Sly Designation: D1388 - 08 u Standard Test Method for Stiffness of Fabrics‘ ‘is dain io sued ler he Bd desgravon DIZ the aamsr immedi following the deigrtin indies the your oF vigil atin en the ease of eson, ta yea of st evision. Abe in pateses cates he year of ast upprval A Sepenripepione) ndcaes an ees cate sce he last revision o esppowl 1. Seope 1.1 This test method covers the measurement of stiffness properties of fabrics. Bending length is measured and flexural rigidity is calculated. Two procedures are provided. LLL Option A—Cantilever Test, employing the principle of cantilever bending of the fabric under its own mass. 1.12 Option B—Heart Loop Test. employing the principle ‘of a loop formed in a fabric sirip and hung vertically 1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including woven fabries, airbag fabrics, blankets, napped fl fabrics, layered fabrics. pile fabrics. The fabrics may be untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise treated. 13 The values stated in ST units are 10 be regarded as the standard. The U.S. customary units may be approximate, 14 This standard does not purport to address alt of the sufery concerns, if any, associated with fis use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- priate sajety and health practices and determine the applica- bility of regulatory limizations prior 10 use. 2. Referenced Dacuments 2.1 ASTM Standards? D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles 12904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test ‘Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data 12906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for Tentiles? 13776 Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) of Fabric "he ext mot ic under he junction of ASTM Commitee 1 on Tees, snd is the dcet responsibilty of Sahsonmitce D139 on Fabse Test Meta Spec ‘Curt etn approved July 1, 218. Pubhsted October 2008. Orgelly spprned iv 1956, Dncontinsd 1995 sal mirwuted os DIBBS 96 Last previo llc apaeved in 2007 as DI388-07a. DOL 1D 152013860. Fer refereroed ASTM yd vit the ASTM wobse, ww asura: or contact ASTM Castor Service a servoing. For Aan ack of ANTE Sianlni vole ermutioe. eer the standar’s Docume Surtmary pac tho ASTM wert, Wwitsmnm, The ls apposed ern of this strc stand is oes 1D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods 3. Terminology 3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test Methods, General, refer to Terminology D850. 3.1.1 The following terms are selevant t this: standard: bending length, eross-machine direction, CD, fabric, flexural rigidity, machine direction, MD. stiffness, “3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to ‘Terminology D123. 4, Summary of Test Method Options 4.1 Option A, Cantilever Test—A specimen is slid at a specified rate in a direction parallel to its long dimension, until its leading edge projects from the edge of a horizontal surface. ‘The length of the overhang is measured when the tip of the specimen is depressed under its own mass to the point where the line joining the top to the edge of the platform makes a 0724 rad (41.5°) angle with the horizontal. From this mea sured length, the bending length and Aeaural rigidity are calculated. 42 Option B, Heart Loop Test—A stip of fabric is formed into a heart-shaped loop. The length of the loop is measured when it is hanging vertically under its own mass, From this measured length, the bending lengch and flexural rigidity are calculated 5, Significance and Use 5.1 Both test options in this test method are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method is used extensively in the wade For saccepiance testing. 