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David Ian Hall "The German View of the Dieppe Raid August 1942." Canadian Military History 21, 4 (2015)
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: The German View of the Dieppe Raid August 1942
© Canadian
Published Military
by Scholars History,
Commons Volume2015
@ Laurier, 21, Number 4, Autumn 2012, pp.3-15. 3 1
Canadian Military History, Vol. 21 [2015], Iss. 4, Art. 2
What did Hitler, the German General his Eastern Front generals) were
Staff, and the German people think all affected by the sudden and
of the raid and its outcome? How unexpected events of the Dieppe raid
was Dieppe portrayed in the Nazi on 19 August 1942. Readily accessable
controlled media, and what were the German primary sources, including
consequences of the raid on German the Völkischer Beobachter (VB) 9
strategy in the summer of 1942? and other contemporary German
These questions are the subject of newspapers, the Kriegstagebuch
this article. des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht
(War Diary of the High Command
Historiography and of the Armed Forces OKW), Die
German sources Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels (Joseph
Goebbels Diaries), Die Deutsche
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: The German View of the Dieppe Raid August 1942
front. Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel, raid, that it was a rash action by the The successful German defence
head of OKW, and General Kurt British in response to severe pressure at Dieppe dominated the Friday
Zeitzler, chief of staff to Field Marshal from Stalin to open a Second Front. edition of the Völkischer Beobachter
Rundstedt, however, took a more Goebbels spent much of the afternoon and the front pages of all the other
serious view, that it was an invasion with Hitler finalising the main themes newspapers in Nazi Germany. 17 It
that had failed. Was it an invasion or for the press releases in the next was also the first time that Germans
a raid? Was it an invasion that took day’s papers, discussing a recent were able to read about the raid
Combined Operations HQ nine or opera performance of Turandot in in their local and national papers.
ten months to prepare (as reported Munich, and walking in the forest The headline in the VB was Die
in the British papers) and ended nine around the FHQ with Hitler and his vernichtende Abfuhr von Dieppe! (The
hours later with the enemy assault Schäferhündin “Blondi.” His diary Scathing Rebuff at Dieppe!) and the
forces thrown back into the sea, or entry for the day numbered some leading articles addressed the main
was it a raid hastily concocted four 30 pages or roughly 15,000 words, themes that Hitler and Goebbels had
or five days after Churchill had drifting between his delight at once decided on in Vinnitsa: Churchill’s
visited Stalin in Moscow? Both lines again being in the Führer’s company invasion catastrophe, Stalin’s
were developed in the following and a scathing critique of Churchill’s displeasure with his western allies,
days with each reinforcing the military and political leadership. He and the folly of the Second Front. The
other as confirmation of Churchill’s was certain that Churchill’s decision VB continued with much the same
desperation and stupidity.15 to attack Dieppe was sheer madness coverage over the weekend, deriding
Early in the morning on 20 and idiocy but it was the payment British military incompetence and
August, Joseph Goebbels flew from required from Stalin. He was equally praising the “excellent strategy of the
Berlin to FHQ Wehrwolf to confer with certain that the calamity on the Führer to block a two front war by
Hitler on the media line to be taken beaches at Dieppe had dealt a double winning the war with Russia while
in response to Dieppe. Goebbels blow to Churchill and the British, maintaining strong defences in the
recorded the day’s events in his diary, damaging the former’s standing as west.” 18 Dieppe was proof, if any
noting first the excellent mood in the a war leader and the latter’s claim to was needed, that the cost of opening
Führerhauptquartier. He shared the be a capable and equal partner in the a Second Front was prohibitive and
Führer’s general assessment of the alliance with the US and the USSR.16 in 1942 well beyond the military
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: The German View of the Dieppe Raid August 1942
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discarded helmets, weapons, and Not surprisingly, Goebbels too the Dunkirk evacuation in 1940, were
