bNq \T>T esTTT\ bue+

jT $<V

ysTT juj T e d+es+ qT+& |< $T~ e+<\ juj T e d+es+| m$T~ e+<\ d+es\
MT< $d] +#T=q bNq kV #] sTe+<\ |> |sTwe \T+&> d\
T sT>Ts eHsT. n+f
$ s+>+ d\
T { X+ eyT qq e. esTTT\T + n\d+Ues+Z > eq|&T kV
||+#+ y] bue+ m e+T+<q~ d syTq X<q.
bue + nqe |uT + nq ns#sTT n |T +Te\T. |uT + nq e ks+,
~| +- n ns\THsTT. bNq \T>T esTTT\ bue + s|+#{ n< jTq+ s +&T D\
qT+& s>
+ neds+ . {` |sTw kV ||+ #+ esTTT\ ks+ >\<? nd + eq
kV ~| d+d y
m<Ts=HsT? nq |X \ k+#e\dq n< jTq+. s +&T: esTTT\
s#q \T y] |C buy \ m n<+ |&T THsTT? y] n+s+ >\qT @s+ > $w]dTH sTT nq
|X \ k+#e\dq n< jTq+.
1

bNq \T>T esTTT\ b eT 15e X_ esTT. yTT\ 16e X_, s+>eT 17e
X_ #+~q y. ]>=+& y+>e+, dTu <jT eT 18e X_ y. y] b eT |sTw\yq
kV #+ <T\qT>, |jT qT > rdT<T . d\
T b&T=q{ Mq eT+ ~|<
yd+~.
$T*q nsTT<T>TsT d\
< +#&q b {, b& |jT qT e~* d\
||+ #+qT+& -+{ H\T>T
>&\ (|yT) e> ||+#+ qT+& jT|& |<q de+ (|_) ke kV ||+#+
|y+#sT.
|< q de+ e kV ||+ #+ d+w y T + ~. _q #+ < T\, |j y$ < + y< |sDVd
$Cq ||+ #+ $d] +q >V H$. J$ \| n< jTq nu dH\ e\ ne>Vq n+< ||+ #+
n~. |u e nuk\T e VTy+ ~ sD+>H.
d\
qT &T\T> #T\T> #| | k$T de+ d\
qd<y T q |u e+T+< $Xd+#<T .
ns $<eX\T n+<TuT d\
|[, |\\
qT q+, \T # u
+ |<e T se +> #jT &q
d ysT e d+|qT\T e+ k<yT<T. qT e e\ y |u |<TH esZ+ eTdT
\T>T|\T 2011

162

bsTTqf. s+s >VsVD nud+ XdT

eTyT neT+~. |L\ |]d T \ qT+& d\
T e\T>
+ keqyTq $wjT+ <T. n<= kVd+.
kVd+ d|\
eTeT+< < nq d+~>+ < n+{
|T=H e+T+~. e kV ||+#eT+ Cq
e+Tq |sTw\ # ]+#&, |sTw\ +&q~
e+e\ +<T n&T>T|f d\
T d+ d\
+ d+b
~+#T=q{ yTTyTT< |sTw\H d+u~+
e{&e \d edT+ ~. yTT\ yTT<q esTTT\ ye
]\T $wjT + # d s y T q de#sksTT.
\T>T, d+d uc |<d + |<, ysD
d++<
yTq d+~ ded <T $u \
Cq+, eb\T, T\T,
sdu e #eTs\T, n\+s\T, #+ <dT , e Cq+
yM q *jTe - n yTT\ ne] #| =q~.
(12). +> uc eCq+ b e\ k>
= s#q >T]+, yT e{&>*>~ <T. #
\T>T e\T+&> b+& |s d+ d+d |<
|j >+ sT < (16) ns+ y+H dT]+#jT >&
X |j >+ (17) eT+~ <, # e\T, kyT\T
|j d #| $+ MqT\ $+<T> e+T+< (18)
#| >*> ~ <T. |u e V+s\ $sM>TTq
$ ||+ # keTsd |Ps+ > d+u~+ kqTL\+
#dT=q+ n<= sjT #s. q~ kV
ke+ ksC k|+ #T =q{ nqTd]+q
jTT<ePV+.
|sTw ] kV ||+ #+ bue + b+<+
nH~ bNq \T>T esTTT\ $ s#H uk\
+f |< deTd nsTT+~. ]>=+& y+>e+
$+ #| + yTT<\T|{+ < < n<+ $\ $+
nq $eTs >T]e\d e+~. $\eT+f u+.
y+>e+ $+ $+ <T . n~ $+ |+#
s#q eyT q sT D =+<sT s|+#sT. s
|D\ >T]+ yT ]>=+& qd+V X + qd+VQ&
yTTs |T =q~. yTTs|T=+f <T=Hy mes
e+&s sH >V+qT+~ sD, ks
k|q yTT\e q<q ePV qT ]+#T=+~. l
y+{#\ eV eTT ne] n+<T k.
|\\
=|\T\T q+<+> $H *< + &T\e
|+&T\T, |\T q $ |\T |{ >[ #jT
+& $H\ X|& + ~. y+<] y\T u eTT\
|X+ d+ n+ e<T s+ q $+ |# & e+{<
+Z #T= #| r|q H{ sT *j\+f |# &

