ICS-Network+ Windows XP

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ICS & Network
Introduction to Computer Science

1/ Computer 1
2/ History of Computer Science 1
3/ Types of Computer 2
4/ Parts of Computer 2
5/ Program 3
6/ Artificial Intelligence(AI) 3
7/ Future of AI 4
8/ Process of Computer 5
9/ Number Systems 6
10/ Components of Computer 8
11/ System Unit 8
12/ Mother Board / Main Board 8
13/ Bus, Slot and I/O Card 8
14/ Classes of I/O Buses 9
15/ Microprocessors 9
16/ Chipset 9
17/ Memory 11
18/ Monitor 11
19/ Keyboard 11
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20/ Mouse 11
21/ Printer 11
22/ Impact Printer 12
23/ Daisy Wheel Printer 12
24/ Dot Matrix Printer 12
25/ Non-Impact Printer 12
26/ Hard Disk 12
27/ CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory) 13
28/ Notice of the Computer Users 14
29/ Speed and Capacity 15
30/ Using Mouse 16
31/ Mouse Pointer Shapes 16
32/ Proper Shut Down 17
33/ Disk Cleanup 17
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Networking
1/ Network Connection 18
2/ Type of Network 18
3/ Local Area Network (LAN) 18
4/ Metropolitan Area Network (MAN 18
5/ Wide Area Network (WAN ) 18
6/ Benifits of Using Network 19
7/ Network Topologies 19
8/ Ring Topology 20
9/ Bus Topology 21
10/ Star Topology 21
11/ Mesh Topology 22
12/ NetWork Cabling 23
13/ Workgroup and Domain Server 26
14/ Network Configuration 26
15/ Network Protocol 27
16/ Connection RJ-45 and Check Connection 27
17/ IP Address 28
18/ Sharing Documnets and Devices 28
19/ Security (Local Area Network) 28
20/ Using Net Meeting 29
21/ Using Remote Desktop 29
22/ Using Internet and E-mail 29
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23/ Type of Network Connectivity Devices 30
24/ Access Points 30
25/ Transmission Technique 31
26/ Wi-Fi(Wireless Fidelity) 31
27/ OSI Model 31
28/ IEEE 802 Networking Standards 32
29/ Configuring TCP/IP on WorkGroup 32
30/ Configuring Computer and WorkGroup Name 33
31/ IPCONFIG 33
32/ PING (Packet Internet Groper) 34
33/ Internet 35
34/ Dialup Connection 35
35/ Make New Connection 35
36/ Connecting to ISP (or) Internet 37
37/ Addrss Bar 37
38/ Add to Favourite 37
39/ View Favourite 38
40/ Open History 38
41/ Set History 38
42/ Clear History 38
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43/ Clean Cache 38
44/ E-Mail 39
45/ e-Mail Address 39
46/ Mail Box 39
47/ e-Mail Message 39
48/ Attached File 40
49/ Size 40
50/ Program 40
51/ Coding System 40
52/ Make New Connection 40
53/ Sending & Receiving e-Mail 40
ICS & Network 1 uGeyf sLwmenf;ynmbmom&yf
Introduction to Computer Science

Computer
1/ uGeyf sLwmqko d nfrmS tcsut
f vufrsm;ukd owif; odrYk [kwf tajz tjzpfoUkd wGucf suf
vkyaf qmifaf y;ygonf/ uGeyf sLwmonf ñTeMf um;csurf sm;ukd wdusvsijf refpmG ESihf rSerf eS u
f efuef
vkyaf qmifay;Ekid af om tDvufxa&mepf ESihf pufrq I ikd &f mpufypön;f [kvnf; t"dygÜ ,fziG q hf Edk idk f
ygonf/ uGeyf sLwmonf tcsut f vufrsm;udk xnfo h iG ;f jcif;(Input)? wGucf suaf qmif&u G jf cif;
(Processing)? odr;f qnf;jcif; (Storage)? jyefxw
k Mf unfEh ikd jf cif;(Output) wdu
Yk kd aqmif&u G af y;
ygonf/
History of Computer Science

2/ Computer Science \jzpfay:ajymif;vJro
I rkid ;f rSm atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfygonf-
pOf ckESpf Generation tokH;jyKaomypönf; tjrefEIef;
1/ 1200 - Abacus (Decimal tajccHayoD;wGuc f surf I)
2/ 1800 - Automatic Mechanical Calculator
3/ 1896 - Punch Card Machine
4/ 1950 1 Gen:
st
Vaccum tube 1000 cal/sec
5/ 1960 2 nd Gen: Transistors 10×1st Gen
6/ 1965 3 rd Gen: Integreated Circuit(IC) 100×2 nd Gen
7/ 1970 4 th Gen: Microprocessor 50×3 rd Gen
8/ 1980 5 th Gen: Artificial Intelligence(AI) Million Inst/sec
Defence Services Computer Department uuuGef

Types of Computer
3/ uGeyf sLwmtrsK;d tpm;rsm;udk 4if;wd\ Yk pGr;f aqmifEidk rf yI rmP? tjrefEeI ;f ESihf csw d qf uftoH;k jyK
Edik af om Terminal ta&twGuw f t Ykd ay:rlwnfjy;D atmufygtwkid ;f trsKd ;tpm;cJjG cm;xm;ygonf-
(u) Super Computer/ tvGejf rifrh m;aom pGr;f aqmifEidk rf I &SNd y;D a':vm oef;aygif;
rsm;pGm wefz;dk &Syd gonf/ odyq HÜ idk &f mvkyif ef;rsm;jzpfaom &moDOwk cefrY eS ;f jcif;?
aq;okawoe jyKvyk jf cif;ponfv h yk if ef;rsm;wGif tok;H jyK ygonf/ 4if;uGeyf sLwmrsm;
wGif atmufazmfjyyg toGit f jyifvu©Pmrsm;&Syd gonf-
(1) tjrifq h ;Hk tjrefEeI ;f ESiphf rG ;f yum;
(2) Bu;D rm;aomvkyif ef;ESio hf akd vSmifryI rmP
(3) tBu;D rm;qk;H ½ky0f w¬Ktwkid ;f twm
(4) tjrifrh m;qk;H wefz;dk
( c ) Mainframe Computer/ t½G,t f pm; Bu;D rm;aom uGeyf sLwmrsm; jzpfMuNy;D
Super Computer rsm;uJo h Ykd pGr;f &nfrjrifrh m;aomfvnf; Bu;D rm;aompGr;f aqmifEidk rf I
ESihf odak vSmifEikd rf I &Syd gonf/ Main-frame rsm;tm; tzJUG tpnf;Bu;D rsm;wGif Data
rsm;tm; A[kw d uG cf surf I jyKvyk af y;&eftwGuf tok;H jyKonf/ bPfrsm;? avaMumif;
vkid ;f rsm;? tmrcH vkyif ef;rsm;? pmykv Yd yk if ef;rsm;? wuúov dk rf sm;? taumuftcGerf sm;
ponfww Ykd iG f tok;H jyKonf/
( * ) Mini Computer/ Mainframe Computer \ csw d q f ufEikd af om Terminal
ta&twGu?f pGr;f aqmifEikd rf x I uf enf;onf/ Mainframe Computer toH;k jyK&ef
rvdak om uGeyf sLwmjzifh wGucf suv f yk af qmifjcif; vkyif ef;e,fy,ftoD;oD;wGif
toH;k jyKEikd yf gonf/
( C ) Micro Computer(Personal Computer PC)/ t½G,t f pm; ao;i,fí
tvG,w f ul o,faqmifEidk Nf y;D pm;yJG ay:wGif wifaqmiftok;H jyKEidk o f nf/ Micro
Computer rsm;tm; Network wpfco k Ydk csw f uí
d q f Terminal tjzpf tok;H jyKjcif;
jzifh Personal Computer ESihf Workstation tjzpf tok;H jyKEidk o f nf/ Micro
Computer rsm;udk tdrr f sm;? ausmif;rsm;? ½k;H rsm;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;tzJUG tpnf;rsm;wGif
us,fjyefYpGm tokH;jyKygonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh wpfOD;csif;tokH;jyK&aompepf
jzpfygonf/ Personal Computer rsm;\ t½G,yf rmPtay:rlwnfí atmufyg
twkid ;f cJjG cm;xm;ygonf-
(1) Desktops
(2) Laptops( 8-20 Pounds)
(3) Notebooks( 4-7.5 Pounds)

(4) Pocket PCs or Hand Held PC (1 Pound or Less)

(5) Palmtops(1 Pound or Less) Screen ay:wGif Pen jzifah &;í Data
rsm;ukd xnfo
h iG ;f edik o
f nf/
Parts of Computer
4/ uGeyf sLwmwpfv;Hk wGif atmufygtpdwt f ykid ;f rsm; yg0ifygonf-
(u) Hardware/ xdawGUukid w f ,
G í
f &aom ypön;f ud&, d mrsm;ukd ac:qkyd gonf/ Oyrm-
Harddisk, Floppydisk, Monitor
(c) Software/ xdawGUukid wf ,
G íf r&aom tpdwt
f ykid ;f rsm;ukd ac:qkyd gonf/ Oyrm-
System Software (pufvnfywf&ef tokH;jyKaom y½dk*&rf)? Application
Software (tok;H csy½d*
k &rfrsm;)/
(*) Firmware / Hardware ESifh Software aygif;pyf yg0ifaom ypönf;ukd
ac:qdyk gonf/ Oyrm- ROMBIOS
Program
5/ Program qko d nfrmS trdeñYf eT Mf um;csurf sm;tm; tpDtpOfwus pkpnf;xm;jcif; jzpfonf/
tqdyk g ñTeMf um;csurf sm;ukd Programming Language rsm;jzifh a&;om;xm;onf/ Programming
language generation rsm;udk atmufygtwdi k ;f cJjG cm;xm;Edik yf gonf-
Generations of Programming Languages

pOff Generation Language
1/ 1 st Generation Machine language
2/ 2 nd Generation Assembly language
3/ 3 rd Generation High-level language
4/ 4 th Generation Very High-level language
5/ 5 th Generation Natural language
Artificial Intelligence(AI)
6/ AI onf Computer Science \ tpdwt f ykid ;f wpfcjk zpfygonf/ AI zefw;D &eftwGuf
Program a&;om;&mwGif uRr;f usiaf om Programmer rsm;? Hardware qki d &f m uRr;f usio f rl sm;
ESihf oufqidk &f m bmom&yfuRr;f usio
f yl nm&Sirf sm;aygif;pyfí wnfaqmuf,&l ygonf/ AI onf
odyeHÜ nf;ynm\ Field wpfcjk zpfonf/ AI ukd atmufaz:jyyg t"dutpdwt f ykid ;f rsm;tjzpf
xyfrcH jGJ cm;Ekid yf gonf-

(u) Expert System / bmom&yfqi dk &f m uRr;f usio

f l Expert rsm;\ tawG;tac:?
tawGU tBuKH ? A[kow
k rsm;ukd Computer ynm&Sirf sm;\tultnDjzifh Program
rsm; a&;om; jcif ; ES i f h Hardware qk d i f & m enf ; ynmrsm; aygif ; pyf & ef
wnf a qmuf x m;jcif ; jzpf o nf / Expert System pepf o nf Expert
rsm;\ae&mwG i f tpm;xk d ; &ef r[k w f y g/ Expert rsm;\ tawG U tBuH K ?
A[kow k rsm;ukd vlUywf0ef;usiw f iG f us,jf yefpY mG tok;H csEidk &f ef jzpfygonf/
( c) Natural Language Processing (NLP) / Computer tokH;jyKolrsm;\
wwfuRr;f em;vnfaom bmompum;jzifh Keyboard rS trdeaYf y;í Computer
tm; ckdif;apjcif;? Computer ESifh tjyeftvSefqufoG,faqmif½Gufjcif;ukd
pGr;f aqmifEidk o
f nfh enf;ynm jzpfygonf/ 4if;enf;ynmtm; atmufaz:jyyg
e,fy,f(2)cktjzpf xyfrcH jGJ cm; Ekid yf gonf-
(1) Natural Language Understanding
(2) Natural Language Generation
( *) Speech(voice) Understanding(SU) / Computer udk toHjzifh trdeaYf y;
vkyaf qmifapjcif;^tjyeftvSeq f ufo, G jf cif; enf;ynm jzpfygonf/
(C) Robotic and Sensory System / tm½kc H rH eI nf;ynm ESihf puf½yk ef nf;ynm
rsm;ukd aygif;pyftok;H jyKonfh enf;ynm jzpfygonf-
(1) Robotic System / puf½yk w f iG f Electrical ESihf Electronic qkid &f m
ypön;f rsm;? Mechanical qkid &f mypön;f rsm; aygif;pyf yg0ifwnfaqmuf
xm;aom Electro Mechanical Device jzpfygonf/ 4if; Robot tm;
Program rsm; xnfo h iG ;f í owfrw S x f m;onfh abmiftwGi;f ü trsKd ;rsKd ;
vkyaf qmifEidk yf gonf/
(2) Sensory System / tjrifudk tm½kcH jH cif;? Mum;cHe,f\ajymif;vJru I dk
tm½kcH jH cif;? toHudk tm½kcH jH cif; ponfph epfrsm;tjzpf trsKd ;rsKd ;&SEd idk yf gonf/
Intelligence Robot rsm;onf ywf0ef;usit f ajctaersm;tm; tm½kcH í H
olUtvkt d avsmuf vkyaf qmifjcif;jzifh information qkid &f m tajzukd &&Sd
atmif pGrf;aqmifEkdifpGrf; &Sdygonf/ ,if;tcsufonf Automatic
Machine rsm;ESihf uJjG ym;jcm;em;csuf jzpfonf/
( i) Computer Vision and Scene Recognition / Machine Sensor wpfcr k S

&&Sad om tcsutf vufrsm;udk Digitized vkyx
f m;jcif; jzpfonf/ tjrifqidk &f m
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ukd Computer wGif xnfhoGif;xm;aom A[kokw
tajccHonfh Program rsm; (Knowledge Base)jzifh aygif;pyfxm;onfh enf;ynm
jzpfonf/ 4if;rS&&Sad om Result onf puf½yk rf t S p pufrq I idk &f mvIy&f mS ;rIrsm;?
Quality Control qki d &f mrsm;txd xde;f csKyv
f yk af qmifEidk o
f nf/
( p) Intelligence Computer Aided Instruction(ICAI) / vl r sm;uk d
enf;ynmwpfck ESifhywfoufí enf;jyq&mwpfa,mufuJhokdY oifjyEkdifonfh
enf;ynm jzpfonf/ ,ck ICAI Program rsm;rSm tok;H jyKoEl iS hf tjyeftvSef
qufoG,faqmif½GufajzMum;Ekdifonfh tqifhokdY a&muf&Sdaejcif;rSm AI qkdif&m
enf;ynmrsm; (Oyrm- Natural Language Interface) ESihf A[kow k qkid &f m
tajccH (Knowledge Base) aygif;pyfí wnfaqmuf xm;jcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/
Future of AI
7/ Software enf;ynmtopfrsm; wk;d wufxe G ;f um;vmjcif;? Expert System rsm; wk;d wuf
xGef;um;vmjcif;? Software Development Tool rsm; ajrmufjrm;pGmay:xGufvmjcif;?
Semiconductor Technology wkd;wufxGef;um;vmonfhtwGufaMumifh tvGefjrefqefjcif;?
pGr;f tm;aumif;jcif;wkjYd zifh jynhpf aHk om Microprocessor rsm;? RAM Chip rsm; ponfh Hardware
qkid &f m enf;ynmrsm;onfvnf; AI tm; tjrifqef;opfaom toGio f Ydk ykaYd qmifay;aeygonf/
*syefEidk if o
H nf AI tm; Computer Technology Fifth Generation \ &nfreS ;f csut f jzpf
wnf a qmuf a eaMumif ; od & ygonf / Computer Technology Fifth Generation \
&nf½,
G cf surf sm;rSm atmufygtwkid ;f jzpfygonf-
(u ) jrifrh m;aom todÓPf&adS p&ef/
( c ) vlrsm;tm; 4if;wkrYd &if;ES;D aom udp&ö yfrsm;wGif ulnyD yhH ;dk &ef/
( * ) pD;yGm;a&;qkid &f m jyóemrsm;ukd ajz&Si;f aqmif½u G &f ef/
( C) tkycf sKyaf &;qkid &f mrsm;wGif ulnyD yhH ;dk &ef/
( i ) vlraI &;qkid &f m jyóemrsm;ukd ajz&Si;f aqmif½u G &f ef/
( p ) vufawGUwnfaqmuf&rnfh vkyif ef;rsm;ukd Computer jzifh wkyaqmif½u G &f ef/
( q) ukex f w
k pf rG ;f tm; wk;d wufa&;twGuf taxmuftul jzpfap&ef/
( Z ) tcsed Ef iS hf aiGaMu;ukeu f srI oufomap&efwjYdk zpfygonf/
Process of Computer
8/ uGeyf sLwmtwGi;f odYk tcsutf vufrsm; ESihf trdeñ Yf eT Mf um;csuw
f u
Ykd kd Keyboard ESihf Mouse
wdkYjzifh toHk;jyKí xnfhoGif;ay;&ygonf/ tqdkygxnfhoGif;csufrsm;udk Monitor ay:wGif
wpfNyKd iwf nf; azmfjyay;ojzifh rSeu f efr&I rSd &dS ppfaq;jyifqifEikd yf gonf/ 4if;tcsut f vufrsm; ESihf
trdefYñTefMum;csuf wdkYonf uGefysLwm\rSwfÓPfodkY a&muf&dSoGm;ygrnf/ vdktyfonfh
trdeñ Yf eT Mf um;csurf sm;udk CPU ESihf qufo, G af qmif&uG í f wGucf suaf qmif&u G rf w
I u
Ykd kd vkyaf qmif

ygonf/ wGucf suaf qmif&u G &f &dvS maom tcsut f vufwu Ykd kd odr;f qnf;xm;&ef vdtk yfygu Storage
Device wpfcc k w
k iG f odr;f qnf;xm;Edik f ygonf/ toH;k jyK&ef vdt k yfonft h cg 4if; Storage Device
xJ r S jyef v nf x k w f , l t oH k ; jyKEd k i f y gonf / uG e f y sLwm\rS w f Ó Pf o nf vQyf p pf " gwf t m;
&&dSaeonfhtcsdefwGifom tcsuftvufrsm;udk xdef;odrf;xm;&dSEdkifNyD; vQyfppf"gwftm;
jywfawmufomG ;ygu tcsut f vufrsm;udk qufvufrxde;f odr;f xm;Edik af om Temporary Storage
Device jzpfygonf/ Floppy Disk? Hard Disk? Memory Stick? Optical Disk wdo Yk nf
4if;ypön;f rsm; rysupf ;D oa&GU? rzsuq f ;D oa&GU tNro J rd ;f qnf;ay;Edik af om Permanent Storage
Device rsm; jzpfMuygonf/ Monitor ay:wGif tcsut f vufrsm;udk ppfaq;Munf½h jI cif;udk Soft
Copy [kac:qdNk y;D ? Printer toH;k jyKí puúLjzifh xkw, f Ml unf½h pI pfaq;jcif;udk Hard Copy [k
ac:qdyk gonf/

Number Systems
9/ uGeyf sLwmpepfwiG f Binary (0,1) udo
k m ud,
k pf m;jyKwu
G cf suaf qmif&u
G rf jI yKvyk yf gonf/
toH;k rsm;onfh Number System rsm;rSm Decimal, Binary, Octal ESihf Hexadecimal Number
System wdYk jzpfygonf-
Number Base Digits
System (Radix)
Binary 2 0,1
Octal 8 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
Decimal 10 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
Hexadecimal 16 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,
A,B,C,D,E,F
Decimal Binary Octal

Hexadecimal
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
16 10000 20 10
17 10001 21 11
18 10010 22 12
19 10011 23 13
20 10100 24 14
21 10101 25 15
22 10110 26 16

23 10111 27 17
24 11000 30 18
25 11001 31 19
26 11010 32 1A
27 11011 33 1B
28 11100 34 1C
29 11101 35 1D
30 11110 36 1E
10/ uGeyf sLwmpepfwiG f Number System rsm; wpfcEk iS w hf pfck tcsi;f csi;f tjyeftvSef ajymif;vJ
wGucf suaf qmif&u
G rf rI sm;udk &Si;f vif;azmfjyxm;ygonf-
Converting a Decimal Integer into another base
To convert 13 into binary

2 13
2 6 1
2 3 0
2 1 1
0 1
1310 = 11012
To convert 153 into octal

8 153
8 19 1
8 2 3
0 2
15310 = 2318
To convert 410 into Hex

16 410
16 25 10 (A)
16 1 9
0 1
41010 = 19A16

Converting an Integer in a given to Decimal
Convert the binary number 1101 into decimal

23 22 21 20
8 4 2 1
x 1 x 1 x 0 x 1
8 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 13
11012 = 1310
Convert the octal number 231 into decimal
82 81 80
64 8 1
x 2 x 3 x 1
128 + 24 + 1 = 153
2318 = 15310
Convert the hex number 19A into decimal
162 161 160

256 16 1
x 1 x 9 x 10 (A)
256 + 144 + 10 = 410
19A 16 = 41010

ICS & Network 10 uGefysLwmenf;ynmbmom&yf
Components of Computer
11/ Computer wpfv;kH wGif t"duyg0ifonfh tpdwt
f ydik ;f rsm;rSm atmufazmfjyygtwdik ;f
jzpfygonf-
(u) System Unit
( c) Monitor
( *) Keyboard ESihf Mouse
(C) Compact Disk ESihf Speaker
(C) Printer ponfy h pön;f rsm;udk awGU&rnfjzpfonf/
System Unit
12/ System Unit wpfc\ k twGi;f ydik ;f wGif atmufygypön;f rsm;yg0ifEikd yf gonf-
(u) PSU (Power Supply Unit) [ AT/ATX ]
( c) FDD (Floppy Disk Drive)[ 5.25in/3.5in ]
( *) HDD (Hard Disk Drive) [ IDE/EIDE/UDMA/SCSI/SATA/USB ]
(C) CD Drive (Compact Disk Drive) [ IDE/SCSI/USB ]
( i) Mother Board [ AT/ATX ]
( p) Interface Card / Controller Card
(q) Sound Card [ ISA/PCI ]
( Z) VGA Card [ ISA/PCI/AGP ]
(ps) Fax Modem Card [ ISA/PCI/USB ]
(n) Main Memory [ FPM/EDO/SDRAM/RDRAM/DDRRAM ]
( #) Cache Memory [ L1/L2 Cache ]
( X) CPU [ Intel/AMD/Cyrix/TI/WinChip ]
( !) ROM BIOS [ AMI/AWARD/PHOENEX ]
( ¡) Chipsets [ NORTH BRIDGE / SOUTH BRIDGE]
(P) Backup Battery
(w) Others
Mother Board / Main Board

13/ Computer wpfv;kH wGif ta&;Bu;D qH;k tpdwt f ydik ;f wpfcrk mS Mother Board/Main Board
jzpfygonf/ 4if;wGif CPU, Chipset ESihf tjcm;vQypf ;D ywfvrf;rsm;? tjcm; Expension Card
rsm; wyfqif&ef Slots rsm; yg0ifygonf/ Mother Board wpfcak ½G;cs,&f mwGif Processor
trsK;d tpm;? Processor Socket/Slot trsK;d tpm;? Mother Board Speed ? Cache Memory

yg0ifr?I Main Memory yrmP? BIOS trsK;d tpm;? Form Factor (Full Size AT, Baby AT,
LPX, ATX) ? Interface rsm;yg0ifrI (ISA, VL Bus, PCI, SCSI, USB, PS II, Serial, Parallel,
Interface ...) ? Plug and Play (PNP) pGr;f aqmifEikd rf ?I Power Management jyKvyk Ef ikd rf ?I
Mother Board Chipset trsK;d tpm;? Documentation / Manual Book ..... ponht f csurf sm;udk
xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;&ef vdt
k yfygonf/
Bus, Slot and I/O Card

14/ Mother Board twGi;f Hardware Devices tcsi;f csi;f qufo, G tf vkyv
f yk &f mü Bus
ac:Wire BuKd ; tpkta0;rsm;jzifh tjyeftvSeq
f ufo, G íf vkyaf qmifMuygonf/ Personal
Computer wpfv;kH wGif atmufazmfjyyg Bus trsK;d tpm;rsm; yg0ifygonf-
(u) Processor Bus
( c) Address Bus
( *) Memory Bus
(C) I/O Bus
15/ tjcm; Device rsm;ESihf CPU tjyeftvSef qufo, G af qmif½u
G Ef ikd &f ef I/O Bus odrYk [kwf
Expension Slots rsm;u aqmif½u G af y;ygonf/ Personal Computer wpfv;kH &Sd Slots rsm;wGif
atmufaz:jyyg I/O Cards rsm; wyfqifEikd yf gonf-
(u) Sound Card
( c) Display Card
( *) internal MODEM Card
(C) Network Interface Card (NIC)
( i) SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) Host Adapter ...etc
ponfwjYkd zpfygonf/
Classes of I/O Buses
16/ Personal Computer wpfv;kH taejzifh jrifrh m;aom pGr;f yum;jzifh tvkyvf yk Ef ikd &f ef I/O
Bus rsm;\ Speed jref q ef & ef vd k t yf c suf a Mumif h atmuf a z:jyyg tcsuf ( 3)csuf
jzpfay:vm&ygonf-
(u) CPU rsm;jrefqefvmjcif;
( c) Software rsm;\ Hardware qdik &f mawmif;qdck surf sm; jrifrh m;vmjcif;
( *) Video ESiyhf wfoufí vdt
k yfcsurf sm; Bu;D rm;vmjcif; wdaYk Mumifjh zpfonf/

17/ t"du I/O Bus trsK;d tpm;rsm;rSm wpfcEk iS w hf pfck uGjJ ym;jcm;em;rI &SEd ikd yf gonf/ I/O Buses
trsK;d tpm;rsm;rSm atmufazmfjyygtwdik ;f jzpfygonf-
(u) ISA (8 bit / 16 bit) (Industry Standard Architecture)
( c) MCA (16 bit / 32 bit) (Micro Channel Architecture)
( *) EISA (32 bit)(Extended Industry Standard Architecture)
(C) VL Bus (32 bit) (VESA Local Bus)
( i) PCI Bus (32 bit / 64 bit) (Peripheral Component Interconnect)
( p) AGP (32 bit / 64 bit) (Accelated Graphic Port)
(q) PC-Card (Formerly PCMCIA)(Personal Computer Memory Card
International Association) ( For Note Book )
Microprocessors
18/ Personal Computer wpfv;kH \ Model udt k qH;k tjzwfay;aom t"duypön;f rSm CPU
jzpfygonf/ CPU qdkonfrSm A[dkxdef;csKyfonfh ,lepfwpfckjzpfNyD; Computer wpfvHk;\
OD;aESmuf[kvnf; ac:qkdEdkifygonf/ CPU onf Computer wpfvHk;\ 'ór*Pef;qdkif&m
wGucf surf rI t
S y tjcm; wGucf surf I ESihf Processing qdik &f mrsm;udk vkyaf qmifay;Edik yf gonf/
'ór*Pef;udk wGufcsufEdkifaom FPU (Floating Point Unit) ESifh CPU udk Chip
wpfct k wGi;f wGif xnfo
h iG ;f í wnfaqmufxm;jcif; tm;jzifh Microprocessor [k ac:qdEk ikd yf gonf/
4if; Microprocessor udk IBM, AMD, Cyrix, Nexgen, Intel, DEC ..... ponfu h rk PÜ rD sm;rS
xkwv
f yk v
f Quf &Syd gonf/
19/ 386 rSpí Internal 32-bit vkyfaqmifEkdifonfhtwGufaMumifh 32-bit OS rsm;

tok;H jyKEidk o
f nf/486DX Processor rSpwifí Microprocessor twGi;f 'ór*Pef;rsm;ukd
wGucf suf aqmif&u G f Ekid o
f nfh FPU (Floating Point Unit) okUd r[kwf Co-Math Processor
rsm;ukd Built-in wnfaqmuf xm;onf/ Classics Pentium ukd MMX enf;ynm(57 MMX
Instruction ) aygif;pyf wnfaqmuf vkdufaomtcg Pentium MMX [kjzpfay:vmjyD;
Multimedia qkid &f m ñTeMf um;csurf sm;ukd CPU rSajz½Si;f aqmif&u
G v
f mEkid o
f nf/ Pentium Pro(P6)
Microprocessor twGi;f ü L2 Cache udk built-in wnfaqmufxm;jcif;jzifh L2 Cache rS
access vkyo f nfh Performance udw k ;kd wufaponf/ Pentium Pro (P6) rSpí L2 Cache ESihf
CPU wdkY \access vkyfonfhEIH;udk CPU Core Speed \w0uf odkYr[kwf tjynfhjzifh
aqmif½Gufjcif;jzifh Performance udk ydkrdkwdk;wufaponf/ P6 Architecture udk MMX
Instruction Set (57 Instruction) aygif;vdu k af omtcg PII Processor [líjzpfay:vmonf/
P II Processor wGif 3D Instruction (SSE-Streaming SIMD)aygif;pyfvu kd af omtcg P!!!
Processor [líjzpfay:vmum 3D Instruction rsm;udk CPU rSajz&Si;f aqmif½u G vf mEdik o
f nf/
20/ Computer wpfv;Hk \Model ukd 4if;wGiw f yfqifxm;aom CPU \Model jzifh owfrw S f
qk;H jzwfMuygonf/ CPU rsm;rSm CISC (Complex Instruction Set Code) ESihf RISC (Reduced
Instruction Set Code) enf;ynmrsm;ukd tok;H jyKMuonf/ RISC enf;ynmok;H Microprocessor
rsm;ukd Motorola, Digital ponfh ukrP Ü rD sm;rSxw
k vf yk Mf uNy;D Special Purpose Computer
rsm;wGif tok;H rsm; Muonf/ CISC enf;ynmok;H Microprocessor rsm;ukd Intel,AMD,Cyrix
ukrP Ü rD sm;rS tjyKd it
f qkid f xkwv
f yk v
f mMu&m tjrefEeI ;f rSm 3000 MHz (3 GHz) ausmt f xd
a&muf½v dS mMuNyjD zpfonf/
21/ Processor rsm;\tjrefEeI ;f onf Mother Board \tjrefEeI ;f ESirhf wlnED ikd yf g/ Processor
\tjrefEeI ;f udk CPU Speed odrYk [kwf CPU Internal Speed [kac:qdNk y;D ? Mother Board
\tjrefEeI ;f udk Mother Board Speed odrYk [kwf CPU External Speed odrYk [kwf FSB Speed
[k ac:qdEk ikd yf gonf/ CPU Speed ESihf Mother Board Speed jrefqefru
I kd OD;pm;ay;a&G;cs,rf o
S m
Performance aumif;rGey f grnf/
Chipset
22/ Motherboard wpfck \pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIukd t"ducsKyfukdifaom Chip rSm Chipset
jzpfygonf/Chipset rsm;ukd CPU, Main Memory, AGP (Accelerated Graphic Port) ESihf
Slot rsm;tm; xde;f csKyo f nfh North Bridge ESihf Hard Disk Controller, USB wkuYd x
dk ed ;f csKyo f nfh
South Bridge [lí½Sy d gonf/ Intel Chipset, SIS Chipset, ALi Chipset, UMC Chipset,
VIA Chipset ponfjzifh awGU&SdEdkifygonf/ Chipset ay:rlwnfí wyfqifEkdifaom CPU
trsdK;tpm;? Mother Board Speed uGmjcm;rI? BUS Speed uGmjcm;rI? Motherboard
wpfc\ k pGr;f aqmifEidk rf ?I wyfqifEidk af om Memory Type(FPM, EDO, SDRAM, RDRAM,
DDRRAM)? trsm;qk;H wyfqifEi dk o
f nfh t"durSwOf mPf yrmP? Memory Bank ta&twGu?f
wyfqifEidk af om CPU ta&twGu?f Hard Disk (UDMA 33 / UDMA 66/ UDMA 100/
SATA)wyfqifEi kd rf ?I AGP Support(1X/ 2X/ 4X/8X)vkyEf ikd jf cif; ponfwYkd uGmjcm;ygonf/?
440GX, 440 NX Chipset rsm;onf SMP [kac:aom CPU ta&twGuf 2ck odr Yk [kwf
4ckxd wyfqifvyk af qmifEikd o f nfth wGuf Server rsm;wGif tok;H jyKEidk o
f nf/
Memory
23/ Personal Computer wpfv;kH \ wGucf surf rI sm;? Process rsm; vkyaf qmif&mwGif CPU
rS ajz&Si;f aqmif½u
G jf cif;rjyKrjD zpfap? ajz&Si;f aqmif½u
G jf cif; jyKvyk Nf y;D jzpfap tqdyk gtcsut
f vufrsm;?
ñTefMum;csufrsm;udk Memory wGif odrf;qnf;xm;&ef vdktyfygonf/ Mother Board wGif
wyfqifEikd af om Memory Chip (odrYk [kw)f Memory Card trsK;d tpm;rsm;udk yHo k @mefEiS fh