5.11 In case of a dispute arising from differences. in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup- plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is 4 statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent siatis- tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias ‘As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of tes specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and tht are from a lot of material of the type in question. Test specimens Coppi by AST tn al eg eseeve: Mon Ot 308:09:11 EDT 2011 Downie rte by Ness Lamers (UG Departmen striae SciencesHEngneoring) punt License Agron Na ihe rmctons thorShould then be randomly assigned in equal numbers 10 each laboratory. for testing. The average resus fom the two laboratories should be compared using the appropriate statis tical analysis and an acceptable probability level enosen by the two pares before testing fs begun. Ia ias is Found. eter ts cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the Supplier must agree to interpret Future test resuls with consid eration tothe krown 5.2 In general, these procedures are more suitable fr testing swoven fabrics than knit fabrics. 5.3 The Cantilever Test Option is the preferred procedure because itis simpler to perform. Iti, however, not suitable for very limp fabrics or those that show a marked tendency to curl or twist at a cut edz 544 The Heart Loop Test Option is suitable for fabrics tha show a tendeney to curl oF tvs ‘oth options can provide a corelation with a subjective evaluation of a given fabric type, That is, a higher number represents aster fabric. 56 The stifness ofa fabric may change with storage. 5.7 No evidence has been found showting that bending length is dependent on the wicth, The tendency for specimens to curl or twist will affect the result, because of the rigidity provided ut the edge. Consequenily, the wider the sirip, the Tess important is the edge effect. 6. Apparatus 6.1 Option & (Fig. 1), 6.1.1 Horizontal Platform, with a minimum area of 38 by 200 mm (1.5 by 8 in.) and having a smooth low-iriction, flat surface such as polished metal or plastic. A leveling bubble shall be incorporated in the platform. G.LL-L Indicator, inclined ot an angle of 0.724 + 0.01 rad (415 © 05°) below the plane of the platform surface. G.1.1.2 Movable Slide. consisting of a metal bar not fess than 25 by 200 mm (1 by 8 in.) by approximately 3 mm (¥4 in.) thick and having a mass of 270 = 5 g (0.6 = 01 Ib). * Apparat is anllbe camel FIG. | Example of 2 Motorized Cantilever Test Apparatus Copyright by ASTM laf aleighsrserved: Mon Cet 305.0911 EDT2011 3 vse piney 1388-08 6.1.1.3 Scale and Reforence Point, to measure the length of the overhang. 6.1.14 Specimen Feed Unit, motorized? (see Fiz. 1) set to 120 mmvmin (4.75 inJ/min) +5 %, oF manual equivalent, 6.1.2 Cuuting Die—25 * 1 mm by 200 & | mm (1 = 0.04 in. by 8 = 0.04 in) 2 Onion 5 enna 6.2.1 Clamp and Stand, for hanging the specimen: 6.2.2 Scale, suitably mounted on the stand for measuring the length of the specimen loop and ealibrated either in em (in.) or directly in bending length, Nore |—if a constant sip length is adopted, the scale may be calibeted (9 read direetly in units of bonding engch. 6.2.3 Brass Bars, two, 25% 753 * 0.1 mm (13 0.125 0.005 in.). 6.24 Pressure Sensitive Tape. 6.2.5 Jig, constructed to allow positioning of the two bars with their inner edges parallel and at a distance from each other ‘equal to the selected strip length, 7. Sampling and Test Specimens 7.1 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing, randomly’ Select the number of rolls or pisces of fabric directed in an applicable material specification or other agreement between the purchaser and the supplier. Consider the rolls oF pieces of fabric 10 be the primary sampling units. In the absence of such an agreement, take the number of fabric rolls specitied in Table 1. Nore 2—Aa adequate specification of othr agreement between the purchaser and supplier requires aking inte account the variabiiy beoween rolls or plese af ari and berween specimens from «ste from 3 ol cerpvee of fabric to provide a smpling plan with a meaninetul producer's Fisk consumers ssh, accepable quality evel, and Timing cua fevel 7.2 Laboraiory Sample—For acceptance testing, take a swatch extending the widih of the fabric and approximately | sm (1 yd) along the machine direction from cach roll or piece in the lot sample, For rolls of fabrie, take a sample that will exclude fabric from the cuter wrap of the roll or the inner weap around the core of the roll of fabric. or any end piece. 