other equipment. Regardless of was pleased with the newsreel, cited as portents of the catastrophe
whether it was a raid or an invasion especially the music.27 The shift from that befell the British and Canadians
the film images could not be denied; the success at Dieppe to an impending at Dieppe. In two substantive
it was an unmitigated disaster for the victory in Russia was also picked up articles all the main themes of the
British and their Canadian allies who by the newspapers. Leading articles VB’s previous coverage on Dieppe
provided the main body of troops in the Völkischer Beobachter reported were revisited: Churchill’s military
for the attack. The next two features on the large number of Soviet aircraft naivety and strategic subservience to
were very short scenes of the concrete and tanks that had been destroyed Stalin, the poor planning and tactical
fortifications and large coastal guns and the thousands of prisoners who incompetence evinced in the execution
that were part of the Atlantic Wall and were taken from an army that had lost of the invasion attempt, and English
were followed by scenes of workmen its will to fight. The VB reported 261 willingness to let Canadians die in
from the German Labour Front and Soviet tanks destroyed in ten days of a fiasco. The British and American
Hitler Youth busy building bigger fighting and over 2,500 Soviet aircraft press brazenly and falsely claimed
and better defences on the Channel destroyed since the end of July. this raid was a successful invasion
coast. The newsreel ended with the There were numerous photo spreads, of France whilst contemptuously
longest and most important story presented as always on page three, ignoring the significant Canadian
of the week, the summer offensive visual proof of German success and contribution and sacrifice. Very little
in southern Russia. This was the sacrifice in Russia and North Africa. new information was provided in
key to winning the war and the film In an article recounting in detail the the Dieppe articles but there was
showed happy and well fed German great tank battle and victory over the accurate and substantial detail on
soldiers advancing deep into the Red Army at Kalatsch at the end of the full plan of the operation, the
Caucasus – the Schwerpunkt of the July, it was noted that the Russians order of battle, intercepted radio
campaign – routing the remaining were using women as infantry. This reports made by the landing forces
forces of the Red Army. There was surely was a sign that the end was throughout the day, and the enemy’s
very little narration throughout the near.28 losses. Extensive excerpts from
newsreel. The viewer was left to Dieppe was a feature story for the OKW’s official and final report on
make his or her own judgements on last time in the Sunday, 30 August Dieppe were also published, citing
these extraordinary events based on edition of the Völkischer Beobachter. the main reasons for the attack’s
the images viewed and the rousing The VB headline read: Das war failure – insufficient fire support,
score of martial and patriotic music Churchills Invasionskatastrophe! (This failure to deploy airborne troops to
that accompanied the film. It was was Churchill’s invasion catastrophe!) “hold the ring,” an overly detailed
truly Wagnerian in scale and scope, Churchill’s failings and his personal plan and inflexible execution, and the
and the uplifting images of the film responsibility for earlier military amateurish way the British waged
attested to the imminent prospect of misadventures, such as the Gallipoli war. Other than the details provided,
a great German victory.26 campaign in the First World War and OKW’s final report was not dissimilar
to the special bulletin issued on 19
August, although it did caution that
any future Anglo Saxon invasion, if
Canadian Forces photo PMR 86-320
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: The German View of the Dieppe Raid August 1942
expectations. Maikop was taken in concerned with the wider strategic nor the weekly newsreels covered
mid-August but the retreating Soviet aspects of the war whilst the army the high command crisis in early
forces destroyed the oil refineries. high command increasingly focused September opting instead to publish
Chronic shortages in ammunition on the tactical problems on the glowing accounts of victories in
and fuel, a common problem for Eastern Front. Disagreements on the the west and on the Eastern Front.
