You are on page 1of 348

A-PDF MERGER DEMO

.

.

-



!!
-
.
***
" "
.
.
-



.

-
.
:

: -
.
- -
.
.
: ""
.

" "

: .
" :

."...

-

.
"

" .
.
***



.



) (1984-1981
.1986

.
- - -
" :
" .
- "
" . .




) (
.

) (
.
1995



) (
1993
) ( ) (







.
...
) (
.
.

: ) (
:
) ( ) (


.
/ / .
) ( .

) (

.
) (
) (


.

) (


.



) ).
) (
.
.
.

.
.

20 . 1427 12 2006


" "

) (
.
.
) (1984-1981
.


1984


.

!! -
-


.
.

" "


-

!!!
..

" " 1

.


..

.


. - -
: .




1986


. ""

1

38

.

.


)/ (1988 .



: .
-


.

" "
" "


) /
(1989 .


2

2 . 1997 .1





"".







.3
.






:.
""
..
.

3 1992
.

..
.

.
:



..
-


.
" ".4

- - .

-

-
" " "-
- :

. )(


4 107

: .

.
.



:

.

" " ..
.
..



.


.

) (5

-
) (/
) (5 " " .88

-/



.

.
..
) (6 - -
.
.
.. -
- .
)(6


...

..
.




. )
(



...
. .

" "


.
.



..
..
(7)
" ".

..
.

.(8)

.

.
: .


) (7 " " .256
) (8 "" .18


.
.

).(9


.
.

: -(10 )
.
.

" "
....
-

.
:
- .
-1
-


)(9

}{ ) : (19792

.242

) (10 " " .31

).(11

- -


)(11

"
" . ): (1981 .24
.
1925
) / .(1951 : 1993

.108
.

":1953 " .
: ) :
(1965 ) .(1937:



.

.
..
.. ..

.



..


) (12
:

.

.
.
-



-

.

)(12

/ ) 1981( "

""
"

).(13
-
-



.
- -


(14 )
"

") (15
"
. " .

)(13

: :
) : : .(1970
.

" . :
.

) (14 " " .18


)(15

) : ( .16-15

5851189/

) .(16




") .(17
-






.
) (18

)(16

: :

." "
) : .(1986 ):

( .28

)(17

782) 1327 /(" :

.. " . :

) (1969 :-57
.57

.
)(18

/ 1981

...
.
_ -
-
.

-2

. .

..

.




"
") .(19
.

) -(19 ][ .2

:



) .(1



) .(2


... ...
"" .

...


...
) (1
.
Emanuel Kant, Critique de la raison pure, prface de Ch. Serrus, Presses universitaires de France, Paris, 1971,et

"" ) : .(1959-1956
) (2
":
" . : ) :
(.



.
:
.

.


) (

...
...

) .(3

"

) (4 .
.
-


" "
) (3 ][ ) : (1979 2.244
) (4 ) 3 " (1983 .104


.



!!

... .



-
.
-
.



!!
"" ...
- -

...
:

) .(5


. -

) .(6

-Engles ... ...
.
-
. . :
) (7

.

.
.

".

.
"" " " "" " "
) (5 : : .
: .289
) (6 : ) :
.(1986

) (7

.

.

") .(8
"
.. .
.
...
.. ".. ..
": ") (9
.. ) 1968 ( ...




.

.


) (10

) (
.
) (8 .138-134

) (9 .138-134
) (10
. .81



.
.

) (11

- :






) (12

:


!!


-

) (11 ": " : ] ..[.
) (12 .



. ":
". ": .
".

.
...
"" . :
...
... ...


"
...
"
.
(13 ) :

. ..
". "
"
.

) (13 .1

.


.. ...

")".(14 - -



".
) (15

) (16



... ..


: .
" ") ( .

":
". .

) (14 .
) (15 :
..1983
) (16 . . 2 .5


.
:
-



- -
:
) (17
- -



-
.

.


.

) (19
) (18

) (17 .9
) (18 1972 .27
) (19 .248

...




. " "

.


.


. -
-
.








.
:







..


) .(20
) (21

.




...
)(



) - (-

) (20 : 14101981/
/ 1980.
) (21 1405 .119




..
" .. ".. ":
".. .
).
5 1996 :
. (.

" " . .
-
.
.

.

.




.


.
" ) 22
-
:
).(23 . .
.
.
.





)(

) (22 2 1984 .149


) (23
,

.

.
" "38.

:
-
.
.


.

).(24

:
.
.
. :
.
:



.

) (24 :
.

.
.

.

).(25

" ".
-1 : .

.

.
. ": .
" 39
: (26)



).(27
.
. :
(28) ) .(29 .
...
) (25 .313
) (26 .256
) (27 1376 .
) (28 .29

) (29 2 1955 7 .16-15


.

:




) .(30
:
- :
(31) .
) (32

) .(33 ) (
(34)
).(35
: " (36 )



) (30 3 .26
) (31 .193
) (32 3 .439
) (33 ..

) (34 .256
) (35 .1972
) (36 .256


.

... .

.

) .(37
"
") (38 " ").(39

-


.
) .(40
""





.
) (37 9 1980 .1
) (38 1986 , .38
) (39 .1
)(40 .391




) (41
. )(
" ) ( "

. " "
) .(42


.

.

. .
-



) (41 9 391
"
.. " :
1973 .237 )
1398 1 .479
) (42 : .1988
: . .
. .1977
" " ...


)
( )(

...

- :


.

.



. .
""
-


.



).(43

) (43 .26


" :

.
.
.
-

").(44

) (45 .
- :

... ....

] [ ) (46

.
:
-
.
:
) .(47
) (44 1964 .316
) (45 " " : 1
2 .1986 : .1984
) (46 .
) (47 .95

: :
.
. 3
) ( ,
: . ,
, ,
. ] [ ).(48





.
: : ,

,
.

,
,
.
.
, .

, .
) (48 .

,
, ,

:
.
. ,

, .
.

.

.

.
.
. . .
. : ,
, ,
.
.
, . .
, ,
...
,


).(49

:

:

,


...
:

.
. )
(





.
.



) (49
.1970




.

. .
.
.
."


.
").(50
-2 :
) (51


) .(52

) .(53 ] :
[ ] : .
[) .(54
) (50 .
) (51 15 1374 -
1378.
) (52 .
) (53 .137
) (54 : .198

( ) ) (55 (56)

.

:
] : [
) .(57 .
. " "
.

(58)
.



.


.


] : [ .

..
) (55 .33
) (56 .29
) (57 : .
) (58 .28



..
" " .


.
) (59
)

.
.
: ] [
.

.
: .(60 )


. "
" ...(61 )
)(62

-3

) (59 .111
) (60 .101
) (61 .193

) (62 .