< e*+~ n #eTs+ #d- HqT C|< MTsT

eT+ $qT&T (|<e T-19) n ]+~. qT $+
#| b yT nd ns+ <T . n<= nysyTq ne
dsyTq djT n_e dV. qqT HqT $w]+#T
=+{qT. MTsT eT+#, $q | <T n $T&T
TqT>H #| +~ y+>e+.
eedyTq $<, #+<\+s XdCq+, |s
DVd e H kV ||+ #+ |]#jT +- yM
q e+T+~ y+>e+ (|<e T-21). neq |sTw
|+& ||+ #+ eTT+<T q $+ $|+#{ y
qyM q e n #| + <s y] |uT qT y
~++~. q $qeTqT |<] ++~. ]>=+& qsd+ VQ
& sD+> #| e s> qT $Te Ts*q
|{+#+- < =qk+| dkeTs$T|&sd
#q> HjT+<T <T nq+. (|<e T - 21) n+<T
u>yT . y+>e++{ e\ keTs + |+& |+&\
|uT e<T #d yde+. ydy u]+#
e\ nV+s+ <w+> e] nDy sb rdT
=+T+~. y |e< m<Ts=q& dkeTs
nue+ #d #| +. dkeTs + y ksk|q
#jT sT nq <s + |+& $ ||+ #+ esTTT\ |
=+ dV q+ q]# neX+ e+~. neX eTT
\<==q{ |j+#T=qyT esTTT\
ePV+.
l y+{~ eTVeT >T]+ seTyTq |< e+
yj\ \|{q y+>e+ q | jT~ <
usTTq > $<eTT> (22) e+< #jTe\dq |
eTV, |b~d s> q X keTs\qT n\+
#d #|+~. H d+ \ T<T q$bs! n+T+~.
d+ e d++~+q n+X+. q es#H
yd+>+ y+>e+ n|{ Hsd+ VX + bT
Hsd+V $d < eH+, wH+, b]C
|V sD+, #+#T H+ e+{ jT> H\T, se|]DjT+
e+{ |+& b\T, sj>ks+, u>e+ e+{ ~|<
s#q \T #d e+~. $ deTq kV ||+ #+ y+>
e+ d++~+q d+ s sD X
|<] dTH sTT. |+&T \T d+ kV ybs
#T\q> # q$bH eHsT. |\#
w \
T> u$+
s + #d H eHsT. kV deTT< > <>\<
nqT=+THsT. nTe+{ ||+# >T]+q msT
sD+>H H jT> H\T, ~|<\
T ydq qT
|<q de+ e|+< esZ+ |y+#|&T
18e H C| d+