all German armies in the summer deployment of reserve forces and Goebbels was pleased with their
and autumn of 1942, slowed Army overstretched military resources had efforts in raising German morale
Group A’s advance to a crawl and soured relations between Hitler and but he was equally uneasy with the
left the rich oil fields of Grozny and General Halder, chief of staff of the unrealistic expectations they created
Baku agonizingly out of reach. On 1 Army, in August. The unexpected of an impending victory. It was
September, List was summoned to and furious argument with Jodl, important, he noted in his diary on
FHQ Wehrwolf to report in person on perhaps his most loyal and trusted 11 September, that “we must keep
his lack of progress. List’s meeting general, changed Hitler’s relationship everything into perspective so as not
with Hitler went reasonably well with the army for good. He no longer to fall into a trap.”40 Worrying signs
considering the circumstances. Hitler trusted the generals to carry out of disillusionment with the war and
restated Army Group A’s objectives his orders and his interaction with with Hitler’s leadership were already
and expressed his willingness, “if them became more distant, painfully apparent, the most serious being the
necessary to postpone the offensive formal, and as brief as possible. From Weiβe Rose student resistance group
to next year if Baku was captured.” September to the end of the war in Munich. Munich was the capital of
List flew back to his headquarters at Hilter’s military briefing conferences the Nazi movement, and the spiritual
Stalino with renewed purpose and were recorded to prevent any further centre of Hitler’s power. Nonetheless,
vigour. A few days later advanced misinterpretation of his orders. Hitler between June and October 1942, the
forces of Army Group A entered also never appeared in the mess or Weiβe Rose published and distributed
Novorossisk, a key Black Sea port, but ate with his generals again. Hitler’s four highly critical leaflets in Munich
they could not hold it against fanatical displeasure with his generals did not and other German cities, calling on
Soviet resistence. Hitler’s patience end with his mere cessation of social fellow Germans to resist the Nazis
was at an end and on 7 September interaction. On 9 September, List and work towards helping the Reich’s
he despatched General Alfred Jodl, was dismissed and Hitler took over enemies win the war. Their activities
chief of operations at OKW, to List’s command of Army Group A himself. were serious enough to warrant
headquarters “to press once more Rumours of other senior command the attention of the Reichsführer SS
for the advance to be speeded up.” changes spread like fire through Heinrich Himmler.41
Jodl returned to FHQ Wehrwolf the the FHQ. Purportedly, Keitel was to Hilter flew to Berlin on 27
same night and made his report. He be relieved by Kesselring and Jodl September for a busy week of political
told Hitler that List was adhering by Paulus, commander of the Sixth and public engagements. 42 On 28
strictly to his instructions and that he Army. Halder too was told by Keitel September he spoke to 12,000 officer
(Jodl) agreed with the field marshal’s on 9 September that he also would candidates and newly commissioned
course of action. Hitler was furious shortly be replaced. In the end only officers in the army, navy, Luftwaffe,
and accused Jodl of siding with List Halder was relieved of his command. and Waffen SS. The German News
and the army against him. Tensions On 24 September Hitler dismissed Bureau broadcast a brief summary of
between Hitler and his generals had him without further promotion or his speech at the Berliner Sportpalast:
escalated throughout August but they any other form of recognition. The
reached boiling point in September. next day General Kurt Zeitler was In rousing words, the Führer afforded
General Walter Warlimont, deputy appointed chief of staff of the Army.37 the young men an insight into the
chief of operations at OKW, recorded After 7 September, Hitler accepted great history of Germany, which is
in his memoir that Hitler’s rage the fact that the Eastern army needed being crowned in the mighty fateful
with Jodl “produced a crisis which a rest and it would spend a second struggle of our days. After referring
shook Supreme Headquarters to its winter in the east before resuming to the high duties that are imparted to
foundations, the like of which was the decisive attack the following an officer as the head of the soldiers
not to be seen [again] until the last spring.38 What exasperated Hitler was entrusted to him in the struggle, the
months of the war.”36 a growing certainty that his generals Führer concluded his address by