.
.



) (63
) (64


.
-4 :

.
) (64






. .
) (63 :
.. : .1135
) (64. :
)64(

.258


. (75) .

) (65

.
:



: .

.

.

(66)...
(67)
.(68 ) "
" :
.
.

.
) (65 .73
) (66 .76
) (67 .7-6
) (68 .7


.



(69)

) (70

.

.
.



) .(71
) (69 .5
) (70 : ,
. . : ) : .(1968
) (71
. 1840 % 75


.: / .88
..
..
.
. " "

.


.
14
.
-5
.



. :
.
-
"

") .(72

"
" .(73)
.(74) " : ")(75
" ")(76
"

) (72 )] : [ (1971 .62


) (73 " " .15
) (74 " " .10
) (75 .
) (76 .

") .(77

).(78


" "
") (79

-
-


.
. "
"
" : " " : " .

.
.
" ".
:



) .(80
) (77 .
) (78 )]: . . . ([. .82
) (79 .
) (80 )] : . . ..([.





.

...
)
...(
) .(81

- -
.
" ") (82 .


.

) (81 : )6 : .(1989 :
) : (.
) (82
.
.
) (
] [ ] [ - -

.
.
.


.

) (
. - - -


.
- -
.(83)
.


.(84 )
).(85
.
] :
[
. : :
" " " : "
.
- :

) (83 " " .1


) (84 " " .282
)(85
... .
: ) : (1949 .1

:

"
") (86 ) (87


).(88
) (89
" .. "
- :


.
- -
.(90)




.(91)

) ( )(
.(92)
) (86 .
) (87 : )(.
) (88 : ) : (.
) (89 .
) (90 " " .228
) (91 " " .1
) (92 " " .32


.



) .(93

]
[ .
(94)



) (95
.



.



-
) (93 " " .31 :
) : ( ) : .(1977
.
.
) (94 .32
) (95 .
. .



" ") .(96
- -

) .(97

.

:


) .(98
-

. ) (
) (
.
.
"

") (99
.

) (96 .
) (97 " " 10 )8 / . (1972
) (98 : ) : (1961
) : . (1982
) (99 ) : ] . ([..

"

").(100

.

(101)
] : [
" : "


(102) (103)
] : []
[ . "
"
] :
[ .

.
"
" .
...
. ]
[ "
" .

) (100 .294
) (101 " " .10
) (102 " " .75
) (103 " " .36

) .(104
" :
" .
" ".




.
.



) ( .

...
)(105
.
...
.



. ) .(106
) (104 ) : 1352 (.
) (105 : ) : ( ) : .(1985

) (106 " : " . :


Francois Burgat .ed., LIslamisme au Maghreb: La Voix du sud, les Ariques (Paris: Kartala, 1988) ,p. 33.

"


.
"
) .(107
) ( "



" . .
:
. . . .(108)

" ) (
").(109




.

) (107 " :
)(
) ( )( ...
... : .
)(108 " " .7-4
) (109 .300



: ...


)( .




.

)(


) ( .


) ( .
.


. )

:

-1 :
.
-2


.

:
"
.

"

.
"
.
"
" .

).(110



.

) (
) (110 )] : [ (1971 .62



.
-6 :
. "
" 6.7 "
".24
.



.
.


.
-7 :


"
" )( :

.
"

".













... .
:










.

:
:

) .(1

) .(2
-
:-



).(3


.
- -
"
...
" "
".
:1
.
:3 .
:18 .
) (1 4 .1967

) (2 1980 2 .146
) (3 : 2 1984 .343

.
:20 5 20.
-21
23 .
:25 .
:28
.
.
:32 .

-38
-39 5 ).(4
-40
40
.
-42 :

".

"41



-44

)(4

. .

-48 .

-49
-53-52-51-50

.
.
-57
45
-58
)(59


).(63
) :(64
. ) :(65 .
) (66 .
.

.



:
.
. .


) (6
) (8







.
.

.
2002



.
1999
/ ) : " "
") ( alarabnews.com11-3-200
.
. :




. ""


)
(
.:
. "

") www.tunisnews.net 2006-10-10




) 108
( )
.(2006-10-2 " -
- )TUNISIA HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES-
(amnesty



. . -


-1



) ( ) (
.

.

) .(5

.



.

: .

)Maurice Duverger, Institutions politiques et droit constitutionnel, Paris, presses universitaires de France, (5
1980, p. 43.



.
: )
(...
.









)(
.



) .(6



-
) (6 .12

) .(7



.
) .(8
: .



.



. ) (9





.

) .(10
) (7 1415 .1983
) (8 .15-14

) (9 1971 .52
) (10 .30

-2
-

. .
.

) .(11


)( .




. .
-



" " .
"" .
-
) (12 .
) (11 2 1979 .19-18

) (12 2 1973 .116



).(13
:
/1

) (14
) .(15
) (16 ..

) (17

) .(18
/2

) .(19
,
.

,
)(13

, . . 112

1991 .32
)(14
)(15

2 .1982
47

.40

) .16 .111
) (17 .112

) (18 1979 3 .415


) (19 1 .135

: .
.
).(20


.

).(21

" : ").(22
-

:
" ...


.

") .(23
-

) (24
)(20

.208-204 " :

" : . 4 13 .1991
) (21 ,
) (22 .

) (23 .242
) (24 .15


""
) (25) (26 ) (27
- ).(28


...






.

.


)(25

.15-14 "


...
.

" Georges Burdeau, LEtat., Paris. P 13. :


)(26

..

. : .239

) (27 "

. " .210
) (28 .231

) .(29
) (30
.
.


) (31
.






.





.

""

) (29 .138-75

) (30 .35

) (31 : .17

) .(32




.


-
-



.
:
.
-3 :



. 20
320
1928 1945
.1971
) (32 ) (

- -
! . .











) .(33

...


)(34

.


,

.
.

) (33 .34

)Duverger, Institutions politiques et droit constituionnel, p. 56. (34


Plutodemocratique ) .(35



.

)
(
.
2003
.
.




""



.

)(35

.54


:
-1
-2 :
: .
: ) (36
. .


.


) (37


- .




) (36 8 1404.

) (37 1979 .210





).(38






..



.


) (




)(38

...
.






:
) (

.


"
" (39 )
.

.
.
) .(40
.

.
.
) .(41
)(39

.29

)(41

: 1961

) (40 .


! .

.




:

... .


.




.




... .

.1959-1956 :
. .










.


..


-

) () (42
". "

)(42

.1984

:
::
) :(1


) .(43


.






) .(44
.





)(43

)(44

.1985

1988 .1989

.
-
)
(... ..




.

..
) (

.
..
..
.
:
- :

..


) ( )(
) ( .
- :


" " .


" "
.

.
...




