 Linking words are used to show relationships between ideas.

They can be used to join 2 or more sentences or clauses (a

clause is a group of words which contains a subject and a verb).
 Linking words can be used to add ideas together, contrast them, or show the reason for something.

Function Linking words Examples

Giving Examples For example / For instance / I have been to many countries. For instance, last
Namely / Such as year I went to Canada.

But / However / 1. She hates housecleaning. On the other hand, she

Although / even though
Expressing Despite / despite the fact that
/ In spite of / in spite of the
Contrast / fact that
Concession Nevertheless / Nonetheless /
While / Whereas / on the
other hand
In addition, /as well as /
Expressing moreover / what is more /
not only...but also...
Addition /furthermore / besides /also
/ too
Due to / due to the fact that /
Owing to / owing to the fact
Cause and Effect that / Because /
Because of / Since / As
Therefore / So
/Consequently /As a result
In brief / in conclusion / to
Summarizing and conclude / to sum up / in
summary / in short / to
Concluding summarize / all in all / In a
nutshell
doesn't mind cooking.
2. He works hard, but he doesn’t earn much.
3. The company is doing well. Nonetheless, they
aren’t going to expand this year.
4. Although he was tired, he went with them to the
party.
5. In spite of the cold, he went out in shorts.
1. Sara speaks several languages. Moreover, she
has good computer skills.
2. Traffic congestion is a problem in my
city. Besides this, the trains are very expensive.
1. Because of bad weather, the football match was
postponed.
2. He drove very fast. As a result, he had an
accident.
There are many historical monuments in Morocco to
see. The weather is nice and the nature is amazing.
The people are generous too. In brief, Morocco is a
nice country to visit.

First to begin with to start When I get up, first, I have breakfast and brush my
Ordering and with in the first place next in teeth. Then, I get dressed and finally I go to school.
the second place after that
Sequencing finally last but not least
similarly / likewise / like / Teachers should do their duties and likewise students
Showing in the same way / both …. should be more responsible and hardworking.
and…..
Similarity
to / so as to / in order to + V 1.They are going to Fes in order to spend their
Expressing not to /so as not to/in order vacation.
not to + V 2.He worked hard so that his parents wouldn’t be
purpose so that + modal + base form disappointed.
I. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate linking word.
1. It was raining. ……………………, we still went to the park. ( to conclude, such as, however)
2. Cheating is dishonest. ………………….., it hinders students from learning. (However, For example,
Moreover)
3. There are things that need to be done to improve the company. …………………….., we can begin by
organizing the files. (on the other hand, but, For instance)
4. He was hungry;……………………,he didn’t demand food. (However, for example, on the other hand)
5. You must complete this essay by 5 p.m. …………………….., you must do the exercises on page 47. (In
addition, Nevertheless, For example)
6. Students should be on time. …………………….…, they must be prepared. (However, on the contrary,
Furthermore)
7. I have a few things to take care of ………………….. paying bills, cleaning the house, and going to the post
office. ( to sum up, such as, in contrast)
II. Complete the sentences with : so that, in order to, so as not to, because, because of, although, in spite of
1. We were very late for the concert …………………………….. the terrible traffic.
2. We didn't go out ……………………….………it was raining.
3. The family paid the kidnappers a lot of money ……………………….. their son would be released unharmed.
4. Tom is learning German………………………………… apply for a job in Germany
5. I’ll send him an e-mail …………………………………….. tell him when we’re coming.
6. ……………………………….it rained a lot we enjoyed our holidays.
7. ………………………………….all our careful planning, a lot of things went wrong.
8. I managed to get some sleep…………………………..there was a lot of noise.
III. Choose the correct answers:
1. As / As a result it was such a beautiful day, we decided to have a picnic.
2. It was his birthday because / so we decided to buy him a present.
3. As a result / Since all the seats on the train were taken, we had to stand.
4. The banks were closed and as a result / because we couldn’t get any money.
5. I didn’t find the book very interesting and so / as I didn’t finish it.
6. We couldn’t drive across the bridge as a result / because it was closed.
7. I haven’t got much money as / so I can’t afford a new car.

IV. Rewrite the following sentences beginning with words given

1. It was too cold inside, so she turned on the heater. (because)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Fatima didn’t get the job. She had the right qualifications. (in spite of)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. My mother does the cooking and the housework. She looks after my grandparents. (besides)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. My father’s health has improved a lot. He gave up smoking two months ago. (as a result)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. My brother speaks English fluently. He’s studying French now. (moreover)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. She never takes any kind of exercise, but she is quite fit and healthy. (even though)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Tom gave up smoking because he wanted to save money. (in order to)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Sue lowered the volume on the TV set. She didn’t want to disturb her roommate. (so that)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. Sally usually wears a thick coat. She doesn’t want to catch a cold. (in order not to)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. She has plenty of money, but she is very mean. (although)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
11. He stayed outside in the cold weather, even though he felt ill. (despite)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
12. People continue to smoke, even though they know the dangers. (in spite of)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
V. Complete the following sentences:

1. Fatima studies her lessons regularly so that …………………………………………………………………

2. These days, students don’t go to school due to………………………………………………………………
3. Tom borrowed some money from his friend in order to ……………………………………………………
4. Sara is trying to improve her English so as to…………………………………………...……………………
5. He phoned the police because…………………………………………………………………………………
6. Despite Coronavirus outbreak, some people………………………………………………………………….