W Applied Mathematics (Comm Introduction ‘akes the basis for all the engine life we come across pendent of 24 Caleulus mi ering problems. In our day to day many physical quantities, that are de some other physical quantity. The change in ont of them lead to the change in the other quantity. Calculus deals with the rate of change. ‘There are two branches of ealeulus, One i differential calculus which deala with, finding the rate of change if dependence of one quantity on the other is established, The other branch of calculus is known fas Integral Calculus, where given the rate of change, one ean find the quantity at a particular point or in general. In the following text, we deal with differential calculus only. 2.2 _ Definition of Derivative Let y = f(x) be a real valued function where x is called independent variable and y is called dependent variable and let 5x be a small change in x (which can be positive or negative) that leads to a corresponding change éy in y. Then the limiting lim yy form of the i e ratio Sas dx > 0 is denoted by 5, 9 yy .. & _& and is called derivative of y with respect to x ‘or rate of change of y with respect to x. ‘Symbolically, we write, y = £00; ~ ysoy = f(x + dx) dy = f+ bx)-f(x) op ee “Se ox lim ay _ dy Ox 0 ox ~ dx _ lim f(x+8x)—f@@) = a ae lim by if 5, o ay exists, ‘The derivatives of y wit y with respect to x i called Differential Coeffici xis also and is denoted of y with respect to x by any of he following notations, Derivative x O° dx [ro] of f (x) or y' or Dy OF Ys a / Where D = dy is called the differential operator. rivative exists is calle, ‘The function whose der fhe process of finding th differentiable function and t derivative is called Differentiation. cous of finding the derivative of , ‘The pro function y = f(x) by above symbolic representation j called Differentiation by method of firs principle 3 Geometrical Meanin of Derivatives Let y = f(x) be a curve in XOY ~ plane an P (x, y) and Q (x + dx, y + by) be the tw eighbouring points on the curve. Join PQ by th line segment and extend it to meet X-axis at a poin R. iv y=t) (+ 8ny+5y) Q, Fig. 2.1 __ Let the secant QPR make angle 9 with positin direction of X-axis, Draw PL, QN perpendicular X-axis and PS perpendicular to QN. As PS || X-axis « ZQPS = 0 QS = Difference of y co-ordinates of Pand Q PS = Difference of x-coordinates of Pand Q 98 (¥: is of a=Yi pSuaiern ie form eS and therefor represent slope of PQ. tang = & ae(Common-MSBTE) Now as @ tends to P. When &x ~> 0. ‘The secant QPR becomes the tangent to curve at the point P (As Tangent is a limiting secant) lim by | dy x20 Be" de Fepresont. tho slope of tangent to the curve y = f(x) at the point. Pox, y) dy dx is slope of tangent to the curve or gradient of the curve at the point P (x, y) on it ‘Thus the geometrical meaning of the derivative 2.4 Derivatives of Standard Functions (1) Constant function (2) Power funictions (3) Exponential functions (4) Logarithmic functions (5) Trigonometric function (6) Inverse trigonometric functions 2.4.1 Constant Function Ifk is a fixed real number, then f(x) =k, x ¢ R, is a constant function. . For y= f(x)=k; ytoy = f(x+dx)ek fy _ f+ 8x)-f)_ ix ere Ca dx = ox 50 ox? ‘Thus the derivative of constant function is zero, 4.2 Power Function If n is a positive integer, then f (x) = x", x ¢ Ris power function. f(x+ 6x) = (x+ 8x), Using Binomial expansion. f(x + 6x) = (e+ x)= x84 n- x81. 