4.1 HOW AI IS POWERED?

Before we can go ahead and discuss what subsets of AI are mainly involved with innovation
in the industry we first need to understand what AI works upon. Like any other technology,
AI works over large sets of data and it is important for us to first understand what data is,
how AI works with data, what types of data are usually involved, and how data analytics
work before we can consider what subsets of AI do we usually involve for industry

FIGURE 5 - DIFFERENT TYPES OF DATA (SOURCE - WIKIPEDIA)

innovation as such.

4.1.1 WHAT IS DATA?

Data, can be understood as a collection of distinct and unique facts, figures, and concepts that
is utilized for obtaining and processing information. It is primarily used for the interpretation
and communication of information by both machines and humans, Data at its core is a
random collection of entities that don’t have any significant meaning associated with it, hence
it is best used as a means with which we can extract useful and relevant information through
practices such as pattern recognition, data analytics, and data mining, etc [12].However,
data in its absolute form cannot be processed for obtaining information, as a result of which it

FIGURE 6 - DIFFERENT FORMS OF DIGITAL DATA (SOURCE - JAVATPOINT)

is important to convert raw data into a processable state. This step has become especially
crucial with the dawn of AI and other related technologies that heavily rely on raw data to
complete tasks and make decisions. Data Digitisation can be understood as the process of
converting raw data into a digitized form. In other words, digitization is essentially
converting data existing in physical form into a digital format such as binary data. Data
Digitisation is usually implemented primarily due to the reason that it makes not only data
processing but for the most part, data storage easier, as post-conversion, the data can be
stored in different ways such as binary data, and electric signals, light pulses, etc [13,14].
4.1.2 TYPES OF DATA [15,16,17]

To properly utilize AI for data processing for functions such as making decisions, completing
tasks, and solving complex problems, it is important to understand what type of data AI-
based machines regularly deal with. Data can be classified into 3 types -

 Structured Data – It can be understood as the data that is well-formatted and well-
structured. Examples of structured data include Databases, Data Tables. Structured Data
is one of the most sought-after collections of data when we try to implement any AI-
based techniques for problem-solving and decision-making. As compared to other data
types, structured data requires less storage, is easier to manage, more efficient and
versatile, and better in terms of understanding.
 Semi-Structured Data – Semi-structured data can be understood as the data that has some
form of formatting and transformation done to it. Unlike structured data, the main aim of
semi-structured data is not geared towards long-term static storage in areas such as

databases, tables, etc. Semi-structured data is more geared towards organizing data that is
dynamic, i.e., data that tends to change with time such as Web Page Data, etc.
 Unstructured Data – Unstructured Data can be understood as data that is not subjected to
any sort of transformation or formatting by default, such forms of data are ideal for
certain types of AI-based functions such as Natural Language Processing, Speech to Text
translation, etc. Unlike structured and semi-structured, unstructured data requires more
storage, difficult to manage, and is less efficient in terms of usage.

4.1.3 DATA ANALYTICS

Data Analytics can be understood as the discipline that is concerned with the deep and
thorough analysis of data. Data Analytics is primarily implemented through techniques such
as pattern recognition, data mining, etc. The main reason for utilizing data analytics is to
identify and extract meaningful information from the raw data. Artificial Intelligence along
with Machine Learning is one of the biggest ways with which we can implement data
analytics as we implement AI and ML-based techniques and algorithms to extract meaningful

information from raw data. There are 4 types of data analytics [18] -

 Descriptive Data Analytics

 Diagnostic Data Analytics
 Predictive Data Analytics
 Prescriptive Data Analytics
 8. Aperture – The measure of the opening of the camera hole to pass through light via
a device of the same name.

FIGURE 8 - TYPES OF DATA ANALYTICS METHODS (SOURCE - MEDIUM)

FIGURE 19 - PARAMETERS OF MACHINE VISION (SOURCE - COGNEX)