Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2019
Vilma D. Conrado*
College of Arts and Sciences, Cagayan State University, Carig Sur, Tuguegarao City, Philippines
Key words: Agricultural insurance, Net farm income, Shocks and risks, Corn farmers, Philippines.
Abstract
The study was conducted to determine whether agricultural insurance of the Philippine Crop Insurance
Corporation can reduce income loss from different risks faced by the corn farmers in Cagayan Valley Region,
Northern Philippines. The data collected through a collaborative project on “Evaluation of the Impact of
Agricultural Insurance on Farmers” of the Cagayan State University and the Philippine Institute for
Development Studies were used in this study. A total of 500 randomly taken samples 250 corn farmers with
insurance matched with 250 farmers without insurance were taken from the list of the registered farmers. The
farmers with insurance were further categorized as to those who received indemnity claim (125) and did not
receive indemnity claim (125). These made up the three treatment groups. For each of the treatments, three
strata were formed according to farm size: (1-0.5ha & below; greater than 0.5 to 1 ha and greater than 1ha).
Descriptive statistics were used and mean net farm income was computed. The t-test was used to test the simple
difference in net income per hectare within the three treatment groups. The farmers cited drought, typhoon and
flood as the most severe shocks they encountered. Results further reveal that net farm income of farmers with
insurance with claims was significantly higher at 5 percent level than those farmers without insurance for all
farm size. Similarly, farmers with insurance with claims have higher net incomes than farmers with insurance
but without indemnity claims in both years studied. Thus, agricultural insurance reduced income losses of corn
farmers from different risks they experienced if an indemnity claim is received. It is therefore recommended that
policies on indemnity coverage and assessment of damage to claim indemnity should be reviewed.
*Corresponding Author: D. Conrado vilmadconrado@yahoo.com
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The impact of these natural hazards on economic purchasing the indexed-based livestock insurance in
well-being and human sufferings has increased Mongolia recover faster from shock-induce asset
alarmingly (UNISDR, 2007), which lead to losses than the non-insured households. There is
uncertainty of future income of the farmers resulting significant positive effect of the indexed-based
to poverty. livestock insurance indemnity payments on herd size
after one to two years, help herders avoid selling and
Agricultural insurance is also seen as a coping slaughtering animals to smooth their productive asset
strategy to shocks and risks and has been introduced base and relieve assets from their credit constraints.
in developing countries to help agricultural
households cope with weather risks. Many Matsuda, A., Takahashi, K., & Ikegami, M.
government subsidized crop insurance has been used (2019).found that that they increase pastoral
by a number of developed countries as a mechanism household’s income and milk production in Ethiopa
to reduce farm income instability by reducing yield during drought years. Likewise, insured households
risks (Hueth, D. L., & Furtan, W. H. (Eds.). receive more informal transfers when they obtain
(2012). Households exposed to shocks try to smooth payouts and they tend to reduce cash savings and
their consumption relative to income by using their livestock holdings. The pastoralists with a herd size
supply of labor to compensate loss income, they save around the poverty-trap threshold increase their
and accumulate productive assets as their coping livestock numbers after receiving payouts. Likewise,
strategies (Gabriella, B. et al., 2013). Jing Cai (2016) Ifft, J., Wu, S., & Kuethe, T. (2014) found that
found that agricultural insurance provision increases insurance availability is associated with an increase of
the insured crop production by 16 percent and raises
at least 4 percent in pastureland values. This increase
borrowing by 29 percent but it does not affect total
is comparable with increases generated by other
household savings. However, it does affect the relative
government programs but is much smaller than total
proportion of flexible-term savings (Jing Cai, 2016).
farmland value increases experienced in recent years.