At issue was the conflicting were not telling him the truth and expressing his absolute certainty of
opinions between Hitler and his that they were failing to conduct the victory and his unshakable trust in
army generals over the course and campaign as he had ordered.39 Not the superior fighting qualities of the
direction of the war. Hitler was surprisingly neither the newspapers German soldiers.43
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: The German View of the Dieppe Raid August 1942
Hitler was still ruminating over effort in the east and concomitantly
his show down with Halder and a victorious campaign in Russia
portrayed in the German media invasion in the west. Russia was the 9. The Völkischer Beobachter (VB) was
the official national newspaper
as a failed attempt at opening the key to both – victory and preventing of the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche
Second Front. Hitler encouraged this a successful invasion. When D-Day Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP), the National
approach even though he knew that finally came on 6 June 1944, Hitler Socialist German Workers’ Party, before
1933, and the major daily newspaper
Dieppe was little more than a badly and the Germans had already, by of the Nazi regime until the collapse
executed raid at a time when the Allies their own logic, lost the war. of the Third Reich in May 1945. Many
were going through a severe military contemporary German newspapers
published during the Second World
and political crisis. The propaganda War have been digitised and are freely
value of the raid was immense and Notes available online through the digital
it was embraced wholeheartedly. newspaper archive provided by the
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. See
Goebbels used every facet of his 1. T. Murray Hunter, Canada at Dieppe also Berliner Börsen Zeitung, Das Reich,
state controlled media empire to (Ottawa: Canadian War Museum, Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, Frankfurter
1982), pp.39-41; and Brian Loring Villa, Allgemeine Zeitung, Hamburger Anzeiger,
heap ridicule on the Western Allies Unauthorized Action. Mountbatten and the and the Köningsberger Allgemeine Zeitung
for their military incompetence Dieppe Raid (Oxford: Oxford University for regional coverage of the Dieppe Raid
and their abysmal failure to end Press, 1989), pp.1 and 7. For a detailed and its wider strategic importance.
and personal account of the Dieppe Raid 10. Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt
the isolation of the Soviet Union see Denis and Shelagh Whitaker, Dieppe. responding to questions on the time
as German forces continued their Tragedy to Triumph (London: Leo Cooper, and place of an Allied invasion in
advance in southern Russia. The 1992). Air operations are examined the West asked by Sir Basil Liddell
in detail in Norman L.R. Franks, The Hart. See B.H. Liddell Hart, The German
Dieppe Raid also proved useful to Greatest Air Battle: Dieppe, 19th August Generals Talk (New York: Harper-Collins
Hitler and the Nazis in their efforts to 1942 (London: Kimber, 1979) and the Publishers Inc., Perennial edition 2002.
bolster public support for the war and role of intelligence is expertly addressed First published in 1948), p.229.
in John P. Campbell, Dieppe Revisited. A 11. See H.R. Trevor-Roper, Hitler’s War
strengthen morale on the home front. Documentary Investigation (London: Frank Directives 1939-1945 (London: Sidgwick
German newspapers, specifically the Cass, 1993). and Jackson, 1964), pp.110-116; David M.
2. The National Archives, Kew, United Glantz and Jonathan House, When Titans
Völkischer Beobachter, and newsreels
Kingdom [TNA], PREM 3/256 Prime Clashed. How the Red Army Stopped Hitler
hailed the Führer’s strategic brilliance Minister’s Private Office Operations (Lawrence, Kansas: University Press
in avoiding a two-front war whilst Papers, Jubilee Operation, August of Kansas, 1995), p.148; Adolf Hitler,
1942-January 1943; TNA, DEFE 2/551 Hitler’s Table Talk 1941-1944. His Private
the bulk of the German armed forces Combined Report on the Dieppe Raid, Conversations. Introduction and Preface
strained every sinu to complete 1942; Villa, Unauthorized Action, pp.17-18; by H.R. Trevor-Roper, translated by
their historic mission in Russia. Less C.P. Stacey, The Canadian Army, 1939-1945. Norman Cameron and R H Stevens (New
An Official Historical Summary (Ottawa: York: Enigma Books, 2000), pp.624-626;
obvious at first was how the raid The King’s Printer, 1948), p.86. For a and David Irving, Hitler’s War (London:
and the Nazi interpretation of it scholarly assessment of contemporary Hodder and Stoughton Limited, 1977),
exacerbated the differences between coverage of the Dieppe raid in the pp.407-8.
