Dipl. Pol. Udo Walendy a ateM[eelci-e PAXe] core aatclalt iL. wee oe oe ae an) aHistorical Facts No. 26. vot rot Udo Walendy Scientific Publication The Transfer Agreement and the Boycott Fever 1933 This pamphlet has boen examined by experts to ‘onsure that neither content nor format violste laws of the Federal Republic of Germany, nor to be “Morally harmful to Adolescents” Pro ‘Ashamod and humilatod. Stourbridgo, Mar. 16/84 (AP). sald in speach Friday evening: ‘Step by step, T have arrived at the conviction that the aims of Communism in Europe are simiter nnd fatal ‘At the Nutemberg Trial, f, together with my Russlan colleague, condemned Nazi Aggression and Ter Telieve now that Hitler and the German People di not want war. But we declared war on Germany, intent fon destroying It, In accordance with our principle of Balance of Power, and we were encouraged by the "Americané around Roosevelt. We ignored Hitler's pleading, not to enter into war Now we are forced to realise that Hitler was right. He offered us the co-operation of Germany: instead, since 1945, we have been facing the immense power of the Soviet Empire. | fee ashamed and hamilited to see that the sime we accused Hiler of, are being relentless pursued aow, only under a different bel” Copyright by Verlag fiir Volkstum und Zeitzeschichtsforschung D-4973 Vlotho/Weser Postfach 1643 1987 Konten des Veriages: Postiltck Essen 116162 - 433, Kteisparkasse Hertord 260 00 2532 (BLZ: 494 50) 20) Postscheck Wien: 7593.26 ‘The British Attorney General, Sir Hartley Shaweross, ee ee ee wiedebedexegetasecegedagebed abet ed atetegad st Gleasighted Jewa Became wneaty even before E 1983, They admitted that they had mised their oppor tonity during the Weimar Republic and had overdzawa their accownt. f + i 1980, §, 105, Notice from March 37123, tapebed ebabedesecedeg egnbed statadadetate asegegere Desc eDeOe Oe Oe ceceDeDececeoeoeCe, Ch The (en German) President aed me to make his 2) Swear a Fo 'The responsibilty for the outbreak of World War 11 8 settom acly one povon Hide, 2 Gh of we conmany whether other faeters contri # buted. 5 a The published docaments and the testimonies of = B avolvedpermnatice sre 20 plin that no serious hie J ram weit with any doebes a 7 ‘De. Heinrich Seemann a o Otte of the President Bona June 16/81 = fh Az mnsesess6/60 5 De gee peDecene nes o THE ONLY POWER TO CONSIDER etsish Daidy Bulletin July 27/95: ‘There is ealy one Power which really counts: The ower of Political Preswure. We Jews ate the most powerful people on Tarth, because we have this Power, and we know how to apply it”The Perspective of the Intimidated Democrat When I was researching the subject of this pamphlet, people asked me if life would not be much “easier and. less risky”, if one would not deal at all with such a controversial matter, because even objective and matter offact comments by a German national, they said, ‘would only cause trouble. This attitude invites the following principal state- ment on my part: Anyone who argues in this vein, will automatically exclude himself from any independent Political debate, thus surrendering the thinking and Political leadership and the development of his own ‘people as well as that of mankind in general to those, ‘Who by reason of their standing in saciety, their econo- “mic power and their authority in law and law enforce- "ment, will simply crush the backbone of the moderates, the reserved, the noble and the experts who will be ‘intimidated, frightened and forced into economic and intellectual dependence. One only needs to look around = in the spheres of influence of the super powers in East ‘and West — to discover precisely the basic evil and to ‘recognize it as such, ‘A fow examples shall suffice: 1) German Nationals, including the 18 million re- fogees, who dare to describe Bast Prussia, Pomerania, ‘Bast Brandenburg, Silesia, the Sudeten or West Prussia 0s legitimate German territories, and who call the expul- ‘sion of millions of people a violation of international Jaw and an immense injustice by any standard, will at ‘once be silenced with “arguments” such as “Fascists, get out, Revengist, Militarist, War Criminal”, or worse. 3,280,000 Germans died under the most bestial circumstances during this expulsion. This has been sub- stantiated beyond a doubt as a historical fact, and we are expected not to equate these crimes with certain cotter alleged crimes, of which “Judicial Notice” is usually taken by German courts, and which to question is remy Law Governing tho Amendment ofthe Crimi Lv 1985, Sct 140.0 the Gara rirana! Code When shi iw wae eing aebstee n the Bundestag, the Knee n Tel Ave shucpy erteead sry equating of denying or maining of rime ‘gins Jons with ether eines; darned thet toi ries Could rot be compares {8 considered an indictable offense, ") 2) In the Communist Eset, anyone denying or re- futing Germany's sole responsibility for the war, in. sisting that an impartial investigation be carried out, would have been incarcerated long ago for “Instigation to boyeott". According to the Western democrats, al- ways purporting “Tolerance”, such a man is likely to be ranked amongst the “Kwiggestrigen (Always thinking in terins of yesterday)", “Hatemongors”, “Jugendgefahrder (morally harmful to adolescents)”, the “Incorrigibles", the “Nazl-Agitatore”, in short, those people absolutely unworthy of any discussion, bordering, at best, on cases of the mentally incapacitated. 3) Although Commander in Chief Eisenhower had “No ides of political conditions prevailing in Europe” 2) , he was nevertheless conoarned principally with the “Annihilation of as many Germans as possible” and he declared at the start of the Roer-Ortensive hope that every German west of the Rhine River and wwhorccver we attack. will be destroyed.” 3) ‘The Russion Chie? Propagandist, for that matter, continously incited the already hateful and politically fanatisized Red Army to kill all Germans — men, women and children alike — declaring them sub-human, ‘A merciless bombing campaign was simed at the ex: termination of the German population, and its vietims \were mostly women and chikdren. Those Germans oppo sed to the leadership were denied any opportunity of making peace offers on their own to the Allied leaders ‘This immense tragedy is nowadays considered “Lid- eration”, and this perversion of official parlance ic generally referred to as the “Democratic Learning Process" and the expression of political wisdom. 2 WH, Chamnorin, “Amwritae 2ueier Krescnug” (Amer ‘runode), don 7052, 9 160-151 ote E.Shwrmced, "Reomveh sre Hopkire — Walpole 1033-45, Imm Welen Haus", Hemturg 1843 2581 8 LE, Keeling. "Gruso Harvest ~The conty Attempt to exterminate ‘the People ct Germany’ Cheapo 1987, 48 s3 Second‘These and similar slogans are being churned out day after day all over the world, in the media and in parliaments and political panels. This verbiage, ercated by powerful interests, is being swallowed without any sense of responsibility. How can anybody with such an ‘uncritical attitude be expected to leam from history? ‘To an informed observer it isa frightening experience to note the amount of recklessness, Jack of consideration that permeates not only the political life — even that of the large powers in dealing with each other — but also the writing of history. He, who no longer finds his way through this con: fusion of disinformation and outright lies, is frightened because of his dependence on job, carver or pension; he can no longer have an opinion of his own, let alone ‘express it In publie; he, therefore, continues to be ictim of propaganda and the prevailing system in power. He has to put up with everything thet is offered in the field of information, He must suffer his own nation’s dofamation and mutilation, the vilification of his former comrades-in-arms who died for their country, the imposition of the burden of guilt “To the Last Generation”. He has to accept the brutal expulsion of hhis people from their homestead, where they had lived for generations, without ne coure to law and justice. He is even forced to “applaud” all this as the blessings of “ Libe- ration”, the sume way as the “Revelation”, indoctrinated in- to him that, in 1945, “With the victory of the peac= loving, democratic and human tarian forces aver the Nazis” ‘the paradice-like state of pence and law, long craved for by mankind, hus finally arrived, and that the “Will of the peop- le” has been fulfilled every where, Alas! Anyone who follows world events even cursorily, knows how many conflicts, how many wars, how many masszeres, how much injustice and mendacity, how much it- responsible propaganda and agitation hes been recorded in the annals of History uring the past decades right up to the present — and that neither Germany nor National- Socislism has been involved. The causes for this dreadful situation must therefore be irresponsibility. and “Unser Jaehondor im Ble” found elsewhere. ~ We mist be allowed to ask whether or not the “Leading Elite” in workd politics is still in any position to think clearly, rationally, and free of ‘The people on our Barth would certainly not have the constant fear of impending disaster if objectivity and justice for all were the “Leitmotiv” for action in the world’s capitals. The informed, however, has learned to some extent! to look into the future and to analyze current develop- ments. He therefore undersiands that unilateral and. Dinsod criteria and dialectical acrobatics are bound to. escalate existing conflicts between nations, He knows that no effort should be spared towards solving political problems and clarifying historical context. The goal should be objective debate, no matter whether certain people Like it or not. It is only natural that historical truthfulness, being very influential in word politics, is of extreme impor: tance. We hope that this pamphlet is a contribution towards this end. We do not justify, exaggerate or mini. mize, claim or deny in onder to pursue a certain line; we do not balance one erime against another; we try to pre- sant facts, rather than opinion. “The first meeting of the board of directors oF the new Aeichshank an 31 October 1924 in Bertin. In the mide (seated) Reichshank president Or. Hjalmar Schacht miko was elected on 16 September. When implementing the Daves fas, which were intended ‘0 enswe the German reparation payments, the Reichsbank vas aso newly constituted. A board of directors consisting of seven Germans, ane Englishman, one Frenchran, ove ‘alien, one Belgian, one American, one Buchman end ane Swiss controlled the foreiga currency policy of the Reichshank.” erielsonn Lesering, Gitersioh 1264, 9.312. ‘That Reichsbank 26 wall 35 Reichsbahn (railways) would once agcin come under the sole German sovorsignty after 1923 (it did however not happen until 1837) was undoubtedly forseeable. in other countries such interferences with thoi rights of 4 sovereignty wore unknovin anyway.