Carbon etc. Benefits i) It saves time. ii) Tt is easy to write. 13. Define valency with example. Ans. The unique property of an element is valency, It is combining capaci other elements, For example, valency of hydrogen is 1. 14. How valency of covalent compounds can be determined? Aas. In simple covalent compounds, valency is the number of hydrogen ato combine with one atom of that element or the number of bonds formed by 0 that clement. For example, valency of chlorine is 1, 15. How valency of ionic compounds can be determined? Aas. In simple ionic compounds valency is the number of electrons gain an clement to complete its ociet, Elements having less than four electr preter to lose the electrons to complete their octet. For example, at 2 and 3 electrons in their valence shells respectively. They lose th of I, 2 and 3, respectively. On the other hand, elements having five 0 their valence shells, gain electrons to complete their and 7 electrons in their valence shells espeitferent properties from them, ‘Mixture Js formed by the simple mixing up of th id Nee Oct 19, Define atomic number and mass number. : A ‘Ans. The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons present in the ofits atoms, It is represented by symbol “2. atomic number of hydrogen is. ‘The mass tumber is the sum of number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus 6 atom, It is represented by symbol 'A', Mass number of hydrogen is T+ ; 20, How many protons and neutrons are therein an atom having A= 238 and Z = 92. ‘Ans. First of all, develop data from the given statement of the example and then solve it with the help of data. Data A=238, z=92 ‘Number of protons ? ‘Number of neutrons? Number of protons = Z= 92 ‘Number of Neutrons = A-Z 38-92 = 146 24. Define relative atomic ‘Ans. The relative atomic mi compared 10 1/12s(one-twelfth) the mi atomic masses is called atomic mass un} mass and atornic mass unit. .ass of an element is the average mass of the atoms of that element as ass of an atom of carbon- 12 isotope. The unit for relative it, with symbol ‘amu. 1 amu = 1.66«10™ g 22. Define empirical formula. i ‘ 2 Dee mpi yp Tsing te ti is the rei ms pach na npn Ft Se ES 23, Define molecular formula, se capes ate oe eomass of N= 14 amu Atomic mass of O= 16 amu formula = HNO. Molecular mass= 1 (At mass of H) +1 (At mass of N) + 3 (At. mass of O} =1+14+3(16) =14 14448 = 63 amu 26. Define formula mass, Ans. Formuia mass in such cases is the sum of atomic masse: formula unit of a substance . For example, calcium carbonate is 100 amu. 27. Calculate the Jormula mass of Potassium sulphate KSO4, Ans. Solution s of all the atoms present in formula mass of sodium chloride is 58.5 amy Atomic mass of K = 39 anu Atomic mass of § = 32 amu Atomic mass of 0 = 16 amy Formula unit = K SOx Formula mass of K SO=2 = 78 + 32+ 64 = 174 amu 28. Define ion with example. Ans. lon is an atom or group of atoms having a charge on it. The charge may be positi negative. For example, Na 29. Define cation. How is it formed? Ans. An atom or group of atoms having positive charge on it is called cation. The cati formed when atams jose electrons fr om their outermost shells. For example, Nat, ‘cations. 30. Define anion. How is it formed? Ans. An atom or a group of atoms that has a ne; formed by the gain or addition of electrons to an 91. Differentiate between atom and ion. (39) + 1(32)+ 4(16) 25 gative charge on it, is called anion, Ah atom. For example, Cl and 0”,I is the smallest particle of an element or compound which ean exist independently show all the properties of that compound. ee i _Itis always neutral. “ Molecular ion 4) Itis formed by gain or loss of electrons by a molecule. i) _Itcan have negative or positive charge. 434, Define free radicals with example. ‘Ans, Free radicals are atoms of group of atoms possessing odd number of| (unpaired) lectrons. It is represented by putting a dot over the symbol of an element e.g. H ‘Che 45. Differentiate between ion and free radical. Ans. Jon 3) These are the atoms which bear some charge. i) They exist in solution or in crystal lattice. Free Radicals j) These are the atoms that have odd number of electrons. ii) They can exist in solutions as well in air. 46. Define monoatomic and diatomic molecules. ‘Ans. A molecule consisting of only one atom is called monoatomie molecule. For example, the inert gases helium, neon and argon. Ifa molecule consists of two atoms, itis called diatomic molecule. For example: hydrogen (Ha) oxygen (Os) chlorine (Cl) and hydrogen chloride (HCD. 37. Define triatomic and polyatomic molecule, ‘Aus, [fit consists of three atoms, itis called triatomie molecule, For example, H20 and CO2. Ifa molecule consists of