Canadian Press see Timothy Balzer, “‘In 12. Horst Boog, Werner Rahn, Reinhard
Hitler and some of his Eastern Front Case the Raid Is Unsuccessful …’ Selling Stumpf, and Bernd Wegner, Germany and
generals, most notably Halder, over Dieppe to Canadians,” The Canadian the Second World War Vol.VI. The Global
the course and direction of the war. Historical Review 87, no.3 (September War (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2001),
2006), pp.409-430. pp.439-441; and David Irving, Hitler’s
The ongoing pressures in concluding 3. Villa, Unauthorized Action , p.17. War, fn, p.409—Dieppe debacle, p.860.
the campaign at Stalingrad and in 4. Captain S.W. Roskill, The War at Sea 1939- 13. TNA, DEFE 2/329 Jubilee Operation,
the Caucasus led eventually to a 1945, vol.II. The Period of Balance (London: Part IV–German Propaganda 1942-1943,
Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1956) German Broadcast Reports on the Dieppe
complete breakdown between Hitler p.250. Raid, 19 August–12.00 hrs.
and his generals in September 1942. 5. Villa, Unauthorized Action, p.18. 14. Kriegstagebuch des Oberkommandos der
6. Mountbatten’s “three chosen journalists” Wehrmacht (Wehrmachtführungsstab)
The generals demanded more men
were A.B. Austin, British correspondent Band II: 1.Januar 1942-31. Dezember 1942.
and more resources at a time when of the London Daily Herald; Wallace Erster Halbband und Zweiter Halbband,
resources were limited and strategic Reyburn, Canadian correspondent of the Zusammengestellt und erläutert von
Montreal Standard; and Quentin Reynolds, Andreas Hillgruber (Frankfurt am Main:
pressure on a number of fronts – the American war correspondent. See: A.B. Bernard & Graefe Verlag für Wehrwesen,
Battle of the Atlantic, the air war, Austin, We Landed at Dawn (London: 1963), 1 Vol., A, pp.127-128. All German
the Mediterranean, and the defence Victor Gollancz, 1943); Wallace Reyburn, translations have been made by the
Rehearsal for Invasion: an eyewitness story author unless otherwise noted.
of the West – all demanded Hitler’s of the Dieppe Raid (London: Harrap, 1943): 15. General Günther Blumentritt responding
attention and more of the Nazi and Quentin Reynolds, Dress Rehearsal: to questions on the German reaction to the
war machine’s severely stretched the Story of Dieppe (London: Angus & Dieppe Raid asked by Basil Liddell Hart.
Robertson, 1943). See Liddell Hart, The German Generals
resources. Most importantly, the 7. Villa, Unauthorized Action, p.23. Talk, p.229; TNA, DEFE 2/329 Jubilee
Dieppe raid did not alter German 8. Hans J. Peterson, “The Dieppe Raid in Operation, Part IV–German Propaganda
strategic thinking about the conduct Contemporary German View,” American 1942-1943, Main themes of German
Review of Canadian Studies 13, no.1, pp.65-78. broadcasts and print media, 20-30 August
of the war or defence against an
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: The German View of the Dieppe Raid August 1942
1942; and Horst Boog, et al., Germany and on 3 March 1942 at the Ufa-Palast am the White Rose (New York: Little Brown
the Second World War, vol.VI, p.441. Zoo in Berlin and cost a staggering RM and Co., 1986); and Frank McDonough,
16. Joseph Goebbels, Die Tagebücher von 4,779,000 to make at a time when the Sophie Scholl. The Real Story of the Woman
Joseph Goebbels, edited by Elke Fröhlich entire German film industry made an Who Defied Hitler (Stroud, Gloucester: The
and published on behalf of the Institute annual net profit of between RM 50 and History Press, 2009).
für Zeitgeschichte (München: K G Saur, 80 million. This part historical and part 42. Franz W. Seidler and Dieter Zeigert,
1993-2008). Tiel II: Diktate 1941-1945 Band propaganda film portrayed Frederich II Hitler’s Secret Headquarters: The Führer’s
5: Juli-September 1942, edited by Angela as an early example of a great dictator, Wartime Bases, from the Invasion of France
Stüber (1995), Entry for 20 August 1942, focusing on his heroic struggle and how to the Berlin Bunker (London: Greenhill
pp.344-373. through his genius and strength of will Books, 2004), p.120.