‘A wery valuable contribution towards clarifying the Geeman-Jewish relations during the periad 1938 - 45 ‘was provided by the young Jewish author Edwin Black with his book: “The Transfer Agreement”. 4) His objective analysis and his emotion-free deserip- tion is refreshing, although —as it seeps through again and again — he appears to be conscious of a certain amount of pressure to which he finds himself exposed. by his environment im the States. Dogmatic statements on his part, according to which Hitler, in 1933!, inten- ded to “conquer Europe, if not even the work!” that “his four-year plan proves this”, that Hitler “promised. to tid not only Germany of the Jews, but to cleanse the world as well” (p. 6) and, finally, that “the clouds over the world were darkened witit the smoko of incinerated ‘human beings” in “killing camps” such a8 Auschwitz ‘and Treblinka (Forew. + p. 378), must therefore be accepted as part and parce! of this study. Not is it very scholarly that E. Black presente as facts Jewish-Ameri- can newspaper yarns from 1933 and thereafter about alloged events in Germany, without first taking the trouble to check them for thelr veracity *) , or that he takes Stephen Wise’s recurring lie for granted that Hitler “declared a war of destruction on Jewry in 1963" (p's 249, 859, 961), And this although it must have occurred to him as an expert — his own book proves this — that Hitler had to cope with far too many problems in his ‘own country and war absolutely unable to cope with “worldwide plans of destruction” at the same tne, A whole chapter in E. Black’s book is indeed headed: “The Weapon Hitler Feared”. Tt desis with the “historle power of Jewish-led worldwide boycotts”. (p. 21) Hee ignores the Jewish Declaration of War (Daily Express Mac. 24/34: “Judea declazes War on Ger many"), while his extensive studies should have made hhim aware of it; he should have afforded this announce ‘ment the importance It deserves. ©) For that matter, he should have mentioned the statement by Henry Morgenthau 1983 —and this is only one chosen from many similar ones: 1D cova lack, “The Trenstr Agrne ment — Tha Untold Story of the Socra Pec: Geren the Third Paich Jewish Palestine” Naw $k 19 This is nota amoral trmfor the pres abroed, butlers directly 10 the Iownpanms ques by . Back i och ae 9 Comp istorii Fatachen No. 10,5. 18 An Untold Story Germay must be turned nto a Waste Land, ar hop pened there during the 30. year War 7) Finally — and re- grettably — Edwin Black omits the many and urgent appeals for moderation by repre- sentatives of the Ger- ‘man Jewry to the in- ternational public: edn Hacks ti se cJenih nner fie Hidwrnt He odo Chee ‘To the Embasy of the United Ststes, Berlin: We became aware of the propaganda in your country abeut alleged cruelties against the Jews in Germany. We therefore consider it our duty, ‘ot only in our own interest as German patriots, but also for sake of ceuth, ¢9 comment on these incidents Mistrearmient and excesses have indeed occumed, and we are far from glossing these over. Wnt this is hardly avoidable in any Mind of revolution. We attach great sigoificance to the fact that the authorites, where was 2t all possble to interfere, have done 9 against outrages that have come to our knowledge, In all exten, these deeds were committed by iresponsibleclemente who kept fn ding. We know that the government and all Ieading authori ties most strongly disapprove of the violations that eccurred. But we alto feel chat now is the time to move away from the sponsible agication on the part of ro-alledJesrth Intellectuals living abroad. These men. most of whom never contidered ‘themselves German nationals, but pretended to be champions for those of their own faith, abandoned them at 2 critical time and. ‘ed the country. They lor, therefore, the right to epeak ont on GermanJewth affairs, The accviations which they ate hurling from their safe hiding places, are injurious to Germany and German Jes; their reports are vastly exaggerated. We ask the US Embassy to forward thls letter to the US without delay, apd we are accepting full responsibilty for ite content. Since we nove that latgereale propaganda campaign is to be launched next Monday, we would appreciate if che Amer can public he informed of this letter by that date. Reichstound jidischer Frontcoldaten eX." 3) A. world-wide message to veterans (Frontline soldiers) of the same date says: “The atrocity propaganda is lying. The Originators are politi tally and economically motteated. The tame Jewish writers who allow themselves to be misused for this purpose, uted to tonff xt tas veterans in earlier years. By rasing your voice as honourable soldiers against the wachiealrous and degrading treatment meted ‘out to Germany for the last fourteen years, you will most cHfectvely contribute to reassure this country.” 8) 17 Herren Sona, “Dat Morgeethou Tappbuch" {The Mergent au Diy) — Dokumenes dos Ant-Garmenisra, Auswahl nd aignreneh Nene(On March 26/1933, the Zionist Association of Ger- ‘many sent the following telegram to leading Jews in America: “In 2 declaation transmitted by the Jewish Telegraphers Union to the catire Jewish world press on March 17, we have already emphatically protested agsinnt antiCerman propaganda. We have objected to mendacious atrocity reports and reckles. sensational news, and we are repeating it today in public. We ‘oppose aay aliempts to minse Jewish affairs for the political interests of other states and groups. The defense of the national rights of the Jews and the sfeguarding of their economic postion ‘canzot and must not be linked with any political actions dizected ‘gainst Gennany and the reputation of the Reich". °) 19) ‘The reader will hardly blame the author of the sbove for writing his message from his own — Jewish — viewpoint, and that he has selected and assessed the facts which he examines in accordance with his own opinion, For a historian, this approsch to a subject is not very satisfactory, because political events must be seen in the Tight that “The Others Ton” — in this ease the Germans — have the came right to fight for their existence. If ono wishes to be objective, it just will not do to speak only about Jowish rights having been violated sinee 1933, without mentioning in this context that the whole German nation had been deprived of its rights. Countless Germans were unemployed, many expropriated or economically ruined; in fact, since 1919, poverty, civil May 10/33: Hamburg citizens, with sonator special service in the Jakobi Church tugadatatetatate aie war and chaos reigned, with little hope of survival for many. Nor can it be pasced over in silence that the conditions prevailing in Germany during that period, bad been largely influenced by vietorious politica) and economic foress abroad, in particular by those who took. adventage of multi-national citizenship and who ex- SF Hecich Wile, “Germans ard Jews — loestigton iota = Workt Problem, Loses 1977.5. 270, 101 Viz. sowie apoes 0 Hiorice Tats No, 10,9. 194 akete: plolted their contacts with international authorities. Germany's surrender in 1918, the subsequent economic blockade, occupation of the Ruhr, the payment of, massive reparations and its consequences (inflation and large scale unemployment), tho communist riots etc, all ‘enabled these forces ta bring about terrible conditions, either from outside of Germany or from within by way of immigration, naturalization, and financing with hard foreign curroncios (predominantly dollars). Inctituted, concurrently was a management. policy for essential Political, judicial, economic and journalistic positions, which favoured primarily mot German but inter nationally interwoven interests, These were, of course, not always Jewish. But it should not be passed over that at least one of these pressure groups identified itselt elther as a coherent rece, an internationally dispersed. People, a religious community of one stock and family, and that this group had common obligations and targets, from which it was considered treason to deviate. (p, 277) Dr. Nahum Goldmann, for many years president of ‘the World Jewish Congress and the World Zionist Organisation, wrote: ° As present of the largest Jewish organisation, disposed of Iudgets of hundreds of million dollars: Tdizected Gowsands of employers, and all this, I emphasize again, not for one particular Sate, but within the frame work of international Jewry". 3!) army officers and members of the SA walk together to a wpegetete abeg rere In his book “Mein Leben als deutscher Jude" (My Life as a German Jew), Dr. Nahum Goldmann deseribes: the “phenomenal rise of German Jewry" as follows: “German Jewey, which found ite temporary end during the Nazi period, was ome of the most interesting and for modern Jeswish biaory most influential centers of Earopean Jewry During the ra of emancipation, ie. in the second all of the nineteenth and in the carly twentieth century, it had experienced ‘a meteoric rie... It had Fully pesticipated in the rapid industrialrise of Imperial Germany, made a substantial contribution to it and acquired a renowaed position in German economic life. Seen from the economic point of view, no Jewish minority in any ‘other country, not even that in America could possibly compete with the German Jews. They were involved in large-scale banking, 2 situation unparalleled elsewhere, and, by way of high Finance, they had also penetrated German industry. A consklerable por ton of the wholesale trade was Jewish. They controlled even such branches of industry which is in general not in Jewish hands Examples are shipping or the cleetrical industry, and names such a5 Dallin and Rathenau do confirm this statement. (hardly know fof any other branch of emancipated Jewry in Europe or the American continent that was ax deeply rooted in the general cconomy as was German Jewry. American Jews of today are sdbyolutcly as well as selatively richer than the German Jews were at the time, itis true, bat even in Amerien with is tmlmnited ossblities Use Jews have not succeeded in penetrating into the central spheres of industry (steel, iron, heavy industry, igh finance, shipping). as was the case in Gecrany. ‘Their position in the inteicetual life of the counéry was equal ly unique, Tn literature, they were reprevented by illustrious ‘names. The theatre was largely in their hands. The daily pres, shove all is internationally influential sector, was cuentually owned by Jews or controlled by them. Ae paridonical as this may sound today, after the Hitler era, I have no hesitaion to say that hardly any section of the Jewish people has made such ‘extensive use of the emancipation offered to them in the nine teenth century as the German Jewel In short, the history of the Jews in Germany from 1870 to 1953 is probably ‘he most glorious rise that has ever been achieved by any braach of the Jewish people” ip. 116) "The majority of the German Jews were never fally assimilated and were much more Jewish than the Jews in other West European countries”. (p. 120) “My work in those years was esentially of 2 pro pagandistic nature. I war too young and wnknewen to play & part in the leading circles of Germany, let lone of world Zionism, which as partially com ‘rolled from Berlin". (p. 121) Unfortunately, Nahum Goldmann did not mention the real influence of Jews in Germ ny’s political life and administration during the Weimar period. — With bis forty to seventy dollars sent to him every month by his American uncle, Nahum Goldmann con sidered himself during the inflation “one of the highest-earning persons in Germany”. 