It transfers covariate weather risks outside the local
The insurance program in Mexico implemented as a
community and provides liquidity in the aftermath of
social safety net, farmers receiving these indemnity
a shock (Skees and Barnett 2006; Barnett and Mahul
payments allow farmers to cultivate a larger land area
2007; Barnett et al., 2008; Carter 2009).
in the growing season following a weather shock, have
larger per capita expenditures and income in the
The insurance indemnity payments are expected to
subsequent year. These results suggest the insurance
help households to recover from the damage caused
payments can make smallholder farmers more
by the weather shock while others hoped that index
resilient to shocks, Ritchie, E. R., et al., (2016).
insurance would enable households to make
Stoeffler, Q., Wouter, G., Catherine, G., & Michael, C.
investment decisions involving higher risk and higher
(2016) found that there is no impact of agricultural
project opportunities. However, there is little
evidence of whether index insurance (Miranda and insurance on cotton production. However, significant
Farrin 2012; World Bank Group 2013; Carter et al.,) impacts were found on several activities and assets
indeed provides its expected benefit (Miranda and such as field investments, sesame cultivation and
Farrin 2012; World Bank Group 2013; Carter et al., livestock herding. The results are contrasted between
2014; Greatrex et al., 2015). According to Smith, V. H. the specialization of the farms and the two countries:
(2016), index insurance schemes are subject to Italian farms use management tools to include crop
considerable basic risk and families often do not insurance to improve their income and to reduce its
receive an index insurance indemnity when they volatility. French farms on the other hand use the
experience a substantial crop loss on their farms. In a same instruments to increase their income and
study made by Veronika Bertram-Huemmery et al., therefore its volatility while they tend to substitute
(2015, 2017) they found that those households payments to production.
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These results question the efficiency of structural Recognizing vulnerability to risk as a major constraint
policies aimed at stabilizing the farmers' income. to agricultural productivity and improved welfare, the
Enjolras, G., et al., (2012). Binding credit market Philippine government created the Philippine Crop
constraints and incomplete insurance can reduce Insurance Corporation (PCIC) in 1989 to provide a
investment in activities with high expected profits. “multi-peril” crop insurance product for rice and corn
Binding credit market constraints and incomplete farmers, designed to help ameliorate the
insurance can reduce investment in activities with consequences of the many agricultural risks posed by
high expected profits. Karlan, D. et al., (2014). typhoons, floods, droughts, and various pests and
crop diseases. The Philippine Crop Insurance
Different countries have experienced several Corporation (PCIC) is a government owned and
problems in agricultural insurance. Farzaneh, M., controlled corporation created as the implementing
Allahyari et al., (2017) found that more than one half agency of the government's agricultural insurance
of the farmers studied, low indemnity rate paid by program. The PCIC's principal mandate is to provide
insurance companies as the main problem of insurance protection to farmers against losses arising
insurance services. There is a long period of from natural calamities, plant diseases and pest
indemnity payment was another major problem of infestations of their palay and corn crops as well as
insurance services. Informing silk farmers about other crops. PCIC appropriations are used for the full
damage assessment schedules and about indemnity cost of insurance premiums of farmers and fisher
payment in a timely manner were the most important folks, provided that the beneficiaries are the
factors rated by the farmers for insurance adoption. subsistence farmers and fisherfolk registered under
the Registry System for Basic Sectors in Agriculture
Governments in developing countries have been (RSBSA). While crop insurance as a risk management
increasingly involved in the support of agricultural tool has the potential to smoothen up the abrupt
insurance programs in recent years (World decrease in income of farmers due to these risks,
Development Report 2000/2001). The Philippines is information on subscription of crop insurance is
prone to both geological and hydrometeorological limited. Reyes, C.M. and Sonny N. Domingo (2009)
hazards. The primary concern is to reduce the risks did an assessment of the PCIC and identified
on the communities exposed to the threats of climate constraints in operating the program such as high
change impact and disaster. The Cagayan Valley overhead cost, need for larger investment fund, and
Region of the Philippines, an agriculture-based question of sustainability. The results of secondary
economy is composed of five provinces. Palay and data assessment and key informant interviews
corn are the two major agricultural commodities revealed that PCIC has captured only a small segment
bringing annual recognition to the region in terms of of its target clientele, particularly the subsistence
production and contribution to output. The volume of farmers, due to logistical and marketing constraints.