17. Völkischer Beobachter, Norddeutsche he turned defeat into victory during the 43. Max Domarus, The Complete Hitler: A
Ausgabe, Berlin [VB], Freitag, 21 August Seven Years War after dismissing his Digital Desktop Reference to His Speeches
1942, pp.1-2. In addition to the VB see incompetent generals and taking personal and Proclamations 1932-1945, vol.IV
the Berliner Börsen Zeitung, Das Reich, command of the army. The comparison 1941-1945 (Wauconda, Illinoi: Bolchazy-
Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, Frankfurter between Frederich and Hitler was both Carducci Publishers, Inc. 2007), pp.2670-1.
Allgemeine Zeitung, Hamburger Anzeiger, deliberate and obvious. Goebbels was 44. Warlimont, Inside Hitler’s Headquarters,
and the Köningsberger Allgemeine Zeitung, delighted that Hitler’s generals did not p.258; W. Erfurth, Geschichte des Deutschen
21 August 1942. like the film and that they were ‘aware of Generalstabs (Göttingen, Musterschmidt
18. VB, Sonntag, 23 August 1942, leading the sharp criticism made in the film of the Verlag, 1957), p.281; and A Heusinger,
article by von Wilhelm Weiβ, Zum Kapitel general’s defeatism.’ For a detailed plot Befehl in Widerstreit (Tübingen and
“Zwei-Fronten-Kreig,” pp.1-2. summary and the political context of the Stuttgart: Rainer Wunderlich Verlag
19. Goebbels, Die Tagebücher von Joseph film in the Third Reich see Rolf Giesen, Hermann Leins, 1950), p.210.
Goebbels, 21 August 1942, pp.376-377; 22 Nazi Propaganda Films. A History and 45. N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s a n d R e c o r d s
August 1942, pp.381-382; and 27 August Fimlography (Jefferson, North Carolina: Administration, Washington, DC.
1942, pp.407-408. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, [NARA] Microfilm Series T – Records of
20. Goebbels, Die Tagebücher von Joseph 2003) pp.143-150, 198-199. German Field Command Armies. Record
Goebbels, 23 August 1942, p.391. 32. VB, Sonntag 30 August 1942, pp.5 & 8; of Hitler’s secret speech to Western
21. Goebbels, Die Tagebücher von Joseph and Montag 31 August 1942, p.4; for Commanders, 29 September 1942, First
Goebbels, 23 August 1942, pp.386-388. regional coverage of the 1942 Bayreuther Army War Diary, Annexes T312/23/9706
22. VB, Montag 24 August 1942, pp.1-2. Kriegsfestspiele see the Bayreuther et. seq. (Microcopy T312/Roll 23/Pages
23. B r a s s e y ’ s N a v a l A n n u a l , F ü h r e r Nachrichten, 8-16 July 1942; and for the 9706 onwards) as cited in David Irving,
Conferences on Naval Affairs 1939-1945, Salzburg Festival see the Berchtesgadener Hitler’s War, pp.410 & 860.
trans. Anthony Martienssen (London: Anzeiger and the Salzburger Volksblatt, 5-30 46. A d o l f H i t l e r ’ s “ M e i n e d e u t s c h e n
Greenhill Books, 1990), pp.288-293. August 1942. Volksgenossen und –genossinnen” speech
24. Hitler, Table Talk, 26 August 1942, p.663. 33. I.S.O. Playfair, The Mediterranean at the Berliner Sportpalast, 30 September
25. Goebbels, Die Tagebücher von Joseph and Middle East, vol.III. September 1942. For the full text of this speech see
Goebbels, 25 August 1942, p.399; See also 1941-September 1942: British Fortunes Reach Domarus, The Complete Hitler, vol.IV,
TNA, DEFE 2/329 German Propaganada their Lowest Ebb (London: Her Majexty’s pp.2672-2685.