12) Nor was he the only one. This is the starting point to be bome in ‘mind if one wants to understand the situation in Germany at the time. It presented itself as, a real shambles for the German people — including the German Jews — in the early thirties, ‘ May it be noted in this connection that the State of Israel, after its founding in 1948, never granted equal rights of codetermination or even equal nationality 47) Nahum Goldmann, “The Jewish Pardon”, Kin renkturu/M 1978, rights to foreigners, certainly not to Germans, living in Israel. But the 7O-million nation of Germans which — in 1933 — was fighting for its bare existence, its survival, its right of selfdetermination, was also entitled to think of its own strength, to bring about = change of leader- ship and, in doing so, to eliminate those people from decisive positions who, it thought, were responsible or 0-respomsible for the nationwide chaos. ‘The severity of the “Kampfzeit” (Period of struggle) and the memory of a condition which approached that of a civil war during the last years of the Weimar Republic, tended also to intensify the reactions after the take-over in 1933, particularly in cases where those, who Gid not respect majority decisions, continued to incite from abroad after having left the country. Who hd felt sony for the disenfranchised, expropriated. expelled, slaughtered and starved Germans — in 1919, 1932 or after 19457 History must not be judged by double standards! It simply will not do, as was done at the 18th Zionist Congress in Prague in August 1933, to just read off the statistics of jobless Jews creating an athmosphete of slogans, sueh as “Never forget, never forgive” (p. 305) without pointing at the general world.wide depression, wbich was particularly severe in Germany with 6 Bishop Francis T. McConnel (left) and Stephen Wise are lea- ding the Christian and Jowith protest at the Madison Square Gardon meeting in NYC on March 27, 1933; “i. AntiNazi mectings and protest setions must continue, sven if the persecutions in Gormany were temporarily ended, until the Nacis have hoon forced out of power right of sefdetermination for the German people. (compare p. 10). No mention wes made of 3 millions on the dole. The fighting slogans proclaimed by Stephen Wise, president of the American Jewish Com ress, at the Second Proparstive World Jewish Con 12) Nahum Goldmann, “My Life asa Gaiman Jew, Mincen Wien 1980,ference Sep. 5/33 in Geneva, was neither consistent with the facts, nor with 2 poliey to maintam peace, He spoke of a “Common enemy of mankind having no other aim than to conquer and destroy”, He added: “We stand i the Tne, inthe frst rox of trenches” Stephen Wise did not even zefer to Hitler personally, but to the German nation as a whole when he — con ‘trary to the truth — continued Put even moze simply: Shall Jews have any relations what- ‘ver, industrial and commercial, with 2 mation that has declared ‘ar ara te Jewish people anywhere?" (p. 343) Such agitation is bound to make futile any attempts at understanding between nations. Eventually, it should be possible (o arrive at absolute value standards, applied to relieve tensions and settle differences (occasionally created by Nature) on the basis of equal justice for all, But is it not always the claim of certain people that their rights have priority over thoce of others which causes permanent unrest? How are world crises solved ratio- nally and permanently? — The historian has the duty (end should have the courage) to point the finger at sue examples of double standards and lies to pave the way for an honest approseh to problem colving. Let us compare this kind of dialectic on the part of Stephen Wise ~ other names will be mentioned Iater on — with the following report by Nahum Goldmann about hhis friend Dr. Ernst Jackh, Jackh was editor af a series, of booklets “Der Deutsche Krieg”. He was a political writer, then director of the “Hochschule fir Politik”. Atter Hitler came to power, he directed the “Akademie. fir Diploratie” in Berlin: “He (Jackh) wat a true democrat, friend of Churchill, who Ihad asked him to come to London to accapt the position of general secretary of a kind of “Pan Eusope", which he hed founded a: a counter pole, so to speak, to CoudenhoveKalers ‘organisation. Jackh tesgned from is post in Berlin, and was subsequently asked to see Hitler He spoke to me about that several times. He wat deeply impressed by Hitler, eqpecally his eyes. Hier behaved quite normal, there was no shouting or hysteria. Hitler, commenting on his excellent performance st the Academy, asked Jackh to retract his application to rege. Jackh answered wih his Suabian kamour: °As you see, mein Pikrer, Yam smoothly shaved. IY did not resign from may post, I could no longer shave mya” ‘and he explained to Hitler: ‘In order to shave, I mast sand before « minor, I fred my Jewish colleagues, but remained in office myself thea I would be ‘ashamed to look at my oven face, This ig why I have to resign: iter took this answer quite casually and asked what he could do. for him Jackh replied that he had decided to accept a good. postion in England; he asked Hitler, however, to allow his Jewish colleagues, who seere about to be dianissed, 2 goed compenss don. Hitler replied: ‘Send me a list with the mames of those mien and indicate the amount of money that should be paid to exch; I shall sce to it that this will be done! ‘And it yasdone. 13) The internationally experienced diplomat and later under-seeretary of state in the German Foreign Osfiee. Ernst von Weizsiicker, wrote about this period We were successfully trying to keep Jewith Civil servants who Wanted (o stay, in owr office. But sn cares, whore the files showed hostility towards National Sociallem, nothing could be dome.” a} But let us return to Edwin Black: Unfortunately, he does not commence his research with the 1819 Ver sailles Peace Conference, in which the “Commiiice of Jewish Delegations, composed of a lange number of Jewish organisetions as well as the Zionist World Organisation and the B'nai Brrith Lodge, had already Darticipsted.” "9) They represented over ten million Jews from a large number of countries. One of their targets, “crowned with success”, was “not to allow any absolute nationel sovereignty”. Obviously, they hed in mind the sovereignty of Germany. ‘The primary object of the peace conference had been the distribution of the spoils of war. Germany had been foread to accept conditions limiting its sovereignty. '*) Who was it then who first started to meddle with foreign affairs? Tn the German Empire, the Jews had fared very well. There ‘had been no complaints, but rather — accdg, to Nahum Gokimann — a phenomenal rise of German Jewry. '®) Jn 1919, Germany was defenseless. ‘The idea to do away with the sovereignty of states — disregarding the new principles concerning the “Right of self-determination of people”, promulgeted in Ver- sailles in 1919 and to which quite a number of brand ‘now nations owe theit existence, continued ic be the main subject of discussion a¢ the World Jewish Confe rence (WJC), founded in 1936. The central question who was to remain sovereign was not discussed. 17) Edwin Black begins his book fourteen years later, in 1933, He does not examine the conditions under which Hitler took over the heavy burden of political responsi- bility and what really happened to the Jews, Allegations, laken from the forcign Jowish Press, are ocessionally ‘quoted, but remain unchallenged. On the other hand, he Zrooly calls attontion to events, activities, reactions and ideas of leading men and organisations of Jewry in America, Britain, France, Poland ond other countries, a3, well as those of the Zionists, 5) It can be seen from this study that there were indeed numerous powerful national Jewish organisations at the 19. Golarann, "My Lifess a German Je", 9.102 14) Ema u Metzasker, “ernnoringen” Manchen Leiela 1960, e107time, but a worldwide consolidation of their political aims had not yet been attained. Notwithstanding this fact, there was already a “worldwide boycott against “Nazi-Germany”’, a “World Jewish Beonomic Conferen: co”, “The Second World Conference”, World Jewish Conferences rences for the eteation of a World Jewish Congress, a "Central Jewish Committee” and even — as mentioned before — 2 “Declaration of War of World Jewry on Hitler”, Daily Bx- press dated 24 March 1933) and no national Jewish group had ever isassociated self from this publi cation All these activities and organizations operating aeross the borders provided a real background for using such an ‘effective power politically on a world- wide basis — at a time when Hitler was ‘ot even master in his own house. Only the internal disputes regarding policies separated the leaders of different inter national Jewish organizations from one another and prevented a central engage- ment of the combined forces of Jewry against Germany from becoming fully ‘effective. Nevertheless: Rdwin Black has taken great pains trying to elucidate a very difficult and complex chapter of histo- ry which had such a fateful and deci- sive influence on European dovclop- ments in the nineteenthirties, ‘The historian eannot help but be impressed by this author’s diligent research work for five long years on three different continents, using a staff of translators and assistants, to collect and evaluate the widely dispersed and often in- accessible documents, The comprehen siveness and significance of his findings are making Black’s book and the histo- ical connections treated therein worthy of even more detailed studies. 1B Word Jone Congress, “Uney in deperaon — 2 history ofthe woes ‘ews congress, New York 1946, p. 25-26 17} Wot dwt Congres 2202.43 “Preparatory Le, preparatory confe- Boycott Activity in London 1933 — not only one day, but years! “The Jewish Wlar Veterans Story” by Gloria R. Mosesson (Washington, D.C. 1971, 1p. 53) confirms the boycott-war, starting 1933 from the teritory of the United States, and ilustrates it with the following episode: “In 1937, LLY. effected on important breakthrough in community cooperation on the haycott. The inflvential Jewish fabor leader, Sidacy hillman, mas preveled upon by 2 WV. member t0 agorosch John L. Lenis at the Hational C10, Convention. He detailed ta him the dangers of Nazism to the American way of lie Lewis was impressed by the accuracy ond scope of J..