many atoms, it is called polyatomic. For example: methane CHs, 38, Define homoatomic and heterontomic molecules. elie aexpressed in grams is called gram atomic n = drogen atoms Der cae is called gram a ‘of hydrogen = 1 : cca ne ‘of an element or a molecule expressed in gram ‘mass or gram molecule. It is also called a mole. {gram molecule ofH = 20g = | mol of hydrogen molecules 40. Define gram formula mass. ‘Ans. The formula mass of an ionic compound exprossed in grams is called ‘gram formula, It is also called one mole. {gram formula of NaCl = 5835g = 1 mol of sodium chloride 41. Define Avogadro’s number and mole. ‘Ans. Avogadro's Number is a collection of 6,02 x 10** particles. It is represented by gram formula 023 number 0 'Na' ‘A mole is defined as the amount(mass) of a substance that contains 6.02 x 1 particles (atoms, molecules or formula units). 42. Calculate the gram molecule (number of moles) in 40 g of H3POx Aas. Solution Give mass of HPO, - 40g Molecular mass of HsPOs = 98g/mol give mass/ molar mass Number of gram molecule 40/98 = 0.408‘Thomson 3, What is plum pudding igns. J Thomson Put forth his plum ructures of positive charge with tiny negative particles pudding: 14, Give tvo properties of cathode rays. Ans. Properties of cathode rays j) These rays travel in straight line perpendicular iy They are deflected towards positive plate in ane negatively charged: pudding theory. He po: stuck inside. It is like plum | to the cathode surface. Jectric field showing that they ar ive discovery of canal rays. 4 that in addition to cathode roys, other FaYS WETS also present in thode rays. He called re travelling in opposite direction to ex sg, What are canal rays? (Or) G Ans. In 1836, Goldstein observe thedischarge tube. These rays We these rays as canal TayS- & Give two properties of canal TVS: ‘Ans. Properties of canal rays i) These rays travel in straight ii) Their direction in electri 1. Give discovery of neutron. sin 1932 Chadwick discov’ {ines ina direction opposite t0 the cathode rays. dd rhagnetic field proved that tess are positively charged, fc an tombarded alpha particles on a tery tam ‘ered neutrons, when heNG e ieirycfrediaton, electrons being the charged particlesail and they should ultimately fall into the nucleus ould form a continuous spectrum, ‘Ifthe electrons emit energy continuously, they sh fact ine spectrum was observed, ‘LL. Give two postulates of Bohr’s theory. a circular orbits of radius * r * around the nucleus. ii) Each orbit has fixed energy that is quantized. 12. Define electronic configuration. Ans, Electronic Configuration ‘The distribution of electrons around the nucleus in vari ‘increasing energy is called electronic configuration, 13. Define shell and subshell. ‘Aus. Shell ‘main energy levels that electrons can occupy. Shells are represented by lous shells and subshells accordi Aus. postulates of Bohr’s theory ‘The hydrogen atom consists of a tiny nucleus and electrons are revolving in one of Ans. For the Tess piad "Ans, In 1864 British chemist Newlands put forward his observations in the form of law of cgetaves'. He noted that there was a repetition in chemical properties of every eighth element if they were arranged by their increasing atomic masses. 3. Defhe Mendeleev and Modern periodic law. ‘Ans. "properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic masses" "Properties of the elements are periodic function of their atomie numbers". 4, Differentiate between period and group. ‘Ans. Periods i) The horizontal rows of elements in the periodic table are called periods. ii) There are seven periods in the modem periodic table. Groups j) The vertical columns in the periodic table are called groups. fit) There are 18 groups in the modern periodic table. , Give two salient features of long form of periodic table, Ans. i) This table consists of seven horizontal rows called periods, ii) There are 18 vertical columns in the periodic table numbered 1 to 18 from left to right, which are called groups. 6. What are blocks? How many blocks are there in periodic table? ‘Ans. On the basis of completion of a particular subshell, elements with similar sulbshell electronic configuration are referred as a block of elements. There are four blocks in the periodic table. These are s, p, d and flocks. 7. What are transition metals? ‘Ans. The d-block lies between the s and p blocks. While f-block lies separately at the bottom. d- block constitutes period 4,5 and 6, Each period consists of ten groups starting from group 3 10 group 12. These are called transition metals. 