02 — 8 6 .2 6 8 9 .9 8 8 1 .8 2
C r. J. Und. J . L .R . J .
J u ic e : B rix 1 7 .6 9 1 7 .3 3 1 6 .6 8 1 7 .4 6 1 7 .8 3 1 7 .4 4 1 6 .8 8
Pol 1 4 .0 3 1 3 .3 0 12. 77 1 4 .0 1 14.11 1 3.71 1 3 .4 0
P u rity 79.31 7 6 .7 4 76. 38 8 0 .2 4 7 9 .1 4 7 8 .6 1 7 9 .3 8
B agasse: B rix 6 .7 6 — 7 .1 1 5 .9 0 6 .3 0
Pol 5 .1 6 — 5. 63 4 .6 4 5 .0 0
M o istu re 4 5 .7 5 — 4 6 .5 0 3 7 .0 0 5 2 .6 5
F ib e r 4 7 .4 9 —
4 6 .3 9 5 7 .1 0 4 1 .0 5
00
 S A M P L E PRO CESSIN G T E S T S
Section: 1
D ate: 1 1 /1 3 /6 1
S c rew Box
Item F a c to ry F a rre l-1 F a r r e l -2 P ress P ress
T r a s h , % Cane 1 .7 6 — — — —

U n d ilu te d J u i c e ,
% Cane 7 3 .2 6 6 4 .5 3 7 3 .2 7 7 6 .5 9 6 1 .4 4
B a g a s se , % Cane 2 6 .7 4 3 5 .4 7 2 6 .7 3 2 3 .4 1 3 8 .5 6
B rix , % Cane 13 .7 1 — 1 4 .3 4 1 3 .6 3 1 3 .8 7
P o l, % Cane 1 0 .3 2 «=> 1 0 .9 8 1 0 .2 f6 9 .8 4
F i b e r , % C an e 11.96 — 1 1 .7 6 1 2 .6 0 1 4 .6 1
B rix E x tra c te d , t
% C ane 12.12 1 0 .7 8 1 2 .4 6 1 2 .4 0 9 .6 2
P o l E x tra c te d ,
% C ane 9.12 8 .4 3 9 .5 4 9 .3 3 7 .3 6
B rix E x tra c te d ,
% B r i x in C a n e 8 8 .4 0 — 8 6 .9 0 9 0 .9 6 7 4 .7 4
Pol E x tra c te d ,
% P o l in C a n e 8 8 .3 7 — 8 6 .9 0 9 0 .9 7 7 4 .8 0
Cr . J. Und. J . L, R . J.
Ju ic e : B rix 1 6 .7 1 1 6 .5 4 1 6 .3 5 16.71 1 7 .0 1 1 6 .1 9 1 5 .6 6
Pol 1 2 .5 6 1 2 .4 5 1 2 .3 2 1 3 .0 5 1 3 .0 3 1 2 .1 9 1 1 .9 9
P u rity 7 5 .1 6 7 5 .2 7 7 5 .3 5 7 8 .1 0 7 6 .6 0 7 5 .2 6 7 6 .5 3
B agasse: B rix 5 .9 5 — 7 .0 2 5 .2 8 8 .4 2
Pol 4 .4 8 — 5 .3 8 3 .9 7 6 .4 4
M o istu re 4 9 .3 2 — 4 9 .0 0 4 0 .9 0 5 3 .7 0
F ib e r 4 4 .7 3 — 4 3 .9 8 5 3 .8 2 3 7 .8 8
N ote: T r a s h on c a n e a p p e a r e d g r e a t e r th a n t r a s h i n s p e c t io n show s.
 SA M P L E PR O CESSIN G T E S T S
Section: 2
Date: 1 1 /1 4 /6 1 I
S crew B ox
Item F a c to ry F a rre l-1 F a r r e l -2 P ress P ress

T r a s h , % C ane 6.20 — — — —
U n d ilu ted J u i c e ,
% C ane 7 1 .2 3 6 3 .2 6 7 3 .4 7 7 4 .6 0 59 .3 1

B a g a s s e , % C ane 2 8 .7 7 3 6 .7 4 2 6 .5 3 2 5 .4 0 4 0 .6 9
B r i x , % C ane 1 4 .8 0 — 1 4 .0 9 1 4 .0 0 1 3 .1 8

P o l, % C ane 9 .9 8 — 1 1 .0 5 1 1 .0 8 1 0 .4 6
F i b e r , % C ane 1 3 .9 2 — 1 2 .5 4 1 3 .7 6 1 4 .4 2

B rix E x tra c te d ,
% C an e 1 2 .5 8 1 0 .1 5 12.22 1 2 .2 8 9 .1 4
Pol E x tra c te d ,
% Cane 8 . 34 7 .5 9 9 .5 9 9 .7 2 7 .2 5