5x @-1) - Bx (Bx)? +... + (8x) lim f£(+8x)-f00 ja = ax a 2 Derivatives n(n-1) bx xen! oe 2 lim bx 30 x"? (Bx) +... + (x ox lim ix 0 eo nex 140404 d ree Pix) = foo age xe where n is a positive integer. Note: As Binomial expansion (x + aj” = x7 +n xT) oo) 0? a+... + a! can be extended for! any real number n ie. integer or fraction, positive or negative. ‘The derivative ¢ (x) = n- x" “lis true for any real number n, 2.4.3. Exponential Function @, For f(x) = a¥,a>0(¢1)andxeR £(x+6x) = ak+ox f(x + 6x) —£(x) = F(x + 6x) - f(x) = = f(x)Tim fix + 6x) =f) +0 (x As We have 2.4.4 Logarithmic Function For f(x) = Joga x, a> 0(¢ 1),x€R f(x + Sx) = log, (x + 5x) £(¢ 48x) —£(x) = logy (x + 3x) — loge x f+ Bx aw! lin [fice =t00) mool i lim 1 &y = ix 30 xe(+9) = oly £'G) = ” d f(x) = Gy (log. x) Using 940 0 (Gi) For f (x) = cos x Using lim sin® _ tsin» = cos x f(x 8x) = cos (¥F Apoliod Mathematics (Common-MSBTE) lim sin 0 Using 9 _,9 9 \ . 1we have, fo) a x (008) =~ sin xx 1; Btoosw) = -sinx Gili) For f (x) = tan x, f (x + 5x) = tan (x + 8x), f(x + dx)— £0) = tan (x + Sx) — tan x _ sin(x+8x) — sinx * cos (x + 5x) ~ cos x ‘Taking L.C.M, we get, ssin (x + 5x) cosx ~ cos (x + 5x) sin x 608 (X + 5X) C08 X Using sin A- cos B- cos A- sin B = sin(A~B) sin (x +6) x) 0s (x + 5x) + con 8x, f(x+dx)-f) = lim FG) = 5x50 sin 6x + cos (x + 5x) (Ce) se (ex) 1 _ lim = x0 lim ix 0 ) * 5x0 (cos (x + 3x) 1 lim eG 1x — gg seex: seca sin (- dx) = sin (x + dx): sin x 25 lim (~ sin 6x) 6x90 Bx: sin (x + 6x) sin x lim 1 * bx» 0 sin (x + 6x) lim sin 6x bx 0 bx (Eb) lim 1 ‘ox 0 sink 1 nae 0-()- Sng * d £'(x) = Gy oot x) = ~ cosec? x (v) For f (x) = see x, f (x + 5x) = sec (x + 5x) f(x + 6x) -f() = sec (x + 6x) see x 1 1 = cos (x + 6x) ~ cos x cos x— cos (x + Sx) cos x cos (x + 5x) D-c in C+D 2sin z 2 ain (22) in @S—2) cos x cos (z+ 8x) asin (x+ 5%) sin (§) = cos x cos (x + 5x) lim f(x+ 5x) =f) eee lim dein(x+ 5) a0) ‘8x 0 cos x cos (X +55) © Using cos © - cos D sin £(x+dx)-f(x) = lim «a(5) 2) 2 _ &) Tee alee 8x30 cosxcos(e+ix) ~ x0 sin x Sa (0S X + COS X tan x-secx «. Bteees) = sex: tans . . Xtan») = sec” x Giv)f (x) = cot x, f (x + 3x) = cot (x + 5x) < f(x+6x)-£60 = cot (x+ bx) - cot x cos (x + 8x) cosx : = sin(x+ 8x) sinx ‘Taking LOM we get, cos (x + Ox) «sin x= sin (x + 6x) - cos x sin (x + 6x) Using sin A cos B—cos Asin B = sin (A-B) sin (x(x + 6) f(x+dx)—£) = Sin G+ 6x) sin xZ0:L0 $1/70/ 1202i Lf ® Applied Mathematics (Gommon-MSBTE) 27 Derivatives waa i "(il Derivative of tan~* x : ‘Then x = cosec y x = g dx Let y = xeRand-5 06x MS dx ~ 5x > 05x suty ; 19, (cosec x) =~ cosee x: cot x nee ; y+6y = (u+6u) + (v + dv) a7 Sie 20. Goin = ay = V+8y-¥ < = (ut Bu) +(v + v)-(u+v) ae, 2 21. Gy (cos 2 ies = [a+ du)—ul + [(v + v)~v) = i fy _ wt du=u vt sv—v 22, gx (tans) = Grseeetre = . - ox 7 Fee A by _ bu ov ae (cot tx) = ofa = ee 7 i Tim dy _ lim du, lim oy 2 Beectn ne 6x30 6x ~ 6x > 05x * dx > 05x! 3 xV= a 1 = 25 25. Gy (Coser) = aS Ge oak tar Soln.: v ———————— Differ Ot) = HW +g ©) 6 _ Rules of Differentiation Corollary : If u,v, and w are differentis We have seen that the process of finding the | functions ofx, then, derivative of a fimetion by method of first principle Se, — _ # quite laborious, This ean be made simple by using ax OHV EW) = Geta) + =o the derivatives of standard functions and rules of ‘ eee es Weeuume can be extended to the sum of 9 an three functi eas Be a inctions of x as well. functions defined in the same domain, 2.6.2 Derivative of Difference ae We define the following