8. Give elements of first and 2” period. ‘Ans First period is called short period. It consists of only two elements, hydrogen and helium.radius in period. OR. Why atomic radius decreases ina per Ans. When we move from left to right in a period although atomic number increases, y of atoms decreases gradually. It is because with the increase of atomic number, the. nuclear charge increases gradually because of addition of more and more protons ind 12. Give trend of atomic radius in group. OR. Why atomic radius increases in a group? ‘Ans. The size of atoms or their radii increases from top to bottom in a group. It is bee shell of electrons is added up in the successive period, which decreases the effective charge. 13. What is shielding effect? Ans. Electrons present in the inner shells screen or shield the force of attraction by the valence shell electrons. This is called shielding effect. 14. Why shielding effect of atoms make cation formation easy? ‘Ans. Due to shielding effect force of attraction of. nucleus dec most shell. It becomes easy to take away electrons from valance shell due to th of nucle which make cation formation easy. 45. Define ionization energy with example. ‘Ans. The ionization energy is the amount of loosely bound electron from the valence shell of an isolated gaseous ati ionization energy of sodium atom is + 496kJmol’. energy required to remove the most om. For example, the Na—Na* + e& AH + 496kj/mol 16. Define first ionization energy. ‘Ans, If there is only | electron in the val called first ionization energy. For examp! is + 496 kJ/mol. lence shell, the energy required to remove it will be le, the first ionization energy of sodium atom Na— Na* + & AH + 496kj/mol hea. Give trend of ionization energy in period. OR. Why ionization energy increases information of polar covalent bond. For example, bond in HCl. 20. What is delta sign? Aas, The delta(6) sign indicates partial positive or partial negative charge that is developed duc to unequal sharing of shared pair or bonded pair of electrons. 21. How ionic or covalent nature of a bond can be found? : Ans. By using electronegativity values, it is possible to predict whether chemical bond will ionic or covalent in nature. If the difference of electronegativities between two elements isa than 1.7 the bond between them will be predominantly ionic bond and if it is less than 1.7, bond between two atoms will be predominantly covalent. 22. What is metallic bond? Ans. The metallic bond is defined as a bond formed between metal atoms (positively ch: ions) due to mobile or free electrons. 23. What are intermolecular forces? Ans. The forces that hold atoms in a compound are chemical bonds. In addition to these s bonding forces, relatively weak forces also exist in between the molecules, which are called’ intermolecular forces. 24. What are van der waals forces? Ans, All intermolecular forces, which are collectively called van der Waals forces, are in nature. 28, What are dipole dipole interactions? ’ ‘Ans. When partial positive and partial negative charges exist at different positions in a moles ‘the adjacent molecules will arrange themselves in such a way that negative end of that ‘comes near fo positive end of other molecule. It results in a net forces of attractionmixing up of mixture. Rate of diffuse rapidly re has SI unit of Nm". is used to measure press in the Inboray 6 Wins emderd emoy Ams Standard atmospheric pressure Deis the presowe cxcrted by the atmosphere at the sea level. It is defined ss the pressure exerted by a mercury column of 760 mm height at sea level. Taen = 760 sum of He = 760 torr {I mm of Hg = one tom) = 101325 Nm - 2= 101325 Pa 3. Why gascsare compressibke?ee ‘yolume occupied by the gas molecules, Tha 10. Define Boyles law, ae stan Ans. Boyle's law Pe at os In 1662 Robert Boyle suid the atop betwen the volume and pressure of " ae - ture, He observed that volume ofa given mass of a gas is inversely toi presse provided the temperature remains constant. a A ver vat PY= k= constant 11, What is absolute zero? What is absolute temperature scale? ‘Ans. Absolute temperature scale Lord Kelvin introduced absolute temperature scale or Kelvin scale. This seale of temperature starts from 0K or - 273.15 °C, whicl 1 the name of absolute zero. Tt is the temperature at which an ideal gas would have zero volume. 12. Define Charles's law? Ans, Charles’s law French scientist J. Charles in 1787 p gas is directly proportional to the abso Formula give! « law that states "the volume of @ given mass of 2 resented bi 1 pressure is kept constant’ jute temperature if th« vat 13, Define evaporation. ‘Ans. Evaporation ‘ is called evaporation. It is reverse 10 ‘The process of changing of a liquid into a eis condensation in which a gas changes into liquid. Fraporaton is an endothermic proces (heats absorbed). 