163

m<TsjT dy >T]+q dVqT |<] +#>* +~. H

d+ \ T<T q$bs n |X L&q
s |{+q eTsTDyT q$qqT deT+ (23)
seb\q d<yTq y+>e+ ~s bue+ >T]+#
<q~.
]>=+& y+>e+ deT*s\sTTq dTu <
jTeTB < |]d. dTu<jTeT |<q+> X
esTT. s|TTHjT X+, y+fX X+, Xe X+
yTT<q y{ d+<s *+#T= eT q #+<
Xd Cq+ < #|=q~
|T q MXsTs! sTD |sT s!
|+&e TTs! ue s!
MT qT\T u MTi+> >$+ $q|+ uq]+T
$qjTyTT|
>D es jTeT |s+T iT>qT jT |< jTT
ud >jTT HiT>
< u>& u|eTT yjTTqqT#TqT Cd
+
|]V]+# & sTT+<T Hsd T \Tq >
~<T& dT|dq eT
sde TT\qT ksd <T \ CjT T ys<
|<\
q edT<
q
|<+ dTu<jTeT d\ $ |+& q
d+| d+u~++~. $|+& qd+|T eT+f n~ |<
q+> |sTw d+|TyT. X es#q bb\T bjT
#Xq+T+~. <T] VseTqT = yd |_ kV
||+ #+ y{ |yX |e\dq neds+ <T . qT
n~ e esd q ef. q |< q kV de+
u>+ y\q~ yT +. ne* ||+ # qT
#+<+, |]Vd+#+, | qT, <d\
T kVyT
< s]+#+ eyT \TdT. $<y T q $ |+&
q d+|T due+ \TdT qTH qT #+< <jT
#|e T, |]Vd+# | \T ~<e T nu ]++~. q
s#q qT |]V]+#T& n yT $ |+& ||+ #
$q|+ #d+ ~.
>D esjTeT Cq+ jTbd\ |< q
*jTe #|+ <s y]<q kV ||+#+
H& n~s kq+ edT+<yq ujT|&*q
neds+ y < d++~. sde TT\qT ksd
<T\ CjTT ys< |<\q... n #| MT |<]
\T|=eTqeT y] ]+~. <+ m+<T+f q~
d\
+ q<q buy |d] +| #jT { <
\T>T|\T 2011

164

$T+q |e e\H. yTT\ nsTTH, ]>=+& y+>e+

nsTTH, dTu <jT eT nsTTH nysyTq Je\D
+
e\H $qjT+ nq yT* eTTdT>T $s+>+ d
bue |w J$ \| jTT<y T #jT e\d e+~.
2

Te+{ jTT<+ s+>eT eTT<T|

#dqT q&<T. s+>eT +CePsT @* nsTTq
$jTs|Te HjT& kH n\+]+ s#q\T
#d+ ~. q s#q \ $jTs|T e&T q | n H
<s |q #| =q~. kV #]sT\T, $eTs
\T =+eT+~ yT $jTs|T e u>| n, \eTT
q yX nsTTH eeTTq @#]D n n_bjT
|&sT . $jTs|T e&T @&Te+<\ eT+~ us\ eT&T
y\ <Te+<\eT+~ +|&T>\ >&b& #]
sT\T #| q e\qT >eTq+ rdT=+f s+>eT
$jTs|T e VQ|T \ nsTTe+&{ M\T+
<, >+<] e+ e\q $wj q s#q\
qy<T #jT >*+< nqTe#T.
sE>] us\ deTV+H, || T \ deT
V+H > | nd+ \&{
s+>eT VQ|r eed m+ bs+ #jTe\d
e+< dT\u+>H }V+#e#T. sE dV+>
yT\>{ yTq ejs|eD\ &T $X
*d eq neX+ nsTT+~. nH HjT&> #d
eTHsT<d $d |+<+ yd+~. <s n
eT]+ |bTs\sTT+~. eT+ $jTs|T e
n+'|s+q, kq+q s+>eT dXk eTs
\ d+kH ]+#T=q+ k< yT+ ~. djT+>
sE y~+ V]+q b+& + yT~. sC~s
eed
djT nd $T>T\T=+ s+>eT @s
s#T=q d++<yT yT $Xd+> $w
yT+ ~. |sTw kV ||+ #| <j <D
\ yT
| b sTT+~. n+<T yT ye]\ X
k+ >< \ m& $ |+& ||+ # d+u~d
$qb\T #jT <T . $qjT+ yT neds+ b sTT+~.
$jTs|T e kV d+kq+ X+>s sd+ T
#qT MTi eTHsT<d $d+T $|+#T bue+
yT~. e<T seTTq $T+#T eTHsT <d $d |+
<+ T \* |D
>$+q+<T yT#T=+ $jT
s|T e&T yTqT V]e+X+ c|]DjT <q T qT>T
#jT eT s&T. n+<T n+^]d yT |+s X+T
eT+Ey>D
s+\+ *q, <w +&T d+w+#T