wnfaqmufyt kH & DIPs, SIMMs, SIPs, DIMMs [lí cGjJ cm;edik yf gonf/ Mother Board
ay:wGif Memory rsm;udk wyfqif&mü Memory Bank wpfcktjynfh wyfqifrSomvQif
tvk y f v k y f a qmif r nf jzpf y gonf / Mother Board, Processor rsm;tvd k u f Bank
pepfowfrw S cf surf sm;? uefo
Y wfcsurf sm; &dyS gonf/ Memory wyfqif&mwGif Memory Card
rsm;onf Speed ESihf Capactity rsm; wln&D ef vdt k yfonft h jyif FPM, EDO, SDRAM,
RDRAM, DDRRAM ponfw h v
Ykd nf; wln&D ef vdt
k yf ygonf/
Monitor
24/ Monitor wGif CRT ( Cathode Ray Tube ) oH;k aom Monitor ESihf LCD ( Liquid
Crystal Display ) oH;k aom Monitor [lí ESpr f sK;d ½Syd gonf/ Monitor wGif Power On / Off
Switch? yH&k yd \
f tvif;tarSmif ESihf rsuEf mS jyifukd tay:atmuf? ab;b,fnm tusO;f tus,w f u
Ykd kd
csdefndSrIjyKvkyfEdkifaom Button / Adjustment rsm; yg½SdNyD;? aemufzufwGif Data Cable
(9Pin,15Pin) Male Type ESifh Power Cord wdkYyg½Sdonf/ Monitor trsKd;tpm;rsm;rSm
atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfygonf-
(u) Monochrome
( c) CGA ( Color Graphic Adaptor )
( *) EGA ( Enhanced Graphic Adaptor )
(C) VGA ( Video Graphic Array )
( i) SVGA ( Super Video Graphic Array )
( p) XVGA ( Extrasuper Video Graphic Array )
Keyboard
25/ Keyboard wGif XT Keyboard, AT Keyboard ( 101 Keys, 104 Keys, Windows
Keyboard) [lí awGU½SEd ikd yf gonf/ Keyboard trsK;d tpm;rsm;rSm Serial Keyboard ? PS II
Keyboard ESihf USB Keyboard wdYk jzpfygonf/ Keyboard wpfcw k iG f Function Keys ? Typing
Keys ? Control Keys ESihf Numeric Keys wdYk yg0ifygonf/
Mouse
26/ uGeyf sLwmpepftoH;k jyK&mwGif ydrk v
kd ,
G u
f pl mG toH;k jyKEikd af pygonf/ toH;k rsm;aom Mouse
trsK;d tpm;rsm;rSm Serial Mouse ? PS II Mouse ESihf USB Mouse wdYk jzpfygonf/
Printer
27/ Printer qdo k nfrmS Data rsm;? ½kyyf rkH sm;udk Output (Hard Copy)taejzifh pm½Guaf y:odYk
xkw,f al om pufjzpfygonf/ Printer rsm;udk t"dutm;jzifh Impact Printer ESihf Non-impact
Printer [lí ESprf sK;d cJjG cm;Edik yf gonf/
Impact Printer
28/ Impact Printer rsm;onf Hammer (or) Small Pin rsm;jzifh ½du k Ef ydS af om Printer
trsK;d tpm; rsm; jzpfMuonf/ Microcomputer oH;k Impact Printer trsK;d tpm;rsm;wGif -
(u) Daisywheel Printer
( c) Dot-matrix Printer [líawGU½SEd ikd yf gonf/f
Daisy Wheel Printer

29/ Impact Printer trsKd;tpm;xJwGif yg0ifonf/ Solid Character Printer [kvnf;
ac:onf/ vkyfaqmifrIonf Type Writer ESifhqifwlonf/ Daisy Wheel ac: A[dkrS
jzmxGuaf eaom vufwH toD;oD;ay:wGif azgif;<upmvH;k rsm; yg½So
d nf/ rdrt
d oH;k jyKaom pm½Gu\ f
tus,w f pfavQmufwiG f Daisy Wheel onf vnfywfa½GUvsm;jcif;jzifh pmvH;k udk ½du k Ef ydS o
f nf/
Dot Matrix Printer

30/ Line Printer qdkonfrSm Ribbon udktoHk;jyKí Pin rsm;jzifh ½dkufESdyfyHkazmfay;aom
pufjzpfonf/ Dot Matrix Printer [kvnf; ac:onf/ Dot Matrix Printer onf Pin
ta&twGuaf y: rlwnfNy;D 9 Pin ESihf 24 Pin [lí trsK;d tpm;cJjG cm;xm;ygonf/
Non-Impact Printer
31/ Microcomputer oH;k Non-Impact Printer trsK;d tpm;wGif -
(u) Laser Jet Printer(Photocopying machine ESiq hf ifw)l
( c) Ink Jet Printer ( Nozzle rsm; toH;k jyKíyHak zmf)
( *) Thermal Printer(Special Paper toH;k jyK) [lí awGU½SEd ikd yf gonf/f
Hard Disk
32/ uGeyf sLwmpepfwpfcw k iG f tcsut f vufoakd vSmif ypön;f wpfcjk zpfonfh Hard Disk onf
ta&;Bu;D qH;k aomtpdwt f ydik ;f rsm;wGif yg0ifonf/ Hard Disk onftvHyk w d xf m;aom oHb;l i,f
wpfcjk zpfygonf/ Hard Disk \puf0ikd ;f ykv H rf;aMumif;rsm;wGif tjyiftusq;kH puf0ikd ;f yHv k rf;aMumif;udk
Track 0 [kac:onf/ 4if;Track 0 onf Hard Disk \ta&;Bu;D qH;k tpdwt f ydik ;f (System Area)
jzpf&m Track 0 Bad jzpf oGm;ygu tcsut f vufrsm; ysuq f ;D qH;k ½I;H Ny;D Hard Disk wpfcv k ;kH udk
oH;k r&aom tajctaeodYk a&muf&o dS mG ;ygrnf/ tjyiftusq;kH Track rStwGi;f bufoYkd a&muf&dS
oGm;onfEiS hf eHygwfyBkd u;D vmygrnf/ Hard Disk wpfv;kH \ tcsut f vuf odak vSmifEikd rf yI rmPudk
Cylinder ta&twG u f ? Head ta&twG u f ? Sector ta&twG u f a y:wG i f rl w nf í
wGucf suEf ikd yf gonf/ Hard Disk wpfv;kH wGif atmufaz:jyyg Components rsm;yg0ifonf-

(u) Disk Platters

( c) Logic Board
( *) Read/Write Heads
(C) Spindle Motor
( i) Head Actuator Mechanism
( p) Cable and Connector
(q) Configuration Items (Jumper or Switches)
33/ Hard Disk wpfv;kH onf 1 rdepfvQif tywfaygif; 5400? 7200? 10000 txd vnfywfí
tvkyv f yk af epOf odrYk [kwf Hard Disk LED vif;aepOf User rS pepfwus toH;k rjyKjcif;?
Proper Shut Down rjyKvy k jf cif;? rD;ysujf cif;? rD;tm;twuftus rrSeu f efjcif;ponfh Electrical
Power Problem jzpfojzifh vnfywfrI ½kww f &uf&yfwefjY cif;aMumifh Head Crack jzpfum Data
rsm; aysmufq;kH Edik o
f nft h jyif Hard Disk udv k nf; ysupf ;D apEdik o
f vdk Logic Card udv k nf; ysupf ;D
cRwf,Gif;apEdkifygonf/ xdkYaMumifh oHk;pGJolrS rSefuefpGmtoHk;jyKwwf&ef ESifh vQyfppfrD;jyóem
rsm;jzpfaom (Spike, Noise, Surge, Brown Out, Black Out)ponfwu Ykd ykd g umuG,wf m;qD;&ef
trsdK;tpm;aumif;rGefaom UPS ESifY Surge Protector rsm;udk tokH;jyK&ef vdktyfygonf/
owfrw S cf suf ESihf uduk nf aD om Ground System xm;&d&S efvnf; vdt k yfygonf/

CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory)
34/ CD-ROM Drive rsm;onf uG e f y sLwmrsm;wG i f Standard Equipment tjzpf
yg&Sv
d mygonf/CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory) onf Optical Storage
Medium wpfcjk zpfNy;D 682 Milliom Byte or 650 MB udk zwf½o kH ufoufom toH;k jyKEikd yf gonf/
,cktcg Plane CD ay:ü Record vkyu f m odr;f qnf;Edik af om CD-R Drive rsm;ay:vmNy;D
t*Fvyd tf u©&mrsm;jzifh ½du k Ef ySd f odr;f qnf;ygu Text pmrsuEf mS 333,000 Pages eD;yg; odrYk [kwf
t&nftaoG;aumif;rGeaf om toHukd odr;f qnf;ygu 74 Minutes pmudk odr;f qnf;xm;Edik yf gonf/
wpfpuúet Yf wGuf Block wpfcv k Qif 2048 Byte ygaom Block aygif; 75 ckyg&So d nf/ DVD-
ROM (Digital Vesitile Disk Read Only Memory) onf 4.7 GB toH;k jyKEi kd of jzifh CD-
ROM xuf 7q ydr k okd rd ;f qnf;Edik yf gonf/
35/ CD-ROM udk toHk;jyKaepOf Disc rsm;udk Virus ygrygppfaq;NyD;rS toHk;jyKyg/

zkew
f ufaeaom? jcpf&mygaom? zefom;aygufaeaom Disc rsm;udk toH;k rjyK&yg/ zkew f ufaeaom
Disc rsm;udk owfrw S xf m;aom Cleaning Kit jzifo h m oef&Y iS ;f a&;jyKvyk o f ifyh gonf/ Format
rwlí zwfr&aom Disc rsm;tm; xnfo h iG ;f zwfjcif;udk a&SmifusO&f rnf/ CD Drive twGi;f &Sd
Lens tm; Murf;wrf;onfh ypönf;rsm;jzifhyGwfwdkufí oefY&Sif;a&;jyKvkyfjcif;rSa&SmifusOf&rnf/
uGeyf sLwmtm; jyifyodYk o,faqmif&mwGif CD Drive twGi;f Disc xnfv h Quf o,faqmifjcif;
rjyKvyk &f yg/ CD Drive &Sd Eject cvkyt
f m; csujf cif;zGiyhf w
d rf I rjyKvyk o
f ifyh g/ CD Drive twGi;f rS
Disc udk xkwí f r&ygu CD Drive \ rsuEf mS pm&dS ta&;ay: Eject vkyEf ikd o f nfh taygufukd
toH;k jyKvyk af qmifyg/
36/ ta&;Bu;D aom tcsut f vufrsm; rqk;H ½I;H apa&;twGuf Backup tjzpf odr;f qnf;&mwGif
trsKd ;tpm; rwlaom Media(3)rsKd ;jzifh ykrH eS f Backup jyKvyk x
f m;oifyh gonf/ tcsut
f vufrsm;ukd
qHk;½HI;rI r&dSap&ef BudKwifumuG,fonfhtaejzifh Backup tjzpf odrf;qnf;xm;&eftwGuf
vnf;aumif;? wpfae&mrS wpfae&mokYd yrmPBu;D rm;aom File rsm;ukd o,faqmif&mwGif vnf;
aumif; atmufaz:jyyg Magnetic Media ESihf Magneto-optical Drive rsm;ukd tok;H jyKEidk o f nf-
(u) High-Capacity Floptical drive (21MB, 120MB, 250MB, 500MB,...)
( c) Bermoulli Drives(10MB, 35MB, 65MB, 105MB, 150MB,...)
( *) Zip Drives (100MB, 250MB,...)
(C) JAZ Drives (1GB, 2GB,...)
( i) SyQuest Drives (44MB, 88MB, 270MB, 1GB,...)
( p) Tape Drives (2GB, 4GB, 8GB, 14GB, 24GB, 35 - 70 GB,...)
(q) Optical Storage Drives(CD-ROM, CD-R or CD-RW, DVD)
37/ Computer Hardware rsm;onf atmufygwdaYk Mumifh cRw, f iG ;f ^ysupf ;D rsm; ½SEd ikd yf gonf-
(u) User Error (toH;k jyKorl sm;rS pufukd pepfwus zGi^hf ydwf rjyKvyk jf cif;? toH;k jyKpOf
ae&m a½TUajymif;jcif;? vIy½f mS ;rIjzpfapjcif;)
( c) Manufacture Fault (puf½r Hk S Design ESihf Quality wdaYk Mumifh jzpfjcif;)
( *) Environmental Condition ( Dust-zkefrIefYrsm;? Temperature -tylcsdef?
Moisture -pdx k ikd ;f q? EMI = Electro Magnetic Interference-vQypf pfov H u kd f
qdik &f m aESmuf ,Surf rI sm;? RFI = Radio Frequency Interference-a&'D,v kd iId ;f
aESmuf,u S rf rI sm;)
(C) Electrical Power Problem rsm;rSm-
(1) Noise (rvdv k m;tyfaom Signal rsm;)
(2) Spike (rD;tm; ½kww f &ufjrifw h ufr)I
(3) Surge (rD;tm; jrifw h ufomG ;jcif;)
(4) Brown out (vQyp f pf"mwftm; avsmeh nf;usqif;jcif;)
(5) Black out (vQyp f pf"mwftm; vH;k 0jywfawmufjcif;)
(6) Unstable Frequency (Bur d Ef eI ;f rrSejf cif;)
(7) Unstable Power (vQyp f pfAtYkd m; rwnfNird jf cif; )
Notice of the Computer Users

38/ uGeyf sLwmtoH;k jyKorl sm; owdjyKvu kd ef m&rnft
h csurf sm;rSm atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfygonf-
(u) uGeyf sLwmESiq hf ufpyfypön;f rsm;tm; aeYpOfoef½Y iS ;f rIjyKvyk yf g/
( c) pufrzGirhf D Cable rsm; csw d q f ufxm;rI rSerf rSepf pfaq;yg/ ( 110 V / 230V wdu Yk kd
*&kpukd í f toH;k jyKyg/
( *) UPS ESichf sw d q f ufxm;ygu AC Switch udk ON Ny;D aemuf UPS udk ON yg/
(C) uGeyf sLwm ON/OFF jyKvyk jf cif;rsm;udk Procedure twdik ;f pepfwus vkyaf qmifyg/
( i) Application/ Utilities Software rsm; Installation vkyfygu Operating
System ESiu hf u kd n
f rD ½I ^dS r½S?d Version udu k nf rD I &d^S r&dS ppfaq;Ny;D rSom Installation
jyKvyk &f rnf/
( p) ta&;Bu;D onfh Data rsm;? Files rsm;udk yHrk eS f Back Up jyKvyk x f m;yg/
(q) uGeyf sLwmtm; BuchH ikd rf ½I adS p&eftwGuf Hard Disk tm; Scan Disk or Norton
Disk Doctor ESihf Defragmenting or Speed Disk vkyjf cif;wdu Yk akd qmif½u
G yf g/
( Z) Virus tEÅ&m,fru S if;a0;ap&eftwGuf Update Anti-virus Program tm;
uGeyf sLwmzGio hf nft h csed rf pS wifí Auto Run Edik &f efEiS hf rSwÓ f PfwiG f apmifMh uyf
ppfaq; Edik &f ef (TSR) pDpOfaqmif½u G x f m;yg/
( ps) jyifyrSDisks rsm;tm; Virus ppfaq;NyD;rS toHk;jyK&rnf/ jyifyESifhcsdwfquf

toH;k jyKvQiv f nf; Virus owdjyKyg/
(n) uGeyf sLwmtoH;k jyKaepOf a½TUajymif;jcif;? uGeyf sLwmpm;yGt J m; vIy½f mS ;rIjzpfapjcif;?
System Unit a&SU&dS Hard Disk rD;vif;aepOf pufyw d jf cif;rsm;udk rjyKvyk &f yg/
( #) uGeyf sLwmcsKUd ,Gi;f rIjzpfay:ygu oufqikd &f modYk csucf si;f owif;ydw Yk ifjy&rnf/
( X) Utilities Software rsm;udk toH;k jyK&mwGif aocsmpGmzwf½aI vhvmNy;D rS toH;k jyKyg/
( !) System ydi k ;f qdik &f mESihf Computer Peripheral rsm;udk uRr;f usief m;vnfrrI &db S J
wpfpkH wpf&m jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif; rjyKvyk &f /
( ¡) CRT Monitor twGi;f &dt S pdwt
f ydik ;f rsm;tm; jyKjyifjcif;rsm;onf touftEÅ&m,f
xdcukd f apEdik o
f jzifh toH;k jyKot l aejzifh (vH;k 0) rvkyaf qmif&/
Speed and Capacity

39/ uGeyf sLwmwpfv;kH \ tvkyv f yk u
f ikd Ef ikd rf ?I odak vSmiford ;f qnf;Edik rf I pGr;f &nfukd wdik ;f wm&mwGif
Device (CPU, Memory, Hard Disk, ...etc) wpfckcsif;pD\ tjrefEIef; (Speed) ESifh
odak vSmiford ;f qnf; Edik rf I (Capacity)wdu Yk kd Munf&h í I ajymqdMk uygonf/ Speed \ Unit udk
Hertz (Cycle/sec) jzifh jzpfap? tcse d t
f wdik ;f twm nano second jzifjh zpfap azmfjyavh&NSd y;D ?
Capacity \ Unit udk Byte jzifh azmfjyMuygonf-
(u) Speed
millisecond (ms) = 10-3 sec
microsecond (us) = 10-6 sec
nanosecond (ns) = 10-9 sec
picosecond (ps) = 10-12 sec
( c) Capacity
8 bit = 1 Byte
1 Byte = 1 Character
2 Bytes = 1 Word
1024 Byte = 1 KB (kilobytes) (210)
1024 KB = 1 MB(megabytes) (220)
1024 MB = 1 GB (gigabytes) (230)
1024 GB = 1 TB (terrabytes) (240)

Using Mouse
40/ Mouse onf toHk;jyKolESifhuGefysLwmwdkYudk ½kyfyHkrsm;tajccHíqufoG,faom GUI
(Graphic User Interface) twGuf pHowfrw S x
f m;aom toGi;f ,lepf (Standard Input Device)
wpfck jzpfyg onf/ Mouse wGif cvkw(f 2)ck tenf;qH;k yg&Syd gonf/ yHrk eS t f m;jzifh b,fbufcvkwu
f kd
Primary tjzpf? nmbufcvkwu f kd Secondary tjzpf toH;k jyKEikd yf gonf/ Mouse udk Mouse
Pad ay:wGif a½TUMunfy h gu jrm§ ;wdak v;onf Desktop ay:ü a½GUvsm;aeonfukd awGU&ygrnf/
4if;jrm§ ;wdak v;udk a½G;ñTewf (H Mouse Pointer) [k ac:ygonf/ Mouse wpfco k nf atmufyg
tajccHtvky(f 4)rsK;d udk vkyEf ikd f ygonf-
(u) a&G;nTew f jH zifah xmufjcif;(Point) / Mouse udt k oH;k jyKNy;D Pointer udk Desktop
ay:wGif tvd&k aSd omae&modYk ydaYk qmifay;jcif;udk Point vkyjf cif;[k ac:ygonf/
( c) a½G;ñTew f jH zifah xmufí cvkww f pfcsuEf ydS jf cif;(Single Click )/ yHkrSeftm;jzifh
Pointer a&mufaeonfh ae&mwGif b,fbuf Button udk wpfcsufESdyfNyD;
csujf cif;vTwjf cif; (Left Click) onf Select vkyjf cif; jzpfygonf/ nmbuf
Button udk wpfcsuE f ydS Nf y;D csujf cif; vTwjf cif;(Right Click )onf Context Menu
udk zGijhf cif;jzpfygonf/
( *) a½G;ñTefwHjzifhaxmufí cvkwfESpfcsufESdyfjcif;(Double-Click )/ Pointer
a&muf a eonf h a e&mrS b,f b uf Button ud k ES p f c suf q uf w d k u f E S d y f N yD ;
csufjcif;vTwfjcif;udk Double Click vkyfjcif;[k ac:ygonf/ Application
wpfcck u k kd Run vdv k Qif 4if; Application Icon udk Double Click vky&f ygrnf/
(C) a½G;ñTew f jH zifah xmufí rdrv d &kd modYk qJ,
G Nl y;D ae&mcsxm;jcif;(Drag & Drop)/
Mouse Pointer jzifh Object wpfcu k kd a&G;cs,Nf y;D Left Mouse Button udk
zdxm;vQuf tvd&k aSd omae&modYk a&mufaomtcg vTwjf cif;udk Drag &Drop
vkyjf cif;[k ac:onf/ Object wpfcu k kd a½TUjcif;? Windows rsm;\ t½G,t f pm;
ajymif;vJjcif; ponfww Ykd iG f Drag vky&f ygrnf/
Mouse Pointer Shapes

41/ Mouse Pointer \ yHo k @mefonf yHrk eS t
f m;jzifh b,fbufapmif;apmif; tay:udk acgif;
axmif a eonf h jrm;wd k a v;tjzpf ay:aeygonf / Mouse Pointer \ yH k o @mef o nf
a&muf&adS eaomae&m rsm;ay:rlwnfNy;D atmufygtwdik ;f yHpk t
H rsK;d rsK;d ajymif;vJygonf-
- Windows wGif Standard mouse pointer udt
k Nrw
J ef;awGUjrif&ygonf/
- Graphic object rsm;ESihf tvkyv
f yk o
f nft
h cg Crosshair pointer udk awGUjrif
Edik yf gonf/
- tvkyfwpfckvkyfaeaom tcsdeftwGif;vkyfaqmifrI rNyD;ao;csdefwGif Busy

Pointerudk awGUjrifEi
kd yf gonf/
- Text document rsm;xJwiG f Text Select (I-beam) Pointer udk awGUjrifEikd yf gonf/
- Graphic yHk (odr

Yk [kw)f Object wpfcu
k kd a&G;Ny;D Drag qGí
J wpfae&mrSwpfae&modYk
a&GUaomtcg Move Pointer udak wGUjrifEikd yf gonf/
- a'gifvu
kd t
f aetxm;wGif Window wpfct
k m;csUJ jcif; (odrYk [kw)f csKUH jcif; jyKvyk f
aomtcg Vertical Resize Pointer udk awGUjrifEikd yf gonf/
- tvsm;vdkuftaetxm;wGif Window wpfcktm;csJUjcif; (odkYr[kwf) csKHUjcif;
jyKvyk af om tcg Horizontal Resize Pointer udk awGUjrifEikd yf gonf/
- Window wpfct
k m;axmifjh zwftwdik ;f csUJ (odrYk [kw)f csKUH aomtcg Diagonal
Resize Pointer udk awGUjrifEi
kd yf gonf/
- Windows Help ESihf Web Page rsm;wGif Link &Sad om Text and Object rsm;
ay:odYk Point vkyyf gu Link Select Pointer udak wGUjrifEikd yf gonf/
- Window (odr
Yk [kw)f Item wpfcu
k kd owfrw
S x
f m;onfh ae&mxuf ausmNf y;D a&TUí
r&aomtcgwGif Unavailable Pointer udk awGUjrifEikd yf gonf/
Proper Shut Down

42/ uGeyf sLwm\ Power Switch udk tvG,w f ul rydwrf ad p&ef txl; owdjyK&rnf/ Hard
Disk twGi;f &Sd Files rsm;? Programs rsm;? Hardware ydi k ;f qdik &f mrsm;udk xdcu
kd yf supf ;D apEdik of jzifh
Proper Shut Down jzifh pepfwusre S uf efpmG ydwo f rd ;f yg/ zGix hf m;aom Files rsm;? Folder rsm;?
Application Software rsm;tm; tqifq h ifh ydwof rd ;f yg/ Start Button udk Click vkyyf g/ odrYk [kwf
Ctrl+Esc Key udw k í
JG ESyd yf g/ odrYk [kwf Windows Keyboard rsm;wGif Windows Key udk
EdyS yf g/ Start Menu ay:vmygu Turn Off Computer... tm; Click vkyyf g/ xdt k cg Turn
Off Computer Dialog Box ay:vmrnf/ 4if;rS Turn Off udk Click vkyyf g/ odrYk [kwf Keyboard
rS u Key udEk ydS yf g/ ATX System jzpfonft h wGuf tvdt k avsmuf Turn Off jyKvyk o f mG ;ygrnf/
Monitor Power Switch ukd Off vkyy f g/ UPS rS Power Switch ukd Off vkyyf g/ AC Power
Source rS PowerSwitch ukd Off vkyy f g/

Disk Cleanup
43/ Hard Disk udk umvMum&Snt f oH;k jyKvmjcif;jzifh Temporary Files rsm;? Uninstall
Files rsm;ESihf Recycle Bin xJwi G f zsuxf m;aom Files rsm; use&f adS ewwfygonf/ 4if;wdu Yk kd
Disk Cleanup jyKvy k f ay;jcif;jzifh Free Space ydrk rkd sm;jym;vmatmif vkyaf qmifEikd yf gonf/
Start Button ÆAll Programs ÆAccessoriesÆSystem Tools Æ Disk Cleanup udk
Click vkyy f g/ Select Drive Dialog Box rS Disk Cleanup vkyv f adk om Drive C: udak ½G;cs,í f
OK udk Click vkyy f g/ Disk Cleanup for (C:) Dialog Box xyfraH y:vmrnf/ 4if; rS Disk
Cleanup Tab tm;a&G;cs,Nf y;D rvdt k yfaomzdik rf sm;udk Check Box wGif a½G;cs,Nf y;D OK udk Click
vkyyf g/ Disk Cleanup for (C:)Dialog Box xyfraH y:vm ygrnf/ Yes Button udk Click
vkyyf gu rvdt k yfaom Files rsm;udk Cleaning vkyaf y;ygvdrrhf nf/

Networking
1/ vlwpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf? ½Hk;^XmewpfckESifhwpfck? wpfae&mrSwpfae&modkY owif;
tcsuf tvuf r sm;ud k tjyef t vS e f quf o G , f a qmif & G u f r I jyKvk y f E d k i f a p&ef t wG u f
uGefysLwmrsm;tm; wpfvHk;ESifh wpfvHk; csdwfqufítoHk;jyKaompepfudk Networking
uGef,ufpepf[k ac:ygonf/ Networking uGef,ufpepfudktoHk;jyKMu&jcif;rSm Hardware
Resources rsm;? Software Resources rsm;udk rQa0toHk;csEdkifap&ef? vHkNcHKrIowfrSwfxm;&dS
Edkifap&efwdkYtwGuf uGefysLwmrsm;udk Communication Media? Communication Devices
rsm;jzifh csdwfquftoHk;jyKjcif; jzpfygonf/
Network Connection
2/ Networking uGe,
f ufpepfonf uGeyf sLwmwpfv;kH wnf; oD;jcm;&yfwnfaejcif;r[kwb
f J
tenf;qHk; uGefysLwmESpfvHk; csdwfquftoHk;jyK&ygonf/ xdkodkYcsdwfquftoHk;jyK&mwGif
atmufazmfjyyg enf;(2)enf; jzifh csdwfquftoHk;jyKEdkifygonf-
(u) Wire (BudK;)jzifh csdwfqufenf;/
( c) Wireless (BudK;rJh)jzifhcsdwfqufenf;/
Type of Network
3/ uGefysLwmrsm;udk csdwfquftoHk;jyKyHkudkrlwnfí uGefysLwmuGef,uftrsdK;tpm;rsm;udk
atmufyg twdkif;cGJjcm;xm;ygonf-
(u) LAN ( Local Area Network)
( c) MAN ( Metropolitan)
( *) WAN (Wide Area Network)
Local Area Network (LAN)

4/ LAN (Local Area Network) qdkonfrSm taqmuftODwpfck odkYr[kwf y&0kPfwpfck
odrYk [kwf tuGmta0; 2500 rDwm ywfvnftwGi;f BuKd ;jzifh wdu k ½f u
kd cf sw
d q
f ufxm;aom odrYk [kwf
BudK;rJhcsdwfqufxm;aom uGef,ufpepfwpfck jzpfygonf/ Server ? Client ? Workstation ESifh
Printer tp&dSonfwdkYudk wkduf½dkufcsdwfquftoHk;jyKxm;ygu Branch LAN [kvnf;aumif;?
LAN rsm; tcsif ; csif ; tjyef t vS e f c sd w f q uf t oH k ; jyKxm;ygu Backbone LAN [k
owfrSwfac:qdkEdkifygonf/

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

5/ MAN ( Metropolitan Area Network) qdkonfrSm NrdKYwpfNrdKYtwGif; tuGmta0; 50
uDvrkd w
D m ywfvnftwGi;f csw
d q
f ufxm;aom LANuGe, f ufpepfwpfcjk zpfygonf/ ¤if;pepfwiG f
Communication Facility udk Carrier Service rsm;rS iSm;&rf;jcif; odr
Yk [kwf aiGaMu;wwfEikd af om
ukrÜPDrsm;taejzifh udk,fydkif Communication Facility jzifh csdwfqufvkyfaqmifjcif;
jyKvkyfMuygonf/
Wide Area Network (WAN )

6/ WAN (Wide Area Network) qdkonfrSm LAN? MAN tp&dSonfh Network
tzJGUtpnf;rsm;? Personel Computer rsm; pkzJGUí wpfNrdKYESifhwpfNrdKY? wpfedkifiHESifhwpfEdkifiH?
urÇ m ES i f h t 0ef ; csd w f q uf x m;aom uG e f , uf p epf j zpf N yD ; ? tuG m ta0;uef Y o wf c suf r &S d
csw
d q
f uftoH;k jyKEikd yf gonf/ ,aeY vltrsm; toH;k jyKvQu&f o Sd nhf Internet onf wpfenf;tm;jzifh
WAN yif jzpfygonf/
Benifits of Using Network

7/ uGe,
f ufpepfwiG f Hardware Resources? Software Resources rsm;udk rQa0toH;k jyKEikd f
&eftwGuf uGefysLwmrsm;udk Communication Media ? Communication Devices rsm;jzifh
csdwfquftoHk;jyKxm;jcif;aMumifh atmufaz:jyyg tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udk &&Sdaprnfjzpfygonf-
(u) E-mail odkYr[kwf Message tjyeftvSefay;ydkYEdkifjcif;?
( c ) Hardware Resources rsm;udk rQa0oHk;pGJEdkifjcif;?
( * ) Software Resources rsm;udk rQa0oHk;pGJEdkifjcif;?
(C) Application rsm;udk rQa0oHk;pGJEdkifjcif;?
( i ) Database rsm;udk rQa0oHk;pGJEdkifjcif;?
( p ) Information rsm;udk rQa0toHk;jyKEdkifjcif;?
(q) Disk Space rsm;udk rQa0toHk;jyKEdkifjcif;?
( Z ) Communication Line ESifh Device rsm;udk rQa0toHk;jyKEdkifjcif;?
(ps) wpfae&mwnf;rS pDrHcefYcGJxdef;csKyfEdkifjcif;?
(n) vHkNcKHrI (Security) aumif;rGefjcif;?
(# ) rQa0oHk;pGJEdkifrIaMumifh ukefusp&dwfoufomjcif;?
(|) Net Meeting Video Conferencing tpnf;ta0;rsm; jyKvkyfEdkifjcif;?