14. Why evaporation is continuous process? ‘Ans, Evaporation is continuous process ‘SieSee evaporation depends on temperature? on pena ghs te on temperature Temperature: At high temperature, rate of evay tion is Kinetic energy of the molecules increases so igh tat they overcome and evaporate rapidly. 18. How evaporation depends on intermolecular forces? Ans. evaporation depends on intermolecular forces Intermolecular forces: If intermolecular forces are stronger, evaporation. For example, water has stronger intermolecular alcohol evaporates faster than water. 19. Define vapour pressure. Ans. Vapour pressure The pressure exerted by the vapours of a liquid at equilibrium with the liquid at a partie temperature is called vapour pressure of a liquid. 20. How vapour pressure depends on temperature? Aus. Vapour pressure depends on temperature ‘At high temperature, vapour pressure is higher than at low the Kinetic energy of the molecules increases enough to pressure. 21. Give factors affecting vapour pressure. ‘Ans: Factors affecting vapour pressure i) Nature of liquid Size of molecule _ iii. Temperature 22, How vapour pressure depends on nature of liquid? ‘Ans. Nature of liquid Vapour pressure depends upon the nature of liquid. Polar liquids have low vapour pressure non-polar liquids at the same temperature. This is because ‘of strong intermolecular between the polar molecules of liquids. For example, water has less vapour pressure than’ alcohol at same temperature. 23. Define boiling point with example. Ans. Boiling point high because at high temper the intermolecular fore molecules face difficulty forces than alcohol, there temperature. At elevated temp: enable them to vaporize and+3. What is an aqueous solution? Aas. Aqueous solution The solution which is formed by dissolving a substance in water is called an a For example, sugar in water and table salt in water. 4. Differentiate between solute and solvent, Aus. Solute "ae - The component of solution which is present in smaller quantity is called solute. For ex salt solution is made by dissolving salt in water. So, in salt solution, salt is the solute a solvent. Solvent ‘The component of a solution which is present in larger quantity is called A solvent. For example, salt solution is made by dissolving salt in water. So, in salt solution, salt the solute and water is solvent. 5. Define saturated solution. Ans. Saturated solution A solution containing maximum amount of solute at a given temperature is called saturated solution. On the particle level, a saturated solution is the one, in which undissolved solute is in equilibrium with dissolved solute. 6. Define unsaturated solution. Aas. Unsaturated solution A solution which contains lesser amount of solute than that which is required to saturate it at a given temperature, is called unsaturated solution. Such solutions have the capacity to dissolve more solute to become a saturated solution, 7. Define super saturated solution. Ans. Super saturated solution ‘The solution that is more concentrated than a saturated solution is kn: solution. A solution having more amount than 20.9 g of sodium thio sulphate per 100 cm? °C will be a supersaturated solution, OWN as supe ofc is the proportion of a solute in a solution. othe amount of solution or ratio of amount of solute to the Percentage percentage unit of concentration refers tothe percentage of of solute can be expressed by mass or by volume. 10. What is percentage mass/ mass? : “Ans. Percentage mass/mass fei the number of grams of solute in 100 grams of solution, For example, 10% rm/m sugar solution means that 10 g of sugar is dissolved in 90 gof wate! 10 make 100 g of solution. Calculation of this ratio is carried out by ‘using the following formul 11, What is % mass/volume? ‘Ans. % mass/volume: It is the number of grams of solute dissolved it m/v sugar solution contains 10 g of SU 1d or it is not known. solute present in a solution. e Daagat 100 em? (parts by volume) of the solution. Fox gar in 100 em’ of the sotution. The exact example, 10% volume of solvent is not mentione 10. What is % volume/mass? ‘Ans. % volume/mass It is the volume in om’ of a solute dissolved in 100 g of alcohol solution in water means 10 cm of ‘alcohol is dissolve thatthe total mass of the solution is 100 & In such solutions consideration, total volume of the solution is not considered. 13, What is % volume/volume? Ans. % volume/volume Itis the volume in cm* of a sol aleohol solution means 30 cm’ of {otal volume of the solution ‘becomes 14, What is molarity? ‘Ans, Molarity afd unbeestetlnct ESN dm3 of the solution. It is byM. ea the solution. For example, 10.