B rix E x tra c te d ,
% B r i x i n C an e 3 4 .9 9 — 8 6 .7 5 8 7 .7 2 6 9 .3 6
P o l E x tra c te d ,
% P o l in C an e 83. 55 — 8 6 .7 5 8 7 .7 3 6 9 .3 7
C r. J. Und. J . L. R . J.
J u ic e : B rix 19.26 17. 66 1 6 .0 7 1 6 .0 4 1 6 .6 4 1 6 .4 7 1 5 .4 2
Pol 11.96 11. 71 1 1 .6 5 12.00 1 3 .0 5 1 3 .0 3 1 2 .2 4
P u rity 6 2 .1 0 6 6 . 31 7 2 .5 0 7 4 .8 1 7 8 .4 3 7 9 .1 3 7 9 .3 8
B agasse: B rix 7. 73 — 7 .0 4 6 .7 7 9 .9 2
Pol 5. 71 — 5 .5 2 5 .3 6 7 .8 7
M o istu re 4 3 .8 7 — 4 5 .7 0 3 9 .0 5 5 4 .6 4
F ib e r 4 8 .4 0 — 4 7 .2 6 5 4 .1 8 3 5 .4 4

300
Note: C o n s i d e r a b l e s e d i m e n t in f a c t o r y c r u s h e r and m ix e d j u ic e s a m p l e s .
 S A M P L E PR O CESSIN G T E S T S

S ectio n: 2
D a te: 1 1 /1 6 /6 1
S crew B ox
Item F a c to ry F a r r e l -1 F a r r e l ~2 P ress P ress
T r a s h , % C an e 1 3 .0 8 — — —

U n d ilu te d J u i c e ,
% C ane 7 1 .8 5 6 5 .0 8 7 1 .7 2 7 5 .9 3 5 9 .5 0

B a g a s s e , % C an e 2 8 .1 5 3 4 .9 2 2 8 .2 8 2 4 .0 7 4 0 .5 0
B rix , % C ane 13 .4 1 — 1 3 .2 2 1 3 .3 9 1 3 .1 8

P o l , % C an e 1 0 .1 4 — 9 .7 2 1 0 .1 8 1 0 .5 4
F ib e r , % Cane 1 2 .3 5 — 12.68 1 2 .9 8 1 4 .8 9

B rix E x tra c te d ,
% Cane 1 1 .1 3 1 0 .3 6 1 1 .2 8 1 1 .9 5 9 .2 8
Pol E x tra c te d ,
% C an e 8 .4 2 7 .9 5 8 .3 0 9 .0 9 7 .4 2
B rix E x tra c te d ,
% B rix in C ane 8 3 .0 3 — 8 5 .3 2 8 9 .2 9 7 0 .3 4
P o l E x tra c te d ,
% P o l in C ane 8 3 .0 7 — 8 5 .3 5 8 9 .2 9 7 0 .3 6
C r. J. Und. J . L. R . J.
Ju ic e : B rix 1 5 .9 7 .1 5 .4 9 1 4 .8 8 1 5 .9 2 1 5 .7 2 1 5 .7 4 1 5 .5 9
Pol 1 2 .3 2 1 1 .7 2 1 1 .3 6 12.21 1 1 .5 7 1 1 .9 7 1 2 .4 7
P u rity 7 7 .1 5 7 5 .6 3 7 6 .3 7 7 6 .7 0 7 3 .6 0 7 6 .0 5 7 9 .9 9
B agasse: B rix 8 .0 7 6.86 5 .9 6 9 .6 4
Pol 6.10 — 5 .0 5 4 .5 3 7 .7 1
M o istu re 4 8 .0 5 — 4 8 .3 0 4 0 .1 0 5 3 .6 0
F ib e r 4 3 .8 8 — 4 4 .8 4 5 3 .9 4 3 6 .7 6
 S A M P L E PRO CESSIN G T E S T S
S ection: 1
D ate: 1 1 /1 7 /6 1 *
S crew Box
Item F a c to ry F a r r e l -1 F a r r e l -2 P ress P ress
T r a s h , % C ane 7 .6 9 — — —
U n d ilu te d J u ic e ,
% C ane 7 1 .4 7 6 2 .6 3 7 0 .5 7 7 4 .1 4 5 6 .0 1
B a g a s s e , % C an e 2 8 .5 3 3 7 .3 7 2 9 .4 3 2 5 ,8 6 4 3 .9 9
B r i x , % C an e 1 4 .1 1 — 1 3 .4 6 1 4 .0 9 1 1 .0 7