¥. research, which Willman quoted, and fe promised ta put the 1.0. fata the tight. True to his word, he got the CLO. membership invohed in the Boycott and trom tis, te non Jenish comurni- ty, os well as thote Jens who were still apathetic, finaly became part of the campaign, tn Pittsburgh alone, the C:1.0. locals sent out ane hundred thowsand Cireulers urging community action an the baycatt. Hairy Schaffer of Pittsburgh, who was National Commenter in 1937 and 1938 secalls how even Max Schmeling’s victory tour became pert of the boycott. When it ‘became known that the proceeds of the tour vrould go back to Germany, JUV. decided to thwart his plans. Schrelng’s defeat of Joe Louis fed rade hin a very newsworthy figure, and his boxing exhibitions mere sure to bring lrge gates. He did ‘not figure, however, on the resourcefulness of LIV. leaders in Philadelphia, where the frst match was to take place. The match promoters were approached and were {afd forcefully not only about Mazi atrocities, tut about Sehmefing’s plans t0 ‘export’ his proceeds to Germany, whose government was mast vocal jn its anti-American outbursts It mas pointed out that not only would they incur the math and ilbnill ofthe Jewish community, but that it wauid be a most unpatratic act The promoters were porsuadod. The samo thing happened in Boston and other cities, and tho tour was finaly cancoled. Schraoting wont back to Germeny vrithout his tour booty — thanks to LW.V."The boycott measures, fighting Slogans, situation ‘eports, long-ierm setting of targets on the part of ‘predominantly AmericeJewish quarters which E. Black describes in his book are making one thing quite clear: Due to the chaotic political situation prevailing in Gerimany at the time and because of her almost total isolation, in terms of foreign affairs, imposed by the Versailles world powers, Adolf Hitler was hardly in a Dosition, throughout: 1988, to pursue a policy of expan- sion. Until the death of ReichsPresident Paul von Hindenburg in August 1934, he was not even the Supreme commander of the armed forves, To antagonize the foreign press by German politics or to cause pre- Judice with other countries in their economic relations with Germany was therefore the last thing Hitler wanted ‘The victors and co-victors of Versailles, — and these included number of private financial, economic and Journalistic associations which often surpassed the diplo- macy of their respective countries in dexterity and represented “the pressure of publie opinion”, — were indeed using all necessary means of power In their hands to impose almost any condition on Germany. The different governments seemed to be largely content with this situation and — with the exeaption of Poland, which aspired to exploit the change of power in Berlin for a military invasion into Germany to annex Hast Pruss Silesia and Pomerania — endeavored to maintain peace: in Central Europe. In thoir assessment of the political situation in Germany, Hitler's downfall (rather than his conquest of the world!) was generally expected, and this, they thought, was only a matter of time, of a few month at most. But under the protection of these governments, the said private pressure groups with their Worldwide ramifications were responsible for the gradual escalation of x policy of confrontation on an interna tiomal basis. One of the gang-leaders of these pressure groups was Samuel Untermeyer (Black spells his name Untermmyer, one of the most powerful and influential Jewish leaders in America, and a most successful attorney, government advisor and president of the non-sectarian anti-Nazi- League. From 1933 to 1939 (he died in 1940), Samuel Untermeyer devoted all his time and energy to a worlde wide boyeott of German gonds, insisting on rigorous and ‘immediate implementation, wherever and however this 10 Fighting Slogan: Economic Boycott could be done, This he did right after Hitler had seized Power with no mandate from the German Jews to do so, ~ Stephen Wise, founder and prosident of the Americar Jewish Congress, made similar efforts to get this boycott going, but he preferred to have it coordinated with Sovernment measures and full powers being given to bim by = board of international Jewry operating on a worldwide basis. As a platform for his agitation, he prefered the preparative World Jewish Conferences convening in Geneva, Switzerland, at which he “appealed to all those who have joined the fight for freedom and justice for all races, religions and peoples to, carry out this boycott with all their energy”. 33) But let mo first quote a number of different stages of these endeavors from F. Black's book: “On March 12, the American Jewish Congress leadership ‘comentd a threeshour session and voted to commence a national program of highly visible protests, parades, and demonstrations The focal point of the protest would be a giant anti Nazi rally March 27. at Madison Square Garden.” (p. 9) ‘History thus records that In an era distinguished by appease ‘ent, the Jewish War Veterans were the very fist, anywhere in the word, to declare openly their organized existance to the Nexi regime. Ticy ln fought Germany once and would fight again.’ fn 12) A veterans" protest mareh organized by the JWV on March 22, 1933, in which the vice-president of the AJC, W.W. Cohen, participated as a parade marshall, unfolded under the banners and placards declaring economic war on Germany (p. 20). The American Federation of Labor pledged its three million mamber® to fight Nazism “here snd in Germany”. British unionists and Labor Party leaders offered to speak for this boycott movement Girected ageinst Germany. While Hitler, in his Reichstag speech of March 23, ‘was stressing the necessity of good relationships with foreign countries and his progam concerning forcign politics had even been approved by the Social Demo- erste (SPD), “March 24, Reich leaders realized that boycott agitation was saccelerating, especially in Great Britain, Placards proclaiming BOYCOTT GERMAN GOODS spread infectiously Ueoughout London, and were mow in the seindows of the most exclusive West [End shops. Automobiles bannering boycott placars slowly « sed through the retail dstnte alerting shoppers, Lvcrywhere sore signs warned German salesmen aot to enter. British Catholics had been urged by the Archbishop of Liverpool to join the protest. 18) World Jonisn congesea30. p32London's Dally Herald canied an interview sith a prominent Jewish leader who admitted, “The (Jewish) leaders ate hanging bback’, but the Jewish people are forcing its eaders ow’. Already the Boycott tad damaged “hundreds of thousands of pounds worth of German trade."[p. 54) “Fifty-tive thousand were gathered (on March 27, 1995) in and around Madison Square Carden, supportive rallics were at ‘shat moment waiting in Chicago, Washington, San Francisco, Houston, and about seven other American cities. At cach supportive rally, thousiads huddled around loudspeakers waiting fox the Garden event, which world be kroadeast the via radio relay to 200 additional cities across the country. At least 7 sillion Jews were participating, aationwile. Perhaps another aillon Americans of nomJewish heritage ood sith them.” (p. 2) ““Tarning to Jewish leaders in Germany and their advocates in America, Wise disqualified thei pleas for an endl to the protest a5 ‘panic and terror’ from those who had failed to fight Nazism hefore the NSDAP eame to power. He rowed the anti-Miler protest would eicalate, even if pscudoameliorations appeared: ‘Bren if life and human sights are to be safeguarded, thete must not be 2 substitution of the status of helotey (scrfdom) for Wolence. Such substitution will aot satisfy wx — the tiwone Jmcerrupted with cheers of encomagemcnt — ‘nor satisfy the roused couceience of humankind’. Ihe crowd offered their own pemetuation a Wise declared, ‘Every form of cconomic diserimie nation i a form of violenee. Every racial exchision ix volence To say that there will be ao pogroms isnot enough. A diy and bloodless economic pogrom remains violence and force.” (p- 43) “Bishop MeGonnel added that anti- Nazi rallies and protest actions must continue, even if persscutions in Ger met One reason was that the Madison Squire denunciations were heard throughout Germany: Der Filer and the NSDAP seere termed criminals and Tbubarians, Germany was avcused of rampant tortures and auocties. As the Natis saw it, Jewish propaganda was again disabling Germany before she could achieve success, as m World War La (9 48) “Mase meetings throughout Poland coordinated to the Congress’ rally — Jal voted to expand the Vilna boycott ‘ all of Poland. ‘The thes mozt im- portant Warsaw Jewish commercial or ‘Sanirations — the Central Awociation fof Merchants, the Central Association fof Small Tradecmen, and the Central Association of Jewith Artisans — parted binding resolutions to "use the mort dies! means of defense by boycotting German imports. In London, almost all Jewish shops fn the Whitechapel dictict were die plying placards denying entry to Ger- fan sileamen and affirming the aati [Nazi boycott. Teenagers patrolled the streets distributing handbills asking shoppers to boycott German goods..." (p. 46-47) Neder Flaselatione Waanreehtivealte sare 197 Geeraregeaddangeost at, Bir toffou dah Ca “Pickets were thrown around East Coast stores carrying German goods. And a steady publicity program war being well, received by the U.S. media.” (p. 47) To counteract these increasing boyeott measures, intensified by atrocity propaganda reports, Hitler in. sisted that a boycott of Jewish stores be organized by the NSDAP for one day — April 1, 1983 — oe he felt, that otherwise protests might break oul: which would be difficult to cusb. But this one day of boycott was only ammunition for further boycott measures against Ger- many as well as for foriher spiteful and unilateral ‘comments on “German terrorism ‘The German leadership was not only concomed about economic setbacks, but also about the worldwide public feeling favoring military intervention against Ger- many. Plans for “democratic operations” of this kind were seriously considered above all in Poland and even in Czechoslovakia, (p. 112) When Reichsbank president Hjalmar Schacht arrived in the United States on a good-will tour in early May, 1983, to improve German-American relations, he found himself surrounded by an anti-Hitler tumult. On May pan nennenn ZIONISTISCHE VEREINIGUNG FUR DEUTSCHLAND DERLN W5 J Malo ei 10 en ey-anrih 1957. a Zlonistoaateusr fOr day Iavtndn Quertal Sn nies Ho teste ie ie sine tegnrity elchongsarte~ lOWIgRIOE YEREIKCANG PIS oBMeCRLD aed eles uwHh GERMAN iN Abies Boyterplatae ia Nar Dork 1933 Does it eonstitute a misuse of the national flag of the U.S. to propagate the economic boycott and the refusal of coexistence with the Third Reich, demanded by a minority of the popula ton? How this flag and the people it represented were, at about the same time, grocted in Germany is depicted by the lower historical photo of 1934 in Berlin infront of the Brandenburg Gate — an American veterans band is welcomed, ‘Chaim Artororoff As a Zionist, he emphatically inter- ened