Contents 223 4, Nouns — gender singular/plural 223 _ definite article (‘the’) indefinite article (a"’an‘; some’) - fo + adjective 3. Pronouns 224 — subject pronouns _ direct object pronouns — indirect object pronouns _ use of direct and indirect pronouns pronouns used after prepositions possessive pronouns relative pronouns demonstrative pronouns indefinite pronouns 4 Adjectives 226 agreement and position comparative — superlative possessive adjectives indefinite adjectives demonstrative adjectives 5 Adverbs 228 6 Verbs 228 present tense: * regular verbs © ser & estar + stem-changing verbs + reflexive verbs other irregular verbs informal and formal ‘you’ " ar __ present continuous tense immediate future tense _ future tense __ preterite tense _ imperfect tense __ imperfect continuous tense _— perfect tense — pluperfect tense __ impersonal verbs: gustar, etc r weather verbs — imperative — passive — impersonal se — conditional — present subjunctive — imperfect subjunctive Negatives Prepositions Conjunctions Interrogatives — how questions are formed - question words Numbers. — numbers — ordinal numbers — fractions and percentages Time - time expressions ~ clock. - days > Months ~ dates 222 doscientos v 24 25. 235 236 236 231 a 52 femin 5 nou una, | you ¢ee NR UnOUNS ere-eithep Masculine or oon eda e es thelog ends Need to know masculine + most nouns ending in ~o: el libro (book) Exceptions: la foto (photo), la radio (radio), amano, (hand), la moto (motorbike) * nouns for male people and animals: el nifio (boy), un tere (bull) * generally, nouns ending in +1 or -r: el hotel (hotel), el flor (flower) + days of the week: el lunes (Monday) + languages: el espafiol (Spanish) feminine * most nouns endiing in ~a: la casa (the house) ‘xeptions: el mapa (map), el dia (day), planeta (planet), el tranvia (tram), tiproblem (program), el programa, (program), &lsistema (system), el clima (climate) * nouns for female people and animals: una nifa (gir), una vaca (cow) * nouns ending in -cién, ~sion, -dad, -tad: la jBtacion (station), la expresion (expression), la ciudad (city), la libertad (freedom) fame nouns have masculine and feminine oMms, e.g. el amigo/la amiga. Some nouns can be either masculine or equine, depending on who they refer to, (Quella estudiante (student), el/la deportista “Portsperson), Sitgular/plural ke a noun plural: ni 5 ae which end in a vowel: add -s ; Ibo ~ 10s libros (books) ‘Studi; os “diante — los estudiantes (students) uns : a ‘aa £nd in a consonant: add -es N~ los b, *cudag oe Palones (balls) ~las ciudades (cities) \ * nouns ending in -z: the -z changes to ~c: el lapiz ~ los lpices (pencils) * nouns ending in -s do not change in the plural: el paraguas los paraguas (umbrellas) Note the use of accents in singular and plural: la estacion — las estaciones (stations), el examen — los examenes (exams), el joven — los jovenes (young people) 2 Articles Definite article (‘the’) singular plural ‘masculine el libro los libros the book the books feminine Ta mochila las mochilas ‘the backpack _| the backpacks The definite article is often used in Spanish the same way as in English. But note the following differences: Used in Spanish (but not in English) 1 when referring to things in a general way Me gustan los animales. | like animals El azticar es dulce. Sugar is sweet. 2. when talking about abstract things El tiempo es oro. Time is money. 3. with colours El azul es mi color favorito. Blue is my favourite colour. 4 with parts of the body Tiene los ojos verdes. She has green eyes 5 with titles (when talking about — not to = someone) El doctor Vidal no esta. Dr Vidal isn’t here. 6 with institutions en el colegio at school 7 meals, games and sports La cena es a las ocho. Dinner is at eight, Me gusta el tenis. | like tennis, 8 with days of the week (to mean ‘on’) Te veo el lunes. I'll see you on Monday. 9 time Son las tres. It’s three o'clock. L