Digital Image Fundamentals

(Basic Concept)

Rizoan Toufiq1

1 Assistant Professor

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology
rizoantoufiq@yahoo.com

Course Title: Digital Image Processing

July 3, 2018

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 Overview

1 Image Sampling and Quantization

Basic Concepts in Sampling and Quantization
Representing Digital Image

2 Referred Books

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Basic Concepts
To create a digital image, we need to convert the continuous sensed
data into digital form. This involves two processes:
Sampling
quantization

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Basic Concepts
An image may be continuous with respect to the x- and y-coordinates,
and also in amplitude.
Digitizing the coordinate values is called sampling.
Digitizing the amplitude values is called quantization.

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Basic Concepts
The one-dimensional function in Fig. (b) is a plot of amplitude (in-
tensity level) values of the continuous image along the line segment
AB in Fig.(a).

[Gonzalez Wood]

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Basic Concepts
To sample this function, we take equally spaced samples along line
AB, as shown in Figure.

[Gonzalez Wood]

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Basic Concepts
In order to form a digital function, the intensity values also must be
converted (quantized) into discrete quantities. The right side of Fig. a
shows the intensity scale divided into eight discrete intervals, ranging
from black to white.
The digital samples resulting from both sampling and quantization
are shown in Fig. b.

[Gonzalez Wood]

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Basic Concepts
In practice, the method of sampling is determined by the sensor ar-
rangement used to generate the image.
Single Sensor Sampling depends on Motion
Strip Sensor Number of Sensor and Motion
Array Sensor Number of Sensor
Figure illustrates Quantization of the sensor outputs

[Gonzalez Wood]

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Basic Concepts

[Gonzalez Wood]

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Basic Concepts
Clearly, the quality of a digital image is determined to a large degree by
the number of samples and discrete intensity levels used in sampling
and quantization.

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Representing Digital Image

In general, the value of the image at any coordinates (x,y) is denoted

f(x,y), where x and y are integers.
The section of the real plane spanned by the coordinates of an image
is called the spatial domain, with x and y being referred to as spatial
variables or spatial coordinates.

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Representing Digital Image

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Representing Digital Image

This representation is useful when working with gray-scale sets whose

elements are expressed as triplets of the form (x,y,z) ,where x and y
are spatial coordinates and z is the value of f at coordinates (x,y).

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Representing Digital Image

It would appear on a monitor or photograph.

There are only three equally spaced intensity values. If the intensity
is normalized to the interval [0, 1], then each point in the image has
the value 0, 0.5, or 1.

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Representing Digital Image

Representation is simply to display the numerical values of as an array

(matrix).

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Representing Digital Image

 
f(0,0) f(0,1) f(0,2) . . . f(0,N-1)

 f(1,0) f(1,1) f(1,2) . . . f(1,N-1) 

 . . . . 
f (x, y ) =  

 . . . . 

 . . . . 
f(M-1,0) f(M-1,1) f(M-1,2) . . . f(M-1,N-1) MxN

The right side is a matrix of real numbers (R).

Each element of this matrix is called an image element, picture ele-
ment, pixel, or pel.
Note: Image - a digital image and Pixel - its elements.

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Representing Digital Image

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Representing Digital Image

More Traditional Notation

 
a0,0 a0,1 a0,2 . . . a0,N−1

 a1,0 a1,1 a1,2 . . . a1,N−1 

 . . . . 
f (x, y ) =  

 . . . . 

 . . . . 
aM−1,0 aM−1,1 aM−1,2 . . . aM−1,N−1 MxN

f (x = i, y = j) = f (i, j) = ai,j

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Representing Digital Image

Vector Representation

 
a0,0

 a0,1 


 . 

f (x, y ) = 
 . 


 . 

 . 
aM−1,N−1 MxN,1

Why do we represent an image as vector?

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Representing Digital Image

Hence, f(x,y) is a digital image if (x, y ) ∈ Z2 and f (x, y ) ∈ R
f is a function that assigns an intensity value ∈ R to each distinct pair
of coordinates ∈ Z2 .
f : R → Z2

R - The Set of Real Number

Z - The Set of Integer Number
Z2 - Cartesian product

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Representing Digital Image

However, due to storage and quantizing hardware considerations,
the number of intensity levels typically is an integer power of 2

L = 2k

Interval [0 L-1]

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Representing Digital Image

Sometimes, the range of values spanned by the gray scale is referred
to informally as the dynamic range.
We define the dynamic range of an imaging system to be the ratio of
the maximum measurable intensity to the minimum detectable intensity
level in the system.

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Representing Digital Image

As a rule, the upper limit is determined by saturation and the lower
limit by noise.
Closely associated with this concept is image contrast, which we define
as the difference in intensity between the highest and lowest intensity
levels in an image.

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Representing Digital Image

When an appreciable number of pixels in an image have a high dy-
namic range, we can expect the image to have high contrast.
Conversely, an image with low dynamic range typically has a dull,
washed-out gray look.

Chapter 3

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Representing Digital Image

The number, b, of bits required to store a digitized image:

b = MxNxk

When M = N, this equation becomes

b = N 2 xk

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 Referred Books

Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Woods

Digital Image Processing
Third Edition
William K. Pratt
Digital Image Processing
Third Edition
Kenneth R. Castleman
Digital Image Processing

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 The End

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