.. .
""

).(45
- :


)(45

: . .. " :

.

:

} .. " ""




.
...
-
.. . ":
"
.

..
...
: ..




" ") .
( . .

..


.

)(




!!) .(46

" " :
") .(47

)" (48 ") .(49

.

.
.
)(46

)(47

: " " : 1389(


)( .

.
)(48

- .:
) ( 4 ) 13 .(1991
)(49

. "
" : . ):

] . (. 1 .16


.

-
.

) (50
..
.






) (51 " "

"

.
:


) (50 : ) : (1975 .72-70
)(51

.
.. .


.

" "
.
)(2

" ":


" .
""



: .
". .
""
) .(52

.

..
.

)(52

: . 3 ):

(1969 : )

( . . : ) :
] ..[.




"
"
- : ... .


.






.


.
...
- .
. :
.
.(53 )
) (53 .72 :
Abu-Al Ala Al-Maoududi, Towards Understanding the Quran, Translated and edited by Zafar Isaq Ansari
(U.K.: Islamic Foundation), Vol. III, p/ 172.


"

) .(54
) :(3



..
.
..

.

... ...
) .(55
""






)(54

: , no. 12, 1980 le Pouvoirs, : .8

Zartman " :
".
) (55 :.(1983

...
..
.. "
.. ..
-

..
..
..
(56 )
.




- .. ..






.46
!
:
)(56

.20

.
:

.

"
- ..


" ") (57
.

?.
:

.
) (58


: .

) (57 ) : ( ) :

.(1988

) (58 : ) : ] ..([.

) .(59

: ).(60
-1:

: (61) (62) (63)



(64) (65 )

.(66)
] : : [ ).(67 ] : ) (68 [ ]
:
[ ) .(69

) (59 : ) : ] . ([. .124


)(60

" : :

:
: ... .

" . : )( .77
)(61

.10

)(63

.44

)(62

.33

)(64

.65

)(65

.50

)(66

.59

)(68

. :

)(69

) (67 ) : ] .([.
)] : . ([. .469

) ( " :
] : [ : ] :



.
[) .(70
:
..
..

.
) .(71

" :


...
...

.
").(72
. "
" )
) (70 .

) (71 ) : (1985 .71-70


)(72

) 9 : (1980 2 .888

.-671 (2"
" .
2076 (11411

". _ -

" 2127.
- :



.

..
. ..
" "
..

!!
.



..
)(73






!
...
..
..


"
" !!..
..

.
-

) .(74 :
)(73


. " " " "

!
: .1990-1989
)(74

.
_ ..

" ") .(75 "


.
") .(76
.. .. .
-
) (77.
.

.

.
.

.78

..



.. ). (

..
) (75 ) :.([1324]
) (76 )] : . . . ([. .1774
)(77

) : (1992 .204 "

_ 30

" " : : " .1993 /4 /19


)(78

)11-9 : .(1984

) .(79

) .(80
.
}
:

.
{).(81

..
..

.. ]
[ ] [ ) (82]
[ )] (83 [ ) ] (84
[ ) .(85 " :
") (86 " :

)(79

)(80

.181

)(82

)(84

) : ] ..([.
) (81 .
)(83

)(85

) (86 ) : .(1968

") .(87

" ") .(88


"
") (89

!!

) .(90
) (
..

.. . " : .
"" .
"" .
).(91
:
.. .
) ( .. .
.. .
) (87 ) : .(1964
)(88

)(89

: ) 4 : (1966 .361

: 7 ) : .(1959-1956
) (90 : .361-361
) (91 .1086

.
.
.
-

) (92



) (93 ..
.
)( .


) .(94

) .(95
.
"
)(92
)(93

: .9

:
.39
)(94

.15 ) :

(1989 .23
)(95

) (

) .(96
.

) .(97
) (98

. " :

) .(99


) (100

) (101

-

)(96

.32-22

) (97 .34 : .15


) (98 .15
)(99

: ) ( .1081

)(100
)(101

.15

: 41 ) 2:

(1979

) .(102
.. ..
..

.
.. .
-2 :
-
.(103)

.(104 ) .(105 )
.(106 ) .(107 ) -

.(108 )
)(102

.. )(

... . ..

"

..

) :
( 107
)(103

.59

)(105

.72

)(107

.159

)(104

.104

)(106 .38

.(109 )
-
] ) ( : : . : :
. : : .
: [ ).(110
).(111 ).(112 ) .(113 . : ) .(114
-1
)(
)
(
) (115
)(108

.9

)(109

.115

)(111

)(113

)(110

)(112

)(114

) 2 :

(1984 .665

) (115 " : " Bernard :


Louis, ComMeNt L'Europe a decouvert L'Islam p. 225.

) (116

) .(117

" : ).(118

).(119


) (120 .

.. ..
-2
))((- : : :
(121) ...
) (122

)(116

) : ] . ([. .7

)(118

249 4 )3 : .(1948

)(117

.599

)(119

" :


" : 4 2)63 : ".(1974

: .66
)(120

8 75/ 1985

)(121

.59

13 " " ) : (1988 .105


)(122

) : (1977 .74


. " " .

] [




.
) (123
. ) (124 .
-3
" " -
-
""
).(125
" "
...

) (
) (126

" ") (127


)(123

) 2 : (1984 .63

)(125

1 .39

)(127

)(124

: .1081

)(126

.235

" "
)(
) .(128
"
"



" .

"
.

" : ") .(129

.

.

) .(130 "
)
( ) (

)(128

: .237-235

)(130

3 .11

)(129

) : (1376 5 181 .

) ( ").(131
"
) .(132

-4

" :

.
"

.

.
" :


".
"

"



)(131
)(132

) 4 : 1412 ( 1 .227
.80


.
" ..
.
"
: .

" "
.
.
"

.
.
) ( :
.
.
"
") (.



.
-5
.
:

"
.
"

...

"
.. )
( .
"
") .(133

" " " ""
"

""



.
.
..


.
)(133

.118-115



.

).(134

-6

" :
) (135
"
" :


"





-


.
" - - -
.
)(134
)(135

)2 (1963 .83-81

: ) :

.(1970

"
").(136

).(137

-7

) (138


-
.

:
"
...
:


)(136

" ".... .105-104

)(138

" : " . " :

)(137

" : " )260/ .(1980

" . :

)]: . . .([.1 .23


".
" :


.
.

...
") .(139
) .(140

) (141



.

) .(142
-8 " " :

)(139

) :

1350( .48-47-45-44

)(140

.48

)(141

. :

)(142

) : ( .85-81

208 )( .173 .

)( .107


: : "

-

. :
) (
).(143
-


.
.
..









.

)(143




.