rul i ee ee ue ae = = the sum, | If u and vare differentiable functions of x ax! lows wee\ Sion li ¥& Applied Mathematics (Common-MSBTE) 29 Derivatives: a d Wicks... Then, &Y = Zw -2e ‘ dy _ du av is dx = dx “dx Proof : Let 5u, 8v, and dy be the small change vand y due toa change &x in x and du lim gu _ Ket dk = 8x 505° dv lim gy dx * 8x 05x? Thenfor y = u-v yrdy (u + Bu) - (v + dv) + 8y)~y = (a +8u)—u H+ Bv)—v} dy = bu-av by | Su_se bx ~ dx” ox lim 8y_ dim su lim gv 8x30 5x ~ 8x 0 & ~ dx > 0 &x dy _ du aw dx = dx dx d d Eo-_w Examples oa Sola: y = elex Differentiate wart. x, de a EO = gO yd = g@el Ans. Ex2: Iify=sinx+e% Fir Soln.: Given: y =sin x +e* Differentiating w.r-t. x, do =H tsnxeetl d dx dy ain x) +d (ery dx * dk a cuea nae = Grand Guy) =A w+) q a = cosx+ Ans. d “dx (Sin x) = 08 x, 3. (&*) +05, Fina i Soin. : Given: y=e— 5+ log.x Differentiating w.r.t. x, d d eee ae d df = lel Hs ]+S toga SSS Ex.4: Differentiate w. ux(Versh) Ac Soin: Let, y: = (+25) ; 2 i Ey = ("+248 +(e) ofa +b fl yoxraet Differentiate w.r tx, d da i So = (+243) d fl ¢ = £e+2a+2() Soke = 140-4 utes -As2is constant and Bae] SH hahawatay1 Applied Mathematics (Common-MSBTE) 2 Differentiating w.r-t. x Ex.S: Find Gy. ify=(+1)(*2) Soin:Given: y= (x+1)(K+2) y = x2+2x4x +25 y = x74+3x+2 Differentiate w.r.t. x a) = Bits ax +2) dy dx ~ dx = axtty3Zo+0 ad teea ax kg), ax) =0 & = 2x! +3() Soln.: Given: y = x1? +10* +e Differentiate w.r-t. x, ay _ a #4 205 + 21) = 10x? + 10*- log 10 + e* es d d Ae?) + ROE = d a® log a = Gy 10*= 10*- log 10; be) See, Awe=1 d Hee = 10x11 = 10x? ---Rule of change of base OS i ad [loge x | fy = 2 [iegi0* d[_logex_] , 4 | 5x af iee ot ae) d d [x) + BOO] = Jaq HOO] + Bx [80 ax 5 paral delow ]+3* +183 A gx ac) log a 1 x § 2 e0x** + log 3 flog x} LEE ge = sogtot “oe3 Ans ——————— Eee Ex: Find $4, ity=logx + logs x + logs § Soln.: Given: y = logx +log,x+logs 5 log. x logsx = qq ~-By rule of change of bas log. x ‘Togs + Togs * oes 5 y Differentiate w.r-t. x, a 4 ‘Tog. x ) $e 0) = Fe (loge + Togs + Hoes 5) dy a loge dx = Fe oe) + de real t0g,s te =x tog dx “ogex) +0 «logs 5 = constatt 1 => d 1 Rs gx log x) =; faye 1 dx ~ x Ex.9: Ex. = SE lecttnetApplied Mathematics (Common-MSBTE) 14 Derivatives Solr jiven, -y = x"+a® +e%+sinx Differentiating w.r.t. x £w - Lie sate ctrsingl a a © A ys Zions tien dts +g fein x) = nx") + a® loga +e + cos x ...Ans. fa ax d e=e, Licinw aa Le =a loga, 4 Ex 10: 4 ~ Soin. Differentiate with respect to x the followir 40% + loge x + log, 0. fa Let, -y = a%+ 6% + logiox + log, a loge x RAs logiox = jog79 ~By Rule of change of base We have Blogs 1 y= are +e ty + log.a Differentiating both sides w.r-t. x, d a ope x ey ay) d & = ode 1 d +i 0 Hog. x) +E cog, a) 7 1 ye i) HE tora 0% toga, E elo : d ‘ax Hog x) -2 tugs) =012=eomt : x x = aX logate% + jog 79 «Ans. [Ex tt: Iy=logx+ ek + Find $Y Soin: ‘ ee Given: yslogz+et+ye—2 Differentiating above equation w.r.t. x, dyed | eee ae) = Fel loex tet + = BS hiogxi +21) Sch. Arn Soin. : fiven, y = (3a) + x89) 4 x94 9% Differentiating w.r-t. x, da a = 2 [(3a)¥ + x89) + x" + at) doax + z (x08 8) + é + 4 (a) (3a)* log 3a + log 3 - x‘1769)-1 taxt140 d Ge (0) =a log a and fx") = nx-1 dx dx (Ba)* log 8a + log 3 x98 9)-1 4g. xa-1 Ani 43: iff (x) = 5x4 —tan x + sin x - cot x. Find {" (x). Soln.: Given: f(x) = 5x‘—tan x + sin x-cotx Differentiating above equation w.r.t, x, d d dx GO) = gy [6x4 —tan x + sin x—eot x] WH hatawnieh(Common-MSBTE) ‘Applied Mathematics