in favor of an understanding with ‘the National Socialists, cartainly in the first placa in order to help his people, He ald for his engagement with Iie life, AE early a6 June, 1933, ho was asaesinsted orth of Haifa by “Revisonicx” ‘Sam Cohen Rospontible negotiator ment of German Jows to P in 1933, 1210, hundrods of thousands of demonstrators had assem- bled to condemn the Reich. Hjalmar Schacht then realized that the newspapers would continue to churn out anti-German news that would spread the boyeott of German goods even further, without any possibility of diplomatic intervention on his part, The message was clear: The anti-Nazi boycott was killing Germany's economy (p. 119). Sebacht went home with empty hands. From January to April, 1933, the Reich’s exports had dropped by ven percent. “Meanwhile, Germany's border crise grew hour by howe, Poland's proinvasion military hawks found widespread support arving 2 population inflamed by Jewsh boysott committees.” (p.130) “Events were culminating. The destruction af Hitler's tenuous regime ~ from without or within — loomed a8 the crisis of the hour in Berlin. German officials and corporate lenders had been Aigpatched (o the cities of Eusope and America to try to blunt the WORSTANO DER JUDISCHEN GEMEINDE = Dar Varner — Sehr geehrles Gomesndemttgliot* ut Guat nn erigenen Somrnatany ir oe Sab J oon ir hn rater, lah dr nck dee Pehle sen Mon eahnlrsen fe Srna noes Yr ema Mca enh RM. ‘eee at wom 1 Oar 1437 8 1. Mare L088 sg. AERUN N.S tne Ais? Mipadog t attack Their efforts were unmeces(ul. Government clarifies ‘dons, token Stimulated by continual press reports on German atrocities (in peacetime!), which Schacht had empha tically denied, the boycott protests spread to the lange cities of almost every country and even as far a3 Argentina and Australia, while, predominantly in Britain and the Netherlands, Labor Unionists and Labor Party leaders supporied the boycott movement. The German fur, textile and diamond trades were bit particularly hard. In the first quarter of 1933, Ger ‘many’s vital surplus of export was less than half the 1932 figure (p. 182). Demands were already being nade in the States ohn Foster Dulles) to have German pri- vate and public astets seized in compensation for her debls, thus dissolving German international trade assots (182-183) When the Reich could no longer pay ts obligations, Gesmany would be bankrupt. That moment had been tcchnically postpoved for years by rationing foreign exchange to Only the ‘most important transactions. But with Relchse bank reserves hit hard by both the boyeot and the Depression, there would soon be nothing left tration." (9-185) “olf exports fell 100 low, Germany ar a tation would again be faced with starvation. 1¢ fad tappened Just fourteen years earlier; fe was sill fresh in many minds. n the winter of 1919, Desieged’ Gerimany was blockaded into sub- mmission, starved into defeat. To the Nas, the aantsGerman boycott of 1983 was in many ways eminiscent tacte. There were no enemy ships the seaways, no hostile divisions at the bridge heads. But a effective as any blockading frigate OF infantryman wat this hoycott that blocked German goods being sold, blocked foreign ex: change from being earned, and blocked the means of survival from entering Germany. How many months could Germany survive once the boycott became glabal, once commerce ‘Die Wammany weer Kage dr acon BecBererg Bein end de Ver Lingerg tee Zehr Spender che a ts Vea, tabs Rue, {eclp singer una mi don Elon de elon Berge sors wena wr en at te onelienAnercrsagin ser Undeg dr Not rtm one Bacon ov me sig Dn fre ar plten Zahn dt molten nda adh 8 or ‘ihe. ian tan Sie tle danke Bie 8 he mo fodenden Diferntane nd var Wefapany 4 saan th such Sie dh nents gros scson Mie ‘oe Hate batons Wane han te Varn fr Be undid Uotercuny wd shes et ete ase Vorstand der Jidischen Gemeinde Der Voratzende was rerouted around Germany? The boyeotters adopted a slogan: ‘Germany will rack this wi- "Since the spring, both the Jewish War Vete rans in New York and the Polish boycott com amittees in Warsaw had talked of joining forces On June, 3, Lord Melchett and the British Trade Unions Congress took the initiatwe and issued formal invitations 10 the independent boycott commitizes of the world to assemble in London ‘on June 25 to establish an international boycott ‘council Melchett titled the boycott comveation the(22 Jiidische Winterhilfe er der Jidischen Gemeinde zu Berlin FI a Tieherenaodnae Way 32 Bet te te Der Me Rekeaniagte fr das Wisertonenk des Dasacen Yolkes hat ax- condact, da le Sammiengen snd die Retruimg fr dle Wiaecie taee den ndca drch wn selbst, wi den Verses, darcy nerdens Der emsinde a Bet ie die Sache Wterhie 1957/98 2 Boa Abereagen, et ie 2 er Spnt ech Vnmeng ad feemateneAeer eooen eet Shae eng Bot tr ones Hee mcm : he ‘Sang awe 9) Li in Caton the Seat smeaie ay y E 1 ie i inte eer te ee Eee it hag ewer Or on mth Pi, Tam on thin a Ei eet Labo hy moras Onli Hehe ok tee fr dee Je TOE ‘mien Batonnrmtnntnge se Jean Bir, sve be ‘it tht ah olnomepaeww ie wed Za eth ts br tmmesinndait ert, Sy fark Yormutlng wd de Rot ‘eg et wae He 2 Orton tena vos sake enakinen Opi f Wah oe Up te tra oe 3 tongs Batemnancage mae hee ahr von se Hanieedee vd Mommie tc ‘mike tr tn eg Eeionnecnnge Jane wie, 1 Oawmtendtede nd Arse ke Bla, te {40 vet mr Eokement Fong wey ot {eo ate erm ite rey ck Ltt en be i ne tm tn amare vate Saag me der Wate went oe (lag bth bee Recs en Sing Aaa mn Le eee cee re dae Wee a ering Male se gent toe ee we Fa Mace soem Mette Genin, Se Ana ck ee ean Ope ars bahay ad de Wa Behe -Hadiachen Gemelaschatngelsies ene el Gombe ie PN eB we Jn Son he mines ome wn be Heeger ed Pde i je Binet ee rot ee we Vorstant dor JOdischen Gemeinde Mio Bai Mee Pra, edie Gol Bole sn ange te hg Reprisentanten-Versammlung der J0dischen Gemeinde De eam ok Dr. Sy ont, 1 Al about the same time, the World Eeonomie Conference, convened by FDR, was underway in London, but it achieved just the opposite of what it set out to achieve: an economic collaboration of the parties to world trade to remedy the eco- nomic erisis, A Reich cabinet moeting on dune 23, 1938, reportet: “Pessimistic ax were the expectations with hich the (German) delegation went 10 London, they were outdistanced by far. Germany found among all states an attitude shat hardly could be worse." (3. 188) On Samuel Untermeyer’s recommen- dation, the World Jewish Economie Con ference was postponed to July 20 and re- located to Amsterdam. About thirty. five countries were to participate. For ‘weeks they had exchanged experiences, discussed successful boyeolt ideas, com- piled long lists of manufacturers and sel- Jors socking alternatives for German goods, discusted countermeasures against boycott-breakers, and even foun ded a special boycott, publication: The Jewish Economic Porum (p. 189). The slogan: “Germany will erack this winter” was adopted by the delegates (p. 189). Samuel Untermeyer’s sssessment of the situation: “He had taken pains to explain to comervetive AngloJewish lealers that a de facto popular international boycott already existed: in Poland, incredibly good; in C2echorlovakin, fan tasticaly good: in France, in England, fairy im America, very good.” (p. 204.203) ‘Piery speeches and 2 festy determination 02 crack German economie staying power crested an impressive spectacle that finally pt the world on notice that some element of the Jews war united Jn the war agning the Third Reieh..” (p. 208) In Amsterdam, the following resolution was adopted: "Weereas... unanimous outery, protests and ‘demonstrations of Jews and nomjews throughout the civilized world against the incredibly inburan policy toward the Jews of Germany have been famavailing... Whereas the Hiler government hae repeatedly expresed its determination... to ‘annihilate diem economically, to deprive them of their citzenship and eventually” extermiratethem... now, therefore, be it resolved, that boycotting of German goods, products, and shiping... ix the only effeesive ‘weapon for world Jowry and humanity by way of defense and. protection of Jewish rights, property and diguity in Germany, We earnestly uege all the mea ad women of the civilized world, larespectve of race or creed, to support and join in this movement against brutal fanaticism and bigotry and to. help lead ie co 2 Victorious conclusion and until the lat races of barbarous percecutions have been eliminated.” Edwin Black continues: “The declaration of war offically prorlaimed, the soldiers of Jeruel broke up into three businesslike commissions...” (p- 208) "Working with grest speed, the conferees unanimously esta: Dlished the new world organization they bad promised. Named ‘the World Jewith Keonomie Federation, it would be headquaster- ‘dn London, seth Lord Melchett as ts honorary chairman and Untermyer as ite president.” (p. 207) But this personal initiative on the part of Lord Mel ehett and Samuel Untermeyer was thought of as a “‘pa- lace revolution” by the traditional Jewich organizations as eg. the Anglo Jewish Association, the Dutch Jewish Committee, and considered non representative. Stephen Wite as well a5 Nahum Goldmann, both of them being concerned with the organization of the World Jewish Congress, had obviously also personal reasons for taking the coordinated boycott into their own hands, thus Giserediting Untermoyor. Their demands were identical in principle, as can be seen from the language adopted at the later World Jewish Congress. There it. would be reported in 1936: “The boycott organizations were the first in every country to ‘ill atention i> Germany's plans for economic conquest and miltary aggression. They varned public pinion against Ger many's huge rearmameat policy. They alerted i to Germany's ‘eonomie domination of the weak Southeastern European regions and of certain Latin Ameriean counties which aight Tead to thelt politcal domination by the Third Reich. They pointed out the Aishonest trade methods employed by Germany. At the sime time, they carried on am unremitting campaign to enlighten the public, through all kinds of medinmms about the Gerinan arocites, the persecution of he Church, the destruction of the labor organizations, the degradation of women, and the regimentation of education.” 19) If one reads elsewhere in Black's book ?*) that the leading persocalities of the World Jewish Congress undersiood the polltical situation from 1919 to 1939 atetatetetateteterctete ‘The German reparation payments are running at an estimate of over DM 140 billion already. — Dr, Goldmann (standing) om a World Jewish Congress in Jerusa- lem, surrounded by the then Is. raeli Prime Minister Rabin (left) snd Minister Sapir. Dr. Goldmann made very rial remarks on Ie rael's developments, both in terms Ofer foreign and internal pol Si idheeeg eran enter tetatetateat ot as peace but as an “armistice”, then the verbiage ‘created in this fighting atmosphere, Interspersed with co many untrue allegations, becomes understandable. It may be noted that the period of the Woimar Republic is likewise included in this “armistice” terminology, with no difference made from the years 1983 to 1939. This terminology would find its more precise expression later on, in a lelier written by Winston Churebill to Joseph Stalin on February 22, 1944, in which he called World. War Two a “Thirty-your war against German ogeression, boginning in 1914." "1) 19) Word Jewish Congres a40. 