) (

.
.
- " ": "
"
) () .(144 39
) :
:
().(145 :
)
..
( .
..
. )
( .
) .(146 2
)

)(144

.147-146

)(146

.75-74

)(145

)5 : 1372 1953/( .57

() .(147

).(148
:
.

) (
.
..


.
! ..


..




.
:


.. -
)(147
)(148

.80
.85-84

) () (
.






).(149


..



..
.
)(
..
..
..
..

(150) (151)
)(149

" "....104-103

)(151

" " .159

)(150

" " .38

" " :

.(152 ) ) (153

" : ") .(154



.
) (155
- .
-







" "

.


.
)(152

" " .32-29

)(154

" ".

)(155

) : 1412 1992/( ..788

)(153

. : .87



) .(156
) (157
)(158 ) .(159

) (160
) (161



: :" :"
) (162
) .(163



).(164
)(156

.. : ) : 1395 (

)(157

.." :

)(158

" : . : : " . .

)(160

" ". "

.297

" : .

)(159

" ".

"

)(161

: . ) :

)(162

.100

)(164

)] : [.(1971

.(1980

)(163

. : .38



)(.
.

. )( :

. )(165
- - :
.
).(166
" :

" ..
) .(167
" "
) (168



)(165
)(166
)(167

.380
.46-45
: )2 : (1955 3.357

- -
. : .377

)(168

1)3 : .(1988





) (169 .
-
"
).(170

-9



-
:
)(
.


.

(171)
) (
) (

)(169
)(170

) : .(1980

.28

) (171 .

.
: ... .
)(

.






) (172
..

...

) (173
) (174 .
-10
)( :


)(172

)2 ..

)( . : ):

(.

)(173
)(174

.152

) : ( )) :

((.




. .
)) :
(( )) : (( ) .(175



.


.
: ...

) .(176

.
.
..


" "


)(175
)(176

.
: ) 9 : (1987 .

..
.


.
:

.
.
)(
"



.

) (177


).(178
"

") .(179

)(177

.90

)( 178
)(179

.89

) : .(1981


.

) .(180
)(




) !(181

) (182


.
:


: .
.(183)

)(180

) : ] . ([. .58

)(182

. .104

) (181 .107
)(183

" " .59

).(184

" "
)(184


..

:
. .
6 6
.

: ) : 1400 (.

..
:
" ".


. :

" " :
.

. :
.1984

" :
".

" " - -
. .

) (185
.
..


.

-


. " "
""
" "
"" "" "

) (186
"

".
" " ""
) .(187

. -
-
)(185

) : 1399 ( .279 .

)(186

: .

)(187

""
.





.
) (188
.
.

) (189
.
:

.. "
"

: .

.
:
: ] [34:
" " .
)(188
)(189

: .433
.287


...
) .(190
) .(191


. : ).(192
:



)(

"
: ") (193

) .(194

. ).(195
) .(196

)(190
)(191
)(192

.88 84
: ) :] ..( [.

)(.

)(193

) 2 : .(1966

)(195

2 .81 : .347

)(194

) : (1970 .76 75

)(196

: .347 346

.
". " .





.
).(197
- -



.
" "



.
. " "

)(197

) (

...

..

" " . :
.131

"

) (198
...

.. .(199 )

) (
) (200





...
) (
.

.

... ...
)(198

: 3 ...

)(200

)(199

" " .233

: ) :
(1989

.
.1986 .





.



):(201
"

.

.
"



".


.



)(201

. : .343


.


.
. ""
" " ).. (
" )("
") .(202

) (203
(204) " :
.
" :

") .(205

.
.
" "

)(202

: .54

)(204

" " .71

)(203

) 2 : 1408 (.

)(205

. "

" ) 2 : .(1988

) (206
.
:
... ...



.

) .(207

] .[12 :


.
": "
)(206

) ( "




.. .

106) . " ".. ..




.
""
)(207

: ) : (1985

) : : .(1988

: . .

. "
"
.. ..

..


.. .
..
..


.
..
..
.
..

.. ..

.." " .
.

: .
.

: . :

.(208)
" : .

").(209


.





.

" "
) (19 ) .(9
" ) (15
" ) .(21

)(208
)(209

" " .72

.57 56 :

Al- Maoududi, Towards Understanding the Quran..


) (3 ) .(11
) (12
).(210

.
: .
: ) (211
) (212 ) .(213
.
..
.. ) .(214




.
) .(215

)(210
)(211

.80
: )( ) / .(1979

)(212

" " .26

)(214

: ) : (1988

)(213

: ) : 1405 (

) (215 .258 257

) (216
) .(217
"
"

.
: .
:
.
") .(218
"

..
..
.
"

").(219

)(216

: .525

)(217

: " " .

)(218

1 .221 220 : ) :

)(219

.132 129

" " ) : 1973 .80

] . ([. .130 129

..

).(220



) .(221





.


..


.


) .(222


)(220
)(221

.134

.125

- -
.
)(222

..

..
"" .


- -

. . .


.
.

-
-


.







.. .

:
.
.
"".


.
: ..
.

..
.
..
).(223
":
..

").(224
.
.
:
:
- :
.
..
)(223
)(224

.
.59-58


"
") (
.
- : ..

. .
- -

(225 ) .
-

) .(226
.

).(227
:


.

.
)(225
)(226

" " .104


.
)(227

" : " " .253


.

. .
))((- :




:
) (1 :

""
.

"."


.
.
) .(228



)(228

: ) : (1985 "

" ) : . : .(1988

.
.
)( :
) (Le Califat)(1926

.
. .
.
.


) .(229
" "
) .(230


) .(230


) .(231


)( ) (
.
)(229
)(230
)(231

.214

.256
).(1969 :

..

).(232
:
. .
)(.
: )(






... .

142 167

)( :
.

.

.

)(232

" : " .

: .405


)232( .

..

.
...
" :
) (233
"
232(
- -




.
""



-

""

.
) (233 74 :

"

") (234


)(235


) (.
" :
") (236
"
") (237 ) (238
)(239





- - .

!
) (234 4 132 - 131 : "
. 1 ) 1 ." (1986
) (235 ) 1382 : ( .54 :
) (236 54 :

) (237 240 :
) (238 241 :
) (239 231 :

- -
- -

.


.
-
-
!
!

:
" " .


""


) (240


) (240
. :
) : (1972
" "

.
)(241


" :
") .(242

!.



..




.


.

.

.

!
..
) (241
) (242 52 :




.
:

).!(243
..
.



) (244

) (245

- -
.

) (243 ) ( : :

.206 .

- -


) (244 232 :

) (245

.
.

)( :
:

.
.


) .(246

" :



.
"
) .(247
.
-
..

.
-



) (246 " " ) 41 / / .(986
) (247 ) : 14001980 /( 68 - 67 :



) ( .
. .. .