P o l, % C an e 1 0 .8 0 _ 10 .6 5 1 1 .3 3 8 .9 9
F i b e r , % C ane 1 3 .3 0 — 1 3 .1 8 13.21 1 7 .5 5

B rix E x tra c te d ,
% C ane 1 2 .2 8 1 0 .7 0 1 1 .7 8 12.51 8 . 77
P ol E x tra c te d ,
% C an e 9 .4 5 8 .7 2 9 .3 3 1 0 .0 6 7. 12
B rix E x tra c te d ,
% B r i x in C a n e 8 7 .0 4 — 8 7 .5 1 8 8 .7 7 7 9 .2 7
P o l E x tra c te d ,
% P o l in C an e 8 7 .5 2 — 8 7 .5 9 8 8 .8 1 7 9 .2 7
C r, J. Und. J . L, R . J.
J u ic e : B rix 1 7 .0 9 1 7 .1 9 16 .8 1 1 7 .0 8 1 6.69 1 6 .8 7 1 5 .6 6
Pol 1 3 .7 6 1 3 .2 2 1 2 .3 9 1 3 .9 2 1 3 .2 2 1 3 .5 6 1 2 .7 1
P u rity 8 0 .5 1 7 6 .9 0 7 3 .7 1 8 1 .5 0 79 .21 8 0 .3 8 8 1 .1 6
B agasse: B rix 6 .4 0 — 5 .7 2 6.11 5 .2 0
Pol 4 .7 2 — 4 .5 3 4 .9 1 4 .2 2
M o istu re 4 7 .0 0 — 4 9 .5 0 4 2 .8 0 5 4 .9 0

302
F ib e r 4 6 .6 0 — 4 4 .7 8 5 1 .0 9 3 9 .9 0
 SA M P L E PR O CESSIN G T E S T S

S e c tio n : 1
D a te : 1 1 /2 0 /6 1

S c re w B ox
Item F a c to ry F a rre l-1 F a rre l-2 P ress -P ress

T r a s h , % C an e 4 .3 7 - - - -

U n d ilu te d J u i c e ,
% Cane 7 0 .5 8 6 3 .5 4 6 7 .9 6 7 5 .4 7 56. 57

B a g a s s e , % C ane 2 9 .4 2 3 6 .4 6 3 2 .0 4 2 4 .5 3 4 3 .4 3
B rix , % Cane 1 4 .6 9 - 1 4 .2 3 1 5 .2 8 12.96

P o l, % C ane 1 0 .9 9 - 1 1 .3 4 12.22 1 0 .4 0
F ib e r , % C ane 1 3 .8 0 - 1 3 .7 9 1 3 .7 3 1 5 .9 5

B rix E x tra c te d ,
% Cane 1 2 .5 9 11.20 12.02 1 3 .6 2 9 .3 7
P o l E x tra c te d ,
% C ane 9 .4 1 8.88 9 .5 9 1 0 .8 9 7 .5 1

B rix E x tra c te d ,
% B rix in C ane 8 5 .7 7 - 8 4 .5 2 8 9 .1 6 7 2 .2 9
P o l E x tra c te d ,
% P o l in C a n e 8 5 .6 5 - 8 4 .5 6 8 9 .1 5 7 2 .2 7

C r. J. U nd. J . L. R . J.
Ju ice: B rix 1 8 .0 2 1 7 .8 5 1 6 .8 0 1 7 .6 2 1 7 .6 9 1 8 .0 5 1 6 .5 6
Pol 1 4 .0 7 1 3 .3 3 1 2 .6 9 1 3 .9 9 1 4 .1 0 1 4 .4 3 1 3 .2 8
P u rity 7 6 .0 5 7 4 .6 8 7 5 .5 3 7 9 .3 7 7 9 .7 1 7 9 .9 4 8 0 .1 6

B agasse: B rix 7 .1 0 — 6 .8 7 6 .7 4 8 .2 8

303
Pol 5 .3 6 - 5 .4 7 5 .3 9 6 .6 4
M o istu re 4 6 .0 0 - 5 0 .1 0 3 7 .3 0 5 5 .0 0
F ib e r 4 6 .9 0 4 3 .0 3 5 5 .9 6 3 6 .7 2
 SA M P L E PRO CESSIN G T E S T S

S e c tio n : 2
D ate: 1 1 /2 1 /6 1
S c rew B ox
Item F a c to ry F a rre l-1 F a r r e l -2 P ress P ress

T r a s h , % C an e 3 .1 2 — — — —
U n d ilu te d J u i c e ,
% C ane 6 9 .7 0 65.51 7 1 .3 5 7 3 .4 4 5 5 .2 0