- Fault tolerance/ Redundancy raumif;

- Speed aES;
- Period tcsdefMumtoHk;jyK&efroifh
- Capacity for growth xyfrHwdk;csJU&efcufcJ
- Cost ukefusp&dwfeJ
Network Topologies
8/ uGefysLwmuGef,uf wnfaqmufcsdwfqufaomyHkpH (Network Design) enf;ynmudk
Topology [k ac:ygonf/ uGefysLwmuGef,ufwGif tajccHtoHk;jyKaom Topology (4)rsdK;rSm
atmufygwdkY jzpfygonf-
(u) Ring Topology
( c) Bus Topology
( *) Star Topology
(C) Mesh Topology
- Fault tolerance/ Redundancy raumif;

- Speed aES;
- Period tcsdefMumtoHk;jyK&efroifh
- Capacity for growth xyfrHwdk;csJU&efcufcJ
- Cost ukefusp&dwfeJ
9/ uGefysLwmuGef,ufwGif tajccHtoHk;jyKaom BudK;csdwfqufrIenf;vrf; Topologies

rsm;wGif tm;omcsu?f tm;enf;csurf sm; &SMd uygonf/ xdaYk Mumifh uGe, f ufpepftwGuf tuket f us
cHrnfh aiGaMu; yrmP ESifh tjcm;vdktyfaom tajctae taMumif;t&m t&yf&yfay:wGif
rlwnfí rSefuefonfh Topology udk a&G;cs,fay;&ygrnf/ xdkodkY a&G;cs,f&mwGifvnf; Cost
ukeuf sp&dww f u
G cf sucf efrY eS ;f jcif;? Installation jyKvyk w
f yfqif&mwGif vG,u
f jl cif;? Capacity for
Growth xyfrHwdk;csJU vkyfudkifaqmif&Guf EdkifrI? Maintenance jyifqifaqmif&GufrIjyKvkyf&mwGif
vG,u f jl cif;? Fault Tolerance/Redundancy BuKd ;rsm;\ trSm;'PfcEH ikd rf I aumif;rGejf cif;? Speed
tcsuftvufay;ydkYEdkifonfhtjrefEIef;? Period csdwfquftoHk;jyKrnfhtcsdefumv ponfh
tcsuftvufrsm;udkyg xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef vdktyfygonf/
- Fault tolerance/ Redundancy aumif;

- Speed jref
- Period tcsdefMumtoHk;jyK&efoifh
- Capacity for growth xyfrHwdk;csJU&efvG,ful
- Cost ukefusp&dwftenf;i,f&dS
Ring Topology
10/ uGefysLwmrsm;udk BudK;rsm;jzifh t0ef;t0dkif;yHko@efcsdwfqufxm;aomuGef,ufudk Ring
Topology uGef,uf [k ac:ygonf/ prSwfESifhqHk;rSwfudk BudK;jzifhqufay;&ojzifh BudK;ukefusrI
rsm;ygonf/ Data Packet rsm;udk ydkYaqmifay;&rnfhae&mta&muf vufqifhurf; ay;ydkYygonf/
uGeyf sLwmwpfv;kH ESihf wpfv;kH csw
d qf ufxm;aom rnfonfah e&mwGirf qdk qufo, G rf I jywfawmuf
ygu uGe, f ufwpfcv k ;kH &yfwefo
Y mG ;ygrnf/ uGe,
f ufwiG f uGeyf sLwmrsm; xyfrw
H ;kd csUJ wyfqifvykd gu
uGef,ufudk&yfwefYNyD;rS wdk;csJU wyfqifEdkifygonf/ xdkYaMumifh vkyfief;&yfqdkif;ír&Edkifonfh
ta&;BuD;vkyfief;Xmersm;wGif Ring Topology uGef,ufudk toHk;rjyKoifhyg/

- Fault tolerance/ Redundancy taumif;qHk;

- Speed jref
- Period tcsdefMumtoHk;jyK&efoifh
- Capacity for growth xyfrHwdk;csJUEdkif
- Cost ukefusp&dwfrsm;
Bus Topology
11/ yifrBudK;(Backbone) wpfacsmif;wnf;ay:wGif uGefysLwmrsm;udk vdktyfonfh T Joint?
BNC Connector ESifh Terminator wdkYjzifh wyfqifcsdwfquftoHk;jyKaom uGef,ufudk Bus
Topology uGef,uf [k ac:ygonf/ BudK;tpGef;ESpfbufudk Terminator rsm;jzifh ydwfay;xm;&
ygonf/ yifrBuKd ; wpfacsmif; ay:wGif csw
d q
f uftoH;k jyKojzifh BuKd ;ukeu
f sreI nf;ygonf/ uGe,
f uf\
uGefysLwmwyfqifcsdwfquf xm;aom rnfonfhae&mwGifrqdk qufoG,frIjywfawmufaeygu
uGef,ufwpfckvHk; &yfwefYoGm;ygrnf/ uGef,ufwGif uGefysLwmxyfrHwdk;csJUwyfqifvdkygu
uGef,ufudk &yfwefYNyD;rS wdk;csJUwyfqifEdkifygonf/ xdkYaMumifh vkyfief;&yfqdkif;ír&Edkifaom
ta&;BuD;vkyfief;Xmersm;wGif Bus Topology uGef,ufudk toHk;rjyKoifhyg/
Star Topology
12/ uGefysLwmrsm;udk csdwfquf&mwGif Central Device Hub or Switch udkwyfqifí
uGefysLwm wpfvHk;pDodkY BudK;rsm;jzifh csdwfquftoHk;jyKaomuGef,ufudk Star Topology [k
ac:ygonf/ uGefysLwm wpfvHk;pDodkY BudK;rsm;jzifh csdwfquf&ojzifh BudK;ukefusrI&Sdygonf/
uGef,ufwGif uGefysLwmrsm;udk wdk;avsmh wyfqifvdkygu uGef,ufwpfckvHk;&yfwefYp&mrvdkbJ

tvG , f w ul vk y f a qmif E d k i f y gonf / Hub onf tcsuf t vuf w pf c k u d k a y;yd k Y & mwG i f
csd w f q uf x m;onf h uG e f y sLwmtm;vH k ; xH o d k Y quf o G , f a y;yd k Y & ygonf / Switch onf
tcsut f vufwpfcu k kd ay;ydv
Yk o
kd nfh uGeyf sLwmwpfv;kH qDoYkd wdu
k ½f u
kd q
f ufo,G af y;ydYk Edik jf cif;aMumifh
Hub xuf ydr k jkd refqefygonf/ Switch onf Hub xuf trSm;'PfcEH ikd rf yI akd umif;ojzifh Switch
udk ydkrdktoHk;jyKMuygonf/ Star Topology uGef,ufwGif Central Device Hub or Switch
wGif wyfqifaom uGeyf sLwmwpfv;kH Connection Loose jzpfygu 4if;uGeyf sLwmom &yfwefrY &I NdS y;D
uGef,ufwpfckvHk; &yfwefYrIr&Sdojzifh usefuGefysLwmrsm;taejzifh vkyfief;rsm;udk qufvuf
vkyaf qmif Edik yf gonf/ odaYk omf Center Device jzpfaom Hub / Switch csK, Yd iG ;f ysupf ;D oGm;cJyh gu
uGef,ufwpfckvHk; &yfwefYoGm;ygrnf/
Mesh Topology
13/ uGefysLwmtm;vHk;udk BudK;rsm;jzifh vuf,Sufxdk; qufoG,fcsdwfquftoHk;jyKaom
uG e f , uf p epf u d k Mesh Topology [k a c:ygonf / uG e f y sLwmrsm;ud k Bud K ;rsm;jzif h
vuf,Sufxdk;csdwfqufxm;&ojzifh BudK;ukefusrItrsm;qHk;aom uGef,ufpepf jzpfygonf/
uGefysLwmtm;vHk;udk BudK;rsm;jzifh vuf,Sufxdk; csdwfqufxm;aomaMumifh wpfae&m&mwGif
Connection Loose jzpf a omf v nf ; tjcm;wpf a e&mrS tcsuf t vuf r sm;ud k
qufvufay;ydEYk ikd o
f jzifh trSm;'PfcEH ikd rf t
I aumif;qH;k ESihf ukeu
f srpI &dwf trsm;qH;k uGe,
f ufpepf
jzpfygonf/
14/ uGe,f ufwiG f Data tcsut

f vufrsm;udk atmufygenf;(2)enf;jzifh o,f,al y;ydyYk gonf-
(u) Base band / Base band onf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk BudK;wpfavQmuf
vQyfppf (Electricity) odkYr[kwf tvif;(Light) digital signal enf;jzifh
Mum;aerIr&SdbJ twdtus o,f,lay;ydkYygonf/ Local Area Network wGif
Base band udk 99 &mcdkifEIef; toHk;jyKMuygonf/
( c) Broad band / Broad band onf owif;tcsut f vufrsm;udk Radio wave
odkYr[kwf Micro wave Analog Signal enf;jzifh o,f,lay;ydkYygonf/
uGef,ufwGif Broad band udk toHk;jyKrnfqdkygu High Speed Modem udk
wyfqifoHk;pGJ&rnfjzpfojzifh Hardware ukefusrIrsm; &Sdygonf/

NetWork Cabling
15/ wpfae&mrSwpfae&modYk (odrYk [kw)f uGeyf sLwmwpfv;kH rSwpfv;kH odYk csw
d q
f uftoH;k jyK&mwGif
BudK;rJh qufoG,fjcif; ESifh BudK;jzifhqufoG,fjcif;[lí tajccHtm;jzifh ESpfrsKd;&Sd&m BudK;jzifh
qufo, G of nfh uGe,
f uf pepfwiG f atmufaz:jyyg Cable trsK;d tpm;rsm;udk toH;k jyKMuygonf-
(u) Twisted-Pair Cable (STP, UTP)
( c ) Coaxial Cable (Thick Coaxial, Thin Coaxial)
( * ) Fiber-Optic (Single Mode, Multi Mode)
16/ Twisted-Pair Cable onf trsm;qHk;toHk;jyKaom Cable trsKd;tpm;jzpfygonf/

wpfcgwpf&H Twisted-Pair Cable wGif Wire BuKd ;i,fEpS pf x kH uf ydrk ykd g&dES ikd yf gonf/ 4if;wGif Wire
BudK;i,fuav; rsm;udk wpfckESifhwpfck vdrfNyD;jyKvkyfxm;ygonf/ þodkYjyKvkyfjcif;rSm Wire
BuKd;ESpfckMum;wGif jzpfay: wwfaom Mutual Capacitance udk ajczsuf&efjzpfygonf/ Wire
BuKd ;wpfacsmif;udk Plastic Insulation jzifx
h nfx
h m;Ny;D ? 4if;WireBuKd ; tpkta0;udk tjyifrS Outter
Jacket jzift h yk u
f m zJUG pnf;wnfaqmuf xm;ygonf/ Twisted Pair Cables udk Shielded Twisted
Pair Cable (STP) ESifh Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable (UTP) [lí ESpfrsdK;cGJjcm;ygonf/
STP Cable onf cover shield yg&S d N yD ; UTP Cable onf cover sheild

ryg&Sdyg/ STP Cable onf cover sheild yg&Sdojzifh jyifyrS0ifa&mufvmaom aESmuf,SufrI

rsm;onf tvlrDeD,H cover shield wGif pD;0ifum NIC odkYa&mufvmaom vQyfppfyrmPudk
Ground csay;ygonf/ STP Cable onf UTP Cable xuf jyifyaESmuf,u S rf 'I Pfukd umuG,f
ay;Edik yf gonf/ STP Cable onf UTP Cable xuf ukeu f sp&dwf ydrk akd omfvnf; Thin Coaxial
Cable ESifh Fiber Optic Cable wdkYxuf ukefusp&dwf rsm;pGmoufomygonf/ STP Cable
trsm;qH;k 100 rDwm trsm;qH;k toH;k jyKEikd Nf y;D teJq;kH 5 rDwm &S&d ygrnf/ wyfqifrI vnf; vG,u f Nl y;D
tcsuftvuf o,f,lEdkifrIyrmP Bandwith onf 16-1000 mbps &Sdygonf/ STP Cable
udk Ring Topology uGe, f ufwiG f toH;k jyKMuygonf/ UTP Cable onf uGe, f ufü toH;k jyKaom
BudK;rsm;wGif ukefusp&dwf toufomqHk;jzpfNyD; wyfqif&mwGifvnf; vG,fulygonf/ jyify
aESmuf,SufrI'Pf taejzifh STP Cable avmuf umuG,frIr&Sdyg/ UTP Cable onfvnf;
trsm;qHk; 100 rDwmtxd toHk;jyKEdkifNyD; teJqHk; 5 rDwm&Sd&ygrnf/ tcsuftvuf o,f,lEdkifrI
yrmPonf 10-100 mbps jzpfygonf/ Twisted-Pair Cable udk CAT-1, CAT-2, CAT-3,
CAT-4, CAT-5 [lí tajccHtm;jzifh cJGjcm;xm;ygonf/ aemufydkif;wGif CAT-6, CAT-7 [lí
xyfrHxGufay:vmygonf/
17/ UTP Cable rsm;udk RJ-45 Connector wGif wyfqifaomtcg rSeu f efpmG wyfqif&ygrnf/
wyfqif&mwGif rSefuefrI&SdrSom uGef,ufqufoG,frIudk &&Sdrnfjzpfygonf/ UTP Cable wGif
ESpfyifvdrf xm;aom BudK;(4)pHk BudK;(8)acsmif; yg&SSdygonf/ 4if;BudK;rsm;udk RJ-45 Connector wGif
wyfqif&ef owfrSwfxm;aom ta&miftvdkuf b,frSnmodkY tpDtpOftwdkif; wyfqif&ygrnf/
UTP Cable BudK;rsm; wyfqif&mwGif Electronic Inducstries Alliance / Telecommunation

Industry Association (EIA/TIA) tzGUJ tpnf;rS owfrw
S x
f m;aom pHtwdik ;f wyfqifay;&ygrnf/
18/ EIT/TIA 568 (A) ESifh EIA/TIA 568 (B) [lí pHEpS rf sKd ;&Syd gonf/ EIA/TIA 568 (A) wGif
owfrw S f xm;aomta&mifrsm;rSm Pin(1) White/Green ? Pin(2) Green ? Pin(3) White/Orange
? Pin(4) Blue ? Pin(5) White/Blue ? Pin(6) Orange ? Pin(7) White/Brown ? Pin(8) Brown
wdjYk zpfNy;D EIA/TIA 568 (B) wGif owfrw
S x
f m;aomta&mifrsm;rSm Pin(1) White/Orange ? Pin(2)
Orange ? Pin(3) White/Green ? Pin(4) Blue ? Pin(5) White/Blue ? Pin(6) Green ? Pin(7)
White/Brown ? Pin(8) Brown wdkYjzpfygonf/
19/ uGefysLwm Network pepfwGif Hub/Switch udk toHk;jyKí csdwfqufvdkygu EIA/TIA

568 (A) tcsif;csif;udkjzpfap? EIA/TIA 568 (B) tcsif;csif;udkjzpfap wl&mrsKd;wlwpfckwnf;udk
wyfqif toHk;jyK&ygrnf/ uGefysLwmESpfvHk; wdkuf½dkufcsdwfquftoHk;jyKvdkygu wpfvHk;wGif EIA/
TIA 568 (A) udk toHk;jyKNyD; usefwpfvHk;wGif EIA/TIA 568 (B) udk wyfqifí toHk;jyK&ygrnf/
Connection RJ-45 and Check Connection

Pin 1-8
Crimper
RJ-45 Connector

20/ Coaxial Cable onf aMu;BudK;jzifh jyKvkyfxm;aom Cable trsKd;tpm;jzpfygonf/

¤if;wGif Inner Conductor ESifh Outer Conductor [lí&Sdygonf/ Coaxial Cables onf
BudK;\tv,fwGif vQyful;(Conductor) Solid Copper Wire yg&SdNyD;? 4if;tay:wGif vQyfum
(Insulation Layer) yg&SNd y;D 4if;vQyu f mtay:wGif Sheild Conductor yg&Syd gonf/ 4if; Sheild
Conductor \tay:wGif BudK; ysufpD;rIrS umuG,fay;aom Jacket [kac:aom Plastic cover
yg&Sdygonf/ Coaxial Cable udk Thin Coaxial Cable ESifh Thick Coaxial Cable [lí
ESpfrsdK;cGJjcm;xm;ygonf/ Thin Coaxial Cable \ tcsif;rSm 0.25vufr&dSí trsm;qHk; 185
rDwm (607 ay)txd toH;k jyKEikd Nf y;D teJq;kH 5 rDwm&S&d ygrnf/ Thick Coaxial Cable \tcsi;f rSm
0.5vufr&dí S trsm;qH;k 500 rDwm (1640 ay)txd toH;k jyKEikd of nf/ tcsutf vuf o,f,El ikd rf I
yrmPonf 10 mbps jzpfNyD; jyifyaESmuf,Suf'Pf rsm;udk umuG,frI ay;Edkifygonf/
21/ Fiber Optic Cables onf vQyfppfoHvdkufvdIif;aESmuf,SufrI Electro Magnetic

Interference (EMI)? a&'D,dkvdIif;aESmuf,SufrIrsm; Radio Frequency Interference (RFI)
wdkYaMumifh Copper Wire twGif; pD;qif;aeaom Signal rsm;onfvnf;aumif;? avxJwGif
xkwfvTifhaeaom RF Signal rsm;onfvnf;aumif;? yHko@mefysuf,Gif;rI (distortion) rsm;ESifh
Error rsm; jzpfay:ap ygonf/ tqdkyg rvdkvm;tyfaom EMI, RFI wdkYudk umuG,f&ef
tvif;yHko@mefjzifh ydkYvTwfjcif;onf tvGefaumif;rGefaom enf;vrf;wpfck jzpfygonf/
tvif;yHko@mefjzifh ydkYvTwf&mwGif Fiber Optic Cable jzifh ydkYvTwf Edkifygonf/ Fiber Optic
Cable \ wnf a qmuf x m;yH k r S m aemuf q H k ; ay: puf r I e nf ; ynmjzif h jyKvk y f xm;aom
BudK;trsdK;tpm; jzpfygonf/ BudK;wpfBudK;xJwGif zefrQifi,fuav;rsm; &mESifhcsDí pkaygif;xm;NyD;
zefom;rsm;udk oHacs; rwufEikd yf g/ a&atmufwiG v f nf;jrK§ yí
f qufo, G Ef ikd yf gonf/ tvGeaf o;i,f
aom zefrQit f wGi;f tvif;wef;jzwfoef;jcif;jzifh tcsut f vufrsm;udk ay;ydYk o,f,al y;ygonf/
tcsut f vuf rsm;udk ydrk w
kd u
d spmG ay;ydEYk ikd yf gonf/ tcsut f vufo,f,El ikd rf I yrmPonf 100
mbps - 1 Gbps jzpfygonf/ BudK;t&Snfudk 100 Km (62.14 miles) txd toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/
jyifyaESmuf,SufrI'Pfudk taumif;qHk; umuG,frIay;Edkifygonf/ wyfqif&mwGif cufcJNyD;
wyfqif&aom ud&d,mrsm;onfvnf; aps;tvGefBuD;rm;ojzifh ukefusp&dwf rsm;pGmukefusrI
&Sdygonf/
22/ Fiber Optic Cable udkjzwfí tvif;a&mifydkYvTwf&ef atmufygtajccHenf;vrf; ESpfrsKd;

&Sdygonf-
(u) Single-Mode Transmission
( c ) Multi-Mode Transmission

23/ Single-Mode Transmission wGif tvGeaf o;i,faom Fiber Optic Cable ESihf Laser
uJ h o d k Y pk q k H t m; aumif ; aumif ; jzif h yd k Y v T w f E d k i f o nf h Light Source vd k t yf y gonf /
ukefusp&dwfrsm;aom enf;vrf;vnf; jzpfygonf/ tvGefa0;uGmaom tuGmta0;txd
ydkYvTwfEdkifygonf/ rdkif 100 ESifhtxuf (+100 Mile)xd ydv Yk wT Ef ikd yf gonf/ Single Mode Fiber
Cable \ diameter rSm 8.3 Micron &SdNyD; Cladding rSm 125 Micron &Sdojzifh 8.3/125
Cable [kac:qdkEdkifygonf/
24/ Multi-Mode Transmission wGif Single Mode xuf tenf;i,fydkBuD;aom Fiber
Cable udk toH;k jyKygonf/ Light Source tjzpf pkqr Hk I r&Sad om LED Source udk toH;k jyKygonf/
odkYjzpfí Single-Mode Transmission uJhodkY jrefjrefqefqef rydkYvTwfEdkifbJ ukefusp&dwfvnf;
ydrk o
kd ufom ygonf/ < 2 Km txd ydv Yk w
T Ef ikd yf gonf/ Multi-Mode Fiber Cable \ diameter
rSm 62.5 Micron &SNd y;D Cladding rSm 125 Micron &So d jzifh 62.5/125 Cable [kac:qdEk ikd yf gonf/
Workgroup and Domain Server

25/ uGef,uftrsKd;tpm;wGif Workgroup ESifh Domain Server twGuf atmufazmfjyyg
Computer ESifh Accessories rsm; vdktyfygonf-
(u) Computer
( c) NIC Card and Cable
( *) Software
( *) Switch/ Hub


Network Configuration
26/ uGef,ufwpfck wnfaqmuftoHk;jyK&mwGif atmufazmfjyyg tcsuftvufrsm;udk
a&G;cs,fqHk;jzwf ay;&ef vdktyfygonf-
(u) Adapter (NIC Card)
( c) Client (b,fvkduGefysLwmrsKd;vJ)
( *) Service (b,fvkd Service okH;rvJ)
(C) Protocol (uGefysLwmem;vnfonfhbmompum;)
27/ uGe,
f ufpepf cswd qf uftoH;k jyKEikd &f eftwGuf uGeyf sLwmwdik ;f wGif Network Adaptor (NIC
Card) wyfqif&rnfjzpfNy;D ? Network Component jzpfaom Client , Service, Protocol ponfwu Ykd kd
Install jyKvkyfay;&ygrnf/ Client qdkonfrSm Network ay:&Sd csdwfquftoHk;jyKcGifhay;xm;aom
uGefysLwmrsm;? File rsm;udk vufcH&,ltoHk;jyKEdkifapygonf/ Service qdkonfrSm Share jyKvkyfcGifh
ay;xm;aom Hardware/ Software (Oyrm Printer, File )rsm;udk Share &,ltoH;k jyKEikd af pygonf/
Network Protocol
28/ uGef,ufcsdwfquf&mwGif atmufazmfjyyg tcsuftvufrsm;udk a&G;cs,fqHk;jzwfay;&ef
vdktyfygonf-
(u) NetBEUI ( NetBIOS Enhance User Interface )
( c) IPX / SPX ( Internetwork Packet / Sequenced Packet Exchange )
( *) TCP / IP ( Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol )
29/ uGef,ufcsdwfqufrdrI &^r&udk od&dSapEdkif&eftwGuf Disk Operating System odkY

0ifa&muf NyD;aemuf DOS Command Line wGif C:\ Ipconfig ½dkufESdyfjcif;jzifh rdrdpuf\ IP
Address ukd od&aSd pEki
d yf gonf/ 4if;aemuf tjcm;uGeyf sLwm\ IP Address onf 192.168.1.37
jzpfygu C:\ Ping 192.168.1.37 [k ½du k Ef ydS jf cif;jzifh uGeyf sLwmtcsi;f csi;f tjyeftvSef csw
d q
f ufrI
&^r& udk ppfaq;Edkifygonf/
IP Address
30/ jrefrmEdkifiH\f IP Address udk Class C 203.81.xx.xx owfrSwftoHk;jyKxm;ygonf/
xdkaMumifh uGef,ufcsdwfquf&mwGif atmufazmfjyyg Class trsKd;tpm;rsm;rS a&G;cs,fqHk;jzwfí
owfrSwfay;&ef vdktyfygonf/ -
Class A ( 1 – 126 ) (0=Network Address, 255=Broadcast Address)
Class B (128 – 191)

Class C (192 – 223 )

Class D (224 – 239 ) (For Special Multicasting)
Class E (240 – 254 ) (For Experiments)
8Bits.8Bits.8Bits.8Bits
Class A ——/.——.——.—— (Network trsm;tjym; toHk;jyK&ef)
Class B ——.——/.——.—— (Network toifhtwifh toHk;jyK&ef)
Class C ——.——.——/.—— (Network tenf;i,f toHk;jyK&ef)
Sharing Documnets and Devices

31/ uGef,ufcsdwfquftoHk;jyKjcif;jzifh atmufazmfjyygwdkYudk rQa0toHk;jyKEdkifygonf-
(u) Sharing File/Folder
( c) Sharing Printer
( *) Sharing Devices
Security (Local Area Network)

32/ Security ud k owf r S w f & ef t wG u f Start Æ Settings Æ Control Panel Æ
Administrative Tools Æ Computer Management udkzGifhí Local Users and Groups
udk a&G;yg/ NyD;vQif Users udk zGifhí New User twGuf User Name ESifh Password wdkYudk
owfrw S af y;yg/ xdaYk emuf Permissions ay;&ef Sharing and Security udak &G;cs,o
f wfrw
S af y;yg/
atmufazmfjyyg File system (3)rsKd;teuf NTFS(New Technological File System)
pepfonf ydkrdkvHkNcHKrI&dSaom Security udk owfrSwfay;Edkif ygonf-
(u) FAT 16 (File Allocation Table 16 bits)
( c) FAT 32 (File Allocation Table 32 bits)
( *) NTFS (New Technological File System)
Using Net Meeting

33/ Net Meeting udk toH;k jyK&eftwGuf Start Æ Run Æ conf.exe zdik u f kd Run ay;&ygrnf/
Net Meeting udk toHk;jyKjcif;jzifh atmufazmfjyygwdkYudk vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf-
(u) Talks to others
( c) Use video to see others and let others see you
( *) Share applications and documents with others

(C) Collaborate with others in shared applications

( i) Send files to others
( p) Draw with others in a shared whiteboard
(q) Send messages to others in Chat
Using Remote Desktop

34/ uGe, f ufcswd q f ufNy;D Remote Desktop toH;k jyKEikd &f ef My Computer \ Properties
udk zGifhyg/ 4if;rS Remote udkESdyfí Remote Assistance ESifh Remote Desktop udkY\ Check
box udk a&G;cs,fyg/ 4if;aemuf Select Remote Users udkESdyfNyD;? Add vkyfí cGifhjyKvdkonfh
User udk owfrSwf ay;jcif;jzifh jyifyodkYa&muf&dSaeaom ta0;wpfae&mrS Remote Desktop
udk toHk;jyKcGifhay;Edkif apygonf/
Using Internet and E-mail

35/ Internet oH;k pJcG iG uhf kd ISP (Internet Service Provider) xHrS avQmufxm;&,lEikd yf gonf/
ISP onf Internet ESihf cswd q f uftoH;k jyKEikd &f ef User Name ESihf Password wduYk kd owfrw
S cf iG jhf yKí
0efaqmifrI ay;aom Company jzpfonf/ xdkYtwl E-mail toHk;jyKEdkif&eftwGufvnf; E-
mail account wpfck r½Sdrjzpf avQmufxm;&,l&ef vdktyfygonf/ 4if;udkvnf; rdrdwdkY\ ISP
(Internet Service Provider) xHrS avQmufxm;&,lEi kd yf gonf/ E-mail account wpfc&k ½SNd y;D ygu
e-Mail ydkYvTwf^zrf;,l&½SdEdkifrnfh Program Install jyKvkyfxm;&ef vdktyfygonf/ odkYaomf
Microsoft Windows Operating System jzpfygu Microsoft Outlook Express ESifh
Microsoft Outlook y½dk*&rf wdkYudk toHk;jyK&ef tqifoifh xnfhoGif;ay;xm;ojzifh Program
Install xyfrHjyKvkyfay;&ef rvdkyg/
ISP xHrS Internet toHk;jyKEdkif&eftwGuf ISP xHrS E-mail account twGuf

vdktyfcsuf vdktyftcsuf
- User Name - User ID / Acount Name
- User Password - User Password
- Computer & MODEM - E-mail Address
- Telephone Line & Telephone - Incoming Mail Server(POP3)
- Internet Browser - Outgoing Mail Server(SMTP)