).(248

) (248 .76 : .

) ( " : " .:
" .
) (249
"


"
)(250
"
) (
) (7 : .







)( :
) (

) (251
) (252

:
) (249 ) : (1954 18 :
) (250 210. " "
) (251

) (252 -


..





.
.

. :


.

.

" . "116
" "2 :

.
)
(.


: )
( .


.
..
) ( )
( : ( .

..
.
:
. ":
") (



.

. .



.
..

.
. :

) .(253 " : "


)(255

) (254

" "
)(


:
.
.
.

.


.





-



) (253 : .
) (254 59 :

) (255 ) :
(1966 3 :

.
!!
.
!! .

.

.

.
- -


.




.
.



.
" "

.

) (
) (256



"
"" :
.







"
)(257

)(258

(



.
.
) (256

) (257 104- 103 :

) (258 .104 103 :

.
. : .229 :

" "
.
-1 .
-2 .
-3
)(259

.

) .(260




" " .
..
"
"
) (261
.
: .


) ( " :

) (259 ) : ) . ((.377 :
) (260 .
) (261

"

) (262


.


.

" - - " .

.


.
""
.
)( :




)
( ) (1 .

) (1 :

) (262 : ) : ) .((.

)(1

159 94


) (2
.
)
) (3
(


...


) (4
""
. "
.

:
)(2



)(3
)(4

1 31

) (



) (2
) (W.A.S.P

) (3
.



) .(4 .
.



.

.





. " "

)(2

) : (1980

)(4

155-154

)(3

- -

.


" " .

)
( ) (1 ) (




.

) (Classification ) (discrimination
) (2

.
)
() (3 .

.
)(1

) (9

)(2

: 155

)(3

59

) (1976


) (4



" "









)
(.............



) . (

.

- : .
)(4





.
) (2 :




)
) (1
( .
) (3 :
)

) (2
(
)
( ) ( 3
) (4 :
)
(


)(1

) : (1951 111

)(2 : 80 .87

-312
-4-....

.

) (5.

. .


.
.


.
) : : "
"....
) (5 : :


:
.

) (1
) .(2 .
.
: :
)(1
)(2

" : 122
" " 96

) (1 . "
") (2" ") (3 -
.
:
4.






) (.

.

. .

: ":
" 5
.

... .

-1
-2...
-3..

-4 .
-5




.
.

.
" " .



.
: - -



)40 (
) ( .

) (1 .

)(

) (
) (2
)(1
)(2

) ( 908
. 232

.
.

:
.

) (1


"
" ). (2

) (

) (2 :

.

.

.



!. )
(

) (1 245

) (2 4 169

:




) ( ) (2



.


. .




.

: .


.


)(2

) ( 5







.
.
. .



) (
.


) (
) (

. .
.
.

.


.




.





-
- .
:
)1
( .
:
. :
2

.




)1

) 1981

.

-
-
.

.
-
.



...
:

.

...

.
)
( ) .(1

.

)(1

56 1987

.
)(3

. 1924

) (3


.

) .(2

.


)
(111/ /
. .
.

) () ) (4
( ) (5

)(6
)(3



)(4
)(5
)(6

135

104

) .(7


.



.
.
) .


() )8
-
-
) (9

) (10
):
(! .
) : (
" " .
) (
) (7 78
-8
)9
)10



) (1
. ) (
): (.187
" "
):

)(2
(
)

)(3
(


:
)
()3( )
: (.



. .

.
)(1
)(2

)(3




.




..
.(263)


.

).(264

.



. )
(.


:
) (263

:. " ".

) (264 : .231 230

.
-
.



.

.




. .



.(265)

) (266 .
) (265 " " .13

) (266 :

) In God We

(Trust



.




.



) (267 .
)( ) :(268

. .
" "


. )(
.

" . : ) :

(1992 .147 145

) (267 )(


..
.
.
. : .

) (268 ..

)( ..

..


.
:
) (. ) (. ) (. ) (. ) (. ) (.
) (. ) (.
) ( ) .(269
)" :(270
" ) (.

) ( :


)
( ...
." : "

.1992 /5 /28 ""


) (269 .51
) (270 .116

(271 )
: ) ( .


" ") (.

.
.

) (272
) .(273
.

). (
:
) (
(274 ) >(275)
< . ) .(276
"
") (.


) (271 " " .41

) (272
) (273 .79-74
) (274 " " .58
)(275

" " .90

)(276 .325

.354

276).(

. :




.
)( :
" : :
" ..
. ..

).(277

..

" ".
) (1


- -
" " .


)276 (

) (277 " : " . " ".

277).(
) (2 : (278)

.(279 )
) (......
" ") (.......
) (280 ) (281 "
") (.......

(282 )
) (3 : "
. ") (283
" : ") (284 .
" "

(285 ) .
) (4
.

277 : " " " "

) (278 " .215


) (279 .83
) (280 .
) (281 .

) (282 " " .16


) (283 .
) (284 .

) (285 " " 128

(286)

(287)
.(288 )
" :

") .(289

:
): (
) (5 : .(290 )
"
"
" ".
) (6 "
"
) .(291
) (7
..


.


) (286 " " .134
) (287 " " .22

) (288 " " 159


) (289 .

) (290 " " .34


) (291 .

..

.(292)
.


.
" "][...........
) (8 )(

.

.
:


. ) Etat
(gerndarme



.
)( :

.
) (292 " " .26


" :
")" :(293 " .
" :

: .
) (
".
:
") (294
.
. .

.
.
)(
. : :
) .(295
. ) ( :
.


).(296
) (293 .51
) (294 " " .6

) (295 .

) (296 : : .356 -355


""

: " "
:
) (1
.(297)
. :


.
) (2
. . " : " :
: ) ) (298

..(



) (3
.
.
) (4 .
) (5
.. .
) (6 .
.

) (297 " " .59


) (298 .

) (7 :
] [2 : .
) (8 .



.

)( :

.

- - .
:
) .(299
) (1 :
:

..
:
).(300
.(301)
) (299 .

.
)(300

" " .104

.(302)
:
" - " " ") .(303

" ").(304
" ").(305
" : ").(306 " ") .(307 :
) .(308 .
: " :
..
.. ").(309
" : " " : " " :
").(310

)(301

" " .17

) (302 " " .78 -78


) (303 .

) (304 .
) (305 .

) (306 .

) (307 : .
) (308 .174
) (309 .234

) (310 ) 2 : (1976 .281

" ").(311



) .(312



" "
" "(..............).


"
"
.
) (313




.


) (311 .235

)(312 .12

)(313 ) : ] . ([. 2.6


.


.

.
.


)(
.(314 )..
- -
[.
.
"
) :(

").(315
"




)
) (314 " " .104

)(315 4 .175

( ) .(316 " :
".

