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7/19/22, 7:22 PM Install Mosquitto MQTT Broker On Ubuntu 20.04 Server - Vultr.
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Categories Linux Guides Install Mosquitto MQTT Br…
included.
Install Mosquitto MQTT

Broker On Ubuntu 20.04
Server
Author: Francis Ndungu
Last Updated: Fri, Oct 15, 2021

Linux Guides System Admin Ubuntu
Using a Different System?
Introduction
Mosquitto is an open-source message broker that uses

the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT)
Protocol. MQTT runs on top of the TCP/IP model and is
the standard messaging platform for the Internet of
Things (IoT).
Since the MQQT protocol is extremely lightweight, its

small code footprint allows you to create applications for
devices with minimal resources such as short battery life,
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7/19/22, 7:22 PM Install Mosquitto MQTT Broker On Ubuntu 20.04 Server - Vultr.com
limited network bandwidth, and unreliable internet

connections.
The Mosquitto application supports the

publisher/subscriber topology. In this model, clients
connect to the Mosquitto server, which acts as a broker
to distribute information to other clients subscribed or
sending messages to a channel.
In this guide, you'll install and configure the Mosquitto

application and learn how the event-driven MQQT
protocol works with IoT applications.
Prerequisites
To follow along with this guide, you need:
An Ubuntu 20.04 server.

A non-root user with sudo rights.
1. Install the Mosquitto Server
You'll pull the mosquitto package from Ubuntu's

software repository by executing the following steps.
1. SSH to your server and update the package information

index.
$ sudo apt update
2. Install the mosquitto package.
Categories Linux$Guides
sudo apt install
Install -yMQTT
Mosquitto mosquitto
Br…
3. The mosquitto package should now load on your

server. Confirm the status of the mosquitto service.
$ sudo systemctl status mosquitto
Ensure the package is loaded and active .
● mosquitto.service - Mosquitto MQTT v3.1/

Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/m
Active: active (running) since Fri 20
Docs: man:mosquitto.conf(5)
man:mosquitto(8)
...
4. Once running, you can manage the mosquitto

services by executing the following commands.
Stop the mosquitto service:
$ sudo systemctl stop mosquitto
Start the mosquitto service:
$ sudo systemctl start mosquitto
Restart the mosquitto service:
$ sudo systemctl restart mosquitto
2. Install and Test the Mosquitto Clients
When using an MQTT client, you connect to the

Mosquitto broker to send and receive messages on
different topics depending on the application's use case.
A client can either be a publisher, a subscriber, or both.
1. The Mosquitto package ships with a command-line client

that allows you to test the server functionalities. Install the
client.
$ sudo apt install -y mosquitto-clients
2. Next, you'll subscribe to a topic. In the MQQT protocol, a

topic is a string that the server/broker uses to filter
messages for the connected clients. For instance, here
are some sample topics that you can use when using the
Mosquitto broker in a home automation application.
home/lights/sitting_room
home/lights/kitchen
home/lights/master_bedroom
home/lights/kids_bedroom
3. To subscribe to a topic, execute the mosquitto_sub -
t command followed by the name of the topic that you
want to subscribe to. For example, to subscribe to the
home/lights/sitting_room topic, execute.
$ mosquitto_sub -t "home/lights/sitting_ro
Please note that the above command has a blocking

function and will put your shell terminal in a listening
state.
4. Open a second terminal window and don't close the first

one. This time around, publish an "ON" message to the
topic home/lights/sitting_room topic using the
mosquitto_pub -m command.
Categories
$ mosquitto_pub
Linux Guides
-m "ON" -t "home/lights/si
Install Mosquitto MQTT Br…
5. You should now receive the ON payload in the first

window.
ON
6. Next, publish an OFF message still on the same

home/lights/sitting_room topic on your second
terminal.
$ mosquitto_pub -m "OFF" -t "home/lights/s
7. Your broker should display the new message as well.
ON
OFF
8. In this guide, you're manually subscribing and publishing

messages using the Mosquitto Clients for demonstration
purposes. In real-life applications, you should program
small microchip devices that support the TCP/IP layer like
the ESP8266 to push a message to a broker to control or
even monitor devices. Here are some common use-cases
where the Mosquitto package is used in real life.
Monitoring patients' heartbeats and sending them

to a central server for monitoring by doctors. This
avoids heavy transport costs that the patients
could incur by traveling to the hospital.
In the gas and the oil industry, MQQT devices
monitor different parameters and send the data to a
central broker. Usually, this involves thousands of
sensors in remote locations that collect and send
data through satellite links that are billed per data
usage. Luckily, the MQQT topology keeps the
transmission minimal and only pushes data to the
server when necessary.
In the transport industry, MQQT devices monitor the

location of trains in real-time and send data to the
companies' headquarters in order to provide better
insights to customers who want to travel without
any delays.
Also, the Mosquitto broker can be used as a middle
layer in a chat application to refresh the online
status of users and pass messages between end-
users.
Another common scenario where the Mosquitto
server can be a good fit is in decoupled systems.
Clients can send data to the broker, which then
sends the data to a database for permanent
storage.
9. In addition to the above use-cases, there are dozens of
libraries that you can use to connect to the Mosquitto
server using your favorite programming language,
including PHP, Python, Golang, and more.
3. Secure the Mosquitto Server
By default, the Mosquitto server is not secured. However,

you can make some configuration settings to secure it
with usernames and passwords.
1. Mosquitto reads configuration information from the

following location.
/etc/mosquitto/conf.d
2. Create a default.conf under the directory.
$ sudo nano /etc/mosquitto/conf.d/default
3. Paste the information below to disable anonymous

connections and allow Mosquitto to read valid credentials
from the /etc/mosquitto/passwd file.