Type of Network Connectivity Devices

19/ uGefysLwmrsm;udk Network csdwfquftoHk;jyKEdkifap&ef Mum;cHypönf;(Media ) ESifh
G rf KS (Connections ) rsm;onf yko
qufo, H @mefrsK;d pk&H MdS uygonf/ 4if;wdrYk mS -
(u) Network Interface Card (NIC) / aemufyikd ;f P4 Motherboard rsm;wGif
built-in yg&Sdygonf/ ryg&dSygu PCI/USB wdkYwGif wyfqifNyD; Network
csw
d q f ufEikd yf gonf/ wcsKUd aom Notebook rsm;wGif PCMCIA odrYk [kwf PC
Card wGif NIC adapter csw d qf uftok;H jyKEikd yf gonf/
( c) Router / rwlnaD om Network rsm;csw d qf ufvQif physical media tjzpf
okH;pGJonf/ Network tpdwt f ydik ;f rS Internet odUk csw d qf uf&mü ok;H pG&J onf/
RIP(Routing Interface Protocol) ud k ok H ; pG J í Network level wG i f
tvkyv f yk o
f nf/
( *) Gateway / rwlnDaom Network rsm;csdwfquf&mwGif Gateway tjzpf
Hardware ESifh Software rsm;udkokH;pGJ&onf/ Gateway udk Device tjzpf
vk;H 0uGjJ ym;jcm;em;aom LAN ESihf Mainframe csw d q
f uf&mwGif tok;H jyKonf/
LAN onf Distributed Processing, Baseband Communication ESihf ASCII
Character Set wdkYudk okH;NyD; Mainframe onf Centralized Processing,
Broadband ESihf Baseband Communications ESihf EBCDIC Character Set
udk tok;H jyKygonf/ LAN Protocol tjzpf Gateway Software udk ok;H pGNJ y;D
Mainframe ESihf tvm;o@mefwal p&ef ajymif;vJjyKvy k af y;onf/ Gateway
Device onf tvGe½ f yI af xG;aom Network Devices rsm; jzpfonf/ Gateway
rsm;wGif BGP(Border Gateway Protocol) udk okH;pGJ&NyD; Router uJhodkU
jyKvyk o f nf/ Router/Gateway wGif interface tenf;qk;H (2)ck yg&Srd nfjzpfonf/
(C) Hubs/Switch / Star Topology wGif tok;H jyKygonf/ 4 ports, 8 ports, 16
ports, 24 ports wnf a qmuf x m;ygonf / Hub onf Port
wpfckrStcsuftvufrsm;udk vufcHNyD; usef ports rsm;rS csdwfqufxm;aom
Network Devices rsm;odUk tcsuf tvufrsm;tm; jzefaY 0ay;ydUk onf/ xdaYk Mumifh
Hub onf tcsdefwpfckwGif uGefysLwm wpfvHk;wnf;rSom usefpufrsm;odkY
tcsuftvufay;ydkYEdkifonf/ Switch onf Point to Point tcsut f vuf
ay;ydaYk qmif&u G af y;Edik jf cif;aMumifh Hub uJo h Ykd &Iwaf xG;rIr&Syd J vsijf refr&I ydS gonf/
( i) Bridge / wlnaD om Protocol ok;H pGx J m;onfh ESpcf k odUk r[kwf ESpcf x k ufyakd om
Network rsm;tm; Dedicated Line jzifh End to End csw d q f ufxm;jcif;jzpfonf/

Access Points
20/ Access Point qdo
k nf rSm Transceiver yifjzpfonf/ tcsut
f vufrsm;tm; xkwv
f iT jhf cif;
ESihf zrf;,ljcif;tm; aqmif&u G Ef ikd Nf y;D ywf0ef;usi&f dS uGeyf sLwmrsm; ESihf owif;tcsut f vufrsm;
ay;ydUk ^zrf;,ljcif;tm; BuKd ;rJu
h eG , f uf? aub,fvu f eG ,
f ufrsm;twGi;f aqmif&u G Ef idk o
f nf/
Transmission Technique
21/ Wireless LANs rsm;wGif tcsut
f vufrsm;tm; atmufazmfjyyg enf;pepf (4)enf;jzifh
xkwv
f iT ahf y;ydyYk gonf
(u) Infrared
( c) Laser
( *) Narrow-band(Signal frequency) Radio
(C) Spread-spectrum Radio
Wi-Fi(Wireless Fidelity)
22/ Wi-Fi qdo k nfrmS tDvufxa&mepf ESihf vQypf pfqikd &f menf;ynm rsm;pGmwdt
Yk wGuf pHEeI ;f
owfrwS f ay;aom Edik if wH umtzGUJ tpnf; (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers)
(IEEE) rS BuKd ;rJu
h eG ,
f ufrsm;twGuf owfrw S xf m;aom IEEE 802.11 standard pHviId ;f EIe;f yif
jzpfonf/ Wi-Fi Network rsm;onf taqmuftODtwGi;f wGif 150 ay? tjyifbuf wGif 300
ay txdom toH;k jyKEikd f ygonf/
23/ IEEE 802.11 standard wGif b, a, g ESihf i wdUk &Syd gonf/ IEEE 802.11 b onf owif;
tcsut f vufyv Ykd w T Ef eI ;f 11 Mbps jzifh vIid ;f EIe;f 2.4 GHz(ISM band)twGi;f qufo, G Ef ikd of nf/
vuf&o dS ;Hk pGaJ eaom DSL Broadband xuf vQijf refr&I o dS nf/ IEEE 802.11 a onf owif;
tcsut f vufyv Ykd w T Ef eI ;f 54Mbps jzifh vIid ;f EIe;f 5 GHz (SHF band) twGi;f qufo, G o f nf/
½kyof rH sm;? AD', D ykd &Hk yd rf sm;ay;yd&Yk mwGif ydrk Mkd unfvifjywfom;Ny;D t&G,t f pm;Bu;D rm;aom File rsm;udk
vQijf refpmG ay;ydUk Edik o f nf/ IEEE 802.11 g onf owif;tcsut f vuf ydv Yk wT Ef eI ;f 54Mbps
jzifh vIdif;EIef; 2.4 GHz (ISM band) twGif; qufoG,fygonf/ IEEE 802.11 b xuf
vIid ;f EIe;f wmus,jf yefo Y nft h wGuf ½kyo f rH sm;? AD', D kd yk&H yd rf sm;ay;yd&Yk mwGif ydrk Mkd unfvifjywfom;Ny;D
t&G,t f pm;Bu;D rm;aom File rsm;? Web site rsm;udk tcsed w f t
kd wGi;f qufo, G zf vS,Ef ikd yf gonf/
IEEE 802.11 i onf IEEE 802.11 g ESifh wlnDNyD; vkHNcHKrIpepf ydkrdkaumif;rGefap&ef
aqmif&u G xf m;ygonf/ tjcm;pepfrsm;wGit f ok;H jyKaom WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy)
\ vkHNcHKrI tm;enf;csufrsm;udkjyKjyifNyD; Mum;jzwfazmfxkwfjcif; rjyKEdkifaom tqifhjrifh0Sufpm
AES(Advanced Encryption Standard)/WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access-2) ac:

IEEE802.11i jzifh Wireless Networks twGuf vHkNcHKrIpepf jyifqifwnfaqmufxm;jcif;

jzpfygonf/
OSI Model
25/ uGeyf sLwmrsm;ESit
hf jcm; Devices rsm;tjyeftvSeq f ufo, G vf yk af qmifyu kH kd ISO rS OSI
(Open Systems Interconnection) Networking Model jzifh &Si;f vif;wifjycJy h gonf/ owif;
tcsuftvufrsm; tjyeftvSefqufoG,faqmif&GufEdkif&eftwGuf tvTm7vTm (7 Layer)jzifh
cGjJ cm;xm;&m tay:qH;k rSpí Application? Presantation? Session? Transport? Network?
DataLink? Physical Layer [k owfrw S xf m;ygonf/ Layer wpfcjk cif;tvdu k f tjyeftvSef
wnfrSDaeNyD; rwlnDaomuGef,uftwGif; qufoG,f csdwfqufEdkif&ef pufypönf;u&d,mrsm;
(Equipments)? csw d qf ufvyk af qmify(kH Protocols) ESihf pGr;f aqmif&nfrsm;tay: rlwnfonf/
IEEE 802 Networking Standards

26/ IEEE onf Networking Standard owfrw S &f ef aumfrwDzUGJ pnf;cJyh gonf/ tqdyk g
aumfrwDrS owfrw S cf o
hJ nfh Standard wpfcpk \
D a&SUwGif 802 jzifh tpjyKcyhJ gonf/ 4if; 802 \
t"dyÜg,frSm aumfrwD pwifzJGUpnf;cJhonfh 1980ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dvudk 1980ckESpf (80) ESifh
azazmf0g&Dv (2) wdu
Yk kd &nfneG ;f ygonf/
Standard Topic
802.1 LAN/MAN Management (And Media Access Control Bridges)
(Internetworking)
802.2 Logical Link Control
802.3 Carrier-Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection
(CSMA/CD)
(Ethetnet)(Bus Topology)
802.4 Token Bus
802.5 Token Ring
802.6 Distributed Queue Dual Bus(DQDB)
Metropolitan Area Network(MAN)
802.7 Broadband Local Area Networks
802.8 Fiber Optic LANs and MANs
802.9 Integrated Services ( Voice/Data ) LAN Interface
802.10 LAN/MAN Security
802.11 Wireless LAN
802.12 Demand Priority Access Method

802.15 Wireless Personal Area Network

802.16 Wireless Metropolitan Area Network
802.17 Resilient Packet Ring
802.18 LAN/MAN Standards Committee
Configuring TCP/IP on WorkGroup

27/ uGeyf sLwmrsm;udk Peer to Peer Network wnfaqmufEikd &f eftwGuf NIC, Hub/Switch,
Cable wdu Yk kd tqifoifw
h yfqifxm;&ygrnf/ Workgroup (Peer to Peer) Network wpfck
wnfaqmuf&ef Start ÆSetting ÆControl Panel ÆNetwork connection tqift h wdik ;f
a&G;cs,yf g/ Local Area Connection trnfjzifh Network Connection udk jrifawGU&ygrnf/
4if; Icon udk Right Click vkyí f Properties udak &G;yg/ Properties Dialog Box wGif General,
Authentication, Advacedd Tab (3)ck yg&dy S gonf/ General Tab wGif wyfqifxm;aom NIC
trsK;d tpm;ESihf Client for Microsoft Networks, File and Printer Sharing for Microsoft
Netwrks, Internet Protocol(TCP/IP) wdu Yk kd Install jyKvyk x f m;&efvykd gonf/ Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP) \ Properties rS Use the following IP address option tm; check vkyy f g/
Network twGuf owfrSwfxm;aom IP address? Subnet mask wdkYtjyif Gateway
ok;H pGx
J m;ygu Default Gateway udyk g xnfo h iG ;f &rnf/ DNS server ok;H pGx J m;ygu Use the
following DNS server address option tm; check vkyNf y;D Preferred DNS server address
xnfo h iG ;f &rnf/ DNS server ESpcf u
k t
kd ok;H jyK xm;ygu Alternate DNS server address udyk g
xnfo h iG ;f &ygrnf/ Advanced Button tm; click vkyNf y;D IP setting Tab wGif IP? Subnet
mask? Gateway setting rsm;tm; xyfrx H nfo h iG ;f jcif;? jyifqifjcif;? z,f&mS ;jcif;rsm; aqmif&u G Ef ikd f
ygonf/ DNS ? WINS? OptionTab rsm;wGiv f nf; oufqikd o f nfrsm;tm; xyfrx H nfo
h iG ;f jcif;?
jyifqifjcif;? z,f&mS ;jcif;? a&G;cs,jf cif;rsm;udk aqmif&u
G Ef ikd yf gonf/
Configuring Computer and WorkGroup Name

28/ Windows WorkGroup wnfaqmuf&ef Start ÆSetting ÆControl Panel
ÆNetwork connection wdu Yk akd &G;cs,yf g odrYk [kwf Desktop ay:&dS My Network Places
udk Right Click jyKvyk Nf y;D Properties udk a&G;cs,yf g/ Network connection dialog box \
Network Tasks(Left pane) rS Set up a home or small office tm; a&G;cs,Nf y;D New
Connection Wizard rS Next udk Click vkyy f g/ Network setup wizard rS Next button
tm; click vkyyf g/ Network cards ? Modem? Printers? uGeyf sKwmrsm;wyfqifNy;D toifjh zpfygu
Next button tm; Click vkyy f g/ qufo, G v
f akd om enf;vrf;tm; a&G;cs,Nf y;D Next button
tm; click xyfrv H yk yf g/ 4if;aemuf uGeyf sKwm\ description ESihf name rsm;udk owfrw S af y;&onf/

NIC card? Modem? Printers tjcm;aom uGey f sKwmrsm;ESihf csw

d q f ufwyfqifNy;D jzpfygu Next
button tm; click vkyfyg/ qufoG,fvdkaom enf;vrf;tm; a&G;cs,fNyD; Next button tm;
Clickvkyy f g/ Computer description ESihf Computer name rsm; ½du k xf nfah y;Ny;D aemuf Next
button tm; click vkyy f g/ (Network cswd q f ufygu trnfEiS t hf rSwtf om;rsm;tm; uGeyf sKwm
wpfv;Hk pDtwGuf oD;oefUjzpfNy;D rwln&D yg/ ) 4if;aemuf Workgroup trnfowfrw S af y;&efjzpfNy;D
Default name rSm MSHOME jzpfygonf/ Network setting jyifqifvdkygu Back?
twnfjyKvykd gu Next udk a&G;cs,&f rnf/ Turn on file and printer sharing tm; Check
vkyíf Next button tm; Click vkyyf g/ xdUk aemuf Create a Network Setup Disk? Use the
Network Setup Disk I aready had? Use my Windows XP CD? Just finish the wizard;
I don't need to run the wizard on other computers ponfh Options (4)ckteuf tvd& k &Sd mudk
a&G;cs,Nf y;D Next button tm; click jyKvyk &f rnf/ xdaYk emuf Network setting rsm; aqmif&u G f
aeojzifh tcsed t
f enf;i,f apmifq
h ikd ;f &efvykd gonf/
29/ TCP/IP tok;H jyKcsw d q

f ufaeaom uGe,f ufwpfct k wGi;f &Sd uGeyf sKwmrsm;\ connectivity
udk prf;oyf&ef tok;H rsm;aom utility commands tcsKd UrS IPCONFIG ESihf PING wdu Yk kd tok;H jyK
aqmif&u G Ef ikd yf gonf/
IPCONFIG
30/ Command prompt wGif c:\>ipconfig [k&u kd Mf unfyh gu toH;k jyKaeaom puf\ NIC
address ESihf Default Gateway, WINS ponfwu Ykd kd azmfjyygonf/ Ipconfig \ switch
rsm; toH;k jyKyu
kH kd od&v
Sd ydk gu command prompt wGif c:\>ipconfig -? [k&u kd Ef ydS Mf unfjh cif;jzifh
od&ESd ikd yf grnf/
C:\>ipconfig
Windows IP Configuration
Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection:
Connection-specific DNS Suffix . :
IP Address . . . . . . . . . .. :192.168.10.6
Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . :255.255.255.0
Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.10.1
PING (Packet Internet Groper)

31/ Destination ESihf Host tMum; tjyeftvSef qufo, G rf I &S?d r&Sd ppfaq;&mwGif ok;H onf/
ping command \ switch rsm;\ tok;H ;jyKyu Hk kd od&v
dS ykd gu command prompt wGif c:\>ping
-? [k &du
k Ef ydS Mf unfyh gu od&EdS ikd yf grnf/ Ping 127.0.0.1 jyKvyk rf nfqykd gu 4if; address onf
local loop back jzpfojzifh rdrp d uf\ NIC aumif;? raumif; ppfaq;&mwGif tok;H jyKygonf/
tu,fí Ping 192.168.10.5 jyKvkyfMunfhygu connection &SdaevQif Reply from
jyefvmonfukd awGU&S&d rnfjzpfNy;D connection r&dyS gu Request Time Out jyefvmygrnf/
Oyrm- C:\>ping 192.168.10.5
Pinging 192.168.10.5 with 32 bytes of data:

Reply from 192.168.10.5: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=128
Ping statistics for 192.168.10.5:

Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 0ms, Average = 0ms
Oyrm- C:\>ping -?
Usage: ping [-t][-a][-n count][-l size][-f][-i TTL][-v TOS][-r count]
[-s count]
[[-j host-list]|[-k host-list]][-w timeout] target_name
Options:
-t Ping the specified host until stopped.To see statistics and
continue - type Control-Break; type Control-C.
-a Resolve addresses to hostnames.
-n count Number of echo requests to send.
-l size Send buffer size.
-f Set Don’t Fragment flag in packet.
-i TTL Time To Live.
-v TOS Type Of Service.
-r count Record route for count hops.
-s count Timestamp for count hops.
-j host-list Loose source route along host-list.
-k host-list Strict source route along host-list.
-w timeout Timeout in milliseconds to wait for each

Internet
32/ Internet csw
d qf uftoH;k jyKEikd &f ef Internet 0efaqmifraI qmif&u G af y;onfh Internet
Service Provider xHrS Connection wpfc& k &d&S ef vdtk yfygonf/ ISP xHrS csw d q
f uf&,lEikd o
f nfh
Connection trsK;d tpm;rsm;rSm Dialup Connection? DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
Connection? Satellite Connection? Broad Band Wireless Connection wdYk jzpfygonf/
csw
d q
f ufrnfeh nf;vrf; ESihf Connection trsK;d tpm;wdt Yk ay: rlwnfNy;D uGeyf sLwmqufpyfypön;f rsm;
wyfqiftoH;k jyK&ef vdtk yfygonf/
Dialup Connection
33/ Internet ESic hf sw
d q
f uf&eftwGuf vdt
k yfonfq
h ufpyfypön;f rsm;rSm uGeyf sLwm? MODEM?
Telephone Line ESihf Phone? ISP xH Connection jyKvy k Ef ikd rf nfh zke;f eHygwf? User Name ESihf
Password wdkYjzpfygonf/ Dialup Connection onf MODEM ESifh Telephone wdkYudk
toH;k jyKcsw
d q
f ufEikd o
f nfh ukeu f sp&dwo
f ufomonfh pepfjzpfygonf/ Standare Speed onf
56kbps jzpfNy;D jzwfoef;vm&onhf Phone Line ? Telephone Exchange wdt
Yk ay:rlwnfNy;D
10-30 kbps Speed txd a&muf&E
Sd ikd yf gonf/
Make New Connection

34/ Internet odcYk sw d qf uf&eff Connection topfwpfcw k nfaqmufygu toH;k jyKrnfh Modem
udk OD;pGm Install vky&f ygrnf/ 4if;aemuf StartÆ Setting Æ Control Panel wGif Click
wpfcsuEf ydS yf g/ Control Panel Window yGiv hf mrnf/ Network Connection wGif Click ESyd yf gu
Network Connection Window yGiv hf mrnf/ Create a new Connection wGif Click ESyd yf gu
Network Connection Window yGifhvmNyD; New Connection Wizard Dialog Box
ay:vmrnf/ Next Button wGif Click wpfcsuEf ydS Nf y;D aemuf Connect to the network at my
workplace Option Button udak ½G;cs,& f rnf/ xdaYk emuf Next Button udk xyfraH ½G;cs,í f
Dial-up connection Option Button udak ½G;cs,& f rnf/ Ny;D vQif Next Button udk xyfraH ½G;&rnf/
Company Name ae&mwGif ESpfouf&mtrnfwpfckudk owfrSwfay;Edkifonf/ ukrÜPDwpfck
wnf;omoH;k pJo G rl sm;onf Bagan jzpfygu Bagan? MPT jzpfygu MPT? ukrP Ü ED pS rf sK;d pvH;k
oH;k pJo
G rl sm;onf Bagan, MPT azmfjyowfrw S Nf y;D Next Button udk xyfrH a½G;cs,af y;&ygrnf/
ISP \ zke;f eHygwfxnf& h ef Dialog box usvmygu ISP Service ay;xm;aom zke;f eHygwfukd
xnfah y;&rnf/ Oyrm- Bagan Cybertech YGN udk csw d qf uf toH;k jyKorl sm;onf 146,4441111?
Bagan Cybertech (Mandalay) udk csw d q f uftoH;k jyKorl sm;onf 146,444111? MPT odkY
csw
d q f uftoH;k jyKorl sm;onf 144,250111? e,frS toH;k jyKorl sm;onf Provider zke;f eHygwfrsm;\

a½SUwGif 4if;wd\
Yk oufqikd &f m {&d,m Code rsm;udk (Comma) aumfrmcHí xnfah y;&rnf/ Oyrm-
02,146 w,fvz D ek ;f eHygwfxnfNh y;D ygu Next Button udk Click ESyd yf g/ Finish Button udk Click
ESyd yf gu Connection topfjzpfaom Bagan odrYk [kwf MPT udjk rifawGU&rnf/
35/ od&Yk mwGif tqdyk g Connection onf tqifoifo h ;kH pJí

G r&ao;yg/ Ready to use jzpfap&ef
Bagan icon tm; Right Click ESy d yf g/ Short Cut Menu ay:vmygu Properties udk a½G;cs,yf g/
General, Options, Security, Networking, Advanced Tab (5)cktm; jrifawGU&rnf/ General
Tab atmufwi G f rdrw
d yfqifxm;cJah om Modem trsK;d tpm; [kw^f r[kwf aocsmpGmppfaq;yg/
Options Tab wGif Click wpfcsuE f ydS yf g/ ISP odYk csw
d qf ufí r&rcsi;f uGeyf sLwmrS tvdtk avQmuf
jyefvnfac:qdk csw d q f uf&ef setting jyKvyk x f m;Edik of nf/
36/ Networking Tab wGif Click wpfcsuEf ydS yf g/ Type of dial-up server I am calling:
acgif;pOfatmuf List Box wGif PPP;Windows 95/98/NT4/2000,Internet jzpfae&rnf/
Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) wGif Domain Name Server \ IP Address udk xnfah y;&rnf/
Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)udak ½G;í Properties Command Button tm; Click vkyy f g/
Internet Protocol (TCP/ IP) dialog box usvmrnf/ “Use the following DNS server
addresses” Option button udk a½G;cs,y f g/ Preferred DNS server ESihf Alternate DNS
Server wd\Yk IP Address rsm;udk ½du
k x
f nf&h rnf/
Bagan Cybertech (YGN)

Preferred DNS server (Primary DNS Server) – 203.81.71.69
Alternate DNS server (Secondary DNS Server) – 203.81.71.73
Bagan Cybertech (MDY)

MPT
37/ tu,fí Bagan Cybertech (YGN) odcYk sw d q

f ufygu IP Address rsm; a&;xnfNh y;D
OK Command Button wGif Click wpfcsuE
f ydS yf g/ Bagan Properties Dialog Box \ OK

Command Button wGif Click wpfcsuE f ydS yf g/ xdt

k cg “Network Connection” Folder xJwiG f
toH;k jyK Edik Nf yjD zpfaom “Bagan” tm; wnfaqmufNy;D jzpfrnf/ Connection wpfcw k nfaqmufNy;D
oGm;ygu Internet udk Browse vkyfEdkif&ef Internet Explorer Program rSm Setting
tcsKd Uudjk yifqifay;&ygrnf/
38/ StartÆPrograms Æ Internet Explorer udk Click ESdyfyg/ Internet Explorer

yGiv hf mygu Menu Bar ½Sd Tools udak ½G;yg/ Pulldown Menu ay:vmygu Internet Option...
udk Click ESyd yf g/ Internet Option Dialog Box usvmrnf/ Internet Explorer ½Sd General
Tab Command atmufrS Address wGif rdrE d pS o
f uf&m Web Site trnfwpfcu k kd ½du
k x
f nfyh g/
Oyrm/ http://www.bagan.net.mm/ udk ½du k x f nfyh g/ 4if;onf Internet Explorer udzk iG w
hf ikd ;f
yxrOD;pGm wufvmygrnf/ 4if;udk Home Page [kac:onf/ Connection Tab wGif Click
ESyd yf g/ Setting Command Button wGif Click wpfcsuEf ydS yf g/ Bagan Settings dialog box
usvmrnf/ Use a proxy server for this connection (These settings will not apply to
other connections) b,fbufab;½Sd Check Box tm; Mark jyKvy k yf g/
Bagan (YGN) Bagan (MDY) MPT

Address – 203.81.71.69 Address – 203.81.71.146 Address – 203.81.65.23
Port – 9090 (Internet) Port – 9090 (Internet) Port – 8080 (Internet)
Port – 8080 (Intranet) Port – 8080 (Intranet) Port – 8080 (Intranet)
39/ User name ESihf Password ae&mwGif ISP rS cGijhf yKxm;aom User name ESihf Password
udk ½du
k x
f nfí
h OK udk Click vkyyf g/ Internet Options dialog box odYk jyefa&mufomG ;rnf/
Always dial my default connection \ Option button udak ½G;yg/ xdaYk emuf Set Default
Command Button wGif Click wpfcsuE f ydS yf g/ a½G;cs,x
f m;cJah om Bagan \ab;wGif Bagan
(Default) [k az:jyrnf/ Internet Options dialog box \ Apply Command button udk
Click wpfcsuE f ydS yf g/ xdaYk emuf OK button udk Click ESyd yf g/ Internet Explorer wGif vdt k yfaom
Setting rsm; jyKvy k Nf y;D jzpfojzifh Internet Explorer tm; pwiftoH;k jyKEikd Nf yjD zpfygonf/
Connecting to ISP (or) Internet

40/ Internet ESichf sw
fd q
f ufNy;D ygu Internet Explorer udzk iG &hf rnf/ xdt k cg ISP odYk csw
d q f uf&ef
Dial-up Connection dialog box usvmrnf/ Connect Button tm; wpfcsuE f ydS &f ygrnf/
Modem rS toHwr kd sm; Mum;&Ny;D ISP zke;f eHygwfoYkd ac:qdck sw
d q
f ufygvdrrhf nf/ toHwrkd sm;Mum;&Ny;D
cPtMum Modem rS qlnaH omtoH½n S rf sm; xGuaf y:vmvdrrhf nf/ qlqn l nH o
H t
H oH½n S rf sm;

Mum;&Ny;D aemuf rdr\d User name ESihf Password rSe^f rrSeu f pkd pfaq;vdrrhf nf/ rSeu
f efygu
ISP ESic
hf sw
d q
f ufomG ;Ny;D Dialup Connection dialog box aysmufomG ;rnf/ csw d q
f ufrad Mumif;
Desktop \ nmzufatmufwGif uGefysLwm 2 vHk; xyfxm;onfh Icon vif;vmvdrfhrnf/
Connection &oGm;onfEi S w
hf pfNyKd ief uf Internet Explorer rSm Web page ay:vmrnf/
Addrss Bar
41/ Website wpfcpk w D ikd ;f wGiv
f yd pf mwpfcpk ½D MdS uonf/ 4if;udk URL( Uniform Resource
Locator) [k ac:onf/ URL udo k yd gu Website (or) Web Page wdik ;f udk 0ifMunfEh ikd rf nf/
Address Bar List Box udk Click wpfcsuE f ydS yf g/ URL ay:wGif tjyma&mif Highlight
ay:vmrnf/ rdrt d vd½k adS om URL ud½k u kd x
f nfyh g/ Oyrm/ www.yahoo.com [k ½du k yf g/ http:/
/ udx k nfah y;&efrvdyk g/ Internet Explorer utvdt k avsmuf em;vnfygonf/ Enter Key
odrYk [kwf Button wGif Click wpfcsuEf ydS yf g/
Add to Favourite
42/ Internet ay:wGif rMumcP0ifa&mufMunf½h &I rnfh Website rsK;d jzpfygu 4if;udk Favourite
List xJwi G xf nfx h m;Edik af yonf/ Favourite List xJwiG f rdrxd nfv
h okd nfh Web page wpfcu k kd
t&if zGi&hf ayrnf/ xdaYk emuf Toolbar xJrS Favourite ay:wGif Click wpfcsuEf ydS yf g/ Internet
Explorer Window \b,fbufwi G f Favourite Bar yGivhf mayrnf/ Add Button wGif Click
wpfcsuEf ydS yf g/Faourite List xJxnf&h ef vuf½zdS iG x hf m;onfh Web Page trnfygonfh Add
Favourite Dialog Box usvmrnf/ rSwr f v
d ,G o
f nfh trnfukd ½duk x f nfv
h ykd gu 4if;trnfukd
zsuíf topf½u kd xf nfyh g/ OK udk Click vkyyf gu Favorite List xJoYkd xnfo h iG ;f Ny;D om;jzpfrnf/
View Favourite
43/ Favourite List xJrS oGm;vdak om Link wpfcak y:odYk Mouse udak ½GUyg/ vufyakH y:vmygu
Click wpfcsufESdyfyg/ oufqdkif&m Web page onf Internet Explorer Window wGif
ay:vmvdrrhf nf/
Open History
44/ rdro d v
d o kd nfh taMumif;t&mwpfcu k kd rnfonfh Website xJwiG f Munfch o hJ nfqw
kd mudk
pOf;pm;ír&jzpfwwfonf/ xdt k cgrsK;d wGif Internet Explorer rSm½So d nfh History udt k oH;k jyKNy;D
jyefvnfMunh½f EI ikd af yonf/ Toolbar ay:wGi½f adS om History Button udk Click wpfcsuf ESyd yf g/
Internet ExplorerWindow \b,fbufwi G f History Window yGiv hf mvdrrhf nf/ 4if;onf
b,faeY b,ftcsed w f iG f rnfonfh Webside rsm;udk Munfch o hJ vJqo
kd nfh List jzpfonf/