% v/m 1d in (unknown) volume of water So ‘the mass of solution is under the solution. For example, 30 percent te dissolved pet 100 om*of so that the alcoho! dissolved in sufficient amount of water, 100 cm’.yus reactions — ‘Sponnecusfoucleas ae thoes wha avenge ON ES ‘Anse spontaneous reactions are : : a hose which take place in the presence of an external agent. se Ans. Oxidation and reduction a ‘Oxidation is defined as addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen during a chemical reaction. tea Reduction is defined as addition of hydrogen or removal of oxygen during a chemical reaction. | ‘Rel 4. Define oxidation in term of electron. Red Aus, Oxidation ; = ‘Oxidation is lows of electrons by an stom or an ion. e.g. fe Zn Zn* + 2e~ =~ Reduction Che Reduction is gain of elecirons by an atom or ion. e.g. oxi 2H* +2e 4 Hy 2 $. Define oxidation state or oxidation number. An Ans. Oxidation state Ele Oxidation state or oxidation number (O.N.) is the apparent charge assigned to an ele ‘an element in a molecule or in an ion. For example: in HCl, oxidation number of in | and that of CLis -1 che 6, Give two rules of assigning oxidation state. El Aus. Rules of assigning oxidation state | i) The oxidation number of all elements in the free state is zero, {iy The oxidation number of an ion consisting of a single element is the same as the B charge on the ion. is 7. Find oxidation number of nitrogen in HNOs When the oxidation number of H is +1 and O is q a m ‘Ans, Oxidation number of nitrogen in HNOs g {O.N. of H} +{0.N of N}+ 310.N of 0} = 0 [+1] + [O.N of N} 431-2} = 0 +1+0.NOfN +[6) =O ON. of Nitrogen =61D dH e 9 : ee ee Iytes which ionize toa small extent when dissolved in ‘not produce more ions are called weak electrolytes. Acetic acid (CH C Ca(OH)» when dissolved in water, ionize to a small extent and are good ex weak electrolytes. 15. What are non-electrolytes? Ans. Non-eleetrolytes ‘The substances, which do not ionize in their aqueous solutions and do not allow the current to pass through their solutions, are called non-electrolytes. For example, Sognr solution and benzene are non-electrolytcs. 16. What is electrolytic cell? What is electrolysis? Ans. Electrolytic cell The type of electrochemical cell in which a non-spontaneous chemical reaction takes place when electric current is passed through the solution, is called an electrolytic cell, Electrolysis It is defined as the chemical decomposition of a compound into its components by passing current through the solution of the compound or in the molten state of the compound. 17. Give construction of electrolytic cell. Aus. Construction of electrolytic cell An electrolytic cell consists of a solution of an electrolyte, two electrodes (anode and that are dipped in the electrolytic solution and connected to the battery. The electrode c to positive terminal is called anode and electrode connected to the negative terminal is cathode. 18. Give difference between electrolytic cell and galvanic cell. Ans, Electrolytic cell i) It consists of one complete cell connected to a battery. ii) Current is used for a non-spontaneous reaction to take Place. Galvanic cell i) It consists of two half cells connected through a salt bridge. Redox reaction takes place spontaneously and produces electric currentprocess of coating a thin layer of zinc on iron is called galvanizing. TI {by dipping a clean iron sheet in a zine chloride bath and then heating "removed, rolled into molten zinc metal bath and finally air-cooled. Advanta; ‘gthat zin¢ protests the iron against corrosion even after the coating surface is broken. +93, Whet is tin coating? Nes ‘ans. Tin coating “ frinvolves the dipping of the clean sheet of iron in a bath of molten tin and then passing: : through het rollers. Such sheets are used in the beverage and food cans, The tin protects the iron. only as long ax its protective layer remains intact. Once it is broken and the iton is exposed to the _ airand water, a galvanic cell is established and iron rusts rapidly. 4A, What is electroplating? Ans. Electroplating Hieciropiating is depositing of one metal over the other by means of electrolysis. This process is ‘ised to protect metals against corrosion and to improve their appearance. 45, Why is steel plated with nickel before the electroplating of chromium? ‘Ans, the sieel is usually plated first with nickel or copper and then by chromitim because it does tot adhere well on the steel surface. Moreover, it allows moisture to pass through it and metal is ‘Stipped off. The nickel or copper provides adhesion and then chromium deposited over the ‘hesive layer of copper lasts longer. 4, How is clectroplating of zine carried out? ‘Aas. Pectroplating of zine The target metal is cleaned in alkaline detergent solutions and it is treated with acid, In erder to ting of zinc on the target metal i.