7.3 Direction of Test—Consider the long dimension of the specimen as the direction of test. 7.4 Number of Test Specimens—From each laboratory same piling unit, take four specimens from the machine direction and four specimens from the cross-machine direction as applicable to a material specification or contract order. 75 Cutting Test Specimens—Cut the specimens 1 be used for the measurement of machine direction with the longer dimension parallel to the machine direction. Cut the specimens to be used for the measurement of the cross-machine direction TABLE 1 Number of Rolls, or Pieces, of Fabric in the Lot Sample unter of ols or Pieces yruer of Role w Poses wim Samcie bd ea uber of Rls Pas in Loi Sarele 163. a 426 ‘ 251050 5 eve 50 10% to. mac of 10 ras or pias [Nicolas Lammers (.Gent=Deprticr t+ teil Science+nginstng pursuant to License Aeemert. Nb fre epahicins sue4G} 01388 - 08 with the longer dimension parallel t the cross-machine direc: tion, Label to maintain speeimen identi. 7511 Take specimens, representing brea distribution across the width and length, preferably along the diagonal of the laboratory sample, and no nearer the edge than one-tenth ts ‘width. Ensure specimens are free of folds creases, or wrinkles Avoid getting oil, water, grease, ete. on the specimens when handling 7.5.2 Cantilever Test—Cut test specimens 25 by 200 mn, 1 mm (1 by 8 in, = 0004 in.) 753 Heart Loop Test—No standard size forthe test specie men is required, Cut test specimens 50 mm (2 in.) longer than the selected strip length to allow for clamping atthe ends. See Table 2. 75.3.1 Select a specimen widih atleast 25 mm (1 in.) and ‘no more than 75 mm (3 in} with respect to the tendency of the fabric to cur. For fabrics having alight tendency to eur, a 25 + Jam (1 = O04 in) wide specimen has been found to be satisfactory. As the tendeney to curl becomes ereater, increase the width up t9 a maximum of 75 mm (3 in). 75.3.2 Make several trial tests using various stip lengths selected from Table 2. Select a suitable stip length for a corresponding loop length from Table 2, such that the bending length is relatively independent of siip length [Nore 3—Sirip length is the ecurferemial length of the unelamped portion of the specimen, Nore 4-Specimen strip widths greater than 75 mm (3 in.) have aot been investigated and are not recomraended since reliability of results are questionable [Note $—The bending tenth using the heart lop option is net ently independent of the sinp length. In geveral, the bending let rises wih the stip length up toa value that remains velavely consant as the strip length i funher mereased. An altional nie may furter be enceurtered For much longer strip lengths. Whenever possible, compe fabrics in the rage where bending leopdh is independeat of sup Feng TABLE 2 Table of Bending Lengins Bonang Legh em op eeu Bem Ship 25am Ship Longty Length 40 42 a4 a0 a sia 48 330 516 30 ay a3t 52 43 an 5a 230 453 56 200 430 Be 287 420 80 237 400 82 ear a9 ba 237 330 be 22 3st 6a 218 356 70 208 345 72 196 33 va 188 321 a 176 ate ai 166 ane 20 231 22 2a a4 an Capyit y AST Ie al sighs esos: Mon Ot 305 08504 T2017 Dosniode rina by 3 8. Preparation of ‘Test Apparatus and Calibration 8.1 Option A—Cantilever Test: 8.1.1 Set the tester on a table or bench with the horizontal platform and inclined reference lines. Adjust the platform to horizontal as indicated by the leveting bubble. 8.1.2 Verily that the bend angle indicator is at the 0.724 rad (41.5°) angle marked on the scale. 