allow_anonymous false
password_file /etc/mosquitto/passwd
4. Save and close the file.
5. Open the /etc/mosquitto/passwd file with nano .
$ sudo nano /etc/mosquitto/passwd
6. Then, populate the file with the account details for the
users that you want to connect to the Mosquitto server.
Replace EXAMPLE_PASSWORD and
EXAMPLE_PASSWORD_2 with strong values.
john_doe:EXAMPLE_PASSWORD
mary_smith:EXAMPLE_PASSWORD_2
7. Save and close the file.
8. Next, use the mosquitto_passwd utility to encrypt the

passwords.
$ sudo mosquitto_passwd -U /etc/mosquitto/
9. Your passwords are now encrypted in a format that only

the Mosquitto server can decrypt. Use the Linux cat
command to confirm the encryption process.
$ sudo cat /etc/mosquitto/passwd
Output.
john_doe:$6$TSzNycsj...5Qyvgd4g==
mary_smith:$6$DtlKf1lG.../rLHIL0Q==
10. Restart the mosquitto service to load the new

changes.
Categories
$ sudo systemctl
Linux Guides
restart mosquitto
Install Mosquitto MQTT Br…
11. From this point forward, you should execute any pub/sub
command using the syntax below. Remember to replace
john_doe and EXAMPLE_PASSWORD with the
credentials that you defined in the password file.
$ mosquitto_sub -u john_doe -P EXAMPLE_PAS

$ mosquitto_pub -u john_doe -P EXAMPLE_PAS
Unauthenticated commands or connections with incorrect

credentials should now fail.
$ mosquitto_pub -m "ON" -t "home/lights/si

$ mosquitto_sub -t "home/lights/sitting_ro
$ mosquitto_sub -u john_doe -P WRONG_PASSW
$ mosquitto_pub -u john_doe -P WRONG_PASSW
Output.
...
Connection error: Connection Refused: not
Conclusion
In this tutorial, you've installed and configured the

Mosquitto server on your Ubuntu 20.04 server. You've
also used the command-line interface to subscribe and
publish messages to a sample topic. Consider using the
Mosquitto server next time when deploying an IoT
application.

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7/19/22, 7:22 PM Install Mosquitto MQTT Broker On Ubuntu 20.04 Server - Vultr.

NEWS Introducing Vultr Managed Databases for MySQL. Toil not

Install Mosquitto MQTT

Last Updated: Fri, Oct 15, 2021

Using a Different System?

Mosquitto is an open-source message broker that uses

Since the MQQT protocol is extremely lightweight, its

limited network bandwidth, and unreliable internet

The Mosquitto application supports the

In this guide, you'll install and configure the Mosquitto

To follow along with this guide, you need:

An Ubuntu 20.04 server.

1. Install the Mosquitto Server

You'll pull the mosquitto package from Ubuntu's

1. SSH to your server and update the package information

$ sudo apt update

2. Install the mosquitto package.

3. The mosquitto package should now load on your

$ sudo systemctl status mosquitto

Ensure the package is loaded and active .

● mosquitto.service - Mosquitto MQTT v3.1/

4. Once running, you can manage the mosquitto

Stop the mosquitto service:

$ sudo systemctl stop mosquitto

Start the mosquitto service:

$ sudo systemctl start mosquitto

Restart the mosquitto service:

$ sudo systemctl restart mosquitto

2. Install and Test the Mosquitto Clients

When using an MQTT client, you connect to the

1. The Mosquitto package ships with a command-line client

$ sudo apt install -y mosquitto-clients

2. Next, you'll subscribe to a topic. In the MQQT protocol, a

Please note that the above command has a blocking

4. Open a second terminal window and don't close the first

5. You should now receive the ON payload in the first

6. Next, publish an OFF message still on the same

$ mosquitto_pub -m "OFF" -t "home/lights/s

7. Your broker should display the new message as well.

8. In this guide, you're manually subscribing and publishing

Monitoring patients' heartbeats and sending them

In the transport industry, MQQT devices monitor the

3. Secure the Mosquitto Server

By default, the Mosquitto server is not secured. However,

1. Mosquitto reads configuration information from the

2. Create a default.conf under the directory.

$ sudo nano /etc/mosquitto/conf.d/default

3. Paste the information below to disable anonymous

from the /etc/mosquitto/passwd file.

4. Save and close the file.

5. Open the /etc/mosquitto/passwd file with nano .

$ sudo nano /etc/mosquitto/passwd

7. Save and close the file.

8. Next, use the mosquitto_passwd utility to encrypt the

$ sudo mosquitto_passwd -U /etc/mosquitto/

9. Your passwords are now encrypted in a format that only

$ sudo cat /etc/mosquitto/passwd

10. Restart the mosquitto service to load the new

Install Mosquitto MQTT Br…

$ mosquitto_sub -u john_doe -P EXAMPLE_PAS

Unauthenticated commands or connections with incorrect

$ mosquitto_pub -m "ON" -t "home/lights/si

Connection error: Connection Refused: not

In this tutorial, you've installed and configured the