B a g a s s e , % C an e 3 0 .3 0 3 4 .4 9 2 8 .6 5 2 6 .5 6 4 4 .8 0
B rix , % C ane 1 5 .1 9 — 1 5 .3 3 1 5 .2 3 1 4 .0 5

P o l, % C a n e 12.10 12.41 1 2 .3 3 1 1 .5 3
F i b e r , % C an e 1 3 .3 8 — 12.90 1 3 .5 5 1 5 .6 8

B rix E x tra c te d ,
% C an e 1 2 .5 9 1 1 .5 6 1 3 .0 7 1 3 .3 8 9 .2 6
P ol E x tra c te d ,
% C an e 1 0 .0 4 9 .4 4 10 .5 8 1 0 .8 3 7 .6 0

B r ix E x tra c te d ,
% B r i x in C a n e 8 2 .8 6 — 8 5 .2 9 8 7 .8 3 6 5 .8 9
Pol E x tra c te d ,
% P o l in C an e 8 2 .9 0 __ 8 5 .2 5 8 7 .8 3 6 5 .9 0
Cr • J ■ Und. J . L .R . J.
J u ic e : B rix 1 8 .1 0 1 8 .0 6 1 7 .6 8 1 7 .6 5 1 8 .3 3 1 8 .2 2 1 6 .7 7
Pol 1 4 .6 8 1 4 .4 0 1 3 .2 8 14 .41 1 4 .8 2 1 4 .7 5 1 3 .7 7
P u rity 8 1 .1 0 7 9 .7 1 7 5 .5 4 8 1 .6 4 8 0 .8 5 8 0 .9 5 8 2 .1 1

B agasse: B rix 8 .5 9 — 7 .8 9 6.98 1 0 .7 0

Pol 6 .8 2 — 6 .3 8 5 .6 5 8 . 78
M o istu re 4 7 .2 4 — 4 7 .1 0 4 2 .0 0 5 4 .3 0
t

304
F ib e r 4 4 .1 7 4 5 .0 1 5 1 .0 2 3 5 .0 0
 S A M P L E PROCESSIN G T E S T S
Sectio n: 1
D a te: 1 1 /2 7 /6 1
S crew Box
Item F a c to ry F a r r e l -1 F a r r e l -2 P ress P ress

T r a s h , % C an e 4 .3 0 — — —
U n d ilu te d J u ic e ,
% Cane 69.16 6 1 .6 5 6 8 .3 9 7 3 .1 1 5 7 .8 0

B a g a s s e , % C an e 3 0 .8 4 3 8 .3 5 31 .6 1 2 6 .8 9 4 2 .2 0
B rix , % Cane 1 4 .2 2 — 1 4 .1 0 1 4 .8 2 1 3 .1 6

P o l, % C ane 1 0 .6 4 — 1 0 .6 0 1 1 .0 8 9 .9 8
F ib e r , % C ane 1 4 .7 9 — 1 5 .0 9 1 5 .1 4 1 5 .8 7

B rix E x tra c te d ,
% C an e 12.21 11.12 1 2 .3 2 1 3 .5 0 9 .7 8
P o l E x tra c te d ,
% Cane 9 .2 2 8 .5 5 9 .2 5 1 0 .0 9 7 .4 2

B rix E x tra c te d ,
% B r i x in C a n e 8 5 .8 6 — 8 7 .3 7 9 1 .0 9 7 4 .2 9
P o l E x tra c te d ,
% P o l in C ane 86.68 — 8 7 .3 6 91.06 7 4 .3 8
C r, J. Und. J . La R . J .
J u ic e : B rix 1 8 .4 8 1 7 .6 5 1 6 .6 8 1 8 .0 5 18.01 1 8 .4 6 1 6 .9 2
Pol 1 4 .1 5 1 3 .3 3 1 1 .7 6 1 3 .8 7 1 3 .5 3 1 3 .8 0 1 2 .8 4
P u rity 7 6 .5 7 7 5 .5 5 7 0 .4 7 7 6 .8 4 7 5 .1 3 7 4 .7 6 7 5 .9 1
B agasse: B rix 6 .5 3 — 5 .6 5 4 .9 1 8.00
Pol 4 .6 0 — 4»24 3 .6 7 ,6 .0 7
M o istu re 4 5 .5 0 — 4 6 .6 0 3 8 .8 0 5 4 .4 0

305
F ib e r 4 7 .9 7 -- 4 7 .7 5 5 6 .2 9 3 7 .6 0
 S A M P L E PR O CESSIN G T E S T S
Sectio n: 2
D ate: 1 1 /2 8 /6 1
Screw B ox
Item F a c to ry F a r r e l -1 F a r r e l -2 P ress P ress
T r a s h , % C an e 2 .8 2 - — —
U n d ilu te d J u ic e ,
% C ane 7 1 .4 2 6 3 .7 8 7 2 .3 3 7 6 .2 2 5 9 .9 3

