mean “ride of er” fnancil ittion® cy indeed tes hinge foo In thi cae t means a diferent thing In each pee nd praralyvald log dedact inno such thing. Bquocton is Iarder wo sce when a wood has dot, tough diferent, meaning. Ft oretimes ‘male human being” Arguments using the term man ar there are ar eae, To take an example rom ots ec tat the Bible says that God exists. You ask why the Bible canbe ras, ing. A aid the was an ty vlna orecomplexangument teen be much harder tl wee agente cicla,swe wl se when we lok at an example ate inthe clusion, though ters of wssning da short fe pro sready bri ee the typeof argue called rag. Ete sd shes we shoul hin of meray as being ike mathematics rhe ion. The power of an argument om analogy sthatif we ean ake + eter to Bas of egy, me can sek Siadentges tc yank ects sy Braet, A broken electrical cies behaves very diferent fr ae Fepimbing csi Looking fr nals an etre eayin rsoring provided is doe with ca We shld lo consider whether scenic ease ‘her valle Boge reasoning aswel as arguments fom analogy, bo there, ia dion, s distinctive scenic method of accurmlating evidence Barve a general principles. A simple view of scene shat tsa Prices of accurltng dt o = pain where it becomes posible Beep gemma print or law. Fr example | se one white Heather, ten nother and bcanre all the swans we are white. Beate ta i, al owans are whites This procedure ke Inocion, ais ofencortcasted wilh deduction, which, as we hae en ross the truth of contusion if vail dedced fom tue mies, nkicton ie ep way of serbling evidence o supp petess tut the poten i obvious eve ces of Totnes flow that he conclusion ste Howerer many ime Thetmaring. you have ro garantie tht he next swan you se wate 3 iffrent color, o tht tomorrow morning the sun simpy won is Induction is never root bet isthe scurulation of evden fesupor: winless Some inductions ae lite more thn Hany generalizations. For example there ae tree people 2 chk Eas iho have red hair and can fst, you ight eonchde that alpeope wi oi hair un ft. But your evidence, elng such asl Taran at, rd i ely to be quickly refed (town obese Iyer ei Bato can sceifc reasoning be helpful nde fra ssn ing bee we seck an understanding of how things ght oe ra ha evidence of how things ae? Only a generation oto Tattorcane, Thee plenty of evidence er this, but the elders on isl exough ocxThought Experiments and Moral Inktons Ba%, the pieopher Wiliam Godwin (7 theca mora Bix One you nthe, charberza an the oer ie Arcbishop Teele (51-1715), auos ofthe novel The Adena Waly ceadtocay but extrsndinaly infer n ne bes Bs exposure of the corruption ofthe French aisocracy pitt Bretch Revotion, ene, Pencon, coring to Godwin, sal erro ood inh din Iter, Both tapped, nd you canon sve one. Who 60 ou Pest clis that yr zholl eve Fenelon scent beret apple “This extended forms notes methodalagycnony used sen and elewher,kooenas inference othe bet explanation, sets Caled auction (nto be conf wth the crime inva aking ‘farther person), Consider the mportant medial and sient ea tng concer ndsnctng Frm hee to eay arp nag whe Here is another lypotticalstustion, called the ley problem ‘hun that snaking tends to came lang cance. However etn th PO ie yor ay nave atreads hed ft wa devised by the pono the emncision sere weuld not be eight w adopt it meryon te blips For (820-2010) and has bee ceworked in any variations ‘ais of the inductive evidence Induction eo on sy ating abet oa ae stdin hy 2 aly ne, pdt your lao you seearunaw the causal eatin. et, anethe emelision ely consist wi Helncaeening denn the tack, iyo do nothing, il ean kl Ive ry rks You aetoo fy fr the asses Tesh: beeen whe ype a gt Bet ant ranch ftir Untoney hv one wir {Compr this wih anther case, where the facts are very simi cep tht ths ine, ater than nding by the tack, you ate om Trdg ove the amy ine next aang, hry person (ou yours eer ight and smal. bt song), The aly ou ca stop the trai apd svete ve worker is opus the sty peaon cat the track t Fis the righ time Should you pus te person? Many people wil = Ths yea should not. But what the diferene Between this exam cramp tat sme peo afar xem any order that ‘hem notony to want smoke bulb velop hang eae, ‘St there ae at east tw competing bypothees consistent tht fest mre far lm isa mach better explanation ofthe sta, What ad te oe Tn both cases oe nace pero dies al ake ta beer explanation oor kid of hmaa psy Innocent people se sve study of the causal pathway between smoking tad cancer Ther ‘And heres one fom the piowpber Peter Singer 1946, On you rt rater th, "What ory scans wi he dt np Sowing. Yu can easly wade inthe pond sve the cd laa” rather than, “What theory is costes with the data In pra ‘ce then, we ae much mote comfortable with the lea of appealing tito yourcl, bt your fice lt wl be ruined by thet pogan 2 only 1 minor costo ours. nt saving these ter iy Totals wi it the ground tthe nets. The theory f grav cual morally portant as saving he if of te one cil drowning Prrefore predict covrerintitive rents, That doesnot make info Pastrater remarkable, Sry, ust because moral theory has co edwin, Foo, and Singer donot describe situation anyone hse Fein resus, that doesnot make it fle ether. However. i encountered in eal il, wold Be Hl Rather, these