9.106 +107 0) World Jewish Cognos ox0.p. 138 4 140. 21) Documents ~ Corresponderee ofthe Cocne of Minis oF the COCA ‘wth the Presidont of the United Sater ara the rime Minster of Great Britin atthe tire of the Gest PatJn spite. of the longlasting personal quarrels bet. ‘ween Stephen Wise, Nohum Goldmann, Caaim Weizman as top-representatives of their organizations on one hand ‘and Samuel Untermeyer as ‘ad hoc’ boycott organizer fon the other hand, the boycott had become a fact. It hhad brought about 2 considerable isolation of Germany and extraordinary losses for the German export trade, at 1 time when the world economic crises caused more ‘than six million jobloss in Germany and whon Germany could not even begin to keep pace with the additional reparations payments, Without mentioning any figures in this connection, let me just quote an exchange of letters between Dresdner Bank and the French bank Soeidté Générale dated July, 1983, which characteri 2es the general situation and which is prefaced by Ed ‘win Black as follows: “Desperate directors of Germany's presigions Dresden Bank hoped to call pow the joternational banking fraternity for ely TIn-a dramatic written appeal sit in mid-July to a major French bbank, the Société Générale , Dresden bank frantically declared: ‘The atrocity propaganda... harmful to German trade =. is Imeed on lies and distortions of fact. Complete tranquility reigns i Germany, and any non-Farcy person on the spot can coavince hhieaself, that no one is hindered in the lawful pursuit of his private ‘and profesional ffs. We would be glad if. in the interests of international trade relations, you would spread the truth and do your utmost to bring about a specdy ond of the boycott of German goods.” The highly unusual plea provoked an equally wousual response from Soci Generale, which bad for decades eajoysd cordial professional relations with Dresden Uank. Sociéte Generale res: onse, which ultimately reached the world’s mcwspapers, ans ‘ered that ‘on opening our mail we find an amazing crcl from, ‘your esteemed bank. We beg to draw your attention to the fact that a French business would acver presumnc to scad propaganda, material in business correspendeace. We are thus compelled {© assume that the tactesoness of your letter arises rom am inborn lick of taste. As for the systematic persecution of Jews by your government, we know what to believe. We know... doctors hae een diiven from hospitals, lnwyers struck off, and shops closed down. Every nition is 3 manter in its own home, and s0 iis mot four business to interfere... Nevertheless, we are frre te turn our business sympathies to our friends and not to 2 nation which 3 2t destroying individual Bberty. We assure you, gentlemen, that ‘we will continue 0 esteem your bank, but we canmot extend our sympathy to Germany in genetl, for we cannot hide our bellef that the National Socialist Party will extend is hist for povrer to ‘other countries at the first opportunity. You ask us to pass on this eicular. Res assured we will do %0, and our ancorer sith Yours truly, Société Généele, Paris!" (p. 266) Tn late July, 1983, Reichsbank representatives approsebed London brokers for an “embarrassingly small” Joan of RM 40 million (slightly more than 3 million pound sterling). This case caused a round of derisive laughtor in tho London financial community. Investor's Review reported in its August 5, 1983 issue: 16 “We have seen a letter written by a Financial broker in Berlin ‘= (What) throws a lurid light on the dreadful condition to which Hidesism Has reduced Germany... The writer states that he has ‘been asked by the German Reichsbank itself to negotiate For ita oan of 40 to 50 millon marks! That the Reichsbank, formerly perhaps the greatest financial institution on the Continent, shold hhave come begging (a London for .. x paltry sum, i. alarming. «= So it isnot surprising to hear that sathoritative opinion i at Hitlerism will come to 2 singuinary end before the New Year” (p. 266 -267) London refused, the U.8.A. also. Germany could not ‘count on any financial aid from abroad. On August 6, Samuel Untermeyer retumed from Amsterdam to New York and greeted his compatriots in a continent-wide radio broadcast which was imme- diately arranged for him: “I deeply appreciate your enthustatie greeting om my arr today, which I quite understand is addressed not to me personally bot to the holy war fn the cause of haemanity in which wee are embarked. ‘the nation listening, Untermyer explained how the whole ‘world had already mode ‘surprising and gratifying progress in the ccomomic war against Narism. Each of you, Jew and gentile alike, who has not alresdy callted ia the sxeted war should do so mow... ft le not sufficient that you bay no goods madz in Germany. You must refuse to eal with aay merchant or shopkeeper who sells say German- ‘made goods or who patronize: German ships... To our shame. there are a few Jews among us, but fortunately only = few, wanting in dignity and selfxeqpect that they ... travel on German ships where they ate despised... Theie names should be heralded, farand wide. They are traitors (their race.” (p. 276-277), —— ‘At about the same time, the Righteenth Zionist ‘Congress convened in Prague (from August 21 to Sep- tember 4, 1983). Over 10.000 delegates and visitors attended. The Zionist organization constituted a govern ‘ment without country, sudivided into territorial federa- tions from each country, into religious and other asso- ciations, political parties and fractional groups. The League of Nations had granted it a quasi-governmental status. Every Jew who paid an amount of money equal to a token biblical shekel (about: twenty-five cents) could vote (p's 287, 288, 289). The Mapai (Laborparty) headed by David Ben Gurion, which represented roughly. forty-four percent of the delegates and was considered a moderate branch of Jewry, turned out to be the strong- est faction, It nevertheless had to stand hard disputes with the irreconcilably radical “Revisionists” headed by ‘Viadimir Jabotinsky (Poland) who did not shrink away from political murder of their own people. The assassi- pation of Chaim Arlosoroff, a member of the Jewish Agency Executive Committee and one of the most respected Zionists, by members of the said radical “Revisionists”, which occurred north of Haifa shortly before the conference — on June 16, 1933 — parti-Na ‘conductlog a war wit from the euilized world.” (p. 301) tough the war and ‘aff over this or that state organiza system. On But he did not forget to focus on the words of Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis, in that he repeated — also without concrete details, what really happened in Germany ‘othe Jews will never forget and never forgive Germany's tasult..” 305) What Jabotinsky was not al Jowed to say in the conferones hall, he postulated during a press conference outside: “One hun- dred thousand members of the Rovisionist movement” will ex ploit. all possibilities around the world to carry out the boy- cott of Germany We sympathize with our Ger- man brethren... But Hitlr- iam i a danger to the sixteen mil Tion Jews all over the world, and the German Jews cannot influsnce WH us not to fight our onemy. Our enemy must be destroyed." (p. 313) ity in to speak the truth". calarly accentuated the confliets at this conference. Arlosoroff had pleaded for negotiations with Germany Congress, his words were nevertheless propagated by the to enable the emigration of German Jows and the world press, a factor which certainly did not contribute transfer of Jewish assets to Palestine “tm a. moving speech, Jabotinsky fnsited that all energies he expended to force the Congres to joi the boycott movement. ing lest than a ‘merciless ght” would be acceptable, cried even forbidden (p. $48), the columns of the world Jabotinsky. © The present Congress & duty Bound to puc the press were filled with 2 new subject: the Second World Jewish problem in Germany before the entire world...We 2 Jewish Conference in Geneva which commenced on ardorerh. (We mast) detoy, detoy, Separates Pepsi metas destroy them — not only with the boycott, but politically, Seotesoher 5, 1988, iotisiely 4am vite Bibb supporting all existing forces against them to iiolate Germany While Jabotinsky urged his followers to postpone their personal differences in favor of war against Na. ‘aitor, and all boycatt zrism, David Ben Gurion demanded that his supporters do the opposite. He proposed giving the “Revisionists” the choice of pledging allegiance to the Mapai-controlied dent of the American Jewish Congress, were determined organizations with their moderate aims or leaving the to ereate a worldwide boycott organization, but this congress. A Mapai-controlled presidium finally did pre. vail. Their spokesman, Nahum Sokolow, had visibly great problems finding the correct words to deseribe the sentiments of the delegates. He said It is not our task to influence or criticize the internal best be described by the words of the two leading developments of the Gcriman people, whieh have gravely suffewed _Parsonalitieo: s consequences. We are not gathered here ye nation or any one wate. Tk program... of the Zionist Organization to break its (shepherds) pot patt of the this oF dat economic was to create Although he had been excluded from the Zionist to a peseoful solution of the problems on hand. Not withstanding the fact that during the Bighteenth Zio- nist Congress the word “boycott” was avoided, yes, teenth Zionist Congress. Here the exact opposite was “Anyone who dared rationalize rading with the encay was 2 itors were to be exposed” (p. $48), One hunded delegates in Geneva, coming from twenty-four countries and lead by Stephen Wise, presi resolution was on a collision course with the Zionist movement. (p. 357) ‘The new calloustiess generated in the belligerent ‘atmosphere of the Second World Jewish Congress can 1.) Nahum Goldmann: “Therefore, the first atk of the conference, urged Goldmann, fe organization needed to. conduct 2 “biter ‘wellplanned war aguinst Nasi Germany," (p. 352) smployed in New York: unhealthy to the roots” — Dr Spiegel, No. 49, Octobe, 22,1879, 2.179 ei world Dent Congress 200. p. 36. ar2.) Stephen Wise, who pointed out with reference to the boycott resolution ‘When the Jewish boycott of German goods and wares isto be ‘ended depends not upoa the Jewish people but apon the Nazi pverament, This instrumentality of moral and cconomie pressure Jews have been compelled reluctanily to adopt ard wtilze. Bat they will not lay this down wntil suck time a8 the great wong inflicted