).(317
:

.. ..

..

)(319

(318 )
" .. "..
.


..

..
" " .

.

)(316
)(317
)(318
)(319

.246

.
" " .50

" " .44

182 205

:

\ .


. )) :
(( 320 ":
" )) :
(( .321
)) :
.

(( . )) : (( ) : (( .322
)) :

((.323
)) : (( .324
":
"
" :

320
321

.
.

322

324

323 .143

(( .325


.


..
:
-1

.
)) (( )) (( ))
(( )) ((

...
..

.
". "
-2

326
325

326

. "
"].[52 ": " ".


.



..

..

) (


.327
328
.. -
"" -
.
: ".
". .

327


. .
182005

18 . .

328 )) (( ) : .(1978

"] 38[ .


.

"
.






..
"
"] "[70 "] .[49 .


" " .329
-3





329 ) : } .( {.









.

" "
330
331 .332
) :

.


330 ) :
( .

331 .527
332

. :

.351

: .

.
.



.

.
:


.
.333
-4 :
334 335

) (

.


.
.336
:
337

333 1 .595-594

334 . : 4 .249

335 ) (.
336 .144145-
337

: .200-199


.

.338



.339
:





.
) (2 : -

-

.


.
..

338

.
339



..
.




.340




..


.
-

.


.


340 : 360 .


.. .






.
"
" .



- -
"
"
" "

.


.
:
. ..
.

-
] -[.....
.
.. .

) (




.

. )( .
)(
)-(


)(


.
) ( .

.

:
.



.


) : (












.





...
:
:

-: - -.
- -.
.

:
:
) (
.
.
.
. .
. .

.
.

" " .





.

.
-

.
) (1 :



) 341 (.342

) ( 343
. ":
"............./

341 .
" 342 " 5

" 343 " .219

.344


.

" "



.




" "
": " ":
"

.


. 345


344 .225
345

" : ".



2 %3







.346

) : (

.
.

..


,

) ( } ) {10 : ( } {10:
" " .
346 : : . 22

.
.

.
.347

.
:
: :



.




.




.




..................................... 347



.


.

:
) .(05-11-8
.


348



-
.



.
: :
.


.
348




.
:





.
:



)
(

.


.
:

.









.

..
:

.




.
. .

:


. :

.
.
.




.

.







.
: .

.


.




.

..
349


..
.


350

.





-

..

.

349
350350











..
..

.
) : (
) : ( . ) :


(.
-
) (1 :


..

. .





..
..
..
.
""
..

..
.
..


. .


. ) ( 351

)
( )
) ( .. (/ /57 .

351 " " .107



.

:
..


.352
) (2 :




..
.
:
-1
.
-2
..

.
-3
.
352



.
-4

.
.





. 353


- ! -
"" ! .

) :

%99

-

20 .
353

/ .354



. " "

.
-5 ..

.
-6 :
) (
1

..
.
-7
355
.
-8 .

.



354
355


..

" "


:


.
:


..
..

..
_ .-
..

356
..
""


356

.


..
" " ..
.
.


""
.
,
.
:

: :
.

.. ..
""
.
) ( .
.




) (.............

!
! .

.


.
.
:

:





)
( ..
:
-

-

""


.


.

.
.


_


.

.


- -




.

357

! .
.
.

) ( 3 :


.

) ( :





.




.


.
357 )) : (( : : : (1984
" ) 4 .(1992





.
.

. 358




.
.










358

) ( 1990

160 " " : ) :


.(1992

..
..
.

.

) ( 4 :
) ( :
)
( 359 .

) ( 360



..
.
) ( :


.
:
-1 .
-2
.
-3 .
359 56 :
360 " " 30:

-4
.
-5 .
-6 .
.
-7
" " ) (
)
( .361
-8 .
-9 .
.362
-10

-11
.363

361 " " .21

" 362 " ) 5182 (1992


363

-1 -2 .
: .6


..




..


.
206
:
:
-1
:
) (364
! .



.
:
.
) (364 ) / (1990

80
15 .

) (365
.
:


.

.
-2 .



.

.
-3

.. ..
) 20 (

) (365 ) : (.


.
-4 :





.
-5



.

.
.
.
-6
.
-7


.
-8







.

..

(366)

.(367)
-9

.
-10 :
...




..
.
) (366 " " .110
) (367 " " .8

.

.
.

.
:
(368)



) (369 .

.

""
" "





.
-11
.
) (368 " " .22
)(369

Mohamed Mzali. Tunisie: Quel avenir? (Paris: 1991). P. 137.

-12

) \.(370
5
.

.
-13

.. .
.
-14 ) (371

.
,






.
-15

) (370 " " .8


) (371 " " .8


.
-16
.
-17
.

.


.




.



""
.
).(372
) (373


) (372 " " .8
) (373 " " .8


..



.
.
"

" . ) (374




)(375


.

.
-18

.


.
) (374 " " .8
) (375 " " .8




1 2
3


"" .
.1
.


.
.
.
.
: .

.
) : (1

. .
1 .248
2 .135
3 :


.
) .
:

().(2

.
.


) .(3
- .
.2 :
...
)(4
:


: .

1


) (1 .141 : ) (

-2 19 / 1927






.
:





.

.. .





.

. ":

.
") . (2006-03-28
"" :
" "

.3

""


.

.










.
.
" " - -

: :


) () .(1



.

... "
" 2

.
:



.


.
" "
:
. .
"
"
) ( . .
.

) (1 " " 1


..

.
: :
) -(1
.

.

.
.

"

"...1





.




) (1 - -


)
)(2


" 3.
. -
.

. ) "
" (131
% 99.99




.



. "
" . .





(1 37 )1 (
2 " " 10
-313




...


.




).(1


).(2
: :
.





.


-1 ) (25 " : "
) (2 131-130


"

") (3

.
: :
-1:

: .



1791 .

. :
: : . :
.
) (

1

.
) (3

-2 :

.

- - .




.



).(2


.
).(3


.
).(1
) (2 :
.27


) (3
) (1 355


.
.
.
.
-3 :
-

.



.
:
.

.
) (1

.

).(2
- :
) (1
) (2 : : 361

1847



.
) (

25) (3 .


. .

.
- :

.
1295.
.



) (1 .

.

) (3
) (1 ) : ([1983] 19

.
) (2
.

" " " "

).(3
:

)
(
" : "
. .

.

.

) (2 ) 47 :
(
) (3 36-35

:
) (1 ).(2

) (3

.
- :
) .(4


Prosidum

:

) .(5
.
.

.


).(1
) (1 31-30
) (2 37
) (3 38
) (4 )( 211
) (5 257-255
) (1

.


) .(2
.
- .
1958

(3).


) 7(

.