– “The British Defeat at Dieppe,” Reports Stationery Office, 1960), p.388; Walter 47. Domarus, The Complete Hitler, vol.IV,
from Sweden comparing German and Warlimont, Inside Hitler’s Headquarters p.2674.
Allied newspaper coverage of the war. 1939-45 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 48. Ibid.
26. Die Deutsche Wochenschau, Mittwoch, 26 Ltd., 1964), pp.252-253; and Ian Kershaw, 49. Seidler and Zeigert, Hitler’s Secret
August 1942. Hitler 1936-1945: Nemesis (London: Headquarters, p.120.
27. Goebbels, Die Tagebücher von Joseph Penguin Books, 2000), pp.534-535. 50. Arthur Bryant, The Turn of the Tide 1939-
Goebbels, 27 August 1942, p.409. 34. Warlimont, Inside Hitler’s Headquarters, 1943: based on the War Diaries of Field
28. VB, Dienstag 25 August 1942, pp.1-3; pp.253-255. Marshal Viscount Alanbrooke (London:
Mittwoch, 26 August 1942, pp.1-3, in 35. Glantz and House, When Titans Clashed, Collins, 1957).
particular see article by Dr. Wilhelm pp.121-122.
Koppen, “Der Kaukasus und Europa,” (in 36. Warlimont, Inside Hitler’s Headquarters,
which he explains why this is the decisive p.256. See also Kershaw, Hitler, pp.531-4.
campaign of the war); and Donnerstag, 37. Warlimont, Inside Hitler’s Headquarters,
27 August 1942, pp.1-2. It was the Red pp.257-259.
Army’s crushing defeat at Kalatsch that 38. Horst Boog, et al., Germany and the Second
led Josef Stalin to issue his famous Stavka World War Vol.VI, p.1056.
Order No.227, “Not one step back,” on 28 39. Warlimont, Inside Hitler’s Headquarters,
July 1942, see Horst Boog, et al, Germany p.252; and fn.14 (Lieutenant-Colonel David Hall is a Senior Lecturer in the
and the Second World War, vol.VI, pp.1022- Scherff’s War Diary, 31 May and 3 June Defence Studies Department, King’s
1025; and Glantz and House, When Titans 1942), p.616. College London, based at the Joint
Clashed, p.121. 40. Goebbels, Die Tagebücher von Joseph Services Command and Staff College,
29. VB, Sonntag, 30 August 1942, pp.1-2. Goebbels, 11 September 1942, p.478. Shrivenham, United Kingdom. He
30. VB, Sonntag, 30 August 1942, pp.2-3: 41. For the importance and impact of the has a D.Phil. in modern history from
see also Das Reich, Deutsche Allgemeine Weiβe Rose in the summer and autumn the University of Oxford, and he has
Zeitung, and the Köningsberger Allgemeine of 1942 see Ulrich Chaussy, Christiane published on a number of air power and
Zeitung, 27-30 August 1942. Moll, Britta Müller-Baltschun, and Franz Second World War topics in Canada, the
31. Goebbels, Die Tagebücher von Joseph Josef Müller in co-operation with Inge UK, and the USA. His current research
Goebbels, 31 August 1942, p.426. The Aicher-Scholl, Die Weiβe Rose (München: is on “Hitler and Wagner: Nationalism,
German film Der Groβe König (The Great Weiβe Rose Stiftung, 2006). See also Romanticism, and the short march to
King), directed by Veit Harlan and Inge Scholl, The White Rose. Munich war from the Meistersingers’ Meadow,” a
starring Otto Gebühr (Frederich II), 1942-1943 (Middletown, Connecticut: study of the Bayreuth Festival during the
Kristina Söderbaum, and Gustav Fröhlich, Wesleyan University Press, 1983); Third Reich, which has been generously
was an epic biography of Frederick the Annette Dumbach and Jud Newborn, funded by the British Academy.
Great, Prussia’s Great King. It premiered Shattering the German Night: The Story of