upon the German Jews is undone and the German evs ‘once again be placed in the status and position whieh were rightly ‘their own before the acccasion of the Hitler goverment.” (p- 358] ‘This amounted Lo nothing less then that Stephen Wice's followers, without a mandate by German Jewry, brazenly demanded that Germany in principle should forget about her right of selfdetermination, in favor of these foreign spokesmen representing world Jewry, that the 1919 status of surrender with virtual civil-war situation and economic chaos attained by 1932 he declared a trail-blazing “legal status” in Germany for the years to come, — an impossible and irresponsible atti- tude in terms of world politics! Stephen Wise simply regarded the prevailing situation a8 a state of war. He looked upon the Jews as being “in the first trenches of the front”. At the Second Preparative Conference in Geneva in early September, 1983, he stated: ‘Once agsin the Jewish people is called upon to autfer, for we are the suffering servants of humanity. We are called upon to suffer that humanity and civilization ‘may Survive and may endure. We have suffered before We ars the eternal suffering servants of God, of that world history which is world judgment. We do not rebel ‘against the tragic role which we must play if only the nations of the earth may schieve some goin, may profit 4 a reult of our sufferings, may realize in time the (of mankind which has no other aim than to conquer and destroy. We are teady if only the precious and the 92 of life may survive. That is once again the mision of the Jews. We stand on the front tina, ia the First rom of trenches.” (p38) Stephen Wise did not present any concrete details conceming his wild accusations against the German government, at least nothing of this kind has been Published. — There is however a striking similari ty between this situation end the manner in which the question of war guilt is generally dealt with: Using all, available technical and economic means of power, the “otiser side’s” responsibility for the outbreak of war is, simply classified as a “well-established historical fact recognized by the whole world”. Conclusive details are deliberately ignored, and thoro is e general pretense that everything has been proven a long time ago and that no further evidence is required. The general ignorance and dependence of the broad masses are recklessly exploited, while all kinds of secusations are made, the more 13 thetorie and crass, the better! Naturally, these accu- sations were always clothed in words simed at benefit. ting mankind and in fighting slogans advocating the complete destruction af the “vicious” people branded in this manner, thus avoiding all unnecessary debates, critical analyses and objections. The Geneva conference was coneluded with — inter alia — the following resolution: “The Conference noted with derpest satisfaction that the Jewish people lid spontancossly resorted co the one accessible ‘weapon of self-defense against the new German regime: the moral snd economic boycott. It affizmed that the Jews could nor have ‘any economic or other deslings with the Third Reich and exprewed the hope that the boveott would be supported by railions of son-Jews in all lands.” 22) At the Third Preporative World Jewish Conference in Geneva, which was convened on August 20, 1934, ‘Stephen Wise declared forces of civilization and freedom which cannot coexist with Nazism... We will survive Nazis, unless we commit the inex: piable sn of bustering or erafficking with i... If we could survive, Tet us say, through our Kiting the antiNazi boycott, we should rorally have perished.” 3) Prior to this, representatives of German Jewry had repeatedly and emphatieally protested against this agita tion by Stephen Wise and others in the United States. For instance, the editors of a prominent Jewish news- Paper in Hamburg had sent the following telegram as carly a5 March, 1988: “GERMAN JEWS ACCUSE YOU AND Assocta. TES TO BE TOOLS OF OUTSIDE POLITICAL IN. FLUENCES STOP YOUR SENSELESS OVERRATING OF OWN INTERNATIONAL IMPORTANCE AND LACK OF JUDGEMENT DAMAGE LARGELY THOSE ‘YOU PRETEND TO WANT TO PROTECT .. BETTER SHUT OFF YOUR OWN LIMELIGHT AND USELESS MEETINGS AS SUREST MEANS AGAINST ANIL SEMITISM .. THIS 1S YOUR MOST IMPORTANT DUTY TO REPAIR YOUR CRIMES AGAINST US." (p. = 63 I Ata time when, beginning from his acepes to power on Januzry 30, 1938, Adolf Hitler had already provided jobs for 2,2 million out of the 6 million jobless in Germany — and this obviously without resrmament! — and had put an end to the chaotic conditions which had lasted for long years and which had often been delibers- tely engineered from abroad, when he introdueed the Winter Relief Fund in early September 1983 and had the protection of the Catholic Church guaranteed in a Reich Concordate (September 10) in accordance with Rome’s wishes, Samuel Untermeyer declared on Sep- tember 10, 1933, in New York City in front of boycott activists: 23] worl sent Congres 220. p31 24), lock, "The Translor Auer“The day of reckoning at hand” 24) Personally he had not lost any assets by the change of government in Germany. Nor hed he been granted leven the slightest legitimacy by any representatives of the German Jews to make himself the mouth-piece of their presumed will Radio talk shows, inspections of thousands of stores for Geeman goods by feminist groups, demonstrations, opening of antiGerman offices were rampant parti- calarly in the States “Month after month, and indeed year efter year, Samiel Untermeyer tireless worked towerds the econo: mic downfall of the Third Reich.” (p. 371) 7 In a colomn ceremony on September 6, 1933 in New York City, Samuel Untermeyer called for “Cherem”, the Jewish ban on every boycott traitor. (pa, 350-351) In defense, to stop boycott and atrocity propaganda ab- road? One day of boycott in Germany Historical scenes in Ger- many on April 1, 1933 Deurfihee MUbivehebentere 1 Upeil 1933) Jewish Wer Veterans picketing a store selling German goods 25) 1 Renae Meenin, “Sheet ananing in Workipi ‘The founder of the Zionist “Revisionist” organiza tion “Ingun’, the militant Vladimir Jabotinsky of Polish and Russian origin, meanwhile continued his hateful agitation and polities against Germany from East Europe. It is remarkable about this man. that he had already fought on the British side against the Central Powers in World War One, settled down in Berlin in 1923, where he founded the “Revisionist” movement of the Zionists, then again lived in Poland for some timo, became president of the “New Zionist Organization” in Vienna in 1983 and finally moved to London. (He died 1940 in the US). — At any rate, when he published the following passages in Mascha Rjetsch in January 1984, he did not do so with reference to any. German crimes or to the Nuremberg Laws, for there wore not promulgated until 18 months later. He wrote: he Fight against Germany has sow been waged for ths by crery Jewibh coramunity, on every all labor unions and by every single Jew in the workd. There are reasons for the 2ssumption that our share in this fight is of general importance. We shall start a spiritual and matesial war ff the whole world against Germany. Germany is striving 0 become once again a greal uation and to recover her Tost territories as well a her colonies iat our Jewish interest call for the complete destruction of Germany. The German people is a danger for us Jews bath collectively and indivi dually." 23) ‘This was the starting position into which quite a different branch of the Zionisis had to incorporate its policies: Those who endeavored to transfer Jews and Jewish aseets from Germany to Palestine. Commencement of permanent messures of this kind in February: March, 1933 1037 — Hixon of miltary foros 1918 "1846", Oldenburg = Homa 1998, the Gem 19The Transfer Agreement ‘The Zionists in Germany (German Zionist Federation, Berlin, director: Georg Landauer) quickly realized that in spite of the takeover of power by National Socialism, the majority of the German Jews {about 600.000 people) were quite unwilling to leave the country: they identified a5 German nationals and refused to have anything to do with the desoribed Propaganda abroad and with the boycoll measures against Germany. But it became also patently clear to them that ~ unlike the “national” German Jewrs — they. were the only ones who might be able to gain a cersain amount, of infiuence on the aforementioned activities abroad and that they could thus act as interlocutors for the German yovernment, to implement the emigra- tion of Jows from Germany, ineluding financing and the transfer of personal assets. Clever negotiators influential in Jewish circles abroad were therefore required to create the preconditions for the transfer both in Germany and im Palestine. Sam Cohen, born in 1890 in Lod, Poland, who had studied finance and economies at the University of Marburg in Germany and, still in his twenties, became a partner in a small Berlin bank and gained control of a smell coal mining operation in Upper Silesia, was one of these interlocutors selected in Germany. Cohen was also share- holder in tho Company Henotaiah Ltd. (“The Planters”) domiciled in Palestine, whose business consis- ted in the purchase and sale of land, especially orange groves, including the technical equipment required for ‘these. Chaim Arlosoroff had volunteered in Palestine. Both men were assisted in a eortain way by Archur Ruppin, David Ben Gurion, Judah Magnes and Chaim ‘Weizman, — all of thom internationally influential per- sonalities in the Zionist organization. As eatly a8 April, 1983, they attempted to found a bank serving solely the purpose of the emigration program. When considering thece things, it must be bore in mind that the international boycott movement was oxtroordinarily strong even in Pelestine. Azlosoroff paid with his life for his activities on behalf of the Jews in Germany. On June 16, 1933, he was assassinated north of Haifa; Jabotinsky’s Revisionists were held responsible for this murder. Ben Gurion considered Jabotinsky personally quilty. (p. 158) For emigration purposes, two substantial difficulties had to be overcome: 20 ) ‘The British mandatory power in Palestine had not only drastically limited the invmigraion quota, but Iso made the settlement in Palestine conditions! upon posession of 1,000 pounde sterling per person. Water Lagueue Born in Bresieu 1921, amigratad from Germany to Palatine Jn 1938, W. L. dedicated himself to historical research and writing in Greet Britain, the USA, and after World War Two ako in the Faderal Republic of Germany. Since 1965, Laqueur tas been editor of the Jounal of Contemporary History and since 1971 President of the Scientific co-counet of the ‘Cantar tor Strvigie and lnneenational Studie’ im Weching- ‘tom 25 well as editor of the Washington Papers and Washington ‘Quarterly, publishos by thir instcues. He bocame well known, with hie book: “What nobody wanted to know", which hat ‘boon comprohonsively