production for corn declined from 2014 to 2015 by 2.9 Moreover, farmer dependence on informal credit,
percent largely due to the effects of drought and particularly in rural farming communities, seems to
typhoon Lando and Nona. Both the area harvested have also created a nonviable setting for a crop
precipitation. Sedimentation reduces the holding agricultural production risks, particularly index-
capacity of the Cagayan River with excessive flood based insurance products, have been proposed and
waters inundating low lying areas. (CVRDP) implemented.
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However, the results of many of these projects were Sedimentation of the river reduces the holding
disappointing, raising the question whether capacity of the with excessive flood waters inundating
microinsurance could provide viable coverage for low lying areas where corn is mostly grown. The
agricultural production risks at all (Gehrke, E. region is also the major producer of corn (1st rank) in
study posed the question: Does agricultural insurance The data collected through a collaborative project on
“Evaluation of the Impact of Agricultural Insurance
agricultural insurance reduce income losses of farmers
on Farmers” of the Cagayan State University and the
from different risks that they face? Hence, it is in this
Philippine Institute for Development Studies which
light that the impact of the agricultural insurance
was implemented by the author were used in this
program of the PCIC on agricultural producers
study. It covers the corn farmers in the northern part
particularly rice and corn in Cagayan Valley region be
of the Philippines – the Cagayan Valley Region. A
evaluated. First, it presents the risk and shocks
total of 500 respondents (250 with insurance and 250
experienced by farmers, amount of indemnity claim, the without insurance) were randomly selected from the
net farm income on corn then the impact of the list of the registered farmers under the Registry
agricultural insurance to net farm income. System for Basic Sector in Agriculture (RSBSA). The
RSBSA is the basis of agricultural insurance subsidy
Materials and methods to farmers and fisher folks. Stratified random
Study Area sampling was used to select the 250 respondents with
The study was undertaken in the northern part of the insurance based from the list of the PCIC, categorized
Philippines, the Cagayan Valley region. The region is into those who received claim (125) and did not
a natural catch basin of the largest watershed of the receive indemnity claim (125). Finding the matched
country and crisscrossed by the longest river network, comparison, without agricultural insurance, was
the Cagayan River. conducted based on the farm size, geographical
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location or municipality, land tenure and source of where: 𝜋𝑖 = net farm income of farmer i
irrigation water of the selected samples in with 𝑅𝑖 = total farm revenue or gross income of farmer i
insurance. The following are the treatments groups: 1) PCi = cost of production incurred by farmer i
Treatment 1 - corn farmers with crop insurance and pri = amount of insurance premium paid by farmer i
receive indemnity claims payment from the PCIC, 2) ipi = amount of indemnity claims received by farmer i
Treatment 2 - corn farmers with crop insurance but
did not receive indemnity payment from PCIC and A simple test of difference of means within the three
were located in areas where there were claims, 3) treatments of net farm income on corn production
Treatment 2 - Corn farmers who did not avail of crop was used to determine the impact of agricultural
insurance but have characteristics as those of insurance net farm income on corn production. The t-
treatment samples. test was used to test the difference of net income per
hectare of the treatment groups.
Data Analysis
The household as the unit of analysis. Descriptive Results and discussions
statistics such as means, standard deviation and Characteristics of Farms
frequency counts were used. Net income of corn was The characteristics of the corn farms of the
computed as follows: respondents is presented in Table 1.