i+>Tq, eTBjT e#q dTe

sq++^]+, qqT >{+ |&
$q$++~. n|&jTq yTqT
*+ j#s #sD+T\
e+<q+T >$+ jTeTVeTVQ
jTqT b+<eTH&T. |syT
yT >TsTs |u <T& nqTeT
b+~+~. qH= |+s| \>,
$jTs|T e HjT& q bw
&> |$Td s+>eT q
e\ |Pe\ |P+#{ nqT
eT ]+<+f n ~qT,
n~s, <e q BqqT
y~+ |e]dT q f. q BqqT
e+ #d $jTs|Te nV
d+| |]d | s+>eTH
, eT k< + <T . sE]
qT e+ yXq, n+<T s
>TsTe >TsTs |u <T& nqTeT,
os#q+ eHjT #|q sTy @ $ |+&
||+ #+ yT | \T y kVd+ #dT + ~. s+>eT
eeVs < # yTT\ ]>=+& y+>e+ e
$ |+&
+ eTT+<T k\|&e \dq <Td | +#T
=+~.
c|]DjTeTT Xk+ >< \ s+>eT q
$< y< T c >=| $Xd+ |{
+ #T=q~. nd +
eq e\ |uT de+s+> esTTT\ |uT
k|+ #+ s+>eT k~+q $j n<+
|&T T+B >< .
>< |s+- s+>eT
ls>b\ sT D { MD
qTD
|ese q
1.
ksd <T D
2. $s |X * yse>Vq |MD
3. |X dVd Kq |Xd ]
4. X+>s sd s+ |< $ eTVjTeT d]
5
nT*wu c $ ds +c eTc Xs<
6
s $< $Xs<
7
$CjT s|T e eTVb\ $s q_w
8
$<q $de jT $y
9
eTHsT<d $dHeT eTV|+< +<q
\D
10. eTVjT seTjTD u>e us < d+>V D
$#D

11
s+><T D
Z <+
12 e#q s#H #eT+ CqT
MTiT c |]DjT |+< ]
$ syTq e+<\ |\T
djT+> yjT>*, ns+ #|>\
bMD+, X+>s sde+yTq |<
$eT\>\
T~ |X+, nwu w\
$+ #| >\ Hs ]q+, e#q s#H
#eTs+ *q ksd <T D yT.
$<q $de jT $y nq >TD+
eT >T]+#< +~. @$<q $ deT
V| sT D {\ d+ yTT\ e+{
ysT eTqT +Z #T= #| =Hs
$<q $ deTV+ |X+ d+#< q
$y+ q k yT d>s +> #T
=q~. s $<$Xs< yTq
n<q| X. s+> yT $jT
s|T e kq+ q C+&qT m>s
yjT>*+~.
eTT<T| >T]+- X S<\+ |{q
eTT\T yT +&. b{ *. q +& nsTTH
yTq nsTTH |]+~ +HjT nH yX bwD.
yTq d\
$<|MD. yT, yT LTsT seeTD
L& e eqy. y[<s+f yT n_eq+.
eTT<T| djT+> ||d+VQ& |+|qT #+~q
|& nsTTH djT+>H jT~ jTjTTH= X+>s
|+<+ T +~+|+<*+ q d+ e. yT \
lw&T |+, s~k+q+ yd q n+
MTjTeTH&T. \ >T]+ yT ujTy<+ |
c|H #sT&T, sTeT\ #s e+XE&T nsTTq Ms
s|T e < ksueTT\ #| =q~. jTq yT X
keTs\T n+<T qy n bV+#&T.
s+>eT H L& eTT<T| eT]+ d+T
s*> |dT+~. s+>eT # es $jTs|Te
HjT qTdq\ q |ube #\q+ #dq e.
eTHsT<d $d |+<y T H c|]DjT |+<y T q
jTq <X, ]qT eT+# s++~. eTT<T|
n <T. X+>s|+< +<q >T]+q #q yT
*+~. n+<T me] b<\+ <T. s+>eT c
|]DjT s#q >TsTs |u<T& nqTeT $jT
s|T e HjT& d\V MT< rdT=q~. eTT<T| q
\ >T]+ me] #|y nq #q s>H
18e H C| d+