9. Conditioning 9.1 Precondition the specimens by bringing them to ap- proximate moisture equilibrium in the standard atmosphere for preconditioning textiles as directed in Practice DI776, unless otherwise directed in a material spec 9.2 Afr preconditioning. bring the test specimens to mois- ture equilibrium for testing in the standard atmosphere for testing textiles as directed in Practice D1776 or, if applicable, in the specified atmosphere in which the testing is to be performed, unless otherwise directed in « material specificati ‘or contract order 10, Procedure: 10,1 Test the conditioned specimens in the standard atmo- sphere-for testing textiles; whichis 21+ 19C (70> 2°Py and 65 = 2% relative humidity. unless otherwise directed in a ‘material specification or contract order. 10.2 Option A—Cantilever Tesi: 10.2.1 Remove the movable slide, Place the specimen on the horizontal platform with the length of the specimen parallel to the platform edge. Align the edge of the specimen with the line seribed om the right-hand edge of the horizontal platform: [Nore 6 When known, place te specimen fece-side ap 10.2.2 Place the movable slide on the specimen, being ‘careful not to change its initial position, 10.2.3 For automatic testers, turn the tesier switch on and watch the leading edge of the specimen closely. Turn the sswiteh off the instant the edge of the specimen touches the knife edge. 10.2.4 For manual testers, move the clamped specimen by hhand in a smooth manner at approximately 120 mm/min (4.75 inJ/min)+ 5 % until the edge of the specimen touches the knife edge, 10.2.5. Read and record the overhang length from the linear scale to the nearest 0,1 em (0.1 in.) [Nort 7—IF the specimen has «tendency t9 wit, take the roferonce point at the center of the leading edge. Bo nat measure species that ‘ist more than 0785 rad (45°), 10.26 Test the face and back of both ends of each specimen for a total of four readings per specimen, 10.3 Option B—Heart Loop Test: 10.3.1 Place the two bars parallel to one another on a horizontal surface such that the inner edges are separated by a distance equal to the selected strip length (see 6 2.5). 10.3.2 Lay the test specimen across the two Bars with the ‘outer edge approximately 5+ 1 mm (0.5 = 0.005 in.) from one cend of each bar. 10.3.3 Attach one end of the specimen strip to one bar using pressure-sensitive tape, being careful 10 align w one edge of ‘Ncoes Larrons (U Gs Daparaent-aft Mater Scance+ngncanng) patel License Agrement No further npudusion authored(Gy 01388 - 08 the bar. Apply just enough tension to the specimen to hold it taut, but without stretching, and attach the other specimen end to the second bar in similar manner. 10.33.1 A suitable procedure for mounting and measuring the specimen isthe use of two brass bars to which the specimen strip is fastened. The bars and the attached specimen strip ate clamped to the stand in a suitable vertical postion in front of 4 scale calibrated either in em (in.) or direetly in bending length. 103.4 Tur the bars and mourted specimen over such that the fabwie is on the under side of each bar. Grasp one bar in each hand, lift and rotate cach bar 4.71 rad (270°), Rotate the left-hand bar ina elockwise direction and the right-hand bar in 4 clockwise direction, Bring the bars cogether such that the fabric ends are touching one another Inset the assembly on a suitable holder with the loop formed free to hang vertical 10.33 Allow the looped specimen to hang freely for 60= 5 & Measure the distance from the top ofthe bars 10 the botiom of the loop to the nearest 2 ram (0.1 in.) 10.3.6 Remove the bars from tho holder and free the adhering tape from each end of the strips earefully o prevent distortion of the fabric. Tum the specimen stip an! test the other side of the fabric by re-attaching to the bars and testing a8 described in 10.3.1-103.3 104 Specimen Mass—Determine the fabric mass per unit area as dirceted in Test Method D3776, Option C. 105 Specimen Avea—Determine the area of the specimens in Seetion 10.4 to the nearest 0.1 cm’ 106 Number of Specimens—Continue as directed jn 10.1- 10.5 as applicable, until four specimens have been tested for cach testing direction for each laboratory sampling unit 11, Calealation 111 Option A, Length of Overhang, Individual Specimens—For each specimen, average the four readings obtained to the nearest 0.1 em as the Length of Overhang (or one-half Loop Length), unless otherwise agreed upon between the purchaser and supplies. Nore § Ia some cases it may be oF intrest differentia bewveen the ‘ces ofthe Frc by averaging those readings made with the fabric face ‘de ip (out) separately from those withthe fabric face side Jown (in). 