B a g a s s e , % C ane 2 8 .5 8 3 6 .2 2 2 7 .6 7 2 3 .7 3 4 0 .6 1
B r i x , % C an e 1 4 .0 8 — 1 3 .9 7 1 4 .0 1 1 2 .9 9
P o l, % C a n e 1 1 .2 8 — 1 1 .1 4 1 1 .9 0 10.86
F i b e r , % C ane 1 3 .5 2 — 1 3 .1 5 1 4 .4 5 17.11

B rix E x tra c te d
% C an e 12.20 1 1 .0 3 12 .2 5 1 2 .9 9 9 .6 9
Pol E x tra c te d
% C an e 9 .8 3 9.21 9 .7 7 1 0 .3 7 8.10

B rix E x tra c te d ,
% B r i x in C a n e 8 6 . 63 — 8 7 .7 2 9 2 .6 7 7 4 .4 0
Pol E x tra c te d ,
% P o l in C a n e 8 7 .1 5 - 8 7 .7 0 9 2 .6 5 7 4 .4 5
C r. J. U nd. J . L. R a J.
J u ic e : B rix 1 7 .7 7 1 7 .0 8 1 6 .4 9 1 7 .2 9 1 6 .9 4 1 7 .0 4 1 6 .1 7
Pol 1 4 .1 7 1 3 .7 6 1 2 .6 9 1 4 .4 4 13.51 1 3 .6 0 1 3 .5 2
P u rity 7 9 .7 1 8 0 .2 6 7 6 .9 3 8 3 .5 2 7 9 .7 5 7 9 .8 1 8 3 .6 1
B agasse: B rix 6 .5 8 6 .1 9 4 .3 3 8.12
Pol 5 .0 7 — 4 .9 4 3 .4 6 6 .7 9
M o istu re 4 6 .1 0 — 4 6 .3 0 3 5 .9 0 4 9 .7 5
F ib e r 4 7 .3 2 — 4 7 .5 1 6 0 .7 7 4 2 .1 3
 S A M P L E PR O CESSIN G T E S T S
Section: 2
D ate: 1 1 /3 0 /6 1
S crew B ox
Item F a c to ry F a rre l-1 F a rre l-2 P ress P ress

T r a s h , % C an e 4 .8 5 — — — -
U n d ilu te d J u ic e ,
% Cane 68.06 6 1 .0 7 6 6 .0 4 7 0 .4 3 5 2 .5 6

B a g a s 8 , % C an e 3 1 .9 4 3 8 .9 3 3 3 .9 6 2 9 .5 7 4 7 .4 4
B rix , % Cane 1 4 .2 0 — 15 .5 3 1 5 .8 5 14 .41

P o l, % C an e 1 1 .9 1 — 13 .3 3 1 3 .2 4 1 2 .9 0
F i b e r , % C ane 1 5 .6 0 — 1 5 .9 7 1 6 .1 7 1 6 .2 2

B rix E x tra c te d ,
% C ane 1 2 .3 9 1 1 .9 0 1 2 .8 0 1 3 .7 5 9. 66
•
P o l E x tra c te d
% C an e 1 0 .5 4 1 0 . 12 1 0 .9 9 11 .4 9 8 .6 5

B rix E x tra c te d ,
% B r i x in C ane 8 7 .2 9 - 8 2 .3 9 8 6 .7 4 6 7 .0 7
P o l E x tra c te d ,
% P o l in C a n e 8 8 .4 9 — 8 2 .3 9 8 6 .7 4 6 7 .0 7
C r. J. Und. J . L. R . J.
J u ic e : B rix 1 9 .3 9 18 .21 1 8 .0 8 1 9 .4 8 1 9 .3 8 1 9 .5 2 1 8 .3 9
Pol 1 6 .3 8 1 5 .4 9 1 4 .4 9 1 6 .5 6 1 6 .6 4 1 6 .3 1 1 6 .4 6
P u rity 8 4 .4 8 8 5 .0 6 8 0 .1 4 8 5 .0 1 8 5 .8 6 8 3 .5 6 8 9 .5 1

B agasse: B rix 5 .6 5 — 8 .0 6 7 .1 0 10.00

Pot 4 .3 0 — 6 .9 2 5 .9 3 8 .9 5
M o istu re 4 5 .5 1 — 4 4 .9 0 3 8 .2 0 5 5 .8 0