Net farm income: 𝜋𝑖 = 𝑅𝑖 − (𝑃𝐶𝑖 + 𝑝𝑟𝑖 ) + 𝑖𝑝𝑖
Farmers planted an average of 2 parcels for their corn percent). Corn parcels of farms are broad plains (42.14
production for all farms, which means that their farms percent) and hilly/rolling lands, 42.57 percent. River
are located in different places as indicated in Table 1. flood plain is an area that is prone to flooding due to a
Around 53 52.86 of the parcels are fully owned by the river or stream over flowing its banks while hilly or
respondents while 41.57 percent are tenanted. There is rolling parcels are those that are haracterized by gently
higher percentage among the farmers without rolling hills continuing for a long distance and prone to
insurance who fully own their corn parcels (55.33 soil erosion. The prevalent cropping system used by
percent) than the farmers with insurance (50.55 farmers in their corn farm is mono-cropping with
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97.86 percent of the total parcels planted to corn and percent) are using hybrid variety. There is a higher
2.14 percent practiced intercropping. percentage of farmers with insurance using hybrid
Generally, farmers in in the region do not irrigate variety (96.67 percent) than those famers without
their corn farms. Most of the corn farmers (96 insurance with 94.59 percent.
The natural disasters during the study period that In terms of the second most severe shock, the
caused difficulty/ problem among households are highest is drought which was experienced by 29.8
shown in Table 2. The farmer-respondents were percent of the total respondents followed again by
asked to identify the shocks then ranked the two most flood with 26 percent of the total respondents
most severe and the second most severe. The natural experienced it. Farmers without insurance have
shocks experienced by farmers are typhoon, flood, higher percentage (56.4 percent) who experienced
drought and pest and diseases. Results show that the drought as the most severe shock than the with
most severe natural disaster or shock experienced by insurance group which is 50.4 percent. This suggests
the farmers is drought with 53 percent followed by that farmers should all the more be encouraged to
typhoon with 36 percent of the total respondents. get insurance coverage for their crop.
Table 3 shows that for farmers who received and the ratio of indemnity payments to estimated
indemnity claims, the average amount of indemnity crop damage 24 percent and 32 percent for year 2014
claims received for drought-damaged crop was ₱5,445 and 2015, respectively. The bigger amount of claim
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for drought-damaged because when drought damages These findings indicate that the indemnity claim in crop
corn farms, corn plants do not grow and form corn insurance cannot cover all the crop loss during shocks.
grains, therefore no harvest is expected. While those Farmers are not risk taker and therefore it is difficult to
damaged by typhoon, it is still possible that partial convince them to pay for the premium if later they will
damage occurs and corn plants have still the tendency to receive only one-third of the amount of loss due to
recover and bear fruit. The ratio of indemnity payment disasters such us typhoon, flood and drought despite the
received is higher in large farms than in small farm. higher subsidy rate from the government.
The utilization of indemnity claims payment indicates therefore the importance of the lending institution as
that 88.10 percent of the farmers utilize their conduit for the crop insurance of PCIC to the farmers’
indemnity claims to pay farm production inputs corn production activity. However, PCIC has to review
(Table 4). This is observed in all farm size groups. the system of assessing losses and the amount of
There are few who used to pay existing loans (5.96) indemnity considering the cost of production.
and to buy food for the family (3.57 percent). The
findings reveal that farmers are in debt in their The net income of corn farmers in the Cagayan Valley
production since bulk of their indemnity claims are Region for the cropping years 2014 and 2015 as
used to pay their production inputs. presented in Table 5 shows that corn farmers who
availed of crop insurance with indemnity claims have
It is hoped that agricultural insurance facilitate the generally higher income than those without insurance
access of farmers to agricultural loans. In times of although there is no clear pattern across farm size.
disasters, if the farmer received indemnity claim, the However, small farms have higher net income than
farmer has something to pay his loan rather them be the larger farm size. The higher net income of the
put in indebtedness and hence they can borrow again farmers who received indemnity claims may be
for their next cropping season. explained by the indemnity claims they received
which is added to the net income. Although the
This does not however assure them to plant again and indemnity payments received covers around one-
apply the required amount of inputs for the next third only of loss due to crop damage, it is found to be
cropping season unless the farmer has to borrow again higher than the insurance premium. Thus, the net
for the next cropping season. It cannot be denied effect to income is positive compared to farmers with
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insurance without claim and farmers without conditions particularly those without insurance and
insurance. These farmers received nothing during the those with insurance but without indemnity claimed.
occurrence of shocks. This result to the decrease in Said farmers had more difficulty to recover from crop
net income worsening economic their economic damage in comparison with those with claims.