11.2 Option B, Loop Length, Individual Specimens—For each specimen, average the two readings obtained to the nearest 0.1 cm as the Loop Length, unless otherwise agreed upon between the purchaser and supplier. 11.3 Mass per Unit Area—Use the mass per unit area as termined by Test Method D376 in ghm* NB, me [2 34,3 11.4 Bending Length, individual Specimens —Caleulate the bending length as directed in 1.1 or 114.2, as applicable ILA.L Option A, Cantitever Test—Caleulate the bending length for each testing direction to the nearest 1 mm, using Eq 1 eon 0 where: ¢. = bending length, mm, and 0 = length of overhang. mm. 1.4.2 Option B, Heart Loop Test—Convert the readings, from loop length to bending length using Table 2, or ealculate the bending length for each testing direction to the nearest 0.1 com, using Eq 2. sib) @ where: ¢ = bending length, em, 1 = Loop length, distance between the bars when the strip is mounted, em, 1, = 0.1337L, Z = strip length, circumferential length of the unclamped portion of the specimen, cm, ‘Hoy -= (Coston) (se Table), = 32.85 di, degree, and rl, Flexural Rigidity, Individual Specimens—Caloalate the for cach testing direction to three significant Laat x08 x we ° flexural rigidity, pjoulem, fabric mass per unit area, g/m*, and bending length, mm, 11.6 Average Values—Caleulate the average bending length ‘and flexural rigidity as applicable to 3 material specification or contract order for each laboratory sampling unit anc! for the lot, for cach testing direction. 11.7 Sundard Deviation, Calculate when requested, Coefficient of’ Variation— 12, Report 12.1. Report that the stiffness as bending fength and lexural rigidity was determined as directed in Test Method D1388. Describe the material or product sampled and the method of sampling used, TABLE 3 Table of £(0) cen ° o 2 3 7 3 3 7 7 a © aes sue ~~ =~=«aSSSCaSSCSSSC SCC a tim ie tees eis 1878 1533 tags tage tag 1400 2 ae fasta Ve 1228 as 88 et ry tae ti 407 ta 107 1 05e vosr ease 2 oa ost eases) oars 0mm 0 oss = oma)smet «seers ares, eee. 2 ost oa = ete Ote «©8208 msgs 8 7 cam = 0ag)asS ad? aa oa Oars Os 0 oi oa pos ome oa oig7 toasty cer Coppa by AST i a ih reser; Mon Get 08011 EDT IOU g Downiades prey Nicolas Lanmens(U Got Deperment-of Mati! Sconce Engincrng psu i License Agrettont. No hiner epost atonefly D1388 - 08 12.2. Report the following iniormation for each laboratory sampling unit and for the lot as applicable to a material specification or contract order 122.1 Option used, cantilever test or heart loop test 12.2.2 Bending length for each testing direction, 12.2.3 Flexural rigidity for each testing direction. 12.2.4 Number of specimens tested for each direction: 12.2.5 When calculated, the average and standard deviation for the coefficient of variation. 12.2.6 Make and model of cantilever testing machine 12.2.7 Any modification of the test method. 13, Precision and Bias 13.1 Sumnar)—In comparing two averages, the differences should not exceed the single-operator precision values shown in Table 4 for the respective number of tests and for materials having averages similar to those shown in Table 2 in 95 out of 100 cases when all the observations are taken by the samme well-trained operator using the same piece of equipment and specimens randomly draxn from the sample of material Larger differences sre likely to occur under all other cireum- stances, 132 interlaboratory Test Data’—An_ interlaboratory test ‘was run in 1994-1995 in which randomly-drawn samples of Lice materials were tested as directed in Test Method D1388 in six