307
F ib e r 4 8 .8 4 — 4 7 .0 4 5 4 .7 0 3 4 .2 0
 S A M P L E PR O CESSIN G T E S T S
S ection: 1
D ate: 1 2 /1 /6 1
S crew B ox
Item F a c to ry F a r r e l -1 F a r r e l -2 P ress P ress

T r a s h , % C ane 6 .6 7 — — — —
U n d ilu te d J u i c e ,
% C an e 7 0 .9 4 6 5 .3 6 7 0 .0 5 7 5 .9 2 5 7 .4 9
B a g a s s e , % C an e 2 9 . 06 3 4 .6 3 2 9 .9 5 2 4 .0 8 42. 51
B r i x , % C ane 1 4 .6 7 — 1 4 .4 8 1 5 .0 4 1 2 .2 7

P o l , % C ane 11 .8 3 — 11. 73 1 2 .3 9 1 0 . 18
F i b e r , % C ane 13. 56 — 1 3 .6 6 1 3 .4 9 1 5 .6 2

B rix E x tra c te d
% C an e 12. 54 1 1 . 62 1 2 .3 5 13. 61 9 .2 8
P o l E x tra c te d
% C ane 1 0 . 16 9 .6 9 10.01 11.21 7. 70
B rix E x tra c te d
% B r i x in C ane 3 5 .5 0 — 8 5 .3 2 9 0 .4 5 7 5 .6 6
Pol E x tra c te d ,
% P o l in C a n e 8 6 . 03 - 8 5 .3 2 9 0 .5 0 7 5 .6 0
C r . J. Und. J . L . R * J.
J u ic e : B rix 1 8 .2 0 17. 68 1 7 .0 5 1 7 .7 7 1 7 .6 2 1 7 .9 3 1 6 .1 6
Pol 1 4 .9 5 14. 32 1 3 .3 6 1 4 .8 3 1 4 .2 9 1 4 .7 7 1 3 .3 8
P u rity 82. 14 8 0 .9 4 7 8 .3 6 . 8 3 .4 6 81. 10 8 2 .3 8 8 2 .8 0

B agasse: B rix 7. 33 — 7 .0 9 5 .9 6 7 .0 4
Pol 5 .7 4 — 5 ,7 5 4 .9 1 5 .8 3
M o istu re 46. 00 — 4 7 .3 0 3 8 .0 0 5 6 .2 0

308
F ib e r 46. 67 — 4 5 .6 1 5 6 .0 4 36. 76
 SA M P L E PR O CESSIN G T E S T S
S e c tio n : 1
D a te: 1 2 /4 /6 1
S crew B ox
Item F a c to ry F a rre l-1 r a r r e l -2 P ress P ress
T r a s h , % C ane 7 .3 2 —
U n d ilu te d J u i c e ,
% C an e 6 8 .6 1 6 0 .0 6 6 8 .3 0 7 1 .3 3 5 2 .2 8

B a g a s se , % C ane 3 1 .3 9 3 9 .9 4 3 1 .7 0 2 8 .6 7 4 7 .7 2
B rix , % C ane 1 4 .7 8 — 14 .9 2 1 5 .2 0 1 3 .1 3

P o l, % C ane 1 2 .0 7 — 1 2 .5 4 1 2 .3 8 1 1 .3 7
F i b e r , % C an e 1 4 .5 5 — 14.71 1 5 .5 5 1 8 .8 4

B rix E x tra c te d ,
% C an e 1 2 .3 8 10.90 12. 63 1 3 .5 9 9 .0 9
Pol E x tra c te d ,
% C an e 1 0 .1 8 9 .4 8 1 0 .6 2 1 1 .0 6 7 .8 7
B rix E x tra c te d ,
% B r i x in C a n e 8 3 .7 6 — 8 4 .6 4 8 9 .4 6 69.22
Pol E x tra c te d ,
% PoL in C a n e 8 4 .3 7 _ 84. 68 8 9 .3 5 6 9 .2 0
C r. J. U nd. J. L . R . J.
J u ic e : B rix - 1 9 .1 6 1 8 .0 4 1 7 .7 8 1 8 .1 6 1 8 .4 9 1 9 .0 5 1 7 .3 7
Pol 16 .1 2 1 4 .8 4 1 4 .0 1 1 5 .7 9 1 5 .5 6 1 5 .51 1 5 .0 5
P u rity 8 4 .1 4 8 2 .2 9 7 8 .8 0 8 6 .9 5 8 4 .1 5 8 1 .4 2 8 6 .6 4

B agasse: B rix 7 .6 4 — 7 .2 0 5 .5 8 8 .4 8
Pol 6.02 6 . 06 4 .6 0 7 .3 5
M o istu re 4 6 .0 0 4 6 .4 0 4 0 .2 0 5 2 .0 5
F ib e r 4 6 .3 6 — 4 6 .4 0 5 4 .2 2 3 9 .4 7