165

>Ts=q yTT<{ eTw Mss|T e < >TsTe. n+<Te\

n yT d++<+ d+yT + ~.
s~k+q+ ne] Mss|Te < >TsT
eTTK+> eTT<T| q >T]+ k_eq+ #| =q~.
yT kV $< $Xs< Xs<, dsd r<$ _s bjTT
eqCT\T *d s+#>* q ~. \* d\
b&
yT kT. Xk+ >< \ X+>s sd |<q d+^
kV us Xk~ $<bs+> > qqT >T]+ #|
=q~. djT+> $<#D <q$T | |s#+,
y\T ysTT+ n++ rdT=q+ eTs esTT
eTT<T| | \
T. s+ > |sTw kV ||+ #+
kV |uT sVD eTT<T| u>keT b
rdT=q~.
eTT<T| ye] eTs= | e+~.
eTT<T| q e+Xesq d e me b<q
#|+~. +&T\T dV<sT\T yTT<q |sTw
e+X eT+ >T]+ ydq$ eT&T |< HjTqeT,
|+|&T HjTqeT, *, yTq, yTq LTsT, n#
>T]+ ydq |<\T |<=+&T. d ysd, e+X
e qy<T #jT + + X< bNq kV+
eTT<T | | eTses #|<T. ys+>q\T> HH
ds d+ Jeq+ d\
T b+~q e $d+,
>se #q + +<T sD\sTTe+{sTT.
>se #q ysdTs*>H u+>TSsT
H>s eT +< e \ #] MsX*+>+|+T\T eTT<T
| ~, n~ n #s+ d+u~+q+<T H=#T
=q~. ~ Cs yT \e> >\ yX jT>T# d q
ku$yTq d>TZqT $& X+>s sdeTqT|s d+u>~

esqeTT\qT TdeTT +& $T* |>Cdq~ n

jTq ydq < K+&d nk> H= eT>+ >T
= s +&e eT>ue Cs eT|+#T=qTqT >
yX C]D jT|+#T<T - n sT>T yT #| +~.
eTT<T| <TjTT>+ =qk+| u+>TSsT
H>s eT nsTT, <] *| ]+ yT #Tq rdq
e+ >TsC& HX\+ eT<TsyD dw+
kVs+>+ *b&T.
yTT+ MT< n\ d+UesyZ T nsTTH n#yTq
>VDT\ e s|+ > b&T=H |[b\ <>sZ qT+&
VeTTw |j H\qT n_\w+ b& e s#q \T
#jT + es bNq \T>T esTTT\T #dq w $w
yTq ~. u , eTT, s- eT& bNq esTTT\ s#q \
bs+ eTT{q n+X\T. n$ y]y] d \
, neds\,
<s\ d++~+q$.
|jTT >+<\T
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6
7.

q+<eT], y]- b e\ T\T $$< kVr

|jT \T yT 1974
sT<-deT> +< kV+ (1,2 d+|{\T) \T>T n&MT
2007
weT], .C.- ]>=+& y+>e+ T\T d$eTs
|]o\qeTT nsT 1983
H>jT, .- \T>T kV dMT - 1985
Xw ]se, +& - +< $<TweTDT\T - d|+sY 1995
ls+, $. - u+>TSsT H>seT J$ #]
(nqT: {. |~) V<su<, T dt >dT 2010
+<kV |]wY | -1) s HeTd+eseTT XeD
e deTT\T` d+|+ 13, d+ 3, 4
2) eTq<H eT d+eseTT XjTT- edeTT\T
d+|+ 44, d+\T 4, 5, 6

leT jT $<V nT bNq kV, T <T kV n< jTq+

#d, |dT |]d T \ nqsTTd, $eTsH yk\T, >+<\T |#T ]+#sT. TuT
kV+ | |]X<q #d &s { b+<sT. +& l es| seT{Xd> ] s#q \qT
dMT]+ d+|{\T> |#T ]+#sT. rjT $X$<\jT+ \T>TXK b|ds >Y
|#d, es+> yd+ +THsT. H kVr du bZ+THsT.

\T>T|\T 2011

166