fe) = x) Lean ) ax ax sdeennd For | - Beh xt) aoc? x 4-008 x= (- eosee"x), cos X _[oewnsienatas dane = and Lot . canoe? x] = 54. xt) - sec? x + cos x + cosee” X _. SS y= \/ 2 cos*x Sufl-are de = 2sints 1+ 025 = 2 nla = sinx e a ene ——s ae, ac a = sex => Br sex 2.6.4 Derivative of Product Ify=uv then, a. wf av where u and v are differentiable functions of x. Proof: For y =u - v, where u and v are differentiable functions of x. y+dy = (us du)(v+dv); Ex.15: y= ex, fina 2, = + 8y)—y = (u+ bu) (v + 6v)—(uv)$F Applied Mathematics (Common-MSBTE) Soln.: Given : iy. ~-Given function is in the form of product by. Differentiating above equation w.r.t, x y a cls lly RO= RE: rs a ae = eked) a a B16: fy=x-sinx find r Soin.: Given : y =x-sinx Ns 4 Given function is in the form of product me Differentiating above equation w.r.t. x zy d d EO = Re-siny ay: = x-MGinx)+sinx. Ze) d d and q,(u-v) = u EM; (a=x &v=sinx) X-cosx +sin x (1) E 2 (sin x) = e085, @=1 X- cos x +sinx ww Ans. Soin: Given: y = seox-ianx Given function is in the form of product Differentiating above equation w.r-t. x, d oO = & eex- tan 243 Derivatives d ® = sees tan) +tanxt (sccx) d a ade ay (Uv) =u ge) +g (u) i (tan x) = sec! x, (see x) = see x: tan x) gd 3 &2 « coctx+tan?x-eccx Ans, Bx 18: ity =logex-x Find Soin: Given: — y = log,x-x . Given function is in the form of product. Differentiating above equation w.r-t. x, Re = Bttogx-x1 ay ax a a = log, x: Gy (x) + x Gy (log, x) Zw y= wdwrvd w, Here u = log, x and v =x = loge (1)+%-%5 d d 1 dg =, Ge logx) == Ans. SS a Se ey En HEWES Soin.: Given : y = e*-tanx --Given function is in the form of product Differentiating w.r.t. x, dw = det-tane) 4 d aa Fr (tanw) +tanx Ze d d ogy (ur) sug @+vem WieBW «ox. (gee? x) + tan x (0) d so th ean x) = 00? ay (08) wwAns, BY o* (seo! x + tan x) Soin: Given, y = o ain “x Differentiating wart. x doy = dle aie) atext ~»Given function is in the form of product, point Given. Ae eos Given: y Differentiating both sides w.r-t, x, ©) = Rete) tle oe ee dees. ae 2 ewe usw + vw Here wu = a¥ and y=x wee dr = late x8. a lop a geo) =na0 EG = a loga atte. i al x vy 608 x Soin: Let, y = Vx ‘coax . Given function is in the form of prog), Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, dx. hey = thi con 0 tein) d witha =utw + vii, a ) Fe Ve Coin x) + c08 x Gr) d ody (cos x) =~ sin x, fe) = dy 1 me Vk Coin x) +5 feos, dy dy i 1 x" -Ve sin x +57 coax soAng 7 |-Sch. S- 13 (Comp), rm Differentiating w.r-t. x, a d dx ©) = a Isin x - cos 2x) ee dx = sin {eos 2x] + feos 2x] a (sin x] = sax [snare wo] + [eos 2x] [eos'x] rr d » dx [20s £(x)] =~ sin fog [tt d and 3 (cos x) miJF bug fs sin) W Applied Mathematics (Common MSBTE) dix = 8iNx (sin 2x) x 2 + c08 2x cow x ~2ssin x sin 2x + cos 2x cosx ...Ans, Ex. 242 _Difforantito the following with respect to x (x4 28) sin x Soln.: Let, (x4 2x) sin x ++ Given function is in the form of product Differentiating both sides w.rst, x, Eo = dtat+20-0in Ie ax? t+ 20) Gino + sin x Sot + 2x) a da - Using Fe (ww) uae ey hey) = (x44 2x) cos x + sin x[4 +52] a ~ Gq Gin x) = cos x = +23) cox sinx[ax?