309
 I

SA M P L E PR O CESSIN G T E S T S
S ectio n : 2
D ate: 1 2 /5 /6 1
S c rew B ox
Item F a c to ry F a rre l-1 F a rre l-2 P ress P ress

T r a s h , % C ane 2 . 60 — — — —
U n d ilu te d J u i c e ,
% Cane 69.81 6 3 .7 6 68 .9 1 7 1 .6 6 5 0 .8 5

B a g a s se , % Cane 3 0 .1 9 3 6 .2 4 3 1 .0 9 2 8 .3 4 4 9 .1 5
B r i x , % C an e 1 4 .9 7 — 1 4 .8 0 1 5 .3 4 1 2 .9 9

P o l, % C an e 1 2 .2 4 1 2 .4 2 1 2 .8 5 1 0 .8 0
F i b e r , % C ane 1 4 .0 7 — 1 4 .4 2 1 4 .4 5 1 7 .8 9
B rix E x tra c te d
% C ane 1 2 .6 9 11 .5 3 1 2 .6 3 13.-32 8 . 71
P ol E x tra c te d
% C ane 10. 56 9 .8 7 10.51 11.16 7 .2 4
B rix E x tra c te d ,
% B r i x in C an e 8 4 .7 5 — 8 4 .6 4 86.86 6 7 .0 4
Pol E x tra c te d ,
% P o l in C a n e 8 6 .3 2 — 8 4 .6 2 8 6 .8 5 6 7 .0 5
C r . J. Und. J. L . R . J.
J u ic e : B rix 1 8 .8 2 18. 18 1 7 .7 5 1 8 .0 8 1 8 .1 8 1 8 .6 0 1 7 .1 3
Pol 1 5 .8 6 1 5 .1 3 1 3 .0 1 1 5 .4 8 1 5 .2 6 1 5 .5 7 1 4 .2 4
P u rity 8 4 .2 7 8 3 .2 2 7 3 .3 0 8 5 .6 2 8 3 .9 4 8 3 .7 1 83. 11

B agasse: B rix 7 .5 7 — 7 .3 1 7 .1 2 8 .7 1
Pol 5 .5 5 — 6 .1 4 5 .9 6 7 .2 4
M o is tu r e 4 5 .8 3 — 4 6 .3 0 4 1 .9 0 5 4 .9 0
F ib e r 4 6 .6 0 — 5 0 .9 8

310
4 6 .3 9 3 6 .3 9
 S A M P L E PRO CESSIN G T E S T S
S e c tio n : 2
D ate: 1 2 /7 /6 1
S crew B ox
Item F a c to ry F a rre l-1 F a rre l-2 P ress P ress

T r a s h , % C an e 7 .6 2
U n d ilu te d J u i c e ,
% C an e 6 6 .8 4 6 0 .0 0 6 5 .6 0 68.22 5 1 .7 6

B a g a s s e , % C an e 3 3 .1 6 4 0 .0 0 3 4 .4 0 3 1 .7 8 4 8 .2 4
B r i x , % C an e 15.21 -• 1 4 .9 3 1 5 .4 6 1 3 .9 5

P o l, % C a n e 1 2 .6 9 1 2 .8 7 1 3 .2 6 1 1 .9 0
F i b e r , % C ane 1 4 .8 4 — 1 5 .7 0 1 6 .4 9 1 8 .0 3
B rix E x tra c te d ,
% C an e 1 2 .4 4 1 1 .3 8 12 .4 0 1 3 .1 4 8 .8 9
P ol E x t r a c t e d ,
% C an e 1 0 .4 4 9 .8 1 1 0 .6 9 1 1 .2 7 7 .5 9

B rix E x tra c te d ,
% B r i x in C a n e 8 1 .7 7 — 8 3 .0 1 8 4 .9 9 6 3 .7 6
Pol E x tra c te d ,
% PoL in C a n e 8 2 .2 9 _ 8 3 .0 5 8 4 .9 9 6 3 .7 7
C r, J. Und. J, L . R . J.
Ju ic e : B rix 1 9 .4 0 1 8 .6 1 1 8 .0 0 18.96 1 8 .9 0 19.26 1 7 .1 8
Pol 1 6 .4 7 1 5 .6 2 1 4 .5 5 1 6 .3 5 1 6 .2 9 1 6 .5 2 14. 66
P u rity 8 4 .9 0 8 3 .9 4 8 0 .8 1 86.20 8 6 .1 9 8 5 .7 7 8 5 .3 3
B agasse: B rix 8 .3 7 7 .3 6 7 .3 0 1 0 .4 8
Pol 6 .7 7 — 6 .3 4 6 .2 6 8 .9 4
M o istu re 4 6 .8 7 — 4 7 .0 0 4 0 .8 0 5 2 .1 5