Set History
45/ Internet udk 0ifa&muftoH;k jyKonfrmS &ufMumvmonfEiS hf trQ Hisory List onf
t&rf;Bu;D vmygrnf/ xdaYk Mumifh History List \ Size udk Control vky&f efvv kd rd rhf nf/ Website
rsm;ud k History List xJ r S m b,f E S p f & uf x m;rnf q d k w mud k owf r S w f a y;í&onf / rd r d
owfrSwfxm;onfh&ufjynfhonfESifh History List tvdktavsmuf Clear jzpfoGm;ap&ef
jyKvyk í
f &onf/ Menu Bar ay:rS Tool udk Click wpfcsuEf ydS yf g/ Internet Options udak ½G;cs,yf g/
xdtk cg Internet Options Dialog Box usvmrnf/ Days to keep pages in history ab;½Sd
Spin Control wGif Click ESdyfjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;(odkYr[kwf) Keyboard rS½dkufxnfhjcif;
jzifv
h nf;aumif; &ufw;kd âvsmu
h kd jyifqifEikd o
f nf/
Clear History
46/ History List udk Clear vkyv
f ykd gu Clear History Command Button udk Click
ESyd &f ygrnf/
Clean Cache
47/ Web Page wpfct k m; zGiMhf unhv f u
kd of nfEiS hf Internet Explorer Program onf 4if;
Page tm; Temporary Folder xJwi G f odr;f xm;vduk rf nf/ 4if; Folder udk Cache [kac:onf/
MunfNh y;D om; Web Page rsm;udjk yefMunhyf gu rdr\ d uGeyf sLwmxJoYkd Download vkycf sed o
f nf
yxrtBudrfavmuf rMumawmhyg/ jrefjrefqefqefwufvmonfudk awGU&rnf/ 4if;rSm
rdr\d uGeyf sLwmxJrS Cache xJwiG f ½SNd y;D om;jzpfaeíjzpfonf/ Web Page rsm;rsm;Munhf ygu
Cache onfjrefjrefjynfhoGm;wwfonf/ aemuf Web Page topfrsm;xyfrHMunhfvdkygu
aES;oGm;wwfonf/ xdt k cg Cache xJ rSm½So d nfh zdik rf sm;tm;½Si;f vif;ypf&ayrnf/ Menu Bar
ay:½Sd Tools wGif Click wpfcsuEf ydS yf g/ Pulldown Menu ½Sd Internet Options wGif Click
wpfcsux f yfrH ESyd yf g/ Internet Options Dialog Box usvmrnf/
Delete File Command Button udak ½G;cs,y f gu Delete Files Dialog Box usvmrnf/ Delete
all offline content ab;½Sd Check Box xJwGiftrSef jzpfay:vmatmifjyKvkyfNyD; OK
udak ½G;cs,&f rnf/ xdaYk emuf Internet Options Dialog Box \ OK udx k yfraH ½G;cs,yf g/ Cache
xJ w G i f ½ S d a om zd k i f r sm;zsuf x k w f N yD ; oG m ;NyD ; aemuf x yf r H M unh f vd k o nf h Web Page
rsm;jrefjrefqefqefwufvmonfukd awGU&rnf/
E-Mail
48/ e-Mail Account rsm;udk ISP (Internet Service Provider) xHrS avQmufxm;&,l
Edik yf gonf/ ISP rS e-Mail account wpfc&k ½SNd y;D ygu rdru
d eG yf sLwmwGif e-Mail ydv
Yk w
T ^f zrf;,l

&½SEd ikd rf nfh Program Install vkyx

f m;&efvykd gonf/ Windows Operating System wGif Outlook
Express ESihf Outlook tqifoify h g&dyS gonf/ e-Mail Program wpfct k qifoifjh zpfygu e-
Mail Account ESiy hf wfoufí vdt k yfaomtcsut f vufrsm;udk xdk Program xJwiG f xnfo h iG ;f
ay;&rnf/ xdkodkYxnfhoGif;&eftwGuf ISP xHrS awmif;cH&ef atmufygtcsuftvufrsm;
vdt
k yfygonf-
User ID/ Account Name
Password
Incoming Mail Server
Outgoing Mail Server
e-Mail Address
49/ e-Mail vdyfpmwGift"dutm;jzifh User name ESifh e-Mail Server tydkif;(2)ydkif;
yg0ifygonf/ User name ESihf e-Mail Server wdu Yk kd oauFw @ jzifh ydik ;f jcm;xm;ygonf/
4if;udk “at” [k toHxu G zf wf&rnf/ xdk e-Mail Server jzpfaom mail4u.com.mm onf
Internet ay:½Sd tjcm; rnfonfh Server rsm;ESir hf S trnfwn l ED ikd jf cif; r½SEd ikd o
f vdk User name
jzpfaom papawin onfvnf; xdk e-Mail Server (mail4u.com.mm) ay:½St d jcm;rnfonfh
User rsm;ESirhf S trnfwn l ED ikd jf cif;r½Syd g/ xdaYk Mumifh e-Mail vdypf mwpfco k nf tjcm;rnfonfh e-
Mail vdyp f mrsm;ESirhf S wlnjD cif;r½SEd ikd af om Unique wpfcyk if jzpfonf/
Oyrm/ papawin@mail4u.com.mm
User at e-Mail Server
Name (or) Domain name
Mail Box
50/ 0ifa&mufvmaom e-Mail Message rsm;udk vufco H akd vSmifxm; &eftwGuf ISP rSMail
Server ay:wGiw f nfaqmufxm;aom Folder rsm;yifjzpfonf/ User wpfa,mufpw D iG f ud,
k yf ikd f
Mail Box wpfcp k D ½SMd uonf/ Mail Sever rS vufc&H ½Sad om pmrsm;udk oufqikd &f m Mail Box
rsm;twGi;f odYk tvdt k avQmuf xnfo h iG ;f ay;xm;vdrrhf nf/
e-Mail Message
51/ e-Mail Message wpfcw k iG f t"dutm;jzifh Header? Body? Signature [laom tydik ;f
(3) ydik ;f yg0ifonf/ e-Mail Header udk Munhjf cif;tm;jzifh b,fou l ydw
Yk ,f? b,ftaMumif;
t&mawG ydw Yk ,f? b,ftcsed u
f ydw
Yk ,f tp½So
d jzifh Message ESihf ywfoufaom Information
rsm;udk tvG,w
f ul od½EdS ikd af yonf/

Oyrm-
e-Mail Message Header
From: author
To: main recipients
Cc: other recipients (“carbon copy”)
Bcc: “secret” recipients (“blind” cc)
Date: date & time sent
Subject: what it is about
Attachments: files with other stuff
Attached File
52/ rnfonfh Program ESirhf qdak &;xm;onfh zdik rf sm;udk e-Mail Message rsm;wGif Attach
wJNG y;D tvG,w
f ulyv Ykd wT Ef ikd yf gonf/ Attach rydkYrD Size? Program? Coding Type ponfh
tcsu(f 3)csuu f kd xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;&rnf/
Size
53/ 5 MB t½G,t f pm;½Sad om Attachment rsm;udv
k ufcEH ikd af omfvnf; 1.2 MB xufyí
kd
ydv
Yk w
T jf cif; rjyKoifyh g/
Program
54/ Attach File \ Format tm; em;vnfvufcEH ikd af om Program udk vufc&H ½Srd nfh
uGeyf sLwmwGiv
f nf; xnho
f iG ;f xm;&ef vdt
k yfygonf/
Coding System
55/ ydv
Yk w
T of nfu
h eG yf sLwmrS Message rsm;udk encode vkyNf y;D ydv
Yk w
T o
f vdk vufcrH nfu
h eG yf sLwmrS
encode vkyxf m;onfrsm;udk em;vnfNy;D decode jyefvyk af y;Edik &f rnf/
Make New Connection

56/ Internet csw
d q
f ufr&I &d&S eftwGuf Connection topfwpfck wnfaqmufyekH nf;twdik ;f
vkyaf qmifEikd yf gonf/
Sending & Receiving e-Mail

57/ (u) Create New Message / Outlook Express udzk iG í hf Toolbar ay:½Sd Create
Mail button ay:wGif Click wpfcsuE
f ydS yf g/ xdt
k cg New Message Window
usvmrnf/
( c) Type Address and Subject / To ae&mwGif ay;ydv Yk akd omvly*k K¾ v

d f odrYk [kwf
tzJUG tpnf;wpfc\
k e-Mail vdypf mtm; ½du
k x
f nfyh g/ Subject ae&mwGif ay;ydYk
vdak om taMumif;t&m\ tESpcf sKyu
f kd xnfah y;&rnf/
Oyrm/
To: kyawkyaw@supernova.com
Cc: myomyint@myanmar.com.mm
Subject: Anniversary
( *) Type Message / ay;ydv Yk akd omtaMumif;t&m Message udk ½du k x

f nfyh g/
(C) Sent Message / Message wpfcu k kd zefw;D Ny;D oGm;ygu Tool Bar ay:wGi½f adS om
Send Button udk Click fESdyfyg/ New Message Window aysmufoGm;NyD;
Outlook Express Window ½Sd Outbox Folder xJ odYk a&mufomG ;rnf/ 4if;
Message onf rdryd v
Ykd akd om vdypf m½Six f H ra&mufao;bJ uGeyf sLwmxJwiG yf if
½Sad eOD;rnf/
( i) Sent and Receive / e-Mail ydv Yk w T &f ef ESihf &,l&ef Send/Receive button
wGif Click ESyd yf g/ Connect r&ao;ygu e-Mail Server ESihf csw d q
f ufz&Ykd eftwGuf
“dial-up connection box” usvmygrnf/
( p) Connect to ISP / Connect Command Button wGif Click ESy d yf g/ Modem
rStoHwrkd sm;Mum;&Ny;D ISP zke;f eHygwfopYkd wifac:qdck sw d q
f ufygvdrrhf nf/ Modem
rS toHwrkd sm;Mum;ae&mrS qlqn l n H t H oH ½Snrf sm;udk Mum;&Ny;D aemuf User name
ESihf Password rSe^f rrSef ppfaq;vdrrhf nf/ User name ESihf Password rSeu f efygu
ISP odYk cswd q f ufomG ;vdrrhf nf/ xdt k cg Dial-up connection Dialog Box
aysmufomG ;Ny;D Desktop nmbufatmufaxmifeh m&Dab;wGif uGeyf sLwm 2 vH;k xyf
Smart Icon ay:vmvd r f h r nf / 4if ; Icon onf Internet Connection
½Sad eonfqh okd nfh oauFw trSwt f om;jzpfonf/ aocsmpGmodvykd gu 4if; Smart
Icon udk Mouse a½TUMunhy f gu csw d q f ufxm;onfh Connection \trnf ESihf
Speed rsm;udk azmfjyaevdrr hf nf/
Oyrm/
Bagan
Speed: 49.2 kbps
Sent: 41,641 bytes
Received: 74,99

(q) Sending / Connection &&do S mG ;ygu Outbox xJwiG f ½Sad om e-Mail Message
rsm;udk tvdt k avQmuf pwif ydv Yk w
T yf gvdrhf rnf/ tjyma&mif High light onf
Progress Bar wpfenf;tm;jzifh vkyi f ef;Ny;D pD;rIukd azmfjyonf/
( Z) Receiving / Sending Ny;D oGm;ygu Receiving udy k g qufvufvyk af qmif
oGm;ygrnf/ Send and Receive Ny;D qH;k oGm;ygu ydv Yk w
T v f u
kd af om Message
rsm;onf Sent Items Folder xJoYkd a&muf½o dS mG ;Ny;D vufc&H ½Sad om pmrsm;onf
Inbox Folder xJodkY a&muf&dSvmygrnf/ Inbox ab;wGif vufcH&½Sdaom
pmta&twGuu f kd azmfjyrnf jzpfouJo h Ykd Sent Items Folder udk Click wpfcsuf
ESyd v
f Qif Sent Items xJoYkd a&mufomG ;ygu pmydjYk cif; Ny;D qH;k oGm;NyD jzpfonf/

Windows XP Operating System uuuGef
rmwdum
Operating System
tcef ; (1)
1/ Microsoft Windows XP Operating System 1
2/ Starting Windows XP 1
3/ Using Mouse 2
4/ Mouse Pointer Shapes 3
5/ Using Mouse on the Desktop 4
6/ Opening the Icons with Mouse 4
7/ Drag the Objects with Mouse 5
8/ Using Start Button 5
9/ Proper Shutdown Windows XP 8
tcef ; (2)
10/ Understanding the Windows XP Desktop 9
11/ Using the Taskbar 9
12/ Using the Toolbars 9
13/ Closing the Tool Bar 10
tcef ; (3)
14/ What is a Windows? 11
15/ Opening a Application Windows 13
16/ Switching Between Windows 13
17/ Minimizing All Windows 13
18/ Sizing a Window's Borders 14
rmwdum
19/ Using Scrollbars 14
20/ Moving a Windows 14
21/ Arranging Windows on the Desktop 14
22/ Closing all Windows 17
tcef ; (4)
23/ Windows XP Help 19
24/ Opening the Help Windows 19
tcef ; (5)
25/ Arrange the Icons on the Desktop 21
26/ Changing the Icon 21
27/ Changing the Display 23
28/ Changing Windows Background Colors 25
29/ Screen Saver 26
30/ Screen Resolution 27
tcef ; (6)
31/ Using the Setting of Taskbar and Start Menu 28
32/ Changing the Sound 29
33/ Changing the Date and Time 29
34/ Mouse Setting 31
tcef ; (7)
35/ Disk Drives 33
36/ Folders and Files 33
rmwdum
37/ Using My Computer 34
38/ Using Windows Explorer 35
39/ Standard Toolbar 36
40/ Selecting Drives, Folders, Files 36
41/ Copy or Move the Files/Folders 37
42/ Creating the Shortcut 37
43/ Creating a New Folder 38
44/ Deleting a File or Folder 39
45/ Recycle Bin 39
46/ Renaming Folder & File 40
47/ Searching Files or Folders 40
tcef ; (8)
48/ Using Accessories 43
49/ Using Calculator 43
50/ Using WordPad 44
51/ Using Paint 45
52/ Using Character Map 46
tcef ; (9)
53/ How to Tell How Much Room is On a Disk 47
54/ Disk Cleanup 48
rmwdum
tcef ; (10)
55/ Making Backups 50
56/ Backup Files and Folders 50
57/ Set Schedule for Backup 53
58/ Starting Backup 57
59/ Restore from Backup 60
tcef ; (11)
60/ Using Multiple Users 64
61/ Create New User Account 65
62/ Assign a Passwort 66
63/ Change the Picture 66
64/ Log Off Windows 68
tcef ; (12)
65/ Windows XP Installation 69
66/ Windows not Ready; 69
67/ Using Last Known Good Configuration 69
68/ Using Safe Mode Command 69
69/ Windows Repairing 70
70/ Windows Clean Installation 70
rmwdum
71/ Hardware Requirement 71

72/ Windows XP Installation 71
73/ Clean Installation 71
tcef ; (13)
74/ Windows VISTA ed'gef; 75
75/ Windows VISTA Home Basic Version 75
76/ Windows VISTA Home Premium Version 75
77/ Windows VISTA Business Version 75
78/ Windows VISTA Enterprise Version 75
79/ Windows VISTA Ultimate Version 76
80/ Windows VISTA System Requirement 76
81/ Windows 7 76
82/ Windows 7 Starter Version System Requirement 76
Windows XP Operating System 1 uuuG e f
tcef;(1)
Microsoft Windows XP Operating System
1/ Windows XP udk Microsoft ukrP Ü rD S 32 bit / 64 bit Operating System
Software tjzpfxw k v
f yk yf gonf/ ,cif Windows rsm;ESiEhf idI ;f ,SOv
f Qif Windows XP
onf Facility ydrk kd jrifrh m;vmNy;D Plug and Play jzpfvmojzifh toH;k jyK&mwGif ydrk akd umif;rGef
vmygonf/ Windows XP ESihf Application rsm;udk Run onft h cg ydrk jkd refqefvmNy;D
Computer Crash jzpfraI vsme h nf;vmonfth jyif Stable ydjk zpfvmygonf/ Internet
Facility, Personal Web Site ESihf New Hardware Device (USB, Firewire, DVD,
Display Adapter, Sound Adapter) rsm;udk Windows XP Installation Disc twGi;f
toifx h nfo h iG ;f ay;xm;aom Programs rsm;jzifh tvdt k avsmufo&d dS (Plug and Play)
toH;k jyKEikd jf cif; ponfwYkd ydrk ykd g0ifvmygonf/ xdaYk Mumifh Windows XP onf Microsoft
\txl;jcm;qH;k Windows eXPerience Operating System wpfcyk ifjzpfonf/
Starting Windows XP
2/ Windows XP Operating System xnfo
h iG ;f xm;aom uGeyf sLwmrsm;udk pwif
toH;k jyK&eftwGuf atmufygtwdik ;f vkyaf qmifEikd yf gonf-
(u) AC Source rS Switch udk On yg/
( c ) Monitor Power Switch udk On yg/
( * ) System Unit rS Power Switch udk On yg/
3/ xdt k cg Start-up Procedure \ Hardware qdik &f mrsm;udk prf;oyfppfaq; vkyf

aqmifrItydkif;? tajccHtoGif;txkwfy½kd*&rfrsm; pwifaqmif&Gufapjcif;tydkif;wdkYudk
ROMBIOS jzifh ppfaq;vkyaf qmifygonf/ 4if;aemuf uGeyf sLwmpepfwpfcv k ;kH udk xde;f odr;f
armif;ESiaf om pufvnfywfrpI epfjzpfonfh Operating System Files rsm;udk pwiftvkyf
vkyaf pygonf/ Windows XP Desktop Screen ay:vmNy;D aemuf Computer udk pwif
toH;k jyKEikd rf nfjzpfygonf/ (Windows 9x \ Desktop screen rsm;ESihf tenf;i,fujJG ym;
aeonfudk awGU&ygrnf/) Windows XP Desktop Screen udk wpfzufyg yH(k 1-1)twdik ;f
awGUjrif&ygrnf/
Using Mouse
4/ Mouse onf toH;k jyKol (User)ESihf Computer wdu Yk kd ½kyyf rkH sm;tm; tajccHí
qufo, G af om GUI (Graphic User Interface)twGuf pHowfrw S x f m;aom toGi;f
,lepf (Standard Input Device) wpfcjk zpfygonf/ Mouse wGif cvkw(f 2)ck tenf;qH;k
yg&Syd gonf/ b,fbufcvkwu f kd Primary tjzpf? nmbufcvkwu f kd Secondary tjzpf
toH;k jyKEikd yf gonf/ Mouse udk Mouse Pad ( Mouse udk wifía½GUvsm;rIjyKvyk &f ef pDrH
jyKvyk xf m;onft h jym;) ay:wGif a½TUMunfyh gu jrm§ ;wdak v;onf Desktop ay:üa½GUvsm;
aeonfukd awGU&ygrnf/ ¤if;jrm§ ;wdk av;udk a½G;ñTew f H (Mouse Pointer) [kac:ygonf/
Mouse wpfco k nf atmufyg tajccH tvky(f 4)rsK;d udv k yk Ef ikd yf gonf-
(u) a½G;ñTew f jH zifah xmufjcif; (Point) / Mouse udk toH;k jyKNy;D Pointer
udk Desktop ay:wGif tvd&k aSd omae&modYk ydaYk qmifay;jcif;udk Point
vkyjf cif;[kac:ygonf/
( c) a½G;ñTefwHjzifhaxmufí cvkwfwpfcsufESdyfjcif; (Single Click)/
yHrk eS t
f m;jzifh Pointer a&mufaeonfah e&mwGif b,fbuf Button udk
wpfcsuEf ydS Nf y;D csujf cif;vTwjf cif; (Left Click) onf Select vkyjf cif;jzpf
ygonf/ nmbuf Button udk wpfcsuEf ydS Nf y;D csujf cif;vTwjf cif; (Right
Click)onf Context Menu/Shortcuts Menu udk zGijhf cif; jzpfygonf/
( *) a½G;ñTefwHjzifhaxmufí cvkwfESpfcsufESdyfjcif; (Double-Click)/
Pointer a&mufaeonfah e&mrS b,fbuf Button udk ESpc f suq f ufwu kd f
ESdyfNyD; csufjcif;vTwfjcif;udk Double Click vkyfjcif;[kac:ygonf/
Application wpfcu k kd Run vdvk Qif 4if; Application Icon udk Double
Click vky& f ygrnf/
(C) a½G ; ñT e f w H j zif h a xmuf í rd r d v d k & mod k Y qJ G , l N yD ; ae&mcsxm;jcif ;
(Drag & Drop)/ Mouse Pointer jzifh Object wpfcu k kd a&G;cs,Nf y;D
b,fbuf Mouse Button udk zdxm;vQuf tvd&k aSd omae&modYk a&muf
aomtcg vTwjf cif; (Release)udk Drag & Drop vkyjf cif;[kac:onf/
Object wpfcu k kd a½TUjcif;? Windows rsm;\ t½G,t f pm;ajymif;vJjcif;
ponfww Ykd iG f Drag vky&f ygrnf/
Mouse Pointer Shapes

5/ Mouse Pointer \ yHo k @mefonf yHrk eS f (Default Style) tm;jzifh b,fbuf
apmif;apmif; tay:udk acgif;axmifaeonfh jrm;wdak v;tjzpf ay:aeygonf/ Mouse
Pointer \ yHok @mefonf a&muf&adS eaom ae&mrsm; ay:rlwnfNy;D atmufygtwdik ;f
yHpk t
H rsK;d rsK;d ajymif;vJygonf-
-Windows wGif Standard Mouse Pointer udt k Nrw
J ef;awGUjrif&ygonf/
-Graphic object rsm;ESifhtvkyfvkyfonfhtcg Cross Hair Pointer
udak wGUjrifEikd yf gonf/
-tvkyw f pfcv
k yk af eaom tcsed t f wGi;f vkyaf qmifrI rNy;D ao;csed w
f iG f Busy
Pointer udk awGUjrifEi kd yf gonf/
I -Text Document rsm;xJwiG f Text Select (I-beam) Pointer udk awGUjrif
Edik yf gonf/
-Graphic yHk (odr Yk [kw)f Object wpfcu k kd a&G;Ny;D Drag qGí
J wpfae&mrS
wpfae&modYk a&GUaomtcg Move Pointer udak wGUjrifEikd yf gonf/
-a'gifvu f aetxm;wGif Window wpfct
kd t k m; csUJ jcif; (odrYk [kw)f csKUH jcif;
jyKvyk af omtcg Vertical Resize Pointer udk awGUjrifEikd yf gonf/
-tvsm;vdu k t
f aetxm;wGif Window wpfct k m; csUJ jcif; (odrYk [kw)f
csKUH jcif; jyKvyk af omtcg Horizontal Resize Pointer udk awGUjrifEikd f
ygonf/
-Window wpfct k m; axmifjh zwftwdik ;f csUJ (odrYk [kw)f csKUH aomtcg
Diagonal Resize Pointer udk awGUjrifEi kd yf gonf/
-Windows Help ESihf Web Page rsm;wGif Link &Sad om Text and Object
rsm;ay: odYk Point vkyyf gu Link Select Pointer udak wGUjrifEikd yf gonf/
-Window (odkYr[kwf) Item wpfckudk owfrSwfxm;onfh ae&mxuf
ausmNf y;D a&TUír&aomtcgwGif Unavailable Pointer udak wGUjrifEikd f
ygonf/
Using Mouse on the Desktop

6/ Windows XP Desktop ay:wGif Icons rsm;pGm&d& S m My Computer Icon udk
Click vkyyf gu My Computer Icon ta&mifajymif;oGm;ygrnf/ Taskbar ay:&Sd Start
Button udk Click vkyy
f gu Start Menu ay:vmygrnf/ Icons rsm;vGwaf eaomae&mwGif
Right Click vkyfygu Desktop twGuf Context Menu wpfckay:vmrnf/ My
Computer Icon udk Right Click vkyy f gu My Computer twGuf Context Menu
wpfcak y:vmrnf/ 4if;wdu Yk kd y,fazsmufvykd gu Desktop ay:&Sd vGwaf eaom ae&mudk
Click vkyy f g/ Mouse Pointer udk Taskbar \tay:tem;odYk wifvu kd yf gu Pointer
Shape onf jrm;acgif;ESpcf yk gonfh Two-Head Arrow yHak jymif;oGm;onfukd awGU&ygrnf/
Taskbar udk Lock jyKvy k rf xm;ygu Drag vkyí f Desktop \ txuf? atmuf? b,f?
nm odYk vdo
k vdx
k m;&dES ikd yf gonf/
Opening the Icons with Mouse

7/ My Computer Icon ay:wGif Double Click vkyy f gu yH(k 1-2)yg twdik ;f My
Computer Window yGiv hf mNy;D Taskbar ay:wGiv
f nf; My Computer [k ay:aeygrnf/
xdeYk nf;wl Application? File ESihf Folder Icons rsm;udk zGiv
hf ykd gu txufygtwdik ;f
oufqikd &f m Iconudk Double Click vkyyf g/
yH(k 1-2)
Drag the Objects with Mouse

8/ zGix hf m;aom Window wpfcu k kd a&TUajymif;vkyd gu 4if;\ Title Bar ay:wGif
Point vkyNf y;D tvd&
k &Sd modYk Drag vkyjf cif;jzifh xm;vdak omae&modYk a½TUxm;Edik yf gonf/
Using Start Button

9/ Windows XP \ aqmif&u G Ef ikd o
f nfh vkyif ef;tm;vk;H eD;yg;ukd Screen \ b,fbuf
atmufaxmif&h dS Start Button rS tpjyKí pwifvyk af qmifEikd rf nfjzpfygonf/ xdak Mumifh
Program wpfcu k kd pwiftoH;k jyKjcif;? Windows \oGijf yifvu©Pmrsm;ukad jymif;vJjcif;?
File rsm;udk ½SmazGjcif;? Windows XP udk Ny;D qH;k apjcif;ESihf jyefvnfpwifapjcif; ponf
wdtYk m; Start Menu ay:wGif awGU&S&d ygrnf/ Start Button udk Click vkyv f u
dk af omtcg
Windows XP Style Start Menu ay:vmrnf/yk(H 1-3) Classic Style Start Menu
tjzpftoH;k jyKvykd gu Start => Right Click => Properties => Start Menu => Classic
Start Menu Option Button udak &G;cs,jf cif;jzifh toH;k jyKEi kd yf gonf/yH(k 1-4) Start Menu
wGiyf g0ifaom Menu Items rsm;\ vkyaf qmifEikd rf rI sm;rSm atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfygonf-
yk(H 1-3) yk(H 1-4)
(u) All Programs / toH;k jyKEi dk af om Applications rsm;ukd trsK;d tpm;

cJjG cm;í pm&if;jyKpk azmfjyxm;ygonf/ rdrt d oH;k jyKvakd om Applications
rsm;udk All Programs rSwpfqifh a&G;cs,t f oH;k jyKEikd yf gonf/
(c) My Documents / File wpfcu k o
kd rd ;f qnf;aomtcg oD;jcm; Folders
rsm;wGio f rd ;f qnf;jcif;rjyKygu Default taejzifh My Documents xJwiG f
odr;f qnf;ay;ygonf/
(*) My Recent Documents / aemufq;kH toH;k jyKcNhJ y;D aom File (15)ckw\
Ykd
trnfpm&if;rsm;udk az:jyay;ygonf/
(C) My Pictures / Windows \ Default Pictures rsm;udk xnfo h iG ;f xm;
ygonf/
(i ) My Music / Windows \ Default Musics rsm;udk xnfo h iG ;f xm;
ygonf/
( p) My Computer / rdru d eG yf sLwmwGi;f &Sd Drives rsm;\wyfqifxm;rIukd
t"du az:jyay;xm;ygonf/
(q) My Network Places / Network pepftoHk;jyKcsdwfqufxm;ygu
tajctaersm;udk az:jyay;xm;ygonf/
(Z ) Control Panel / Windows XP Operating System \t"duusaom
Characteristics rsm;? Hardware/ Software Configuration ? Folder?
Desktop ponfh Control Panel qdi k &f mjyKjyifajymif;vJrrI sm;? Printer
qdik &f mjyKjyifajymif;vJrrI sm;? Taskbar & Start Menu qdik &f mjyKjyif ajymif;vJ
jcif;rsm;? Administrative Tools qdik &f m jyKjyifajymif;vJrrI sm;ESihf User
Accounts qdi k &f mjyKjyifajymif;vJrrI sm;udk vkyaf qmifay;Edik yf gonf/
(ps ) Printers and Faxs / Printer ESihf Fax toH;k jyKcsw d q f ufxm;rI tajc
taersm;udk az:jyay;xm;ygonf/
(n) Help and Support / Windows XP ESiy hf wfoufí odvakd om tcsuf
tvufrsm;udk toH;k jyKot l m; ulnaD qmif&u G af y;ygonf/
( #) Search/ rdr&d mS vdak om E-mail rsm;? Web Pages rsm;? Files rsm;? Folders
rsm;udk rdr\ d uGeyf sLwmtwGi;f rSmomru tjcm;csw d qf uf xm;aom LAN
uGe, f ufpepfEiS hf Internet txd uln&D mS azGay;Edik yf gonf/
( X) Run / Run Dialog box ½Sd Open Text Box wGif Browse rS tqifq h ifh
&SmazGí vnf;aumif;? toH;k jyKvo dk nhf Application File trnf (odrYk [kw)f
Program trnfukd ½du k x f nfí h vnf;aumif;? toH;k jyKEikd yf gonf/
(! ) Turn off Computer / uGeyf sLwmudk toifah pmifq h ikd ;f Edik af om Stand by
tajctae? vHNk cKpH w d cf spmG Ny;D qH;k apaom Turn Off tajctae? Windows
System udk jyefvnfpwifapaom Restart tajctaewdu Yk kd toH;k jyKEikd f
ygonf/
Proper Shut Down Windows XP
10/ Computer udk toH;k jyKNy;D ygu pufyw d v f v kd Qif Power cvkwu f kd tvG,w f ul
rydwrf ad p&ef txl;owdjyK&rnf/ xdo k Ykd jyKvyk rf yd gu Computer twGi;f &Sd Files rsm;?
Programs rsm;? Hardware ydi k ;f qdik &f mrsm;udk xdcu kd yf supf ;D apEdik o
f jzifh pepfwus rSeu
f efpmG
ydw&f ef (Proper Shut Down) twGuf atmufygtwdik ;f vkyaf qmif&ygrnf-
(u) rdrdtoHk;jyKpOf zGifhxm;aom Files rsm;? Folder rsm;? Application
Software rsm;tm; wpfqifjh cif; Close vkyy f g/
( c ) Windows Desktop Screen b,fbufatmufajc½Sd Task Bar ay:rS
Start Button udk Click vkyyf g/ (odrYk [kw)f Short Cut taejzifh Ctrl+Esc
Key udwk í JG ESyd yf g/ (odrYk [kw)f Windows Keyboard rsm;wGif Windows
Key udE k ySd yf g/ xdt k cg Start Menu ay:vmygu Turn Off Computer
tm; Click vkyyf g/ xdt k cg Turn Off Computer Dialog Box ay:vm
rnf/ yH(k 1-5)
( *) Turn Off udk Click vkyy