diseussod by ut in Historische Tatsachon No. 15 ("Lack of knowiedge on the part of the Alie2”) LLaqueur also eontieme Up to the aad of the wat, the Allis had no knowlege of an extermination of millions of Jows1b) Due to the generally depressed economic situa- tion, the consequences of reparation payments and overindebledness of Germany’s public budgets and due to the extensive boyeott measures which began in 1983, the Reieh government was unable to convert the assote of the German Jews into foreign cunency, i. into US dollars or British pounds. A third difficulty that arose was that the Jews in Germany — as mentioned before — were unwilling to ‘emigrate and did not recognize the Zionists as their leaders. On the other hand, the Reich government had not only sponsored Jewish emigration, “but the Zio- nists enjoyed a visibly protected political status in Ger- many”. (p. 174) “Ia fact, about 600 acwspapers were officially banned during 1995, Others were unofficially silenced by street methods. The ‘exceptions included Jidweie Rundschau, the ZVED"s Weekly and, several other Jewish publications. German Zionism's weekly wat hawked om strect comers and disphyed at newsstands. Whe Chaim Avlosoroif visited Zionist headguarters in London on June 1 he emphasized, ‘The Rundschait i of enucia imporcance today for the Zioniss. Every day i gets fifty to sixcy new subscribers By the end of 1993,Jtidische Rundschau cirentacion had tn fet jumped Lo more than 36,000 — four to five times its 1932 irculation. Alehough many influential Aryan publieaons were forced to restrict their page sire to conserve newsprint. Jédische Rundichow was not affected until mandatory newsprint rationing im 1957, [And while stringent ecasorship ofall Geeman publications was enforced from the outset, Jidiche Roadsclem wos allowed relative press freedoms, Although two issues of Jidiecke Rundschew were suppressed when they published Chaim Arias rol's outline fow a eapital transfer, such seares were rare. Other than the ban on anti-Navi hoyeot references, printing atrocity stories, and riticiring the Reich, Jidische Runiachan was essen tilly exempt from the so-called Gleichsetaltang or ‘wniformity demanded by the Nazi party of all facets of German soci Jucdische Ruadichan was free to presch Zionism as a wholly separate political philosophy — indeed, the only separate political philosophy sanctioned by the Third Reich In 1993, Hebrew hecame an encouraged course in all Jewish schools. By 1935, unlorms for Zionist youth corps were per- mitted — dhe only non-Nazl uniform allowed in Germany. When ‘he Nuremburg Laws in late 1955 stripped Germnan Jewry of thelr citizenship, i beeame lege for Jews fo raise the German flag: the same law, hovrever, stipulated that German Jewry cowld raise the Star of David-emblazoned Zioniet fla...” (p- 178) ‘The importance of these historical facts has induced us to dwell on this quotation from E. Black’s book a little more comprehensively, although we do realize, of ‘course that this quotation alone cannot correctly de. seribe the general situation of the Jews in Germany during those years. Today, however, it appears to be necessary to call our readers’ atiention to the facts as they are described here by a Jewish author, es- pecially as these have long been buried by 4 uniformly controlled workiwide media policy. To esse the difficulties of emigration to Palestine, an efficient onganization was required, capable of in- spiring confidence also across borders. ‘The initial discussions for this purpose were held by Georg Landauer, President of te Zionist Federation in, Germany, Sam Cohen and David Werner, Senator of the Jewish Agency Executive on one hand, and Hans Hartenstein, Currency Control director, and a number of Reich Foreign Ministry and Reichsbank experts on the other hand. A large German bank would freeze funds paid in by immigrants in blocked accounts for German exporters, while a bank in Palestine would control the sale of German goods to Palestine, thereby providing the immi- grants with the necessary foreign currency on the spot. Sam Cohen, co-owner of Hanoaiah Ltd and initiator of the transfer endeavors, was however subjected to long- lasting objections from his own people and finally had to concede that such a tranfer agreement could only bo concluded on a mucit higher level with a bank of its own rather than thst of a private company. The te- nowned Anglo-Palestine Bank in London would be ineluded in the transfer deal and create a trust company. for his purpose. The Anglo-Palestine Bank was a subsidiary of the Jewish Colonial Trust Company which numbered among the first bundred banks in the world and would later change its name to Bank Leumi — the ‘most important bank in Israel, With the inclusion of this consortium, the entire transfer problem would honcoforth be handled by the central Zionist organization. During a meeting in Berlin on August 7, 1998, the following was laid dow: 1.) With the aid and under the supervision of the German Zionist Federation, the “Palistina-Treuhand, stelle gur Beratung deutscher Juden GmbH" (Palireu) — ‘the Palestine Trust Society for Advice to German Jows, Inc — will be founded in Berlin. 2.) corresponding trust society — Haavara Trust and Transfer Office Ltd — will be created in Tel Aviv. Its stock would be wholly owned by the Anglo-Palestine Bank. 2.) mom mam wou a aeannce tre ec sonia 2) do the apts elas 3) for Patines 4.) Deposits made by emigrants into Paltrow's blocked account in Berlin would be balanced by the sale of German goods in and through Palestine, with the suppliers’ proceeds being deposited in the Tel Aviv account, and “transferred” in this manner. 21Siegfried Moses, president of the German Zionist Fuderation, assisted Sam Cohen to nagotine 4 prhvate agreement with the Role tion Several additional letters of confirmation and proce- dural refinement were exchanged immediately following the agreement on Aug. 7, between E.S. Hoofien, Anglo: Palestine Bank’s London representative, and H. Harten. stein, the Reich economy ministry’s authorized agent, for currency contol. Together with the Reich decree 54/83, these letters constituted the Transfer Agreement (p. 250) For tho Zionists, this agreement signified the first break-through of 40-year botileneek, They were coming closer to realise their aspirations in Palestine. ‘There had always been oo little money, too few people willing to settle there, An important fact: The Zionists became motivated not to jeopardize the German economy or currency. They knew that Germany sought to expand tide with Palestine, particularly regarding the purchase of citrus fit, but was unable to pay for it. A bilateral exchange of goods was agreed upon, indepen- dent of the Transfer Agreement and not involving foreign ewrencies, whieh were hard to come by, A dozen further trade agreements between Pelestine and the Third Reieh followed. It was in accordance with the scope and importance ‘of these agreements thal the Eightconth Zionist Con. gress, held in Pregue from August 21, to September 4, 1983 took up this matter and authorized Cheim Weis: ‘mann, later to be the first president of the state of Is- ras] founded in 1948, to suporvise tho work to be done in connection with the settlement of German Jews in Palestine, in close collaboration with the Executive, In addition: “All facts concerning the present position of the Jews are to bbe submitted to the League of Nations for the purpose of making 2 plan for an intcenatoml commitment for the seitlement of 22 Georg Landauer, director of the German Zionist Feceration, worked for an ogra: ‘ton agroamont borwaen tho Third Rolch and the Zionist Organiza. Chaim Weimann, president of the Zionist Organi Jews in Palestine similar to calir reparation moves.” *#) “Balestine’s economic absorptivencss tripled, perhaps quad rupled, within» year oF 2 of the Transfer Agroement. Economie Doppostuaity trandated into « dramatic inctease in iomigratio cvifieates under the twice yearly “worker quota’. Most of (hese certificates were svvarded to Mapas hlatzim, the young pioacers ager to plant the seed, dig the ditches, and trowel the cement, As ‘more buildings were erected, ote Kibbutzim established, and ‘more small factories founded, eyer more job openings were created for bslutzim. The spiral of economic expansion increased the flow of worker immigrants from just a few thousand yearly before the Transfer Agreement to more than 50,000 during the ‘two years following, Most were Mapai halatrim, and only about 20 pereeat of them were from Germany. ..” (p. 373) “By 1935, Palestine’s need to sell German merchandise to Dottset Jewish deposits in transfer aceounts became grester than anyon expected. The Palestinian market vis becoming saturated. So the Zionist Organization established another transfer corpora tion, this one called the Near and Middle East Commercial Corporation, assigned the acronym NEMICO, NEMICO opersted 1 regioml isles nettork in iraq, Egypt, Syria, Cypras, and. spuhere in the region, coordinating mainly through Dank Zilkhe of Beirut. Mideast markets were opened for a vast aray of key German exports, from Vollswagen to manicipal bridgeworks.." (3735) ‘Most of Palettine's commercial relationships with Nazi Ger ‘many remained a secret from the Jewish World, but several deals ‘came to light. Trade statistics published by the British coull not hide the unparalleled increase in Gerinta exports to Palestine. The Thied World Jewish Conference held in Gencvs in 1934 Tally patted a resplution condemming Palcstinian-German trade and demanding the Zionist Organieation terminate all sich contacts Pressure within the Zionist world to disavow the Transfer Ager ment and its complex of collateral undertakings became so Intense by mid-1935 that the Anglo-Palestine Bank anvwons ‘was no longer willing to front for the Zionist Organization, sua) 25) Keto, Bron ae Gagarvat, ton, 39. 1083,0, 1047 © .Further developments should be mentioned in this connection: Tin 1087, the Beith mandatory power virtually closed Palestine for Jewish immigrants in ocier to placate Arab opposition; conditions wore temporanly slackened, but in November, 1938, a total immigra- tion stop was decreed, 2.) A so-called Holding Committee regulating various aspects of Germany's foreign exchange, and a coordina. ting authority between the Reich Ministry of National Eeonomy and a consortium of different international banks negotiated for the introduction of a so-called “yellef mark" to be offered on a worldwide basis, making it posible to transfer additional assets from Germany to Pelestine. “Working with the Reich Beomomics Ministry and the jater- amational consortia of creditor hanks known a+ the Standstil Committee, which governed various aspects of Germany's foreign exchange, yet another transfer company was formed. This one was called the International Trade and Investment Agency Ltd, assigned the acronym INTRIA. INTRIA was permitted to inter-

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