) .(5




49 1986
.


34
.

) (2 265


.
. .
490
. 28 9

80 / 90
2/.

.

. 34
.
.




.

.

) (

.







.
) (
.
....

) .(4






.

.
-4


.
. :

.

.

) (1

.





.

.
-5
-
.



) (

...
.
) (1 : 146




. :




... .

.
) .(1

"

") (2
.


.

) (.
) (1 :
7 ) : (1959 1956
) (2


.
-

.
) (



.
"
().(1

.
-
- 2

) .(3

.


.
.
.
) (1 : )(
) (3 580

.
) (4


.
-
y

.


) (1
) (2

) .(3


. ""



.

. "" "" "
) (4 : ) : (1989
) (1 ) : ] . ([. 39
) (2
) (3 ) : (1979 102-101


")" (4

")" (5
") .(1



.
).(2



.

...




...
.


. .
) (4
) (5
) (1 115
) (2 115


.
-
) (1 :

.
. :
.
.
.
-1
"" ) : () .(1 ""
) : () .(2

) () .(3

.

""
.
-2 :


. .

) (1 " " 4
) (2 " " 53
) (3 " " 275

-3 :
.
.
:



.
:




...
.
" ") (1
.
.


.



.

) (1


.


.
"

""
"" .


").(1
) (2 : :
.
:
. .
.
.
:
:
. .

) (1 106


.

.
:


.
.


)(
.
.

.
: )(
.

).(1

.

) (1
.

:
"
"
).(1
) (3 : .



.


.




).(2

:
:29 .
:40 )(
)( ) ( ).(3
) (4 : .

) (1 183
) (2 ) : (1985 148
) (3 ) : (192 87

)(
)( .
:
-1
. .
-2
)
().(1
-3


.
-4
""

).(2
-5 )

() (3
)
()" (4 ".
-6 )
().(1
) (1 " " 2
) (2 151
) (3 " " 119-118
) (4 " " 10
) (1 " " 9

-7



.



.








.


.
-8



.
.


.
-9


.


.
) (1

.
.



.

.


.


)( .
.
) (1 ) : (1979


.
.

.
y " "

) (VETO
).(1
) :

() (2 )
( ) (3
.

.


.
:
-1


) (1
) (2 " " 7
) (3

.
.
) .(1
.



.
-2

"

").(2

) (1

)

( ) ( )( )( )(
.

.

.
) (1 ) : (1980 152
) (2 : 241
) (1

-3 ))1




- -


.

: .

-
- .



""

.
.




..
) 1 ""

..

..






) (1




...
.


) (1 )( "" .

." : )(" : ):
(1984 77
.

.
" :


" . :
) : 1349 ( 1153-152

" " .
.

.


.
-

-
.







.
-

) (
.
.


. .






.




.
) (1873 1801
"

).(1
) (1920 1854

).(2

" :

").(3

) (1 ) : .(1973
: ) : ( 27
) (2 ) : .(1931 : 27
) (3 28

) (1905 1849

.
""

) (1


.

.
)( .


.

.
.
"



").(2

) (1 ) : (1972 158
) (2 . :
237

"


").(1 :
:

) .(2
) (3

. " .

.
"


.

.


.
"
").(1
) (1 ) : ] . ([.376
) (2 366
) (3
) (1 " "

"
...
".




.

) .(2

.
.






) (2 : " " .
" "
.


.

.
).(1


.





.
"

").(2




.
"
").(1
.



) (1
) (2 ) : ] . ([. 122
) (1


) .(2
.


""
.


.
.

. .




.

.

.

.
" ") .(1
) (2 ) : (1961
) (1 :

10/ 1952 .

27/ 1954" :


") .(2

) (3


.

.
" "
""
" ".
) () (4

.
.

.
.
.

) (2 : ) : (1978 10
) (3 11
) (4 " " 22

. .
""
-4
-

. :


.
" "

. )(1949-1906
) (1928



..
.

.




1985

) (1

2005

.
"" .
- -
.

) (

) (1









.


) (1 : ) : (1992
) (1


.
)" ".
12001( .
.
1989
)1994 . ( ..

.



"
"131
.
"


"101 .
"



" 132 .
-1

-2.
"101
"

"132 .
"

"131



) (1
.


.
"

") (1

.

.
) (1

) (2 .





%99

- 1981



"

") . (

.
.




)
LBC:2006-06-21



.






.

).(1










.

"


" . "

. .
) (1 : " " :
20 / 1993

.
").(1
: ) (2
: . :

:




:



.
:
.

. .

" )
() (1
" . 1928 .

. "
) (1 91
) (2
) (1 " " 256

" .
.

"


")(2






.



1981


.
).(1
:

.
) (2 1993 /10/2
1- 257



.





.

" ...
".




.
.
. :
. . . . .
.

" ".


) .(1


" :

") (2
.
-


) (3
.
..


...

) (1
. .
. .1993/4/3
) (2 )( ) 9/ (1993
) (3 " " 1 ) 4 (1991
.Robin Wright, "Islam, Democracy and the West", Foreign Affairs (1992) :
. :
: .
. . 390

.
.
-


.1993 .
" ").(2
-


.


.
.





. :
.
-
) (2 : )(1993/2/24






.
) (1
. " " "
"

.
-


.
.



. :

.

"
". " " " .
" .79
) (1 )/ (1993



.
" .
" " .
)108 (.
" ""
")125 ( "
"
.
")127 (


.
.
. :
-
.


.
.
.
.


11 .

.
:

.
.


...
" .
.

").(1
"
") .(2
" :
. " .

.
" : ) (

").(3

) (1 : ) : (1992 327-91
) (2 327-91
) (3 327-91

-





. .
:

.
" "
) .(1 :
" "
"" .
. ""
.

""


"" .


.
""

.


" "

.
...

.
. "
" "






"
")(1 .

:





) (1 327-91



.
..
.




1989
1992 2005 .
..

... .

.(1)
) (2 .
-





.
) (1 ) ] .(1984 [.

. .

.
) (2 ) ] .(1984 [.

:



.


.




1957 .


1953 " " ) (U.M.N.O
1946 .
""

) (Kelantan .
.
) (3



) (UMNO

) (3 1972

.





.
. .


:


" " .




. " "

.

.


!
-5

-


.

.
. " "
-
.
. .

.
.
.

.
.
".

".


. . (1).


..
.


.
.



.


: .
-
...
) (
.

/ 1963
.


.



" "
.

:

-
" "
.
""
" "


:

.

.
.
) (1
)
( .


.

).(2

) (1 : 157
) (2 : " " :
) : (1987
" " ) 1/ / .(1992
: " "



.

.
)

( .


! .


).(1





"" .