The corn farmers have higher income in 2015 than in the net income on corn production. This may be
2014. The region experienced shocks in 2015 causing a explained by the fact that many of the farmers who
decline from 2014 in the gross value added of own more than one parcel did not avail crop insurance
agriculture and fishery sector. The setback in the for all the parcels but only part of the parcels. Those
growth of agriculture and fishery sector in 2015 was farmers with large farm size usually own more than
attributed to the extreme weather events (typhoons one parcel, on the average two parcels. In 2015, there
Egay, Lando, Ineng and Nona) and adverse effects of were more shocks but farmers with insurance and did
the El Niño which started in the second year of the year not received indemnity claim tend to have incurred
(Natioanl Economic and Development Authority, added loss due to the premium payment than those
2016). There is no pattern across farm size in terms of without insurance, especially for large farms.
To estimate the impact of agricultural insurance on for all farm size in 2015 and at 10 percent level of
net income of farmers on corn production in the significance in 2014. This means that the farmers
Cagayan Valley region, t-test of means for the with insurance with claim have significantly higher
statistical comparison of net income per hectare of net incomes per hectare than those without
corn production, Table 6 reveals that there is insurance. Similarly, farmers with insurance with
statistical significant differences at 5 percent level claims have higher net incomes than farmers with
between net farm incomes of those farmers with insurance but without indemnity claims in both years
insurance with claims and those without insurance 2014 and 2015.
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When farmers are grouped according to farm size, t- those who use hybrid varieties. The indemnity
test also reveals that for farms greater than 1.0 ha, coverage and assessment of damage to claim
there is a significant difference in net incomes on corn indemnity should be reviewed. Intensive awareness
production between the farmers with insurance with campaign and education about the agricultural
claims and the farmers with insurance without claims insurance should be made for farmers to appreciate
at 5 percent level of significance in 2014 and 2015. the importance of insurance. Further study in Region
This means that the farmers with insurance with 2 on the farmer’s attitudes toward agricultural
claims have significantly higher net income on corn insurance and other studies that may affect the
production than those farmers with insurance but performance and availment of agricultural insurance
without claims. For small farm size group (1.o ha and in Region 2.
below), there is also a significant difference between
the net income of farmers with insurance with claims Acknowledgement
and the farmers without insurance in 2015. This This study uses data collected through a collaborative
means that farmers with insurance have significantly project of the Cagayan State University with the
higher net income on corn production than farmers generous funding of the Philippine Institute for
The findings indicate that agricultural insurance Producers”. The author is grateful to the enumerators
reduce income losses of corn farmers from different and Jocelyn D. Tuscano, Beatriz Oñate, Erwin Torio,
risks that they experience. This shows the importance and Jane Umengan for the fruitful cooperation for
of receiving an indemnity claims when farmers are supervising the collection of the household surveys.
affected by shocks. There is significant impact of The Philippine Institute for Development Studies that
receiving indemnity claims on the net income of generously funded, excellent research technical
assistance, helpful and the critical comment on the
farmers. This maybe due to the fact that insurance
quality of data gathered. Ms. Niña Klare Paat and
premium payment is an additional cost in corn
Jezreel Pattaguan who diligently edited and reviewed
production therefore net income declines if the
the data for statistical analysis. This paper benefiited
farmer does not receive indemnity despite the loss
from the report of the project. The responsibility for
due to farm damages caused by disasters.
the content lies solely with the author.
Conclusion
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