f g/ (odrYk [kw)f Keyboard rS u Key udEk ydS yf g/
(C) ATX System jzpfygu uGey f sLwmonf tvdt k avsmuf Turn Off jyKvyk f
oGm;rnfjzpfonf/
( i) Monitor Power Switch ukd Off vkyy
f g/
( p) AC Power Source rS Switch ukd Off vkyy
f g/
tcef;(2)
Understanding the Windows XP Desktop
11/ Windows XP pwiftoH;k jyKvQif yHrk eS tf m;jzifh Windows XP Style Desktop
ay:vmrnf/ Start Menu => Control Panel => Tools => Folder Options... udk
Click vkyí
f General Tab udak &G;Ny;D atmufazmfjyyg Windows XP Desktop rsm;odYk
ajymif;vJEikd yf gonf-
(u) Web Style / Files rsm;? Folder rsm;udk Single Click jzifh tvG,w f ul
zGiEhf ikd yf gonf/
( c ) Classic Style / Files rsm;? Folder rsm;udk Double Click jzifh tvG,f
wul zGiEhf ikd yf gonf/
( * ) Custom (Active Desktop) / File? Folder rsm;udzk iG &hf ef Double
Click (odr Yk [kw)f Single Click jzifh toH;k jyKEikd yf gonf/ tvd&k &Sd m Web
Style (odr Yk [kw)f Classic Style udk ajymif;vJtoH;k jyKEikd o f nf/
Using the Taskbar
12/ Desktop \atmufajc&dS Taskbar ay:wGif Start Button ESihf tjcm;y½d*k &rfrsm;
yg0ifEikd o
f nf/ yH(k 2-1) vuf&t Sd oH;k jyKxm;aom Program Windows rsm;onf Taskbar
ay:wGi&f dS aeygrnf/ Taskbar ay:&Sd toH;k jyKvakd om Program udk Click vkyyf gu ¤if;
Program Active jzpfvmrnf/ Taskbar \ nmbufwi G f em&D ESithf jcm;y½d*k &rfrsm; &SEd ikd f
ygonf/ Taskbar onf omreftm;jzifh Desktop \atmufq;kH wGi&f NdS y;D txuf? atmuf?
ab; b,fnmodYk Drag vkyí f a&TUajymif;xm;Edik o f vdk vdt k yfonft h cg ay:vmap&efEiS hf
rvdt
k yfonft h cg ,m,Dazsmufxm;Edik yf gonf/ Taskbar udk acwåazsmufxm;jcif;onf
Desktop ay:wGif ae&mydr k &kd &Sod jzifh tvkyvf yk &f mwGif jrifuiG ;f ydík aumif;apygonf/
yH(k 2-1)
Using the Toolbars
13/ Windows XP wGif Internet ESihf Program rsm;udk vQijf refpmG toH;k jyKEikd af p&ef
Toolbar rsm;jzifh aqmif&u G Ef ikd yf gonf/ tcsKd U Toolbar rsm;onf Taskbar wGif ay:aeap&ef
zefw;D Edik o
f uJo
h Ykd tvG,wf ul jyefvnfz,f&mS ;Edik yf gonf/ Toolbar qdo k nfrmS Buttons
rsm;pka0;xm;aom Bank wpfcjk zpfNy;D Commands rsm;udk ud, k pf m;jyKonf/ Button wpfcu
k kd
Click vkyMf unfy h gu oufqikd o f nfh Command tvkyv f yk yf gonf/ Taskbar \ae&m
vGwwf iG f Right Click vkyyf gu Shortcut Menu ay:vmrnf/ 4if;rS Taskbar ay:wGif
az:jyvkad om Toolbar ukad &G;cs,yf g/ yH(k 2-2) Windows XP \ Toolbars rsm;rSm
atmufyg twdik ;f jzpfygonf-
yH(k 2-2)
(u) Address / Address ab;&dS Text box wGif Internet Address wpfck
½du
k x
f nfNh y;D Enter ESyd yf gu Internet Explorer onf 4if;ae&mudk &SmazG
jyovdrrhf nf/
( c) Windows Media Player / Windows Media Player Program udk
zGiNhf y;D aemuf Minimize jyKvyk yf g/ Ny;D vQif Toolbars \ Windows Media
Player udk Click vkyyf gu Taskbar ay:wGif Windows Media Player
Toolbar a&muf&aSd pNy;D toH;k jyKEi kd yf gonf/
(* ) Links / Internet Explorer Links (Web site) rsm;udk csw d q
f ufEikd of nf/
(C) Language Bar/ Toolbars \ Language Bar udk Click vkyy f gu
Taskbar ay:wGif Language bar Toolbar a&muf&aS d pNy;D toH;k jyKEik d yf gonf/
(i) Desktop / yGiahf eaom Window wpfco k nf Desktop ay:zH;k uG,af epOf
Desktop ½Sd Icon rsm;udkoHk;Edkif&eftwGuf Desktop Toolbar udk
oH;k ygonf/
(p) Quick Launch / Internet Explorer, Outlook Express, Your
Destop ESihf Active Chennel Viewer wku
Yd kd vG,u
f pl mG toH;k jyKEidk af p
ygonf/
( q) New Toolbar / Toolbar topfwpfcu
k kd wnfaqmufEikd yf gonf/
Closing the Toolbar
14/ Taskbar ay:&dS Toolbar udk z,f&mS ;vdv
k Qif Taskbar \ae&mvGwu
f kd Right Click
vkyyf g/ ay:vmaom Shortcut Menu rS Toolbars udak ½G;í z,f&mS ;vdo
k nfh Toolbar
udak ½G;yg/
tcef;(3)
What is a Windows?
15/ Windows qko d nfrmS File? Folder? Programs? Icons tp&So d nfwh u
Ykd kd az:jyay;
aom Frame wpfcjk zpfygonf/ yH(k 3-1) a&G;cs,rf aI y:rlwnfNy;D Windows onf Screen
\tpdwtf ykid ;f (okrYd [kw)f wpfcv
k ;Hk ae&m,lEidk o
f nf/ Windows wGiyf g0ifaom toGit f jyif
vu©Pm (Windows Elements) rsm;rSm atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfygonf-
(u) Control Menu Box / Windows \ b,fbufaxmift h ay:qk;H wGif

wnf½adS om Icon wpfck jzpfygonf/ Control Menu Box ukd Mouse
jzifh Click vkyyf gu Pull Down Menu wpfcu k svmNy;D Menu xJwiG f
Windows \t½G,t f pm;? Windows ydw&f efEiS hf Windows ukad &GUajymif;
Ekid af om Commands rsm;yg&Sod nf/
(c) Title Bar / Windows \xdyq f ;Hk wGif oufqidk &f m Windows trnfudk
azmfjyay;onfh tjyma&miftvsm;vku d f Band wpfcjk zpfygonf/ Title Bar
onf Highlighted jzpfaevQif xkd Windows onf Active jzpfaeygrnf/
(*) Minimize Button / Windows \ nmbuftay:wGi&f NdS y;D tvsm;vdu k f
rsO;f wdk oauFwyHyk gaom Button jzpfygonf/ Windows udk acwåyw d f
vdok nft h cg ¤if; Button udk Click vkyyf gu Windows onf Screen rS
aysmufomG ;Ny;D Taskbaray:wGif ay:aeygrnf/ Taskbar ay:&Sd ¤if;\trnf
udk Click vkyyf gu Windows onfjyefvnfyiG v hf mygrnf/
(C) Maximize Button / Restore Button / Window \ nmbuftay:
wGi&f NdS y;D Window yHo k auFwygonfh Button jzpfygonf/ xkd Buttonukd
Click vkyy f g (odrYk [kw)f Window \ Title Bar udk Double Click vkyf
ygu Window onf Screen tjynfh az:jyay;ygrnf/ Windows tm;
rlvtaetxm;twdik ;f jyefvnfay:vdyk gu Window ESpx f yfykH oauFw
ygonfh Restore Button udk Click vkyyf g (odrYk [kw)f Window \ Title
Bar udk Double click vkyyf gu rlvt½G,t f pm;twdik ;f jyefay:vmygrnf/
¤if; Button ESpcf o k nf Window wGiw f pfvn
S phf aD y:aeygrnf/
( i) Close Button/ Window \ nmbuftay:axmifw h iG f Muufajccwf
oauFwyHyk g aom Button jzpfygonf/ ¤if; Button udk Click vkyyf gu
Window ydwo f mG ;ygrnf/
(p) Menu Bar/ Title Bar atmufwi G u
f yfvsuw f nf&adS om Band wpfck
jzpfNy;D oufqikd &f m Menu Name rsm;udk Click vkyyf gu Commands
rsm;ygaom Pull Down Menu usvmygrnf/
(q) Standard Button Toolbar/ Menu Bar atmufwi G f uyfvsuw f nf&dS
aom Band wpfcjk zpfNy;D trsm;qH;k toH;k jyKonfh Commands rsm;udk Icons
rsm;jzifh az:jyxm;ygonf/
(Z) Address Bar/ rdrt d oH;k jyKaeaom Window trnfukd az:jyaeygrnf/
( ps) Border/ Window wpfc\ k av;bufav;wefrS jrifae&aom abmif
tem;vkid ;f rsm;ukd Border [kac:ygonf/ Window \t&G,t f pm;ukd
ajymif;vJay;vkv d Qif Border ukd Mouse jzifh Drag vkyaf y;jcif;jzifah jymif;vJ
Ekid yf gonf/
(n) Vertical Scrollbar/ Window \ txufEiS ahf tmufwiG f &Sad om tcsuf
tvufrsm;udk Munfvh ykd gu Vertical Scrollbar udk a½TUíMunfEh ikd yf gonf/
(#) Horizontal Scrollbar/ Window \ b,fEi S n
hf m wGi&f adS om tcsuf
tvufrsm;udMk unfv
h ykd gu Horizontal Scrollbar udk a½TUíMunfhEdkif
ygonf/
(X) Status Bar/ Window \ atmufajcwGi& f adS om Band wpfcjk zpfNy;D
Window wGif yg0ifaom Icon rsm;tm; Mouse Pointer jzifh Click
vkyo
f nft
h cg 4if; Icon \ Information tm; Status Bar wGif az:jyay;
ygonf/
Opening an Application Window
16/ Application wpfcu k kd zGi&hf ef Start Menu &Sd All Programs rS rdrzd iG v hf o
kd nfh
Application udk Click vkyy f g/ (odrYk [kw)f Desktop ay:wGif Application Shortcut
Icon wifxm;ygu ¤if; Icon udk Double Click vkyy f g/ (odrYk [kw)f Microsoft Office
Shortcut Bar &Sd Icon udk Click vkyy f gu oufqikd &f m Application Window yGiv hf m
ygrnf/
Switching Between Windows
17/ Windows rsm;tm; Desktop ay:wGif wpfcrk uzGix hf m;Edik af omfvnf; Active
jzpfaom Window rSm wpfco k m jzpfygonf/ Active Window wpfc\ k Title bar onf
tjcm;aom Windows rsm;xufyí kd awmufyaeygonf/ Windows XP wGif Active
Window \ Title Bar onf yHr k eS tf m;jzift
h jyma&mif jzpfygonf/ Active jzpfapvdak om
Window udk Click vkyy
f g/ (odrYk [kw)f Taskbar &Sd Active jzpfapvdak om Minimize
Window Button udk Click vkyy f g/
Minimizing All Windows

18/ zGifhxm;aom Windows tm;vHk;udk wpfNydKifwnf; Minimize jyKvkyfvdkygu
Taskbar ay:½Sd vGwaf eaomtydi k ;f ü Right Click vkyyf g/ ay:vmaom Pop-Up Menu
rS Minimize All Windows udk a½G;cs,yf g/ Minimize vkyx f m;aom Windows rsm;udk
rlvtwdik ;f jyefjzpfvv
kd Qif Taskbar udk aemufwcg Right click wpfBurd jf yKvyk Nf y;D Undo
Minimize All udak ½G;cs,y f g/
Sizing a Window’s Borders
19/ Window wpfcu k kd Restore vkyx
f m;vQif Window \ Border rsm;udk Drag
qGí
J Window \t½G,t f pm;udk atmufygtwdik ;f a½TUajymif;Edik yf gonf-
(u) axmihpf eG ;f rSajymif;jcif;/ Mouse Pointer tm; Windows \ axmifph eG ;f
odYk a½TUyg/ Pointer onf Two Headed Arrow yHo k P²mefoYkd ajymif;csed w
f iG f
csKv
H ckd sUJ vdak om OD;wnfbufay:rlwnfí Left Mouse Button jzihf Drag
vkyyf g/ vdt k yfaom t½G,tf pm;odYk a&mufvQif Mouse tm;zdxm;aom
vufukd vTwv f u
kd yf g/
(c) tem;rsm;rSajymif;jcif;/ Mouse Pointer onf Windows \ tem;rsm;
ay:odaYk ½TUvQif Two Headed Arrow yHo k P²mefoYkd ajymif;oGm;ygrnf/ csKv
H ckd sUJ
vdak om OD;wnfbufay: rlwnfí Left Mouse Button jzifh Drag vkyyf g/
vdt k yfaomt½G,t f pm;odYk a&mufvQif Mouse tm;zdxm;aom vufukd
vTwv f ukd yf g/
Using Scrollbars
20/ Window wpfcw k iG f jrifuiG ;f rqefo
Y nfrsm;udk Scroll Bars rsm;udk toH;k jyKí
MunfEh ikd yf gonf/ Horizontal Scrollbar ESihf Vertical Scrollbar [lí &SNd y;D atmufygtwdik ;f
toH;k jyKEikd yf gonf-
(u) wjznf;jznf;csi;f Munfv h ykd gu Scroll Arrow rsm;udk Mouse Pointer
jzifh Click vkyf MunfEh ikd yf gonf/
( c) tjrefausmMf unfv h ykd gu Scroll Button ESihf Scroll Arrow Mum;&Sd vGwaf e
aomae&mudk Mouse jzifh Click vkyyf g/
( *) awmufavQmuftjrefMunfv h ykd gu Scroll Button udk Drag qGíJ rdrd
Munfv h akd omtae txm;odaYk &mufatmif a½TUMunfEh ikd yf gonf/
Moving a Window
21/ Window udk Desktop Screen ay:wGif a&TUvdak om Window \ Title Bar udk
Mouse jzifh Drag vkyjf cif;jzifah ½TUEdi
k yf gonf/
Arranging Windows on the Desktop
22/ Windows rsm;udk wpfcx k ufruzGix hf m;rnfqykd gu wpfcu k w
kd pfck yHo k P²mef
trsK;d rsK;d jzifh Overlap jzpfaeMuygrnf/ 4if;wdu
Yk kd atmufyg twdik ;f pDpOfay;Edik yf gonf-
(u) Cascading Windows / Taskbar ay:&Sd vGwfaeaomtydkif;wGif
Mouse Pointer jzifh Right Click vkyyf g/ ay:vmaom Shortcut Menu
rS Cascade udak ½G;cs,yf gu zGix
hf m;aom Windows rsm;onf yH(k 3-2)wGif
azmfjyxm;onft
h wdik ;f pDpOf ay;xm;onfukd awGU&ygrnf/
yH(k 3-2)
(c) Tiling Windows / Windows rsm;udk tvsm;vdu k pf pD Ofvv

kd Qif Tile
Windows Horizontally udt k oH;k jyK&ygrnf/ yH(k 3-3) Windows rsm;udk
a'gifvdkufpDpOfvdkvQif Tile Winows Vertially udk toHk;jyK&ygrnf/
yH(k 3-4) Taskbar \vGwaf eaom ae&mwGif Right Click vkyNf y;D ay:vm
aom Shortcut Menu rS Tile Windows Horizontally (odrYk [kw)f Tile
Windows Vertically udk a½G;cs,fyg/ xdktcg Windows rsm;onf
yH(k 3-3) ESifh (3-4) wdw
Yk iG f azmfjyxm;onhf pDpOfay;xm;onf udak wGU&ygrnf/
yH(k 3-3)
yH(k 3-4)
Closing all Windows
23/ Windows rsm;udk tvkyv f yk Nf y;D aomtcg jyefyw
d yf g/ Windows rsm;udk vG,u
f pl mG
ydwvf ykd gu Close Button udk Click vkyyf g/ (odrYk [kw)f Taskbar ay:&Sd oufqikd &f m
Application Windows Title Bar udk Right Click vkyí f ay:vmaom Shortcut Menu
rS Close udk a½G;cs,yf g/ yH(k 3-5) tcsKUd aom Application Windows rsm;udk Files rsm;
Save rvkyc f ifyw
d yf gu Files rsm;udk Save vky&f ef Message ay;wwfygonf/ yH(k 3-6)
File udo k rd ;f qnf;vdyk gu Yes Command Button tm; Click vkyí f rodr;f qnf;vdyk gu
No Command Button tm; Click vkyy f g/
yH(k 3-5)
yH(k 3-6)
rS w f c suf / (1) Windows XP toH;k jyKue G yf sLwmrsm;wGif wpfcgwpf&H acwå&yfwhH
oGm;aom tajctae (Hang )rsK;d ESihf BuKH awGUEdik yf gonf/ xdt k cg
Ctrl + Alt+ Delete ESyd yf gu Windows Task Manager ay:vm
rnf/ yHk(3-7) 4if;wGifawGU&dS&aom Program rsm;rS Not
responding jzifh ,SOwf aGJ zmfjyaom Program udk a&G;cs,í f End
Task jyKvyk &f rnf/ aemufq;kH wGif Shut Down jyKvyk &f rnf/
(2) CD toH;k jyKorl sm;taejzifh raumif;aom CD ROM rsm;udk xnfh
zwfvQiv f nf;aumif;? CD Drive raumif;vQiv f nf;aumif;? zwf
r&aom Format jzpfvQiv f nf;aumif; Hang jzpfaomtajc
taersK;d BuKH awGUEdik of jzifh owdjyKoifo h nf/ (xnfxh m;aom CD
ROM udk csuc f si;f jyefxw k yf g/)
(3) rnfodkYrQajz&Sif;Edkifjcif;r&dSbJ Hang oGm;aomtajctaersKd;
BuKH awGUygu System Unit &dS Reset Button udk ESyd í f Restart
jyKvyk &f rnf/ ( Keyboard \ Num lock udk tBurd Bf urd Ef ydS yf gu
Num Lock rD;vH;k zGi^ hf ydwrf vkyv f Qif Hang jzpfaeaMumif; odEikd f
ygonf/)
yH(k 3-7)
tcef;(4)
Windows XP Help
24/ Windows XP \ Help System onfatmufaz:jyygwdu
Yk kd vkyaf qmifjcif;jzifh
toH;k jyKot l m; tultnDay;Edik yf gonf-
(u) Windows XP ESio fh ufqikd af om ar;cGe;f rsm;udk ajzMum;&Si;f vif;ay;jcif;?
( c ) Windows XP tm; rnfuo hJ t Ykd oH;k jyK&rnfukd tqifv
h u
kd &f iS ;f vif;jyEdik jf cif;?
( * ) Internet ESiq
hf ufo, G í f Software qdik &f m Update jyKvyk Ef ikd jf cif;?
(C) uGeyf sLwmpepfyikd ;f qdik &f m csKUd ,Gi;f rIrsm;udk tajz&Smay;Edik jf cif;/
Opening the Help Windows

25/ Start Button ukd Click vkyfNyD;aemuf Help and Support ukda&G;cs,fNyD;
rdr&d mS azGvo
kd nfph um;vH;k udxk nfo h iG ;f &SmazGygu Help and Support Center Window
tm; yH(k 4-1)ESi(hf 4-2) wdyYk gtwdik ;f awGUjrifEikd yf grnf-
yH(k 4-1)
yHk (4-2)
(u) Back Button / Back Button udk zGix

hf m;aom Help Page View
aemufoYkd wpfcck si;f jyefomG ;vdok nft h cgwGif toH;k jyKygonf/
( c) Forward Button / Forward Button udk Help Page View rsm;a&SUodYk
wpfcck si;f oGm;vdo
k nft h cgwGif toH;k jyKygonf/
( *) Index Button / taMumif;t&mrsm;udk tu©&mtpDtpOftvdu k f pDxm;Ny;D
Munfvh okd nfh taMumif;t&mudk tvG,w f ul &SmazGMunfEh ikd yf gonf/
(C) Options Button / Option Button onf Help Option udk List vkyf
jy&eftwGuf toH;k jyKygonf/ Option udk Click vkyyf gu Option Menu
ay:vmrnf/
( i) Search TextBox / Munfv h o
kd nfh taMumif;t&mudk ½ku d x
f nfah y;vdu k f
ygu tvG,w f ul &SmazGMunfEh ikd yf gonf/
tcef;(5)
Arrange the Icons on the Desktop
26/ Desktop ay:&Sd Icon rsm;udk tpDtpOfwus pDvykd gu Desktop ay:½Sd vGwaf om
ae&mwGif Mouse jzifh Right click vkyyf g/ ay:vmaom Shortcut Menu rS Arrange
Icon udak ½G;cs,y f g/ Arrange Icon Pop-up Menu ay:vmrnf/ yH(k 5-1) Shortcut Menu
wGif Name (trnfrsm;udk tu©&m tpDtpOf tvdu k pf jD cif;)? Size (zdik tf &G,tf pm; tvdu k f
pDjcif;)? Type (zdik tf rsK;d tpm; tvdu
k pf jD cif;)? Modified (jyifqifNy;D zdik t f vduk pf jD cif;)? Auto
Arrange (zdi k rf sm;udt k vdtk avQmuf tpOftvdu k f pDay;jcif;) wdt Yk m; a&G;cs,Ef ikd yf gonf/
yH(k 5-1)
Changing the Icon

27/ Mouse Pointer udk Desktop ay:½Sd vGwaf omae&mwGif Mouse jzifh Right
Click vkyy f g/ ay:vmonhf Shortcut Menu rS Properties udk a½G;cs,yf gu Display
Properties Dialog Box ay:vmrnf/ yH(k 5-2) 4if;rS Desktop Tab udak ½G;cs,y f g/ ¤if;rS
Customize Desktop udk Click vkyy f gu Desktop Items Dialog Box xyfíay:
vmrnfjzpfygonf/ yH(k 5-3) ¤if;rSrrd ad jymif;vdo
k nfh Icon wpfcu k kd a½G;cs,í
f Change
Icon Button udk Click vkyyf g/ ay:vmonhf Change Icon Dialog Box rS rdrEd pS o f ufaom
Icon yHw k pfcuk akd ½G;cs,í
f OK udk Click vkyyf g/ yH(k 5-4) Display Properties Box
odjYk yefa&mufygrnf/ OK udk Click vkyyf g/
yH(k 5-2)
yH(k 5-3)
yH(k 5-4)
Changing Display
28/ Desktop \ Icon rsm;vGwaf omae&mwGif Mouse Pointer udx k m;í Right
Click vkyy
f gu Context Menu ay:vmrnf/ 4if;rS Properties udk a½G;cs,yf g/ Display
Properties rS Themes? Desktop? Screen Saver? Appearance ESihf Setting wdu Yk kd
a&G;cs,í
f ajymif;vJay;Edik yf gonf/ yHk (5-5)? yH(k 5-6)
yH(k 5-5)
yHk (5-6)
Changing Windows Background Colors

29/ Windows \aemufct H a&mifajymif;vJ&ef Desktop \ae&mvGww f iG f Right
Click vkyyf gu Shortcut Menu ay:vmrnf/ 4if;rS Properties udk a½G;cs,í f Display
Properties Dialog Box rS Desktop Tab udak ½G;cs,y f g/ Background wGif None udk
a&G;xm;yg/ Color List Box wGif rdrd ESpo f ufaom ta&mifwpfcu k kd pdwBf uKd uaf ½G;cs,f
Ny;D ygu OK udk Click vkyyf g/ yH(k 5-7)
yH(k 5-7)
Screen Saver
30/ uGeyf sLwmudk toH;k jyKaepOf Keyboard ESihf Mouse wdu Yk kd rxdbxJ m;ygu owfrw S f
xm;aom tcsed jf ynfv h Qif Screen ay:wGif rdrad ½G;cs,o f wfrw S af y;xm;onfh yHak y:vm
jcif;udk Screen Saver jyKvyk o f nf[k ac:onf/ Screen Saver jyKvyk &f ef Desktop \
ae&mvGww f iG f Right Click vkyyf gu Context Menu ay:vmrnf/ 4if;rS Properties
udk a½G;cs,í f Display Properties Dialogbox rS Screen Saver Tab udak ½G;cs,yf g/
Screen Saver Drop-down List box wGif rdrx d nfv
h okd nfh Screen Saver wpfcu k kd
a½G;cs,Nf y;D Preview MunhEf ikd yf gonf/ yH(k 5-8) Wait Text box wGif owfrf w S af y;vdk
onft h csed u f kd a½G;cs,Nf y;D ygu OK udk Click vkyyf g/
yH(k 5-8)
Screen Resolution
31/ Windows \ Screen Resolution ajymif;&ef Desktop \ae&mvGww f iG f Right
Click vkyf ygu Shortcut Menu ay:vmrnf/ 4if;rS Properties udk a½G;cs,í f Display
Properties Dialog Box rS Setting Tab udak ½G;cs,y f g/ Setting View ay:vmrnf/
yH(k 5-9) Colors Quality List Box rS toH;k jyKrnfh Colors Quality wpfcck u
k kd a½G;cs,yf g/
Resolution udak jymif;vJvy kd gu Screen Resolution rS Slider udk vdo k vdak &TUNy;D aemuf
OK udk Click vkyy f g/
yH(k 5-9)
tcef; (6)
Using the Setting of Taskbar and Start Menu
32/ Start Menu udk Right Click vkyNf y;D ay:vmaom Menu rS Properties udk
Click vkyy
f g/ ay:vmaom Taskbar and Start Menu Properties Dialog Box yH(k 6-1)
rS atmufazmfjyyg Option (7)ckukd a½G;cs,Ef ikd yf gonf-
(u) Lock the Taskbar / b,f? nm? tay:? atmuf a&Tí Y r&ap&ef ESihf
Taskbar ay:&Sd Icons rsm;? Tools rsm;udk a&Tí
Y r&ap&ef jyKvyk v
f ykd gu
a&G;cs,yf g/
yH(k 6-1)
(c ) Auto Hide the Taskbar / Application Windows zGixhf m;pOf Taskbar

udk ,m,D azsmufxm;vdvk Qif Auto Hide the Teskbar udk a½G;cs,yf g/
Taskbar Hide vkyx
f m; aom ae&may:odYk Pointer a&mufvQif Taskbar
udk ,m,Djyefay:apygonf/
( *) Keep the Teskbar on Top of Other Windows / Taskbar udk
zGix
hf m;orQ Windows \ a&SUwGiaf y:apvdyk gua½G;cs,yf g/
(C) Group Similar Taskbar Button / Desktop ay:&dS Folder ESihf
Shortcut Folder wdu
Yk kd zGix
hf m;ygu tkypf t
k aejzifjh yvdyk gu a½G;cs,yf g/
(i) Show Quick Launch / Quick Launch Toolbar udk Taskbar ay:wGif
jyvdyk gu a½G;cs,yf g/
(p) Show the Clock / Taskbar ay:wGif tcse d ef m&Dukd jyvdyk gu a½G;cs,yf g/
(q) Hide Inactive Icons / Taskbar ay:wGif Inactive Icons rsm;udk Hide
jyKvyk vf ykd gu a½G;cs,yf g/
Changing the Sound

33/ uGeyf sLwmudk toH;k jyKaepOf tcsuaf y;toHrsm; xGuaf y:apvdyk gu Start Menu
&dS Setting rS Control Panel udak ½G;cs,yf g/ ay:vmaom Control Panel Dialogbox rS
Sounds and Audio Devices udk Double click vkyy f g/ Sounds and Audio Devices
Properties Dialog box ay:vmrnf/ yHk(6-2) NyD;vQif Sound Tab udka½G;cs,fyg/
xnfv h okd nhf Program events: wpfcu k kd a½G;cs,yf g/ Sounds: rS toHxu G af pvdo
k nfh
Sound file udak ½G;cs,yf g/ Ny;D vQif OK udk Click vkyyf g/
Changing the Date and Time
34/ uGeyf sLwm\ &ufp?JG tcsed ef m&D jyifqifvykd gu Start Menu => Control Panel
=> Date and Time udk Double Click vkyy f g/ (odrYk [kw)f Taskbar ay:wGiaf y:aeaom
em&Dtm; Double Click vkyyf g/ Date and Time Properties Dialog Box ay:vmrnf/
yH(k 6-3) Date Box wGif jyifvakd om Date udjk yifyg/ Time Box wGif jyifvakd om Time
udjk yifyg/ Ny;D vQif OK udk Click vkyyf g/
yH(k 6-2)
yH(k 6-3)
Mouse Setting
35/ yHrk eS t f m;jzifh b,fbuf Button udk Primary ESihf nmbuf Button udk Secondary
tjzpf toH;k jyKMuygonf/ b,fbuf Button udk Secondary ESihf nmbuf Button udk
Primary tjzpf ajymif;vJtoH;k jyKEi kd yf gonf/ Start Menu => Control Panel => Mouse
udk Double click vkyyf g/ Mouse Properties Dialog Box yH(k 6-4) rS atmufygwdu Yk kd
jyifqifEikd yf gonf-
yH(k 6-4)
(u) Buttons / Button Configuration rS Switch Primary and Secondary