311
F ib e r 4 4 .7 6 — 4 5 .6 4 5 1 .9 0 3 7 .3 7
 S A M P L E PR O CESSIN G T E S T S
S ection: 1
D ate: 1 2 /8 /6 1
Screw Box
I te m F a c to ry F a rre l-1 F a rre l-2 P ress P ress

T r a s h , % Cane 1 2 . 00 . — — - —
U n d ilu ted J u ic e ,
% C an e 69.20 6 1 .8 3 6 8 .1 9 7 1 .4 3 4 9 .9 2

B a g a s s e , % C an e 3 0 .8 0 3 8 .1 7 3 1 .8 1 2 8 .5 7 5 0 .0 8
B r i x , % C an e 1 4 .9 6 — 1 4 .6 4 1 4 .5 8 1 1 .1 6

P o l ; % C an e 1 2 .4 5 1 2 .3 6 1 2 .3 7 9 .5 8
F i b e r , % C ane 1 4 .5 6 — 1 4 .2 7 1 4 .9 7 21.16

B rix E x tra c te d
% C ane 1 2 .8 2 1 1 .6 9 12.71 12.98 8 .5 1
P ot E x tra c te d
% C ane 1 0 .7 4 1 0 .2 5 1 0 .7 4 11.01 7 .3 1

B rix E x tra c te d ,
% B r i x in C ane 8 5 .7 2 — 86.86 8 9 .0 4 7 6 .2 9
Pol E x tra c te d ,
% PoL in C a n e 8 6 .2 5 — 8 6 .8 9 88.96 7 6 .2 8
C r. J. Und. J. L. R a J.
Ju ic e : B rix 1 8 .9 2 1 8 .5 3 1 8 .0 7 1 8 .91 1 8 .6 4 1 8 .1 8 1 7 .0 6
Pol 16.01 1 5 .5 2 1 4 .4 2 1 6 .5 8 1 5 .7 5 15 .41 1 4 .6 3
P u rity 8 4 .6 2 8 3 .7 6 7 9 .9 7 8 7 .6 8 8 4 .4 7 8 4 . 76 8 5 .7 6

B agasse: B rix 6 .9 4 — 6 .0 5 5 .5 8 5 .2 9
Pol 5 .5 5 — 5 .1 1 4 .7 3 4 .5 4
M o is tu r e 4 5 .3 0 4 9 .1 0 4 2 .0 0 5 2 .4 5
F ib e r 4 7 ,2 6 4 4 .8 5 5 2 .4 2 4 2 .2 6
 VITA

John J . S e i p w a s b o r n in E r i e , P e n n s y lv a n ia , on A p r i l 8,

1917. He r e c e i v e d h i s g r a m m a r s c h o o l and high s c h o o l e d u c a tio n

in A lle n to w n , P e n n s y l v a n i a . He a t t e n d e d L o u isia n a S ta te U n i v e r s i ty

f r o m 1937 to 1941, r e c e i v i n g the B . S . d e g re e in C h e m i c a l E n g i n e e r -

in g in 1943. A f t e r s e r v i n g f o u r y e a r s in the a r m e d f o r c e s , he r e ­

t u r n e d to L o u is ia n a S ta te U n i v e r s i t y t o c o m p lete h i s M .S . d e g r e e

in C h e m i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g in 1947.

F o llo w in g w o r k in the r a w s u g a r and the p e t r o l e u m r e f i n i n g

i n d u s t r i e s he r e t u r n e d t o L o u is ia n a S ta te U n iv e rs ity in S e p te m b e r

of 1959 fo r f u r t h e r , g r a d u a te s tu d y . H e is p r e s e n tly a c a n d id a te f o r

the P h .D d e g r e e in C h e m i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g a t L o u is ia n a S tate

U n i v e r s i ty , an d is c u r r e n t l y s e r v i n g on the staff of th e C h e m i c a l

E n g in e e r i n g D e p a r t m e n t .

313
 EXAMINATION AND THESIS REPORT

Candidate: John Jacob S eip

Major Field: c h em ic a l E n g in e e r in g

Title of Thesis: ^ Method o f D eterm in in g Sugar Cane Q u a l i t y in

L o u is ia n a .
Approved:

Major Professor and Chairman

Dean of the Graduate School

EXAMINING COMMITTEE:

/ { y /L tso /V -w

Date of Examination: “ _________________________________

■Tnnuary 9 y JL963