laboratories using Option A, the Cantilevec tos. A second interlaboratory test was run in 1994-1995 in which randomly drawn samples of two fabries were tested a directed in Test * Supporting dts have been elo ASTM Ineroaions Healers and may pe oman my requestag Research Report RE-DL- U1 TABLE 4 Stiffness of Fabrics, Bending Length, em ‘Galcal biforencoa for ha Condliona Naiea™ Wane ot single Winir- —Baleen Test Cation ord Obsowvato"? Operator Laboratory Labortory cl ie Each Procison Precsion reasion ease ‘atin A, Cantoven on Ma, 80008 + ot 8 oa 2 0 one ge So Ost wet ais, S203 1 05 Oke 2 oat oars 5 ors bat cas eon ar 9, Senin 1 be (TS a 2 04s ost 5 oat 0m oak Con 8, Hes op. em at 831798 1 om 038 or 2 9% arora 5 91h cn a wat, S238 10m Oat ome 0 oot “ipa eves dferences ware calculated veing (= 7060, wich bases oF Inline dogoss of Weecon, Cyr ny AST Ia a ghs resend: Mon ee S0S09:11 EDT2ON 5 Downloaded printed by Nicolas Lammers (Gru Method D1388 in two laboratories using Option B, the Heart Loop test. Two operators in each laboratory each tested eight specimens of each fabric. Four of the eight specimens were tested on one day and four specimens were tested on a second day, Analysis of the data was conducted using Practice D290 and Practice 02906. The components of variance for stiffness expressed as standard deviations were calculated to be the Values listed in Table S. The fabric types and designated procedures were 13.2.1 Caniitever Procedure: (1) Material 4—S/0008H, Plain Weave Sheeting, With Spun Yarns, (2) Material $—S/2498, Plain Weave, Oxford With Spun Yarns, (3) Material 9—Denim, Twill Weave, With Spun Yams; 1322 Heant Loop Procedure: (1) Material 1—S/179B, Twill Weave, With Spun Yarns, (2) Material 5—S/2438, Plain Weave, Oxford With Spun Yams 13.3. Precision—For the components of variance reported in ‘Table 5, two averages of observed values should be considered significantly different at the 959% probability level if the difference equals or exceeds the critical differences listed in Table 4. There were sulficient differences related to the fabric type and structure to warrant listing the components of Variance and the critical differences separately. Consequently no multi-material comparisons were made. [Nore ©Since the inleiboratony’ test for the Haart Loop stness ception included nly to materials and two laboratories, estimaies of ‘etween-lahoratry prison shouldbe use with special caution ‘Nort 10—The tabulated values ofthe eal differences should be considered be a general statemcat, particularly with respect to betwee laboratory preesion, Betire a menninghil staerment can be made suk two specific lobortis, the amount of statistical bias, if any, beeen them must be evablished, with cach comparison being base on recent Gata obtained on specimens taken fiom ft of material tothe type being, ‘evaluated 50 a5 to be 48 nearly homosencoas a5 possible and then Fandomly usigned in equal numbers to cach ofthe laboratories. 134 Bias—The value of stiffness of fabries can only be defined in terms of a test method. Within this limitation, Test Method D1388 has no known bias. 14. 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You! corrrens wi cave cxf consideration a metro he (xporetle iene sonnites wisn yau may aRend 1 you al at yout commer have 0 eoaved a a eareg You sNCu ‘Rake your wews enown the ASTM Comte on Sacer tthe aes StONN Dew ‘is stance copyrotted by ASTM Inertia 109 arr Harta Drv, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken. PA 18429-2858, Luntod Stee Inbal reoePs (single or mato copies) of fis standard may be obtained by cortactng ASTM atthe above laumess oF af B108S29988 (hone) 3108229020 (fan, or sorcenastn.g (ereal), er though the ASTM website (im asim org) Parmssion nohts 9 snobcopy the Sandeid may abo be sooved fom the ASTI wobate (wm eBtr.1g/ copy? Capit by ASTM Int al ghee Men Ot 3 ONES EOT 2011 Donen ined by Nicola Lames UGeatt-Depanmert oft Maca Science Engines) purana fo LisesceAgntemant, No fhe repadctons swthorie,