Button &Sd Check Box udk Click vkyNf y;D a½G;cs,y
f gu b,fbuf Button
onf Secondary? nmbuf Button onf Primary odaYk jymif;oGm;rnf/
b,fbuf Button ay:&Sd tjyma&mifonf nmbuf Button ay:odaYk jymif;
oGm;ygrnf/ Double Click Speed udjk yifvykd gu Slider udk Slow/Fast
odaYk &TUay;yg/
(c) Pointers / ESpo f uf&m Pointer yHpk w
H pfcu
k jkd yifqifvykd gu a½G;cs,Ef ikd f
ygonf/yH(k 6-5)
( *) Pointer Options / Pointer Speed jyifqif&ef ESihf Pointer Trail ay:vdk
ygu a½G;cs,Ef ikd yf gonf/yH(k 6-6)
yH(k 6-5)
yH(k 6-6)
tcef;(7)
Disk Drives
36/ uGeyf sLwmwpfv;kH wGif Hard Disk Drive ESihf Floppy Disk Drive [lí Drive
2 ck tenf;qH;k yg&Syd gonf/ Hard Disk onf tcsut f vufyrmPrsm;pGm odak vSmifEikd f
ygonf/ Floppy Disk onf tcsut f vuftenf;i,fuo kd m odak vSmifxm;Edik Nf y;D tcsuf
tvufrsm;udk Backup jyKvyk &f efEiS hf wpfae&m rSwpfae&modaYk ½TUajymif;&ef toH;k jyKygonf/
,cktcg Floppy Disk rsm;tpm; USB (Universal Serial Bus) Port toH;k jyK&onfh
Memory Stick rsm;udak jymif;vJtoH;k jyKvmNyjD zpfonf/ Drive rsm;udk cGjJ cm;Edi k &f eftwGuf
tu©&mrsm;jzifh atmufygtwdik ;f owfrw S Ef ikd yf gonf-
(u) Hard Disk Drive wpfcEk iS hf Floppy Disk Drive wpfcyk g&djS cif;/
Hard Disk udk Drive C: [kowfrw S Nf y;D Floppy Disk udk Drive A: [k
owfrw S yf gonf/
( c) Hard Disk Drive ESpfckESifh Floppy Disk Drive ESpfckyg&dSjcif;/
Hard Disk wpfcu k kd Primary Hard Disk tjzpf C: [kowfrw S Nf y;D ?
usef Hard Disk wpfcu k kd Secondary Hard Disk tjzpf D: [kowfrw S f
avh&ydS gonf/ Boot jyKvyk rf nfh Floppy Disk udk A: [kowfrw S í f usef
Floppy Disk udk B: [k owfrw S Ef ikd yf gonf/
( *) Hard Disk wpfckudk Partitions rsm;cJGoHk;jcif;/ Partitions (3)ck
cGJxm;vQif C: D:, E: [k owfrSwfEdkifygonf/ Partitions rsm;udk
vdt k yfovdk cJEG ikd yf gonf/
(C) Optical Drive yg&Sjd cif;/ Hard Disk rsm;twGuf tu©&mowfrw S f
Ny;D rS Optical Drive twGut f u©&mudk owfrw S yf gonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh
Optical Drive twGuf D: [k owfrw S yf gonf/ Optical Drive rsm;wGif
CD-ROM, CD R/W, Combo Drive, DVD-ROM, DVD R/W [lí
trsK;d rsK;d &So
d nf/
( i) Server Drive yg&Sjd cif; / Server Drive udk trsm;tm;jzifh F: tjzpf
owfrw S yf gonf/
Folders and Files

37/ Folder topfrsm;ukd ud, k w
f ikd zf efw;D Ekid yf gonf/ Program rsm; Installation
jyKvyk yf gu trsm;tm;jzifh Folder topfrsm; tvdt k avQmufwnfaqmufygonf/ Folder
wpfcw k iG f Folders rsm;? Files rsm;udk xnfo

h iG ;f xm;Edik yf gonf/ tajccH File trsK;d tpm;
(2) ckrmS Program File ESihf Data File wkYd jzpfygonf/ File Name ukd tu©&m 255
vk;H xd ay;Ekid yf gonf/ File Extersion ukd tu©&m(3)vk;H om ay;Ekid yf gonf/ File Name
wGif tu©&mrsm;? *Pef;rsm; ESihf Space rsm; yg0ifEidk af omfvnf; (/, >, ;, ?, *, <, \, !)
rsm;ukd tok;H jyKír&yg/
Using My Computer
38/ Desktop ay:&Sd My Computer Icon udk Double Click vkyfygu My
Computer Window yH(k 7-1) yGiv hf mNy;D Folder (odrYk [kw)f Drive \ Contents rsm;udk
az:jyygonf/ Disk Drive, Folder rsm;udk ul;,lâ½GUajymif;Edik jf cif;? trnfajymif;Edik jf cif;
Yk kd vkyaf qmifEikd yf gonf/ View Menu &dS Large Icons, Small Icons,
ESizhf sujf cif;wdu
List, Details wdjYk zifh jrifui G ;f udak jymif;vJEikd yf gonf/ View Menu &dS Arrange Icons
udak ½G;ívnf; Folder, File rsm;udk by Drive Letter, by Type, by Size ,by Free Space,
Auto Arrange wdjYk zifh pDEi kd yf gonf/
yH(k 7-1)
Using Windows Explorer
39/ Start Button udk Click vkyNf y;D ay:vmaom Start Menu rS All Programs
=>Accessories => Windows Explorer ukd Click vkyy f g/ (od)Yk Start Button udk
Right Click vkyNf y;D ay:vmonhf Menu rS Explore udk Click vkyy f g/ yk(H 7-2) Left
Windows wGif Disk Drives ESifh Folder rsm;yg0ifNy;D ? Right Windows wGif Left
Windows a&G;cs,fxm;aom Disk Drive (okdY) Folder rsm;\ Contents rsm;ukd
azmfjyay;ygonf/ Desktop (od)Yk My Computer (od)Yk Drive (ok)Yd Folder rsm;udk
4if;atmufyg&daS om Folder rsm;tm; jzefrY xm;vQif 4if;wdaYk &SUwGif [+] oauFw&dNS y;D ?
jzefjY yxm;vQif [-] oauFwjyygonf/ Windows Explorer jzifh Disk Drive, Folder
rsm;wGif tvd&k o Sd nfh Folder ESihf File rsm;udk &SmazGEikd jf cif;? wpfae&mrS wpfae&modYk
ul;,lâ½GUajymif;Edik jf cif;? trnfajymif;Edik jf cif; ESihf zsujf cif;wdu
Yk kd vkyaf qmifEikd yf gonf/
Windows Explorer \jrifui G ;f udk View Menu &dS Large Icons, Small Icons, List,
Details wdjYk zifh ajymif;vJMunf½h EI ikd yf gonf/ View Menu rS Arrange Icon udak ½G;ívnf;
Folder, File rsm;udk by Name,by Type,by Size ,by Date, Autoarrange wdjYk zifh
tvd&k o
Sd vdpk pD OfEikd yf gonf/
yH(k 7-2)
Standard Toolbar
40/ Exploring Windows \ Toolbar wGif atmufyg Standard Buttons rsm;yg&Sd
ygonf-
(u) Back/ wpfcNk y;D wpfck Click vkyc
f ahJ om Drive, Folder rsm;odYk aemufjyef
oGm;vdo k nft h cgwGif toH;k jyKygonf/
(c) Forward/ Back jzifo h mG ;cJah om Drive, Folder rsm;rS a&SUodYk jyefomG ;vdk
aomtcgwGif toH;k jyKygonf/
(*) Up/ vuf&dS Folder rS wpfqifjh rifah om Up One Level odYk oGm;vdy k gu
toH;k jyKygonf/
(C) Search/ Picture, Music, Video, Documents ESihf Folders rsm;udk
&SmazGEikd yf gonf/
(i) Folders/ Normal View ESih f Folder View udk vdt k yfovdk Munf½h EI ik d yf gonf/
(p) Views / Thumbnails, Tiles, Icons, List, Details yHp k rH sm;odYk ajymif;vJ
Munfv h o kd nfth cgwGif toH;k jyKygonf/
Selecting Drives, Folders, Files

41/ Exploring Windows wGif Drive, Folder, File rsm;udk a½G;cs,v f ykd gu rdrad ½G;cs,f
vdak om Drive (or) Folder (or) File udk Mouse Pointer jzifh Click vkyyf g/ Click
vkyv f u
kd af om Drive (or) Folder (or) File onf Highlighted jzpfomG ;rnf/ (3½
Floppy [A:] Drive udk a½G;cs,v
f ykd gu Floppy Drive xJoYkd 3½ Floppy Disk tm;xnfh
xm;&rnf/)
(u) Folder, File rsm;ud k q uf w d k u f a ½G ; cs,f j cif ; / a½G ; cs,f v d k a om
Folder/File udk Click vkyNf y;D aemuf Keyboard rS Shift Key udEk ydS v f Quf
aemufq;kH a½G;cs,v f akd om Folder/ File udk Click vkyyf g/
( c) Folder, File tm;vHk;udka½G;cs,fjcif; / a½G;cs,fvdkaom Folder udk
Click vkyNf y;D aemuf Edit Menu rS Select All udak ½G;cs,y f g/ (Shortcut
Ctrl + A )
( *) tvdk&dSaom Folder, File rsm;udka½G;cs,fjcif ;/ Right Window
&daS ½G;cs,v f adk om Folder/File udk Click vkyNf y;D ygu Keyboard rS Ctrl
Key udE k ydS vf Quf xyfraH ½G;cs,v f akd om Folder/ File wdu
Yk kd Click vkyyf g/
(Left Window wGif xdu k o
hJ rYkd jyKvyk Ef ikd yf g/)
Copy or Move the Files/Folders
42/ Windows Explorer toH;k jyKí Files/Folders wdu
Yk kd ul;,lâ&TUajymif;jcif;udk
atmufygtwkid ;f vkyaf qmifEikd yf gonf-
(u) Files/Folders udkul;,ljcif; / ul;,lvdkonfh Drive/Folder/File
wdu
Yk akd ½G;cs,yf g/ Menu Bar rS Edit => Copy (Ctrl+C)udk Click vkyí f
ul;xnfv h o kd nfh Drive/Folder udak ½G;cs,Nf y;D Edit => Paste (Ctrl+V)
udk Click vkyyf g/ (odrYk [kw)f ul;,lvo kd nfh Drive/Folder/File wdu Yk kd
a½G;cs,Nf y;D Right Click => Copy udk Click vkyí f ul;xnfv h o
kd nfh
Drive/Folder udak ½G;cs,Nf y;D Right Click => Paste udk Click vkyy f g/
( c) Files/Folders udak ½TUajymif;jcif; / a½TUajymif;vdo k nfh Drive/Folder/
File wdu Yk akd ½G;cs,f yg/ Menu Bar rS Edit => Cut (Ctrl+X)udk Click
vkyí f ul;xnfv h okd nfh Drive/Folder udak ½G;cs,Nf y;D Edit => Paste
(Ctrl+V) udk Click vkyy f g/ (odrYk [kw)f ul;,lvo kd nfh Drive/Folder/
File wdu Yk akd ½G;cs,Nf y;D Right Click => Cut udk Click vkyí f ul;xnfh
vdo k nfh Drive/Folder udak ½G;cs,Nf y;D Right Click => Paste udk Click
vkyyf g/
Creating the Shortcut

43/ Program/ File wdu Yk kd Shortcut jyKvyk v
f ykd gu atmufygtwdik ;f vkyaf qmifEikd f
ygonf-
(u) Windows Explorer rSjyKvkyfjcif;/ Windows Explorer udkzGifhNyD;
Shortcut jyKvyk v
f o
kd nfh Folder/Program/File ay:wGif Right Button
udzk v
d Quf Drag vkyo f mG ;Ny;D Shortcut xm;vdo
k nfah e&modaYk &mufvQif
zdxm;aomvufukd vTwv f u kd yf g/ ay:vmaom Menu rSCreate Shortcuts
Here udk Click vkyy f g/ yH(k 7-3)
yH(k 7-3)
( c) Using Send To rSjyKvkyfjcif;/ Shortcut jyKvkyfvdkonfh Folder/

Program/File udak &G;cs,íf File Menu rS Send To udk Click vkyyf g/
Ny;D vQif Desktop [Create Shortcut] udk Click vkyyf g/ yH(k 7-4)
yH(k 7-4)
Creating a New Folder

44/ Exploring Windows wGif Folder topfwpfcw k nfaqmufvakd om Drive/
Folder udak ½G;cs,y f g/ (Oyrm- Hard Disk Drive C: wGif Folder wnfaqmufvykd gu
Left Window rS Hard Disk Drive C: udak ½G;cs,y f g/ Hard Disk Drive oauFw [C:]
\a&SUwGif trnftrsK;d rsK;d ay;xm;wwfojzifh t"dujzpfonfh Drive oauFw [C:] udk
owdjyKí Munf&h rnfjzpfonf/) File Menu rS New udak ½G;cs,Nf y;D aemuf Folder udk
a½G;cs,yf gu Right Windows wGif New Folder wpfcak y:vmrnf/ ay;vdak omtrnfukd
½du
k x
f nfNh y;D vQif Enter key udEk ydS yf g/
Deleting a File or Folder
45/ Windows Explorer wGif zsuv f o
kd nfh Folder/File wdu
Yk akd ½G;cs,yf g/ File menu
rS Delete key udEk ydS yf g/ (odrYk [kw)f a½G;xm;onfh Folder/ File ay:wGif Right Click
vkyíf ay:vmaom Context Menu rS Delete udEk ydS yf g/ (odrYk [kw)f Standard Toolbar
rS Delete Button udEk ydS yf g/ ay:vmonfh Confirm File Delete Dialog box wGif Yes
udk Click vkyyf g/
Recycle Bin
46/ Recycle Bin onf rvdt k yfonfrsm;udk pGeyYf pfEikd af om trIu d yf ;kH ESiw
hf yl gonf/
xdt
Yk wl Recycle Bin onfvnf; rvdt k yfaom Files rsm;udk xnfo h iG ;f xm;aomae&m
jzpfygonf/ Windows twGi;f Files rsm;udk Delete vkyo f nfth cg Recycle Bin wGif
odr;f xm;ygonf/ Recycle Bin udk Empty rvkyrf csi;f zsux f m;aom Files rsm;udk
jyefvnfq,fwifEikd yf gonf/ Empty vkyNf y;D jzpfygu jyefvnf rq,fwifEikd yf g/ Recycle
Bin udk Empty rvkyfrD zsufxm;aom Files rsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; jyefvnf
&,lEikd yf gonf- yH(k 7-5)
yH(k 7-5)
(u) Recycle Bin rS Files rsm;udk Restore vkyjf cif; / Desktop ay:&dS
Recycle Bin udk Double Click vkyy f g/ Restore vkyv
f o kd nfh Folder/
File wduYk akd ½G;cs,Nf y;D ? File Menu rS Restore udk Click vkyyf gu zsux f m;
aom Folder/File onf rlvae&modYk jyefa&mufomG ;ygrnf/
( c) Recycle Bin rS Files, Folders rsm; zsujf cif; / Desktop ay:&dS
Recycle Bin udk Double Click vkyyf g/ File Menu rS Empty Recycle
Bin udk Click vkyy f gu zsux f m;aom Folder/File rsm;vH;k 0zsuNf y;D om;
jzpfomG ;ygrnf/ File wpfcck si;f pDuv kd nf; a½G;cs,íf zsuEf ikd yf gonf/
Renaming Folder & File

47/ Windows Explorer udzk iG Nhf y;D trnfajymif;vdak om Folder ^ File wdu Yk akd ½G;cs,f
yg/ File Menu rS Rename udak ½G;cs,yf g/ (odrYk [kw)f a½G;cs,x f m;onfh Folder ^ File
ay:wGif Right Click vkyí f ay:vmaom Context Menu rS Rename udak ½G;cs,yf g/
trnfopfu½kd u
kd x
f nfNh y;D Enter Key udEk ydS yf g/ (owdjyK&efrmS File Extension onf rlv
twdik ;f jzpf&ygrnf/)
Searching Files or Folders

48/ Windows Explorer \ Standard Button Toolbar &dS Search Button udak ½G;ygu
Search Dialog Box ay:vmrnf/ yH(k 7-7) 4if;wGif atmufygtwdi k ;f a&G;cs,Ef ikd yf gonf-
(u) Pictures, Music or Video Files rsm;udk&SmazGjcif; / Pictures,
Music or Video Files rsm;ud& k mS azGvykd gu yH(k 7-7) rS Pictures, Music
or Video udk Click vkyfyg/ ay:vmaom Dialog Box yHk(7-8)
wGirf rd &d mS vdo
k nfwu Ykd kd a&G;cs,jf cif;? ½du k xf nfjh cif;rsm; jyKvyk Nf y;D Search
Command Button tm; Click vkyy f g/
( c) Documents Files rsm;udk&SmazGjcif; / Document Files (Word
Processing, Spreadsheet, etc.) rsm;ud& k mS azGvykd gu yH(k 7-7) rS Word
Processing, Spreadsheet, etc. udk Click vkyyf g/ ay:vmaom Dialog
Box yH(k 7-9) wGirf rd &d mS vdo k nfwu Ykd kd a&G;cs,jf cif;? ½duk xf nfjh cif;rsm; jyKvyk Nf y;D
Search Command Button tm; Click vkyy f g/
Deleting a File or Folder
45/ Windows Explorer wGif zsuv f o
kd nfh Folder/File wdu
Yk akd ½G;cs,yf g/ File menu
rS Delete key udEk ydS yf g/ (odrYk [kw)f a½G;xm;onfh Folder/ File ay:wGif Right Click
vkyíf ay:vmaom Context Menu rS Delete udEk ydS yf g/ (odrYk [kw)f Standard Toolbar
rS Delete Button udEk ydS yf g/ ay:vmonfh Confirm File Delete Dialog box wGif Yes
udk Click vkyyf g/
Recycle Bin
46/ Recycle Bin onf rvdt k yfonfrsm;udk pGeyYf pfEikd af om trIu d yf ;kH ESiw
hf yl gonf/
xdt
Yk wl Recycle Bin onfvnf; rvdt k yfaom Files rsm;udk xnfo h iG ;f xm;aomae&m
jzpfygonf/ Windows twGi;f Files rsm;udk Delete vkyo f nfth cg Recycle Bin wGif
odr;f xm;ygonf/ Recycle Bin udk Empty rvkyrf csi;f zsux f m;aom Files rsm;udk
jyefvnfq,fwifEikd yf gonf/ Empty vkyNf y;D jzpfygu jyefvnf rq,fwifEikd yf g/ Recycle
Bin udk Empty rvkyfrD zsufxm;aom Files rsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; jyefvnf
&,lEikd yf gonf- yH(k 7-5)
yH(k 7-5)
(u) Recycle Bin rS Files rsm;udk Restore vkyjf cif; / Desktop ay:&dS
Recycle Bin udk Double Click vkyy f g/ Restore vkyv
f o kd nfh Folder/
File wduYk akd ½G;cs,Nf y;D ? File Menu rS Restore udk Click vkyyf gu zsux f m;
aom Folder/File onf rlvae&modYk jyefa&mufomG ;ygrnf/
( c) Recycle Bin rS Files, Folders rsm; zsujf cif; / Desktop ay:&dS
Recycle Bin udk Double Click vkyyf g/ File Menu rS Empty Recycle
Bin udk Click vkyy f gu zsux f m;aom Folder/File rsm;vH;k 0zsuNf y;D om;
jzpfomG ;ygrnf/ File wpfcck si;f pDuv kd nf; a½G;cs,íf zsuEf ikd yf gonf/
Renaming Folder & File

47/ Windows Explorer udzk iG Nhf y;D trnfajymif;vdak om Folder ^ File wdu Yk akd ½G;cs,f
yg/ File Menu rS Rename udak ½G;cs,yf g/ (odrYk [kw)f a½G;cs,x f m;onfh Folder ^ File
ay:wGif Right Click vkyí f ay:vmaom Context Menu rS Rename udak ½G;cs,yf g/
trnfopfu½kd u
kd x
f nfNh y;D Enter Key udEk ydS yf g/ (owdjyK&efrmS File Extension onf rlv
twdik ;f jzpf&ygrnf/)
Searching Files or Folders

48/ Windows Explorer \ Standard Button Toolbar &dS Search Button udak ½G;ygu
Search Dialog Box ay:vmrnf/ yH(k 7-7) 4if;wGif atmufygtwdi k ;f a&G;cs,Ef ikd yf gonf-
(u) Pictures, Music or Video Files rsm;udk&SmazGjcif; / Pictures,
Music or Video Files rsm;ud& k mS azGvykd gu yH(k 7-7) rS Pictures, Music
or Video udk Click vkyfyg/ ay:vmaom Dialog Box yHk(7-8)
wGirf rd &d mS vdo
k nfwu Ykd kd a&G;cs,jf cif;? ½du k xf nfjh cif;rsm; jyKvyk Nf y;D Search
( c) Documents Files rsm;udk&SmazGjcif; / Document Files (Word
Processing, Spreadsheet, etc.) rsm;ud& k mS azGvykd gu yH(k 7-7) rS Word
Processing, Spreadsheet, etc. udk Click vkyyf g/ ay:vmaom Dialog
Box yH(k 7-9) wGirf rd &d mS vdo k nfwu Ykd kd a&G;cs,jf cif;? ½duk xf nfjh cif;rsm; jyKvyk Nf y;D
Search Command Button tm; Click vkyy f g/
Windows XP Operating System 41 uuuGef
(*) All Files and Folders rsm;ud& k mS azGjcif; / All Files and Folders
rsm;ud&k mS azGvykd gu yH(k 7-7) rS All Files and Folders udk Click vkyyf g/
ay:vmaom Dialog Box yH(k 7-10) wGirf rd &d mS vdo k nfwu Ykd kd a&G;cs,jf cif;?
½du
k x
f nfjh cif;rsm; jyKvyk Nf y;D Search Command Button tm; Click
vkyyf g/
Windows XP Operating System 42 uuuGef
(q) Computer or People rsm;udk &SmazGjcif;/ Network csw d qf ufxm;

aom Computer rsm;? Address rsm;ud&k mS azGvykd gu yH(k 7-7)rS Computer
or People udk Click vkyy f g/ ay:vmaom Dialog Box yH(k 7-11)rS
Network csw d q
f ufxm;aom Computer udk &SmazGvykd gu A Computer
on the Network udk Click vkyNf y;D yH(k 7-12) wGif Computer Name
½du
k x
f nfíh Search Command Button tm; Click vkyyf g/ Address
udk &SmazGvykd gu yH(k 7-11)wGif People in Your Address Book udk
Click vkyNf y;D yH(k 7-13) wGi&f mS vdak om Address ½du
k x
f nfí h Search
tcef;(8)
Using Accessories
49/ Windows XP Accessories onf Windows toH;k jyKol User rsm;twGuf
toH;k 0ifrnfh Application tawmfrsm;rsm;udk pkaygif;xm;onfh tkypf w
k pfcyk ifjzpfygonf/
Accessories xJwi G f Calculator? NotePad? WordPad? Character Map? Paint
tp&So
d nfwYkd yg0ifygonf/
Using Calculator
50/ Windows xJwiG f Calculator (2)rsK;d xnfo h iG ;f xm;ygonf/ ½d;k ½d;k taygif;? tEIw?f
tajrm§ uf? tpm; vkyv f &Ykd onfh Standard Calculator ESihf ½d;k ½d;k taygif;? tEIw?f tajrm§ uf?
tpm; tjyif xyfued ;f wifjcif;? ESpx f yfued ;f &if;&Smjcif;? Sine? Cosine wefz;kd rsm;&Smjcif;?
Statistical Calculation ponfh wGue f nf;rsK;d pHt
k oH;k jyKí&onfh Scientific Calculator
wdkYyifjzpfonf/ Calculator udktoHk;jyK&eftwGuf Start => All Programs =>
Accessories => Calculator udk Click vkyy f gu atmufyg yH(k 8-1)twdik ;f Standard
Calculator udk awGjY rifEikd yf gonf/ ¤if; Standard Calculator &Sd View Menu rS Scientific
udk a&G;cs,jf cif;jzifh wpfbufyg yH(k 8-2) twdik ;f Scientific Calculator udk toH;k jyKEikd rf mS
jzpfygonf/
yH(k 8-1)
yH(k 8-2)
Using WordPad
51/ Short Note yHpk H Document rsm;? Report yHpk u H o hJ Ykd &Snv
f sm;aom Document
rsm;udk Create vkyv
f ykd gu WordPad udk toH;k jyK&rSmjzpfygonf/ NotePad onf Plain
Text rsm;udk Create vkyz f EYkd iS hf Edit vkyzf aYkd vmufomtoH;k 0ifNy;D WordPad wGif Indent?
Alignments? Style? Color? Line Spacing ponfh Special Effect rsm;udk toH;k jyKí&
ygonf/ WordPad udt k oH;k jyK&eftwGuf Start => All Programs => Accessories=>
WordPad udk Click vkyy f gu yH(k 8-3)twdik ;f WordPad Windoway:vmrnfjzpfonf/
yH(k 8-3)
Using Paint
52/ Paint onf User rsm;taejzifh Window xJwiG f a&mifpykH v Hk v
S aS v;awGa&;qGEJ ikd f
atmifppD Ofxm;aom Graphic Application wpfcjk zpfygonf/ Paint wGiyf g0ifaom Tools
rsm;jzifh av;axmifyh ?kH puf0ikd ;f yH?k bJOyH?k rsO;f ajzmif?h rsO;f auG; ponfwu Ykd kd tpOfajyajya&;qGJ
Edik Nf y;D ½d;k ½d;k ½kyyf akH wGutp Logo yH;k rsm;? ½kyjf yyHrk sm;wdu
Yk kd a&;qGEJ ikd yf gonf/ Paint Application
udk toH;k jyK&eftwGuf Start => All Programs => Accessories=> Paint udk Click
vkyyf gu atmufyg yH(k 8-4) twdik ;f awGUjrif&rnfjzpfygonf/
53/ Paint wGirf rd q d rJG nfyh t

kH wGuf Drawing Size udk Set vkyv f ykd gu Image Menu
rS Attributes udk Click vkyyf g/ ay:vmaom Attributes Dialog Box wGif rdrt d oH;k jyK
vdak om Width ESihf Height wdu Yk kd jznfí
h OK udk Click vkyyf g/
Using Character Map
54/ Character Map onf Fonts rsm;udMk unf&h eftwGuf toH;k jyKaom Character
Window yifjzpfonf/ Character Map udz k iG v
hf ykd gu Start => All Programs =>
Accessories => System Tools => Character Map udk Click vkyv f Qif atmufyg
yH(k 8-5) twdik ;f Character Map Window ay:vmygrnf/ rdrMd unfv h akd om Font trsK;d
tpm;udk Font \ Drop-down List rS&mS azGMunf½h EI ikd of nf/
yHk (8-5)
tcef;(9)
How to Tell How Much Room is on a Disk
55/ ,cif OS rsm;? Hardware rsm;onf Hard Disk rsm;udk toH;k jyK&mwGif tuefY
towfrsm;pGm &Syd gonf/ ,cktcgwGif Hard Disk rsm;onf ,cifuxuf pGr;f tm;aumif;rGef
vmonfEiS t hf wl ae&m ydrk q
kd efv
Y mygonf/ File rsm;udk odak vSmif&eftwGuf File System
ESihf Hard Disk ay:wGif rnfrQvw G o
f nfukd od&&dS efvt
kd yfygonf/ Hard disk ay:wGif
use&f rSd nfah e&mvGwyf rmPESihf File Systemudk od&EdS ikd &f ef atmufygtwdik ;f aqmif½uG f
Edik yf gonf-
(u) Desktop ay:&Sd My Computer (od)Yk Windows Explorer twGi;f rS
Address Drop Down List Box (od)Yk All Folders List rS aeí My
Computer udak ½G;yg/
( c) rdrod &d v
dS o
kd nf(h od)Yk aqmif&u
G vf o
kd nfh Drive udak ½G;cs,yf g/ (Oyrm- Drive
A:(od)Yk Drive C:(od)Yk Drive D: (od)Yk Drive E:) tu,fí Web Style
udk toH;k jyKcv hJ Qif Windows \ b,fbufwiG f Capacity udak z:jyaeaom
Graph yHw k pfcak y:vmygrnf/
( *) rdrad &G;cs,v f u kd af om Drive udk Mouse jzifh Righ click udEk ydS í
f ay:vm
aom Shortcut Menu rS Properties udak ½G;cs,yf g/ a½G;cs,x f m;aom
Drive \ Properties Dialog Box ay:vmrnf/ yH(k 9-1)
yH(k 9-1)
56/ tjyma&mifonf toH;k jyKxm;aomtydik ;f jzpfNy;D yef;a&mifonf ae&mvGwaf om
tydik ;f jzpfygonf/ Label udk ajymif;Edik yf gonf/ Disk rsm;udv
k nf; ppfaq;jyifqifEikd jf cif;?
Backup Files rsm;\ tajctaeudk ppfaq;ay;jcif;? Disk udk cJaG 0oH;k pGc J iG ahf y;jcif;ESihf
Disk yrmPudk csKUH &eff Tools rsm; yg0ifygonf/
Disk Cleanup
57/ Hard Disk wGif Temporary Files rsm;? Uninstall Files rsm;ESihf trIu d yf ;kH xJwiG f
zsux f m;aom Filesrsm;&Sw
d wfojzifh 4if;wdu
Yk kd Disk Cleanup jyKvyk jf cif;jzifh Hard Disk
wGiaf e&mvGwf Free Space rsm;jym;vmatmif vkyaf qmifEikd yf gonf/
58/ Disk Cleanup udak tmufyg tqifr
h sm;twdik ;f vkyaf qmifEikd yf gonf-
(u) Start Button => All Programs => Accessories => System Tools
=> Disk Cleanup udk Click vkyy f g/ Select Drive Dialog Box
ay:vmrnf/yH(k 9-2)
yH(k 9-2)
( c) Drives : List Box wGif Disk Cleanup vkyv f adk om Drive C: udak ½G;cs,f
í OK udk Click vkyyf g/ (odrYk [kw)f yH(k 8-1)rS Disk Cleanup tm; Click
vkyyf gu Disk Cleanup for (C:) Dialog Box xyfíay:vmrnf/
yH(k 9-3)
(*) ¤if; Dialog Box rS Disk Cleanup Tab tm;a&G;cs,Nf y;D rvdt k yfaom
zsuv f akd om zdik rf sm;udk Check Box wGiaf ½G;cs,Nf y;D OK udkClick vkyyf g/
Disk Cleanup for (C:) Dialog Box xyfíay:vmrnf/ yH(k 9-4) ¤if;rS
Yes Button udk Click vkyy f g/ Disk Cleanup Utility onf rvdv k m;tyf
aom Files rsm;udk Cleaning vkyaf eaMumif; Dialog Box ay:vmygrnf/
yH(k 9-5)
yH(k 9-3)
yH(k 9-4)
yH(k 9-5)
tcef;(10)
Making Backups
59/ Computer System rSm Hardware odrYk [kwf Storage Failure jzpfjcif;wdEYk iS hf
BuKH awGcY yhJ guqd&k if rvdv
k m;tyfwhJ Data Loss jzpfrrI sK;d rBuKH &avatmif Windows XP
Backup Utilities udt k oH;k jyKNy;D Duplicate Copy wpfcu k jkd yKvyk x
f m;jcif;jzifh BuKd wif
umuG,Ef ikd yf gonf/ Backup enf;[m Hard Disk xJrS rdrt d vd&k adS om Files ESihf Folders
rsm;udk Duplicate ESifh Restore vkyfay;rSmjzpfygonf/ System Files rsm;udkvnf;
ASR(Automated System Recovery) Disk tjzpf Save vkyNf y;D vdt k yfwt hJ cgrSm
System Configuration Setting rsm;udk Restore jyefvy k &f eftwGuf toH;k jyKEidk yf gonf/
Back udk Schedule Task taejzifh vkyx f m;r,fq&kd if Computer rS Data awGukd Up-
to-Date jzpfatmif Regular Backup vkyaf y;ygvdrr hf nf/
Back Up Files and Folders