¢., cathode, How is ¢lectroplating of tin on stee) carried out? : ® is usually electroplated on steel by placing the steel Into @ container gonteiaing. of tin salt, The steel is connected to an electrical cireult, noting as cathode, WhileBy products in Nelson’ : ak ee In Nelson’s cell hydrogen gas H and chlorine gas Cl, is produced as 29. Why iron grill is painted frequently? Aus. Iron grill Iron grill is painted frequently is order to protect it from rusting. 3, What is difference between valency and oxidation state? Ans. Valency ‘The combining capacity of atom to another atom is called its valency. For example, hydrogen is 1 Oxidation number Oxidation state or oxidation is the apparent charge assigned to an atom of an element i molecule or an ion. For example, oxidation number of sodium is written as +1. "‘copper, 3. Give two physical properties of metals. ‘Ans. Physical properties of metals j) Almost all metals are solids (except mercury). ae ii) They have high melting and boiling points, (except alkali metals) 4. Give two chemical properties of metals. Ans. Chemical properties of metals i) They easily lose electrons and form positive ions. ii) They readily react with oxygen to form basic oxides. 5, Define electro positivity of metallic character? Ans. Electro positivity Metals have the tendency to lose their valance electrons. This property otal is termed 2s electro positivity or metallic character. Shee For example, sodium atom can lose | electron to a positive ion. Na — Na* + e~ 6. Give trend of electropositivity in a group. OR. Whythese reasons it can easily lose its valance electrons. than that of sodium. 10. Why 2 ionization energy of magnesium is greater than the first one? Ans. The 2 ionization energy of magnesium is higher than i because afier the removal of first electron, the nuclear charge is increased which sitracts remaining electrons strongly making it difficult to remove another electron. 11. Why sodium is more reactive than magnesium? Aas. Sodium is more reactive Sodium has lower ionization energy than magnesium due to its larger size it is easy to take away electron from sodium atom. Therefore, sodium is more reactive than magnesi 12. Give two uses of sodium. Ans. Uses of sodium 3) Sodium-potassium alloy is used as a coolant in nuclear reactors. ii) _It is used to produce yellow light in sodium vapour lamps. iii) _ It is used as a reducing agent in the extraction of metals like Ti 13. Give two uses of magnesium. Ans. Uses of magnesium Magnesium is used in flash light bulbs and in fireworks um. i) ii) It is used in the manufacture of light alloys. iii) Magnesium ribbon is used in Thermite process to ignite aluminium Powder iv) Magnesium is used as anode for prevention of corrosion, 14, Give two uses of calcium. Aus. Uses of calcium dD It is used to remove sulphur from petroleum products. ii) It is used es reducing agent to produce Cr, U and Zr. 15. Give properties and uses of silver- Ans. Properties Silver is white lustrous metal. It is an excellent conductor of heat and icity. It is also highly ductile and malleable metal. Alloys of silver with copper are Widely used in making coins, silver-ware and Uses i)“ses of platinum veh platinum is used in the production of hard disk drive coatings and fiber optic Platinum is used in the manufacturing of fiber glass reinforced plastic and glass crystal displays (LCD). What are nonmetals? Non metals owmetals form negative ions (anions) by gaining electrons. In this way, non-metals are negative in nature and form acidic oxides. For example, chlorine and oxygen. Give two physical properties of nonmetals. nysical properties i) _ Solid non-metals are brittle (break easily). jy Non-metals are bad conductors of heat and electricity (except graphite). 2), Give two chemical properties of nonmetals. Ans. Chemical properties i) _ Their valence shells are deficie complete their valence shells and become stable. metals and covalent compounds by reacting with other 1 Ans. PI nt of electrons, therefore, they readily accept electrons to ii) They form ionic compounds with non-metals e.g., CO , NO, ete. 21, How halogens react with water? Ans. Reaction with water Fluorine (F) decomposes water in cold state an water in presence of sunlight. Bromine only rea Iodine does not give this reaction. .d in dark. Chlorine decomposes 2 cts with water under special conditions. dark and cold state 2F,,2H,0 ———- 4HF + 02 Ch Cly + H 20 “Ss Het + HOCL Br, + H,0 “> HBr + HOBr 2 I, + H,0 > No Reaction aa copper is used for making wires? Copper is used for making wires because it is very good conductor of heat and electricity,