+ 2-9] a a sax 7) = nxt and ge (kx) = kp) (xt + 2x) cos x + sin x [4 x? +2) dx = (4+ 2x) cosx+2 (2x3 +1) sinx Ans. 5x25: Find the derivative of 2 — 3x) log x Soin: Let y = (x3- 3x) logx ...Given function is in the form of product, Differentiating both sides w.r.. x, to Aici—a0 log x] ® | and agn+ logx £63 a) a a-y=u-Z@+yvdw d = 8-53) logx[ 3-200) d 1 jg log x) = = x(2~3) 2 = 7 + log x [3x*-3- 1) a 2 es Soin: Given: — y = (1 +x”). tan! x Difforentiating both sides w.r.t. x we get, $e = 2 fae) tny] 4 Rermee Ses + tan"! x tats ---By using product rule a d d Blvisuge eve tw) i = 4x), SO a of a) +tan x +203] poy ene ax tant») = = 4x) AG + tant x- 0420) a ey Saget ox D=0, FG") = nx’ oy dx = 1+2x-tantx Ans. Se ee ee eet a E27; Fd nyexsetseoox Soin: Given: y = x-e¥-cosx Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, d d HW) = Gye cos x) By using, es a Here, usxroy foal jey key small Sx in x and byd eon (her+g a)" er (Gee- &) S (t-1)) (= 1) fe& + 0] - (ee [X= 3 (=? le Lax (X= @H=C+ DC) a (ex-? eX L(ek= = (08+ i (= 1? et [ek—1-e%= 11 * @-1 = 20° Ans. EA ing WR yr+1 Soin: Given: y = Ey Ex.93: Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, a) a fyeer RO = ai ea 4 iy o&-vene+n-oe+ DSWD ae Qk-D 4 geese? ice Dv Gow +e0)- z+) Gaw-£o) (/x-1 5+) = (yx+1) Ge-9) (a-1y a O@= Dp’ =o] (R=) GR)-OR +1) (S) (e-1" (x-1) eee * (yx-1)* 1 common from numera,, Taking ax wwAng i eal aye Gie-1) eat, Find Gy FY" yon Ex. 34: Soln.: E | Given: 1 * Differentiating both sides w.r-t. x. a, [isk dx = dx |1—yx. we -yota+p- ae ~y (a-Vx? oi des cd aya (Ea+do)-ar G0 z0k = (-\x? f£w-o and fi (=x? (-Vx? 2 1 a Taking > common from numerat Te Go pee ef? “x =a? wy 1 dx © ea -Va? reat\ _¥F Applied Mathematics (Common-MSBTE) 249 Ex. 35: Find the derivative of -°8% x cos x Ue = Tesinx Soli Differentiating both sides wart. x a (1+ sin x) G5 (cos = 008 x8 (1 + sin x) a Wehave, — gxtv) (14 sin x)? (+sinx) @sinx)—6 [go oinn| = c00x | jy (D + Gy (sin 9) Fi = re a ao tant dy (C08) =~ sin x _ (+sin x) - Csin x)= cos.x [0+ cos x] d d (1+ sin x? seg D) = 0, Ge (sin x) = cos x sin x — si (1+ sin x)? _ (1+ sin x) Gsin x) ~ cos x cos x z= (+sinx? =sin x~ (sin’x + cos? x) (1+sin x)? =sinx-1 © (+ sin x)? v sin’x + cos? x = 1 dy _ =1(1+sinx) dx ~ (1 +sinx? 136: ay Be 36: Find Gy. sin x T+ cosx ar : sin x Soin: Given, y =7; coax Differentiate w-r.t. x, da dp _sinx dx Y) = dl T+ cox desea d 1 + c05 x) Gy (sin x) ~ sin x4=(1 + €05 x) x ( d d : 5 ) Va vae = dx © (1 + cos x)” “dx ly) ~ v (1 + cos x) (cos x)— sin x ¢@ (D+ 4 (cos: ») fie (eae x)? + Gx (Sin x) = cos x = (1+ 008 x) (cos x) ~ sin x (0 ~ sin x) peo ene ine (1 + cos x)? Peet) = sori 2s x s+. Sin? x + cos? x= 1 + cos x 1+cosx Soi Ans. * + cosx)? “1+ cosx Techinoulnege2.20 Ceri, WF Applied Mathematics (Common-MSBTE), Soln.: Given: Differentiating w.1 d csint + 1 ao = aed ae (int) -4(eint+ 1)-(sint + 1) a ein t-D we dt = (sin t= 1)? in- () ests 2) [aren t) +a ay] int + Ds (sin at (sin t= 1)? _ (sin t= 1) cos t= (sin t + 1) cost (sin t) = cos t, + (1). : (ein t= 0? a a _ costilsint—1-sint=1] _ _=2eost (sint- 1)? © (sin t= 1)? dy cost dt © (sin t- 0? = Ex.38: Find the derivative of —s x2+sinx Soln.: Let, Ye Scarier. Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, ad d [x?+sinx ax) = EL +x qs (4m 2 G2 +6inx)- (2+ sin (+x) a a Wehave, F-(y) = dx dju) Vax W-uyh (+x? [dx vy) = 7 d d +0 (6% +2 (inm)— 624 sinx) (+x)? d @ +e) = G+) 2x + cos x)— (x? + sin x)-1 (1+x)? d n a) =x d d ai = d a SINx)= cosx, FE(1)=0, 5-0)! gd a Se = AA9 Gx + 005 9) Ce? + sin) = 2X+c08x (x"+ sin x) (+x? 2 Deeks x)? os F385 Diente with respect tox; SX = cosx Soin: Let y pee ~cos x ee reat¥& Applied Mathematics (Common-MSBTE) 221 Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, a.) af sins ade = ax|T-cosx. d d a ~ 608 x) Gx (sin x) — sin x 4x (1 — cos x) (1 cos x)? . i _ (1=c08x) (cos x) ~ sin x lie @- & (cos )| fs (1~cos x)? dy _ (1~cos x) cos x ~ sin x (0+ sin x) ax (1 ~cos x)? . _ £08 x = (cos x + sin” x) s (1 ~cos x)” a (1 ~cos x)” _ cosx=1 © (1=cos x) = tw Using d , [2 (sin x ) = cos x, z (1) = 0, (cos x Derivatives al «Sin? x + cos? x + Ans. : x44 Ex. 40 : Differentiate with respect to x ez $-03 cos x 2 x44 Sotns, Leb, <5? coax Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, paver ds x44 ax) = ox] 57005 x d (3? 