60/ Files ESihf Folders rsm;udk Backup vky&f efwu
G f Start => All Programs =>
Accessories => System Tools => Backup udk Click vkyyf g/ yH(k 10-1) twdik ;f Backup
or Restore Wizard ay:vmygu Next udk Click vkyy f g/
yH(k 10-1)
61/ xyfíay:vmaom Backup or Restore Wizard yH(k 10-2)wGif Back up files
and settings option udak &G;cs,Nf y;D Next udk Click vkyy
f g/
yH(k 10-2)
62/ What to Back Up Wizard yH(k 10-3)wGif Let me choose what to backup
option udak &G;cs,Nf y;D Next udk Click vkyy
f g/
yH(k 10-3)
63/ Items to Back Up Wizard yH(k 10-4)wGif Items to back up: atmufrS rdrd
Back up vkyv
f akd om Folder udak &G;cs,Nf y;D Next udk Click vkyyf g/
yH(k 10-4)
64/ Backup Type, Destination, and Name Wizard yH(k 10-5)wGif Choose a place
to save your back up: wGif rdrd Back up vkyv
f akd om Drive udk Browse rSa&G;cs,Nf y;D
Type a name for this backup: wGif Backup Name ay;í Next udk Click vkyy f g/
yH(k 10-5)
65/ Backup twGuf Setting owfrw S Nf y;D aMumif;udk yH(k 10-6)wGif awGjY rif&rnfjzpfNy;D
Finish udk Click vkyyf g/ (odrYk [kw)f Backup Setting wGif Options rsm;xyfíxnfv h ykd gu
Advanced udk Click vkyy f g/
yH(k 10-6)
Set Schedule for Back Up

66/ yH(k 10-6) wGif Advanced udk Click vkyyf gu Type of Backup Wizard yH(k 10-7)
&Sd Backup yHpk (H 5)rsK;d xJrS Normal udak &G;Ny;D Next udk Click vkyyf g/
yH(k 10-7)
67/ ay:vmaom How to Back Up Wizard yH(k 10-8)wGif Verify data after backup
udak &G;cs,Nf y;D Next udk Click vkyyf g/ xdrk S xyfíay:vmaom Backup Options Wizard
yH(k 10-9)rS Append this backup to the existing backups udak &G;cs,Nf y;D Next udk Click
vkyyf g/
yH(k 10-8)
yH(k 10-9)
68/ When to Back Up Option yH(k 10-10)wGif When do you want to run the
backup? atmufrS Later Option udak &G;cs,Nf y;D Job name: ae&mwGif trnfwpfcak y;yg/
¤if;aemuf Set Schedule button udk Click vkyyf g/ qufvufí Schedule Job dialog
box yH(k 10-11) Schedule Task trsK;d tpm;udk a&G;cs,Nf y;D OK udk Click vkyy
f g/
yH(k 10-10)
yH(k 10-11)
69/ qufvufí Set Account Information dialog box yH(k 10-12)wGif rdrpd w d Bf uKd uf
Password ud½k ukd Nf y;D OK udk Click vkyyf gu yH(k 10-13)twdik ;f Completing the Backup
or Restore Wizard xyfíay:vmygu Finish udk Click vkyv f Qif Backup Setting
rsm; owfrw
S Nf y;D oGm;NyjD zpfygonf/
yH(k 10-12)
yH(k 10-13)
Starting Back Up
70/ Files ESihf Folders rsm;udk Backup vky&f efwu G f Start => All Programs =>
or Restore Wizard ay:vmygu Advanced Mode udk Click vkyy f g/ ay:vmaom
Backup Utility dialog box yH(k 10-14) rS Backup tab udk Click vkyy f g/ qufvufNy;D
rdrd Backup vkyrf nfh Folder udak &G;cs,yf g/ E:\i-win Backup.bkf udk Backup Media
twGut f oH;k jyKrnfjzpfygonf/ Ny;D aemuf Start Backup udk Click vkyyf g/
yH(k 10-14)
71/ ay:vmaom Backup Job Information dialog box yH(k 10-15) wGif Start
Backup Button udk Click vkyy f gu yH(k 10-16) twdik ;f Backup Progress windows
ay:vmNy;D Backup vkyaf eaMumif;udk awGjY rif&rnfjzpfygonf/ ¤if;aemuf File (60)udk
(1)rdepf(21)puúejYf zifh Backup vkyNf y;D oGm;aMumif;udk yH(k 10-17) twdik ;f awGjY rif&rnfjzpfyg
onf/ Close Button udk Click vkyyf g/
72/ rdrd Backup vkyxf m;aom Backup Schedule Job udk Munfv h ykd gu Backup
Utility windows yH(k 10-14)rS Schedule Jobs tab udk Click vkyy
f gu yH(k 10-18)twdik ;f
awG&Y rnfjzpfonf/
yH(k 10-15)
yH(k 10-16)
yH(k 10-17)
yH(k 10-18)
Restore from Backup
73/ Computer twGi;f &Sd Orginal Data Files rsm; taMumif;trsK;d rsK;d aMumifh ysuqf ;D
aysmufq;kH oGm;ygu rdrd Backup vkyx f m;aom Folder rsm;xJrS Files rsm;udjk yefvnf
Restore vky, f &l rnfjzpfonf/ Restore vky&f eftwGuf Start => All Programs =>
or Restore Wizard ay:vmygu Advanced Mode udk Click vkyy f g/ ay:vmaom
Backup Utility dialog box yH(k 10-19) rS Welcome tab udk Click vkyy f g/ qufvufNy;D
Restore Wizard (Advanced) button udak &G;cs,y f g/
yH(k 10-19)
74/ Welcome to the Restore Wizard yH(k 10-20) ay:vmygu Next udk Click
vkyyf g/ yH(k 10-21) twdik ;f What to Restore windows wGif Backup Identification
Label atmufrS i-win Backup.bkf udk Double Click vkyy f g/
75/ Backup Files rsm;udk yH(k 10-22)twdik ;f rlvwnf&&dS mae&modYk jyefvnf Restore
vkyrf nft
h aMumif;a&G;cs,af y;Ny;D Next udk Click vkyyf g/ Completing the Restore
Wizard windows yH(k 10-23) ay:vmygu Finish udk Click vkyy f g/
76/ Restore Progress windows yH(k 10-24) twdik ;f ay:vmNy;D Restore vkyaf e
aMumif;udk awGjY rif&rnfjzpfygonf/ ¤if;aemuf File (60)udk (1)rdepf(22)puúejYf zifh Restore
vkyNf y;D oGm;aMumif;udk yH(k 10-25) twdik ;f awGjY rif&rnfjzpfygonf/ Close Button udk Click
vkyyf gu rdr\ d Restore vkyjf cif;vkyif ef;pOf Ny;D qH;k oGm;NyD jzpfygonf/
yH(k 10-20)
yH(k 10-21)
yH(k 10-22)
yH(k 10-23)
yH(k 10-24)
yH(k 10-25)
tcef;(11)
Using Multiple Users
77/ Computer wpfv;kH wnf;wGif Multiple Users rsm;twGuf Setup vkyaf y;xm;ygu
Computer udz k iG v
hf u
kd o
f nfEiS hf Welcome Screen wufvmygu rdr\ d User Account
Name udak &G;cs,Nf y;D Password xnfah y;rnfqy kd gu Logon vkyaf om User \ Personal
Setting udk Windows XP rS Load vkyaf y;rnfjzpfonf/
78/ t"du User Account ESprf sK;d &So

d nf/ Computer Administrator Account ESihf
Limited Account wdjYk zpfygonf/ Administrator Account Type onf Computer
Setting tm;vHk;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJjyifqifcGifh&SdNyD; Limited Account Type uawmh
Account Picture ESihf Password ajymif;jcif;udy k J vkycf iG &hf ydS gonf/ yH(k 11-1)
yH(k 11-1)
Create a New User Account
79/ User Account topfwpfck wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf Start => Control Panel
=> User Account udk Click vkyy f g/ ay:vmaom User Accounts Window yH(k 11-2)
&Sd Pick a Task atmuf&dS Create a new account udk Click vkyyf g/ ay:vmaom Name
the new account window yH(k 11-3) wGif rdrod wfrw
S v
f akd om User Account udx
k nfNh y;D
Next udk Click vkyyf g/
yH(k 11-2)
yH(k 11-3)
80/ Account Type udo k wfrwS af y;&eftwGuf Pick an account type window
yH(k 11-4)wGif Limited option button udak &G;cs,Nf y;D Create Account button udk Click
vkyyf gu User Account topfwpfck wnfaqmufNy;D jzpfygonf/
yH(k 11-4)
Assign a Password
81/ rdr\ d User Account udk Password owfrw S &f eftwGuf yH(k 11-5)&Sd rdr\
d User
Account udk Click vkyy
f g/ Ny;D aemuf ay:vmaom yH(k 11-6)wGif Create a password
udk Click vkyyf g/
82/ ¤if;aemuf xyfíay:vmaom yH(k 11-7)wGif Password ESihf Confirm Password

wdx
Yk nfNh y;D Create Password udk Click vkyyf gu rdr\
d User Account udk Password
xnfNh y;D jzpfygonf/
Change the Picture

83/ rdr\ d Account &Sd Picture udk ajymif;vJvykd gu yH(k 11-6)rS Change the Picture
udk Click vkyyf g/ ay:vmaom Picture Gallary xJrrS rd Bd uKd u&f m Picture udk a&G;í
Change Picture button udk Click vkyv f Qif rdr\
d Account &Sd Picture ajymif;oGm;rnf
jzpfonf/
yH(k 11-5)
yH(k 11-6)
yH(k 11-7)
Log Off Windows

84/ Multiple Users rsm;&Sad om Computer rSm Log Off option udt k oH;k jyKNy;D User
wpfa,mufuaewpfa,muf tvG,w f ul Switch vkyí
f toH;k jyKEikd yf gonf/ Start =>
Log Off udk Click vkyy f g/ Log Off Windows message box yH(k 11-8)ay:vmygu
Log Off udx k yfí Click vkyyf g/ ay:vmaom Welcome Screen Windows wGif aemuf
toH;k jyKrnfh User onf rdr\ d User Name udk Click vkyNf y;D Password xnfv h u kd yf gu
qufvuftoH;k jyKciG hf &&Srd nfjzpfonf/
yH(k 11-8)
85/ Limited User Account udk Delete vkyv f ykd gu Administrator User Account
jzifh Windows wufNy;D zsu&f rnfjzpfonf/ Limited User Account rSzsuí f r&yg/
tcef;(12)
Windows XP Installation
Windows not Ready

86/ Windows rwufjcif;? rMumcPjyKwu
f sjcif; wdjYk zpfvQif atmufygenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh
jyefvnfjyKjyifjcif;udk vkyaf qmifEikd yf gonf-
(u) Last Known Good Configuration udt k oH;k jyKíaqmif&u G jf cif;?
( c ) Safe Mode Command udt k oH;k jyKíaqmif&u G jf cif;?
( * ) Windows Repair jyKvyk jf cif;jzifah qmif&u G jf cif;?
(C) Windows Clean Installation jyKvyk jf cif;jzifah qmif&u G jf cif;?
Using Last Known Good Configuration
87/ trsm;qk;H uawmh Software Patch wpfcck ak Mumifjh zpfEikd yf gonf/ Windows udk
Automatic Update vkyz f Ykd Setting vkyx f m;cJ&h if rdrod wdrxm;rdvu kd bf J System Files
awG ajymif;oGm;Edik yf gonf/ System Files awGyjJ zpfjzpf? Driver Files awGyjJ zpfjzpf Update
vkyv
f ukd Nf yq
D v
kd Qif rlv Setting udk Computer rStvdt k avsmufrw S xf m;ay;ygonf/
jyóemwpfcck &k cdS rhJ ,fq&kd ifawmh rlvyHpk t H wdik ;f jyefxm;ay;vd&Yk ygonf/ Windows XP
wGif System Restore udo k ;kH jcif;jzifv
h nf;aumif;? Computer udk Restart vkyí f F8
Key ESy d u
f m Last Known Good Configuration a&G;í Boot vkyjf cif;jzifh ajyvnfomG ;
ygvdrrhf nf/
Using Safe Mode Command

88/ Last Known Good Configuration ESirhf ajyvnfygu Hardware ypön;f wpfcck k
(odrYk [kw)f System Software wpfcck k ysuo f mG ;jcif;jzpfEikd yf gonf/ Safe Mode ESihf
Computer udw k ufNy;D ppfaq;Munf½h EI ikd yf gonf/ Safe Mode onf Computer wGif r&Sd
rjzpfvt kd yfaom Keyboard? Mouse? Monitor Driver awGrv S í
JG useo
f nfh Driver
tm;vH;k udk jzKwcf sxm;onfh Dianosis vky&f eftxl;pDrx H m;aom pepfwpfcjk zpfonf/
89/ Safe Mode jzifw h uf&ef Computer udk Reboot vkyí f F8 Key udEk ydS yf g/ xdrk S
wqifh ay:vmaom Menu rS Safe Mode a&G;um Enter Key udEk ydS yf g/ Safe Mode
jzifh Windows wufvmaomtcg Graphic Card Driver udyk gjzKwx
f m;ojzifh yHrk eS jf rifaeus
ykHpHtwdkif; jrif&rnfr[kwfyg/ Hardware aMumifh jyóemjzpfaewmvm; odEdkif&ef
Start=>Control Panel=>System =>Hardware=>Device Manager (odrYk [kw)f My
Computer Icon=> Right Click=>Properties=>Hardwarwe=>Device Manager
odt
Yk qifq
h ifo
h mG ;Ny;D ppfaq;Munf&h ygrnf/ Device Manager wGif xl;jcm;aomtrSwf
tom;rsm; (Oyrm- t0ga&mif Question Marks av;rsm;) &Sad eygu ¤if; Device
wGijf yóem&Safd eNyjD zpfonf/ jyóem&Sad eaom Device ay:wGif Double Click ESyd jf cif;Ny;D
ay:vmaom Message rsm;udk ajz&Si;f oGm;jcif;jzifh ajyvnfomG ;ygvdrrhf nf/
90/ Software wpfcc k u

k kd Install vkyNf y;D rS Program rwufjcif;jzpfygu Start=>
Control Panel=>Add or Remove Programs odkYoGm;NyD; rdrd Install vkyfcJhaom
Program udk Unstall vkyíf Reboot vkyjf cif;jzifh ajyvnfygvdrrhf nf/
Windows Repairing
91/ Safe Mode jzifah jz&Si;f Ny;D aomfvnf; rajyvnfygu Windows \ System Files
rsm;rSm jyóem&Sad ewmjzpfEikd yf gw,f/ 'DtcgrSm Windows Installer CD jzifh Boot wufNy;D
" To Setup Windows XP Now" udak &G;í Enter Key udEk ydS yf g/ Windows \ Installed
Path udjk yygvdrr
hf nf/ trsm;tm;jzifh C:\WINDOWS jzpfygrnf/ ¤if;aemuf "To Repair
the Selected Windows XP Installation" twGuf Keyboard rS "R" udE k ydS yf g/ xdt
k cg
Windows \ System Files? Error &Sad om Files rsm;udk Reinstall vkyo f mG ;Ny;D Windows
jyefvnftvkyv f yk yf gvdrrhf nf/ Windows Repair jyKvyk jf cif;onf Windows \ System
Files rsm;udok m Repair jyKvyk jf cif;jzpfí rlv&Sad om Applications Files rsm;? Data
Files rsm;? Settings rsm;udk xdcu kd rf rI &Syd g/
Windows Clean Installation

92/ Windows Clean Installation qdkonfrSm Hard Disk topfwpfvHk;tm;
vnf;aumif;? (odrYk [kw)f txufygenf;rsm;jzifh jyefvnfjyifqifír&aom Operating
System &Sd Hard Disk tm; Format jyKvy
k u
f m Windows topfwifjcif;udk ac:ygonf/
Hardware Requirement
93/ Windows XP Operating System Software wpfrsK;d wnf; xnfo h iG ;f &eftwGuf
vdt
k yfaom Hardware vdt
k yfcsurf sm;udak tmufwiG f az:jyxm;ygonf-
Component Recommendation
Processor 233 MHz Minium
300 MHz Recommended
Memory 64 MB Minium
128 MB Recommended
Hard Disk 1.5 GB Available Space
Video Super VGA (800 x 600) or Higher
Windows XP Installation
94/ Windows XP Installation udk enf;vrf; (2)rsK;d jzifjh yKvyk Ef ikd o f nf-
(u) Clean Install/ Clean Installation qdo k nfrmS Hard Disk topf
wpfv;kH udk pwif Install jyKvyk jf cif;ESihf Windows &SNd y;D om; Hard Disk
wpfv;kH tm; Format ½ku d Nf y;D Install jyKvyk jf cif; wdyYk ifjzpfonf/
( c ) Upgrade Install/ Upgrade Installation qdkonfrSm Computer
wGiv
f uf&dS Run aeaom Operating System [Windows 98, Windows
98 SE (Second Edition), Windows ME (Millienium Edition),
Windows 2000] udk Windows XP ajymif;vJtoH;k jyK&ef Install vkyjf cif;
yifjzpfonf/
Clean Installation
95/ Brandnew Hard Disk udk Clean Installation jyKvyk &f mwGif atmufygtqifrh sm;
twdik ;f vkyaf qmif&rnfjzpfygonf-
(u) CMOS Setting wGif First Boot Drive udk Optical Drive tm;
a&G;cs,af y;&rnf/
( c) Windows XP Professional CD udk Optical Drive xJox Ykd nfí
h
Computer tm; Boot vkyy f g/
( * ) Press any key to boot from CD . . . . . ay:vmygu tcsed f (5) puúeYf
twGi;f Keyboard rS Key wpfcck t
k m;ESyd yf g/
(C) Setup is inspacting your computer's hardware configuration . . .
qdo
k nfh Message ay:vmNy;D aemuf Windows XP udk Install jyKvyk &f ef
r&Srd jzpfvtkd yfaom Device Driver rsm;udk CD xJrS Memory ay:odYk
Load vkyy f gvdrrhf nf/
(i) Windows XP Professional Setup Screen ay:vmNy;D To set up
Windows XP now, press ENTER. qdo k nfh Message udq k ufvuf
vkyaf qmifrmS jzpfonft h wGuf Keyboard rS Enter Key udEk ydS yf g/
( p) License Agreement udk oabmwlro S mvQif qufvuf Install vkycf iG hf
&rSmjzpfonft h wGuf F8 Key tm;ESyd yf g/
(q) þtqifw h iG f Windows XP udk Install vkyrf nfh New Partition Create
vkyfjcif; (odkY) Partition rsm;&SdNyD;om;jzpfygu a&G;cs,fay;jcif;wdkYudk
vkyaf qmif&rSmjzpfonf/
(Z) Partition wpfcw k nf;xm;rnfqv kd Qif To set up Windows XP on the
selected item, press ENTER. Message udv k yk af qmif&rnf jzpfonfh
twGuf Enter Key udEk ydS yf g/ (od)Yk Partition rsm;cGíJ oH;k rnfqykd gu To
create a partition in the unpartitioned space, press C. Message
udk vkyaf qmif&rnfjzpfonft h wGuf C udEk ydS yf g/
(ps) Partition ydik ;f &eftwGuf C udEk ydS cf yhJ gu Partition Creation Screen
wGif xm;&SEd ikd af om Partition Size tenf;qH;k ESihf trsm;qH;k udk tBujH yK
az:jyxm;Ny;D Create partition of size < in MB >: ae&mwGif rdryd ikd ;f vdk
onft h &G,t f pm; owfrw S u
f m Enter Key udEk ydS yf g/
(n) Partition C: jzpfay:vmNy;D useo f nft h ydik ;f udv
k nf; Arrow Key jzifh
a&G;cs,í f tyd'k cf JG (ps) twdik ;f qufvufvyk af qmifygu Partition D:
jzpfay:vmrnfjzpfonf/
( #) Partition C: udk Arrow Key jzifjh yefvnfa&G;cs,Nf y;D To set up Windows
XP on the selected item, press ENTER. Message udv k yk af qmif&rnf
jzpfonfh twGuf Enter Key udEk ydS yf g/
( X) rdrad &G;cs,v
f u
kd o f nfh Partition udk FAT ESihf NTFS File System ESpcf x k rJ S
Format jyKvy k &f rnfjzpfojzifh Format the partition using the NTFS
file system udk Arrow Key jzifah &G;cs,Nf y;D Enter Key udE k ydS yf g/
(! ) Format vkyfjcif;\ Mumcsdefonf Partition \t&G,ftpm;ESifh File

System ay:rlwnfNy;D onft h wGuf yHak oowfrw S cf sed rf &Syd g/
(¡) Format vkyNf y;D ygu CD xJrS Windows XP Files rsm;udk rdrd Create
vkycf ahJ om Partition xJoYkd Copy ul;jcif;udk Setup Program rS tvdk
tavsmuf vkyaf qmifygvdrrhf nf/
(P) Files rsm; Copy ul;jcif;Ny;D qH;k oGm;aomtcg Computer onf Reboot
vkyrf nfjzpfojzifh 15 puúeaYf pmif&h rnfjzpfonf/ 15 puúeu Yf rkd apmifv h ykd gu
Keyboard rS Enter Key udE k ydS yf g/ rSwcf su?f Computer onf Reboot
vkyNf y;D jyefvnfwufvmaomtcg Press any key to boot from CD . .
qdkonfh Message xyfrHay:vmygu Hard Disk C: rS Boot vkyfrnf
jzpfojzifh rnfonfh Key rS rESdyfrdap&ef owdjyKyg/
(w) Computer Reboot vkyNf y;D jyefvnfwufvmonft h cg Screen \ Left
Side wGif Install jyKvkyfjcif; NyD;pD;rItajctaeESifh xyfrHMumrnfhtcsdef
wdkYudk az:jyaeygvdrrhf nf/ xdt k csed w f iG f vdt
k yfaom Files rsm; Copy
ul;jcif;ESifh wyfqifxm;aom Device rsm;tm;&SmazG Install vkyjf cif;udk
Setup Program rStvdktavsmufvkyfaqmifay;oGm;rSmjzpfonf/
(x) xdkYaemuf Regional and Language Setting wGif Customize wGif
a&G;cs,fay;Edkifovdk yHkrSeftm;jzifh Next udk Click vkyfNyD;a&SUqufoGm;
Edik o
f nf/
(') ay:vmaom Name and Organization ae&mwdw Yk iG f xnfo h iG ;f vdak om
trnfrsm;udk½dkufxnfhNyD; Next udk Click vkyfNyD;a&SUqufoGm;yg/
(") Character (25)vHk;ygaom Product Key xnfhay;&rSmjzpfonf/ ¤if;
Product Key udk Windows XP CD xJüvnf;aumif;;? CD Cover
ay:üvnf;aumif; yg&Srd nfjzpfonf/ Product Key udrk eS u f efpmG xnfNh y;D
ygu Next udk Click vkyfNyD; a&SUqufoGm;yg/ (General Product Key
RHKG3 - 8YW4W - 4RHJG - 83M4Y - 7X9GW)
( e) Computer Name? Administrator Password ESihf Comfirm Password
wdkYudk rdrdpdwfBudKufowfrSwfNyD; Next udk Click vkyfNyD; a&SUqufoGm;yg/
(y) Date and Time Setting wGif BIOS xJü owfrSwfay;xm;cJhaom
Setting udkaz:jyxm;jcif;jzpfNyD; vdktyfygu jyefvnfjyifqifEdkifonf/
Time Zone wGif [GMT + 06:30] Rangoon udka&G;cs,fay;NyD; Next
udk Click vkyfyg/
(z) Network Adapter yg&Sad om pufrsm;wGif Network Settings ü Typical
settings udka&G;cs,fay;NyD; Next udk Click vkyfyg/ xyfrHay:vmaom
Workgroup or Computer Domain ae&mwGifvnf; Workgroup
udka&G;cs,fNyD; Next udk Click vkyfyg/
(A) Welcome to Microsoft Windows Screen wuf v mvQif
ñTeMf um;csurf sm;twdik ;f Next udk Click vkyyf g/ qufvufNy;D Internet
rSwqifh Microsoft Web Site udkcsdwfqufrnf[kajymygu Skip udk
Click ESdyfíausmfvdkufyg/
(b) Register vkyf&eftwGufawmif;qdkaomtcg Not at this time udk
a&G;cs,fNyD; Next udk Click ESdyfyg/
(r) Computer wGif Log on 0ifa&muftoHk;jyKrnfh Username wdkYudkxnfh
oGi;f ay;&rSmjzpfygonf/ tenf;qH;k Username wpfa,mufxnfNh y;D Next
udk Click ESdyfyg/
(,) Thank you! Screen wufvmygu Finish udk Click ESy d v
f Qif Windows
XP Installation atmifjrifpmG Ny;D qH;k Ny;D toH;k jyK&ef tqifoifth aetxm;
odkYa&muf&SdNyDjzpfonf/
tcef;(13)
Windows VISTA
96/ Microsoft Windows VISTA Versions rsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; awGYjrif
Edik yf gonf-
(u) Windows VISTA Home Basic Version
( c) Windows VISTA Home Premium Version
( *) Windows VISTA Business Version
(C) Windows VISTA Enterprise Version
(i) Windows VISTA Ultimate Version
Windows VISTA Home Basic Version

97/ Feature rsm;tenf;qH;k yg0ifxm;onfh tajccHaxGaxGo;kH uGeyf sLwmvkyif ef;rsm;
twGuf tm;vH;k tqifajypGm toH;k csEikd o
f nfh Areo Interface rsm;yg0ifrrI &Syd g/
Windows VISTA Home Premium Version

98/ Media Center ESihf DVD Burning wdu Yk o hJ aYkd om azsmaf jza&;qdik &f m Feature
rsm; yg0ifvmonft
h jyif Tablet PCs rsm;twGuyf g yHyh ;kd aqmif&uG Ef ikd o
f nfh Aero Interface
rsm;yg0ifxm;onf/
Windows VISTA Business Version

99/ tao;pm;vkyif ef;ukrP Ü rD sm;ESihf tvwfpm;vkyif ef;ukrP Ü rD sm;twGuf &nfreS ;f
xkwvf yk x
f m;aom Version jzpfygonf/ Media Center vkyif ef;rsm; tm;enf;Ny;D Volume
Management Tools rsm;yg0ifvmygonf/ xkxnfBu;D rm;aom Spread Sheets rsm;?
Database rsm;ESihf Business Service rsm;udk vkyaf qmifEikd rf nfjzpfygonf/
Windows VISTA Enterprise Version

100/ vkyif ef;Bu;D rsm;twGuf oH;k Edik &f ef&nf&, G x
f w
k v
f yk x
f m;aom Version jzpfygonf/
Bit Locker Device Encryption uJo h aYkd om Network vkyif ef;rsm;twGuf ydik yf ikd Ef ikd Ef ikd f
toH;k jyKEikd yf gonf/ Virtual PC Express udjk zwfí Unix Base Application rsm;udk
yHyh ;kd aqmif&u G af y;Edik yf gonf/
Windows VISTA Ultimate Version
101/ tjcm; Windows Version rsm;wGif yg0ifxm;aom Feature rsm;jzifh tqifjh rifh
vkyif ef;rsm;udk vkyu
f ikd af qmif&u
G Ef ikd yf gonf/
Windows VISTA System Requirement
102/ Windows VISTA Operating System Software wpfrsK;d wnf; xnfo h iG ;f &ef
twGuf vdt
k yfaom Hardware vdt
k yfcsurf sm;udak tmufwiG f az:jyxm;ygonf-
Component Recommendation
Processor 233 GHz Minium
300 GHz Recommended
Memory 64 GB Minium
128 GB Recommended
Hard Disk 1.5 GB Available Space
Video Super VGA (1024 x768) or Higher
Windows 7
103/ Microsoft Windows VISTA xGuNf y;D aemuf qufvufxu G &f v
dS mrnfh Windows
7 Versions rsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; awGYjrifEdkifygonf-
(u) Windows 7 Starter(32bit)
( c) Windows 7 Home Basics(32bit,64bit)
( *) Windows 7 Home Premium(32bit,64bit)
(C) Windows 7 Professional(32bit,64bit)
( i) Windows 7 Interprise(32bit,64bit)
( p) Windows 7 Ultimate(32bit,64bit)
(q) Windows 7 "N"
Windows 7 Starter Version System Requirement
104/ Windows 7 Operating System Software xnfo
h iG ;f &ef Hardware vdt
k yfcsuf
rsm;udk atmufwiG af z:jyxm;ygonf-
>> 1GB (32bit or 64 bit) Processor
>> 1GB or more System Memory
>> 16GB or more available Disk Space
>> Support for DX9 Graphics with 128MB or more Memory(in order
to enable Aero theme)
>> DVD R/W Optical Drive
>> Internet Access

ICS-Network+ Windows XP

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ICS-Network+ Windows XP

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ICS & Network u uuuGef

Introduction to Computer Science

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pOf taMumif;t&m pmrsufESm

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Introduction to Computer Science

History of Computer Science

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(4) Pocket PCs or Hand Held PC (1 Pound or Less)

Generations of Programming Languages

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(u) Expert System / bmom&yfqi dk &f m uRr;f usio

( i) Computer Vision and Scene Recognition / Machine Sensor wpfcr k S

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Defence Services Computer Department uuuGef

Decimal Binary Octal

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Converting a Decimal Integer into another base

To convert 13 into binary

To convert 153 into octal

To convert 410 into Hex

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Converting an Integer in a given to Decimal

Convert the binary number 1101 into decimal

Convert the octal number 231 into decimal

Convert the hex number 19A into decimal

162 161 160

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Mother Board / Main Board

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Bus, Slot and I/O Card

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19/ 386 rSpí Internal 32-bit vkyfaqmifEkdifonfhtwGufaMumifh 32-bit OS rsm;

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Daisy Wheel Printer

Dot Matrix Printer

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(u) Disk Platters

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35/ CD-ROM udk toHk;jyKaepOf Disc rsm;udk Virus ygrygppfaq;NyD;rS toHk;jyKyg/

Notice of the Computer Users

( ps) jyifyrSDisks rsm;tm; Virus ppfaq;NyD;rS toHk;jyK&rnf/ jyifyESifhcsdwfquf

Speed and Capacity

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Mouse Pointer Shapes

- tvkyfwpfckvkyfaeaom tcsdeftwGif;vkyfaqmifrI rNyD;ao;csdefwGif Busy

- Graphic yHk (odr

Proper Shut Down

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Local Area Network (LAN)

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Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

Wide Area Network (WAN )

Benifits of Using Network

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- Fault tolerance/ Redundancy raumif;

- Fault tolerance/ Redundancy raumif;

9/ uGefysLwmuGef,ufwGif tajccHtoHk;jyKaom BudK;csdwfqufrIenf;vrf; Topologies

- Fault tolerance/ Redundancy aumif;

Defence Services Computer Department uuuGef

- Fault tolerance/ Redundancy taumif;qHk;