Unit 3 GRAMMAR FOCUS Past simple and past continuous Past simple Past continuous ‘Affirmative Negative | Question Afirmative Negative Question W/You/He/She | I/You/He/She | Did I/you/he ‘Iwas working. Twas not (wasn't) | Was I working? Au Vie/Trey | UW They | /she/i/we/ they working. | worked. did not ida’) wo You/We/They | You/We/'They | Were you/we work | were worki were not (weren't) | /chey working? : | working | ved spelling | He/She /Tewas | He/She/Te was not| Was be/she/it + for most verbs added: ook ~ looked working. (wasn's) working. | working? + for verbs ending ine, add di smile ~ smiled * for verbs ending in y, change the y to ied study ~ studied. (Bur verbs ending in vowel + y are regular: play ~ played). ‘+ for verbs ending in consonant-vowel-consonant, double the ‘consonant and add ed, ex sop — stopped ‘Use the same form forall persons (you, be, she, it, we, they) except for the verb 10be Some verbs have an irregular affirmative form: ‘have ~ bad, go — went, see ~ saw, think — thoughe See a more complete list of irregular verbs on page 159, ‘Use the past simple to talk about completed actions in the past. L watched a good film atthe weekend. L bought a book about history of art last week. Used to Affirmative Negative = Question T/You/He/She | 1/You/He/She | Did I/you/he Me/We/They | “Te/We/They | /she/it/we/they used towork | didn'tuse to | use to work? | work “We use ured to tal about regular actions in the past which don’t happen now. used to play the guitar. (= but I don't pla it now) ‘Use the past continuous to describe an activity or situation in ‘progress in the past He-was watching afl on TV. ‘We often use the past continuous for activities that are interrupted bby a completed action. Ics used in contrast with the past simple. He-was watching a flm on TV when the phone rang. a watching a flm ‘phone rang Wile i often used with the past continuous. Ween is often used, with the past continous and the past simple ell asleep while Iwas reading a book, was reading a book wher [fell asleep, ‘We also use set to talk about situations in the past which aren't There used tobe an art gallery in our tom. there now) yt there isn't one Language note: There is no present form of used to. We only use used o to ta about regular actions in the past. Not: Huse to download: musi:Unit 3 Exercises Past simple and past continuous 1. Use the prompts below to write what was happening yesterday lunchtime in the park, ‘What / people / do /in the park / at midday yesterday? two workers / dig /a hole ‘aman / read / a newspaper / on a bench woman /eat / a sandwich — but she / not enjoy / ie ‘wo children / play / hide and seeke an old woman / walk / her dog ‘wo tourists / take / photos Underline the correct form of the verb in each sentence, ‘We were cleaning / cleaned the windows when it was starting / started to rain. 2 While she war looking /oked in the mirror, she mas mating / aoticed her firs grey hairs. 5 Tewar geting / got dark when T lights 4 They zere dropping / dropped the sculpeare while they wore carrying /caried i inside. 5) While she war closing /clsed the curtains, she was seing / sow somebody outside. 6 Iwas pointing / painted the bedroom wall when Iwas falling off/ fell ofthe ladder. 1 switching on /rwitced on the Used fo Complete the sentences with ased to or din’ ret» and an appropriate ver, 1 He____ ro cassettes, he didn’t use to listen to CDs. 2 He the violin, bur now he plays the guitar 3 He ___an MP3 player but he has one now. 4 He to classical concerts, he used to go to music festivals 5 He miserable, now he feels relaxed and happy. 6 He —— opera but he likes it now.Unit 4 Future hopes and plans Use verbs such as bop, plan, want, would like (+ infinitive with ) to talk about future hopes that aren't definite. Trwant to work in a developing ceunry. 