008 2) Gy 0? + 4)— (42 + 4) (2 c08 x) a (2) vt & of (x? cos x)? ALES CG) a dy _ (x? cos x) - 2x ~ (x? + 4) (x? sin x) + 605 x (2x) dx (x? cos x)? 2x5 cosx — (x? + 4) (x? sin x + cos x (2x) x! cosx. 2x5 - cos x ~ ( 0. ay _ ot && = St “x lim gy __ lim ] lim 8t x3 05x ~ dx 0L dt] “dx 03x 2-68 ‘Thus for y > t > x we have &| " and the equation is known as chain rule. Corollary: The chain rule can be extended to composite functions connecting more than 3 variables. eg. If y is a function u and u is a function of t and further t is a function of x. Then the chain i: £-2.0.@ 2.7 _ Composite Derivatives a aires St ds a fn)? =n fw)® 1 fftx)) (2) 4 iyo =5 : 7 5 le 3 VF@ (eg) J px + ql =nl(px +g)?“ a eee eg) a lvi 4 u axl VPxigil = 5 Ea dx Px +a] ct al Pr+qi=n(px+q"}-p a p= da @ Ale 2.2 rey md = (4) Se Mog, £ G9) =. ene =Fa dxlf@] egg aaemra 4), ; s oe (e.g. 3 llog, (px + q)]= —2—, 4 (px+q) ax Px+ al"i \ My ty Ye Applied Mathematics (Common-MSBTE) 2-23 Derivatives Wf gf) = afl a a a pa leeyide ©) Flak] Tog, a - Fe [ftx)] © aeLFG0)* Trew? ax" O) da d A apstay = arta tog a alee ] -1_ a al loge A ae Lx +a] oa) il peralGue gE det) a, a (Dg Lsin £69] = 008 F(x) Fe (0) © Elev £00) =~ sin £004 ttc) ( ) A sin pe + D1 = cos ( dx a = am OB) da SN PE + a = 008 (PA) x Gx (PKG) | (0g) ge [0s (Px + q)] =—sin (pR+q)-Z (px +q) Ex. 41: Differentiate sin y w.r.t. x Soin: Differentiating sin ywart.x ie. (sin y) = Now, {iny) = a Ginyy & -By using chain rule a = cosy $Y Gy (ing) = cos y Ex.42: Find dy/dx, If y= (x3 + 9y* Soin We can solve this problem by using Chain Rule, Later we can solve the derivatives by using above formulas. Given: (x? + 9)4 Let, x49 =t Above Equation becomes, y = t* (visa function of t ) t=x9+9 (tis a function of x) Differentiating y wrt. t” Differentiating t w.r.t. % d d d 2 do -2 tw - de%+9 yee aes ptt tae a = Act Sd =e @O+ EO = 4(x3499 stax 49 = 3-x5140 deo Seal ~-dx &") = nx! & (constant) =0 = Sx” Now, By using Chain Rule we get, & -%.# = 4 (x9 +9). 3x? = 12x? (x3 49)? --Ans. Ex. 43 Wy hateanaeI oi=- sin f le) Aes gy Bx. 4b: Find fy ify =sin x Converting degree to radians or cau Soln.: Given: Differentiating the w.r-t x 0 = els (i) Se Be ax (3) AG) & (sinlfool] = 005 [00 Gx Ht) dx = (80 ) * dx 180, = janes =) Beas: Find SL ity =2% +008 3x Soin. Given: ze 2% + cos 3x Differentiate w.r.t. x to-2 ax (2* + cos 3x) dy & = S29 +4 (eosax) = 2. log 2—sin 3x te d ge (4) = a* log a d ---Gy loos ftx)] =— sin [ftx)) 2 [ft] = 2 log2— sin 3x (3) Ch dx = 2-log2~3 sin 3x B48: Fd, ty mandy, Soln: Given : Ys sina; ya fi Differentiate wart. x yanrls 4 kW) = Fteinx eo ey dk = Sisinxj1, 4, 2» & Ginx) _ dr = 3Gin x). 