cases we ase of roclity, we cannot condor the type of experiments Hat he ‘experinentsin whic a hypothetical situation is devised en sed to estas the theory of gravy Hence as we have noted, deri stinate people think eel, Why engage in thous exer hough mora inuitions are often ‘aken to be significant soure of Iments in cal pioeophy? There at sees diferent, though le Flee aticory some moral ploopers ae prepared consi reasons, Godwis example lasts hisppeoch to mor! piasop Pieris with counterintuitive rena as long a the other reasons fo hich isa fare of titrtansm theory we wl expe sore de Akcepthem te good enough se), arguing that the ight thing fo do bring abouts mach hap The two versions ofthe rleyprblem—plingtelever ad ps pines a posible, Godwin sean hs ovoas that should Bag the ary prsnr—use mora i mr paz Is eatblethat wo such sinarstutons an Fe opposing nsitons, The callenge to fina diference between zal ntton seems be cise wih stitariansm. Hes ul Ae eats (fo example, the psa osenes ofthe heavy pezson on his Inu wo provide sport fr his hry, an aplication fs The bridge versus the distance ofthe individual onthe ac that can method of inference tot bet explanation. The truth of iltaraien Feincrporsted ino oneal theory tht exiine why we awe those Wy Godin ae i llowers, have that it ‘ses nich a thir te known your moral ition ad Codi " Gilet tions, fe can a a tory a acount ote i A mora hery that in ine with pep’ rant Fete couserearpler ve wl ae iyi we have the oral ntti we ally ragardd st having ret advetage. Homeve in the present case roany people wil disagree with Godwin, thinking that he right thing Finally Singer si onthe archbishop and save your eter, Ifyou des erway, Fiabe elicsyour moral intuition bout hooks he You think tat Godwin theory ha cunltiatiive consequences, Tle cate. Second in hi flection on the case (ding more te nsoquencs that canbe ad to acept because te theory requ fothe example than have givens be suggests tha the under otal judges na Princ at opr sn cl De net fe shes that hia oy more rein "at is counterntite, Godwits opponents wll conier the cs Idan most of ws ar currently ding. eum, Singer vrngyoor the house res counersampe totais, and ben 9 Ia intuitons as part ofan agent tat yu have a moral 6 lic frit kee age art char, OF eur the Asie becoming &comiton theme, howerer, the test of metal it ‘nw epi ffm nlite, ations am be eericesit is very powerful We wil discus Si ‘all xmas fom sigh lower, the cannonball beings Reppert theory. provide counterape,o boa otSpecla Moral Areuments We began this section by looking at srne general forms of reasoning ha app all ras of inqiy. We the ened ono lott cperientstha,aough they aerate ose wider spi hve a specie use inthe eorex of minal rssning, We als one. ‘of methodology by lng sewer snmn ve wshin tral oe ard arene seca ask yours “What would happen if eveyone did hi? And you mit thinkthat nothing sesany bad would happen even ifyou id surprise rues ew people Iso that ight eve ou condence that nhs 1S wrong wit what ou propose od take a diferent example, suppose that you don't have enough possible to sel one witht anyone evr knowing. should Jou tee to, wld out of sis: and th example wore gener reba, commece wok! bet down This ond erence that aling the sweatshirt wos be wrong This tod of uiversliaton egies lat more discussion, ut tata cl that canbe god feneral guide tombs you should de, to return fo an issue that bas copped up coupe of what actly happens and wh ought happen sown te anc bern he scp ad he ot) lnvied in eenary le orn sclence ad he vale hat we dal ith in moral pilsoply. And, indeed the facial datinetion i fer, pened Kine that should not be cose. Whether there rel Pech distinction is something that we wil come bck, ba Ibehisory of rol philosophy. The Scots piseper David Hare (=) pu te pote ners of he eeu of moving rom a is ean ght Huene noted that many eis chs te fen trey Betting varios pacts or sustons, then impeccetby” beyas en times, consider the introduction of same ited out ht throughout human histor Atarax knw, mariage is says aes, Advocates aged tht tis historical fc els oth bare ought odo, Theresa posible gap beeen wht happens (st Fearing, Opponents ten Tse vera ng ped sat ig bat ug Bey sme oppncs of ec erage, nee apne femchs beninaryherven describing the world hats and making 2 erative clam about how we ought behave, wert be ale th eset ht some plopere night ty o deduce mal cochsoas From icv premises If we do dhsere such form of argument, we end every coeul a we uy tounderstad how the tension from Se io-bught is made TAzatherinpotnt ype of aguneat ithe lippery pe The typi tis lately ince dfs Ihe ame thing to ae this slippery slo, we should fake the fist step. For example, wie ane adalt may sy that allowing feenage small dink of ber with amelie harmles, spacer mht fey that even if thie wo, could be the begining of abit that wl Ten to problem ienage drinking. Ax ca be sen fom this exam fhe slippery slope argument snot opal beyond question eee one beer will nr necessarily la to problem cenage drinking, Dat Itdoes have sone force. slippery elope argument depends on one thing eng to ance and thes being we “ratura”enpping pin amoral palosphy it ha been used, fr example, in debates sbow