1d lke tobe an aid worker. Use lok forward to (+ verb with ~ing) to talk about definite future plans Tn looking forward to working in Africa next year Future plans and intentions (going to, present continuous) Going to ‘Negative Question ] Yam (m) going | Tamnot('m) not | Am going to | co work. goingtowork. | work? | You/We/They | You/We/They are | Are you/we/they are oe) going to | not (aren't) going | going to work? He/She /eis (3) Ishe/she/it going | going to work. to work? l ‘We use going co talk about what we have already decided or intend to do in the furure, He's going to tran ro be a doctor. (= Itis already decided) Tooy're going to work fran NGO. Prediction and al will Affirmative | Negative Question T/You/He/She | 1/You/He/She | Will /you/be | ‘1e/WerThey | /Ie/We/"They | /shedit/we/they | will (1 work. | will noe won’) | work? work ‘Use will to talk about predictions or belies about the future. It is, often used with the verbs sink, bope and tobe sure I shink there'll be a nuclear accident ‘Dn sur thre will be mare bomeless people in the future Future time clauses [Petar din cose fe When Before spree | fae fom Me Sermons | bral fesoonss single) Language note: going to go is often replaced by going, 1'm going to go to France next year = I'm going to France next poor Present continuous See Grammar focus 1 on page 132 for an explanation on how to form the present continuous. ‘Use the present continuous to talk about future plans in particular for arrangements with « dace and time, eg plans with friends or travel arrangements Tom meeting friend tis evening. («I've made an arrangement vith them) Were going to Eaypt on boliday thi year. (= We've aleeady arranged the holiday) Be able to Use wil be able toto tall: about ability or possiblity in the Furue. We don use wil can Werwon’s be able to sop polusion. Language note: compare will an going to, We're going to reduce carbon emissions. (definite pian / intention) | think we'l recuce carbon emissions (€ prediction, may or may not happen) Use fare time clases witha present rense to al about fare predictions Ife reduc carbon onions, we Il race hobal warming Itis possible to change the onder ofthe fore time clause nd main cause When you se te fl, on be realy frightened. Wil have diner before we goto the coma? Language note: we use for things that might happen but aren't certain. We use when for things that are certain.Unit 4 Exercises Future hopes and plans Match the sentences. She's a doctor. She wants Hes five years old. He hopes Tma teacher, 'm looking forward Tm a student. I'm planning ‘They worry about pollution. They'd like ‘We're aid workers. We're looking forward 10 working on a new project in Latin Ams +0 work for an environmental organisation. +0 fight disease in developing countries, to starting the new school year 1 get good job when I leave college. to geta bike for his birthday. Future plans and intentions (going to, present continuous) 1 Complete the sentences. Use the correct form of going tn 1 We (Ges) our children a fuse! 2 This government _ (no Bele) our country! 3. When (Gow / stop) this war? 4 How (ve / feed our children? 5s We (oe gie up)! 6 Who (belp) the poor? 71 (igh) for what T believe! on (Geserg) our envizonment Prediction and ability (will, be able to) 2 Complete the dialogues with the corsect form ofthe present continuous 1A: They're holding big climate change conference at the end of the yea. B: Where 2. A: When are you meeting Lisa again? afer work tomorrow actually. Fi going on holiday in June Where ‘What time is David coming round? —_—_____— today, Pm afin : Are you working on Saturday? oy eee BERR RED avall this weekend, 1 Complete the text with will o won’ 2 Underline the correc ver ‘Whae do we know about global warming? Well, global 1 We are hang /will have lanch with fiends tomorrow: cemperatures (I) increase. Sea levels 2) rise and 2 Thope you are going 1 enjy/ wil enjoy your vst in some areas there (3) be floods. But in other ares there 3. What ae you going odo / will you do this evening? (4) be enough rain, That means farmers in some areas 4 ‘Tim sure we will find / are finding solution. (5) be able to grow food any more. And some animals and 5 She gong be /willbe an engineer when she leaves school plants (6) be able to exist in changing environments, so | What time will you meet / are you meeting them? there (7) be fewer types of animals 7 What do you think i appening / will Bappen tomorrow? Tim ging to check /'m checking my email in a minute. Future time clauses omplete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets 1 Tithink the baby (tart)tocry ssoonaswe 4 Afterhe _(fnisb) work, he @ i on the bus. the sirpore 2 you (ds) the shopping, (ook) 5 She (Ge) upsecithe (free her dinner birthday. 3 You (be) shocked when you 6 (end) you a text when we (read) that book. (arrive). crammarteastnts