.
.
. .
.
: .
.
) :
" . : ) :
(1991


) (2 ) / .(1980
" "





"" .

.
.
. .
.

: .
.
) :
" . : ) :
(1991




"" .

.
.
. .
.
: .
.
) :
" . : ) :
(1991

/ 1981 81-6-6
" "

.
1981

.





) ..(1
" " 6 1981
.


1989
20


.
. .
.
: .
.
) :
" . : ) :
(1991

... 12
/ 1990 / .
.


"



") .(2

1986

.
199 2

.
.
: .
.
) :
" . : ) :
(1991
. .
:.

.
) :
" . : ) :
(1991


) (1
!!
.

) (2
.




.
2005

""
.
-


. /
1990 / 1991
.

" "

) (1 : ) : (1992
) (2 1993/4 /9

)(

) (

.









.
) (


. 5 / 1988

.
- -
"
"

:

.
.


.

.


.
) (1
. -



) .(2
-



- - .
""



) (1 1992/1 /1

) (2 : " " ) 23 1413(

"" .

.
) (3

.
.






).(4

"

.
" .





.
) (3
:
) (4 " " 1993 /4 /17

).(1



.

.





"".







:



.
) (1 " " 1993 /4 /17


""







.
.
- :
.






.


.
-6



.. .


)
: (.



.
" :
"



. .
.
1981 .
"

" .
) ()(1
) () (2
) .(3
.
) (1 " " 8
) (2 " " 51
)" (3 ") (1

"
").(1



. .
"

... .
"
".

) (2
" "

.
" )
( ] .[92 :
").(4
) (
) .(1

.
) (1 1979
) (2 ) 21/ (1982
) (4 : : 1121
) (1


: " :

"" .
").(2

-




""
- -
" 2001 "
.




.
" "


.
:
.
)(2

)Newsweek (15 March 1993


. .



.
. .

" -
.-
2001

"".
..

.
.


.

.
. - -

. "
" ) (..........


..
. ..
-7
1956
.
.
.

.


.



.
:

.


!


"
.... " . :




: .


.
.
" .
") (2

. :

.



.

. .



.

" " .


.
-8



.

"

. ) (
") (1




).(2




.
.

:
) (1 ) : (1977 187
) (2 62

.







).(1

-
" "


.
.
:




.
). : "


.

) (1 142-141

.

.
-9
) (1




.

. 1967 1982 1990
2000
" " 2006
.


. ..
.


.




) (1 142-141





.
:
. ) (1 .
.

.




.
.





)" (1 " : ) : : (1982 279

) (1
.

. .
-10


.

.

) (2
) (

.


. 1958

) .(1
.

:
.
) (1 )( 1984

) (2
) (1 105 : ) : (1983



.
.
""

.

" :

) (1 " . :


) (2
.



"
").(3



) (1 2 ) :
(1967 1 .67 : ) (1986 :110-109
) (2
) (3 : 252

.

.

.
-11



.





).(1


.

.

.

) (1


) (2

.
.

...
) .(1)(...

...
... ...
.



.
) () (2


.
.
.
.
) (2

.

) (1 " " 13
) (2 " " 256

-12


) () (3
.

.
.
.


.
) (
)(

.
) (1

"
") .(2
"
") .(3

) (3 " " 10

) (1 : 20 / 1993
) (2 : " " : : ):
(1984 55
) (3 65

.


) (4

.



.
5000 . .

.
-13
:
- :


""
"" )
(
.
""
""

.
) (4

.

.


" "




" : "
.
) (1


" "
.

.
) (1 .
.

.


.


.:
53

- :


.
) ( ] [110 :

) .(1


...
.


.


. .

.
""

.

:
. :

) (1 " " )( )(1972


).(1



.
)

() (2
).(3

.


.
).(4

.

.
.
. .
.
) (1 " " ) .(1991
) (2 " " 41
) (3 "
" .La Presse, 23/10/1983

) (4



. .




.
)
() (1
) () .(2
.


" "
) (3
.


) (1

.

) (1 " " 110
) (2 " " 104
) (3
) (1

:
-1
.

.
"" .
-2
.
.
" " .



.
-3
.
) .(1
.
.

.
-4

.
) :
) (1 647

() () (2 ) )(3
" ") (4 " y

") (5 " "


.
.

" "
.

:
.

. : . :

) .(1
.
. .
y ) ( y
y . ) ( .
" : " . .
.
. y
.

) (2 " " 612
) (3 " " 28
) (4 : ) 9 : (1980
) (5
) (1 ) : (1970 2120


.
. "

" " .
) .(2 .


) .(3



.



. y


-5 .

.

.
.
.
) (2 : ) 41 1412(
) (3 / 1992



.


) .(1
.

.
-6

.

.

: .


.



)
( ] .[2 :
.

) (1 647


.

.


)
().(1

-7
y
.
.

. :
: ).(2

) ()) (3 ()) (4

() (5 :
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
) (1 " " 25
) (2 :
) (3 " " 61
) (4 " " 193
) (5 " " 8

.4 .
.5 .
.6 ).(6

) () (1
) () (2 ) () (3



.
) (
.
:
-1
. ).(4
-2



. . "

) (6 ) : ( 132-131
) (1 " " 256
) (2 " " 190
) (3 " " 34
) (4 ) : (1968


".
-3

. .


).(1





. .

.
-4
.
) (


.

) (1
"" .
: ) (1991 :88


).(1

.

-5



... ).(2
-6





.



.



...
) (1 : " " ) 4 (1992
) (2 : ) : (1981 182


.

"

") .(1
.
.


.

).(2

.

.
:






) (1 . : 1984/3/31
) (2


.


.

.
"" .
.


).(1





.
-1
.


.


) (1

.
.



) (1
. .


) (2
) (3
) (4
) (5


).(1




.
.
) (1 " " : 1984/6/6
) (2
)" (3 " 382
) (4
) (5 : / 1992
) (1 )/ (1993



.


) .(2
.
-2

.
.

.

.

).(2
.1
.
.2 .
.3 .

) (2

) (2 : : )( ) 4/ (1993 "
" ) 9 / (1992


.
.4
.
.5 .
.6 .

.
.7
.
.
.8
.
.
.9

.
.10


.
.11 .



.


.
.12




.
.

) (1
).(2
.13



. y
.

) ()(3



.

) (1
)(2

)Ernest Gellner, Post Modernism: Reason and Religion (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1992

) (3 " " 25


.


.


!
) (1

.
.


.
.14
.
.15 ) (2
.
.16
.

) (1 : ) 422/ (1993
) (2 " :

.
" . : " " :
: ) 3 : (1988 270



.
:


" :

: ""
.
.







.
:
) (1
!!"

.
.

.
) (1 " " 1993 /1 /14

... :
. :
" ".










.




.

You might also like