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vQ SHULRDGD DQDOL]DW  FX QLYHOXO UHDOL]DW vQ SHULRDGD LPHGLDW DQWHULRDU  VDX vQ DOWH SHULRDGH
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M M
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Y Z Y Z Y Z [\
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FRPSDUD LH

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Ç To
fkj j j r s g

( ) ( )
k Sh
p q hi i i lm hi i i lm hi i i lm hi i i lm
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l = - Un q k - Un q j = - Un q k - Un q j
 

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uwx x x y z v

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€ €
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GLPLQXDUHDFLIUHLGHDIDFHULHIHFWLYHFRPSDUDWLYFXFHDSUHY ]XW SHVHDPDFUHúWHULLFRVWXOXLXQLWDU

FRPSOHWHIHFWLYFRPSDUDWLYFXFHOSUHY ]XW

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V VHYHULILFHUHOD LDGHVLVWHP
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Ç T¬
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(ILFLHQ DXWLOL] ULLPLMORDFHORUIL[H


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Fî = Fí + Fì 

vQFDUH

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