55 5 de MOP =n Ee Goya 1d ae [ftx!) fas ax 7: (a ee®& Applied Mathematics (Common-MSBTE) 2.25 Derivatives ex47: Find & ity =sin xt 1) {5-11 | Soln.: Given: y = sin (2x +1) Differentiating w.r-t. x &O =H tsinax+n] x = cos (2x +1) 2 (2x +1) a [sin [£0] = cos [f(x)] 2 [fx)) = os x +0-[ een +40] cos ox [2-000 +0 | £@e=o = cos (2x + 1)[2(1)+0] a (x) =1 = cos (2x + 1) [2] = 2 cos (2x + 1) «Ans. Beas? Find itysant 3 Soin: Given: y= sin! (x) Differentiating w.r.t.x, £w = 4 omy ay eon a ae we in ON) = FG ae Mt) wie OB =7E wy Ans. iy cps Fare yea leeamtaree eT Bj eG) --G (eit NEON) = = ae Tha\ 1& Applied Mathematics (Common-MSBTE) 2.27 Derivatives: Differentiate w.r-t. x, d d ae) = Gy lsin x? ay d d dx = 2: Gein x? 1. sin] A (£0)? = n- [FGI - Ze IF Gol 1 = 2. (sin tx) A ein x) -Ans. cur poe gi soln: Given: y : : a aus Differentiating wart.x gy (y) = q(cos?x) @ d d GE = 2+ c05?1x-4 (cos x) LEGO! =n: FGI" C0) = 2-cosx-(-sin x) (cos x) =—sinx = ~(2sinx-cos x) a & = ~sindx .sin2x=2sinx-cosx ...Ans. ey ve 1 Ex.55: Find 3 ify= (tan x Soin: Given: y = (tan x)? Differentiate w.r.t. x, fy =“ ttan-! x]? HO) = Glan at & = ottawt a? 1.2 tant) = Diem afl r+ a (£G0)" =n [£9 drew 2 d ‘ax tan?) = 1+ Ex.56: Find ity= 02+ 1)8 Soln.: Given: y = (x?+ 1) Differentiating w.r-t. x, d d de Y) = a (oP? + gy d = 562+) Pete . a eiye [eee tyes 2 4 1y4 [ax2-1 = 5x + | Gy OO) + Gy (DJ = 5 Ge + 1) [2x" +0) = 5 (x2 +1)8 [2x] = 10x (x? + 1)4 Koo =n toon 2 eo) HF atawnieaneW Applied Mathematics (Common-MSBTE) Ex. 87: y= sino) ma Soin: Given: y = sin (e%*) ; ‘ a x Differentiate w.r.t. x, Jy = gy [sin 1 Iroo} 4 aim £00 1= 608 1600 | Egy dy spxtl (gfe) dx x = 8 OM ay a yey og tty a raeMATTER dx dy lt = con o™ [0 Ds Gy OE a xo) (31 (1) ath ; th fq) cos oF (0) [i dy (8) = con of |] (91 » ie) x = 3.6% cos (™) = in? @) Find = Grady «ain reel? Soin: Given: sin? (08%) = [sin (9) Differentiating w.r.t. x dx [sin ce? oi eas 2 [sin (e™)P~ 1 - Gy lain eM) d 2 [sin (e8%)] cos (0%) -gx(e™) = 2sin (e%) cos (e%)- e%*- 3 (1) = Sin [2%] e* Ex.59: Differentiate with respect to x:cos (ee) Dutferentiate wart. x, 4 = 4 [cos (x e%)] = ~sin bee) Axe] = -sin xe [x ce) + F00| = —sin (x-e*) [x- e* + e*] = ~sin(x-e¥)-e% 41) ay dx = ~e* (x +1) sin (x. 6) d 2 [sin (e™)] - cos (e*) e+ Gy (3x) a 2 [sin (e%%)] - cos (e) ec -3 gy (0) d ~~ (008 f(@) ] =~ sin [£6] (4 ---28in0 - cos0 = si d Oo vaud eed + deWH Applied Mathematics (Commo 2.2 Dorivativ a Ex.60: Find $¥, ity = log (xe%) Penne ers Oc) Soin: Given: —y = log (xe*) , r a Differentiate w. xe” dy a ta ae de HOR FOOL = FG hy (OO! ® Lda a d ad 4 Gk = xek Xx *) 40% G0) dg (UY) Hy WD Ve CW) OY Re ae au Ex.61: Find SY. ity =log (x2 + 2x +5) Soin: Given? y = log (x? + 2x +5) Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x aw = $f tog (x2 + 2% 45) dy 1 da d 1d de = GPa aang) ax 0 + 2x48) sy Hou (600) 1 = Fg a OO ay 1 d d d ar ron 5 [ + 20+ 206)] ol d See [ax+22 09 +0 ] 1 2x +2 praca Oke) Babar sAns. ES yy Ex.62: Find 3 = log (sec x + tan x) Sein: Given: y = log (sec x + tan x) Divferentiate wort. x, z (9) = Eitog (see x + tan x)] dy 1 d axa pcre fai a Biseex+ tan x). Zt og £60) 1 d d Bie ataa x [é (see x) + fe (tan x)] 1 2 = excita [seex: tan x + see? x] i Gl Foo dx @) 2 (sec x) = sec x tanx and Zz (tan x) = sec' x | 1 = Jeon s tan x S00 * [tan x+ sec x] RIE = secx aoe(common MSBTE) ‘Applied Mathematie xlogy+y toe = ° soin.: Given, Aetciony +9 8*) Chits (0) Differentiating wnt: x d ent oar" ty a edt GeO) = a EY 3 (a al ft y= 0 “edhe ene iets ay) = cdovemrorvtemes@) : au 2B ogy dy OB a (+163) = logy d et od egy HOBO = Fy} ay ly =x log logy Op weaker) ws isk Come = "x + y log x) Aa yt lex Soin; Given: y = log(tan 4 —3x) d Differentiating wr.t.x £(y) = Gy log (tan 4-30) 1 da = fan dca a {tam 4 38) 1 a six How (FO = Fey dyn [xema)-Zo0] d ale ne Se | agg (tan 4] =0 tan 4 = const Roe year Soln.: Given, y = e™- log (x +1) Differentiating w.r.t. x, ae a ‘ dx Y) = ay [e* log x +1) dy dx ox = : ual a de Mog (x + D) + log cx + 1) 3 (e%)& Applied Mathematics (Common-MSBTE) 231 3 Derivatives o = = Tt og x4 1)- 6%. (a5) 1d 1 Go) ‘dx MOO) and J fof] = ef a ta d dy Hog £60) = dy ox 1 dx = O° xy Tt log (x41) e%.9 2 xa * 20 log (x + 1) sAns. Ex.66: Mty=xoin xe Vt Find w. Soin: Given? y = x sinx+Vioe Differentiating wart. x 4 4 ax) = 9 Lk sin’ x4 fox] eye a 3 dx = ax sind +3 Li] a = x gq sin" xl + sin ? bier XMS ax x2) a a al al eee dx Uv) = Ua) +v-ay Cu), gy LYfo) Sane de web's = 7b, 2-1) +sinx(1] + —+— 19-9, Datei dy “4 -Ans. = 00s 2x Ex 67: Differentiate wart. xlog-\ [45 S82 Soln.: as [B=cos 2x 2 sin? x a Given : Let, y = log T+ cos x = log ateaei ++ 1-cos 2x = 2 sin’x; 1+ cos 2x = 2 cos*x = log-/tan? x = log tan x Differentiating w.r.t. x d d GV) = Glog tan x) dy dx a teed: Gx Mog fx) ] fi ‘dx RX) et (tan x) = sec’ x = "cos x, cos x. Sem60:L0-81/70/1202 ESRC LU d = dx[=+o]-2/.%.,] toe) «| ain a «7-14 8) «A Ly - FP sin ta 6 92) - 1 rin th 6 2 We : abana i ft ais 3-0) lhe tata x? + yy [arta a? os) x 7 ay vie int + Aad dx 2 Ni 4 fin + ff, y= 2 — ay 4 al 4 (anf le wrt x, a” ~ Ht nat 5 cs ngs) . g = Se) Boats) 4 hate), Arar) = 2a x3 94 oy a (on) +08 Go) e 4 c fz 22) = ax? *,% (7a) = 6 ha (0a) 19 eomadants & (of) of? toga Za), s a d = 8 = ta Ad Moga 2% soa A bel =n = 4 a = Da 2h 4 gl Noga 21) 4 ba x49 oy OF 3 8 = 24-1 a+ bal + 2a” loge = x) (a) 4 2a™ Joga eons yy = 2 sin) : = 4 sin 29) 4 in 2): IP) wha naukoere ( = Peon tx E(x) + in 22-2" (ax) [twin on) = em ie 1 and ee =Peete Tm (Lo Z0 ahi Oya kA oye2.35 ta ag w = tan x Differentiate worst, x Differentiate w.r.t. x 4 vl 4 Boe ie ae) = ae) yar ee oe 2x) eee wy (9 dx = (2) C en 2x) 4 — ea "ante 14x “idan “Ans. Given, log (/x? +y2) = Differentiating w.r.t. x, ae low Psy lee aoe +y?) ae “1+ Its)}? * dx. ita | eenee ley loh aly ire) rodWF Applied Mathematics (Common-MSBTE) Tr — [2d ein yf 2V4sin y—Beos y [dy “4 sin y) ay eon y)| = aren [+ a 4 2Ndsiny—Seosy [4 dy (sin y)— dy eny)| 5 nee ; BE viny=Beoy Moy Ani yh ..f ox 5 SE ay 2 fisinycB ccnp 4 :000 y+ 30iny! ye 1 A/a noe apare Now, dx = ix “aes in y= 3 con dx © dx “5 [dcosy+Isinyl ™ 514 08 y +3 sin Ans, dy 2asiny-Scoay it , Gero Te : —— ‘Ex. 77 siny, Prove that gy: R(exooeyT A) Pees d siny-ay 9) ~y gy Gin y) dx sin y (1) ~y (cos y) Cy (sin y)® amma iy Now, yee 1 : clic Okan pSyenay dy (iny}? pee Ginly ES Gi siny-y-cosy ~ ey ccs dy dx icyaumenya xe yx y dx ~ y=xy-cosy ~ y(1-xcosy) “x (—xeosy) x ...From Equation (1), © = siny Hence proved 2.9 Derivatives of Inverse Trignometric Functions by Suitable Substitution | 9. First we see some Formulae of Inverse trignometric functions : 1 sin (inx)=x 11, tant @)= cor (2) 2. cos (cos x)= x 12, cot"!x = tan| 3. tan"! (tan x) =x cot (oot x) - x 13. tan? x+ tan” 5. sec? (sec x) = x 6. cosec™ (cosec x) = x 14. tan? x-tan”y= tan? ( 7. sin! (x) = cose 8 —Applied Mathematics (Common-MSBTE) a3 Di fferentiate pert Some standard trignometric identities having. mo 4 a Bye ax ‘some standard substitutions ¢ sin 20 =2sin0 cos 0 = 2x1 Put x= sin 0 or cos 0 1 atand_, 2%. un 2 wine gn text : : T+tan2o 14% pai eee in’ (C08) Put x= tan 0 [ ‘1 | 1} gin (9 -*, a cop code-urient nus tt y = ain sin( ) Pat xesind Beat 2)~co, | 4 on 20 = 200820 - 12 B= Pat x= cos 0 y= 9-* sin (sind) ~ 4 a= tan?o 8. cos Ty tan’ 1+? Differentiate wit % din» G4) 8, 00830 = 4 cos'0 3 c0s0 = 4x) - 3x» Put x = cos 0 Stan dtan'd_9=38 9, tan30= ee 1-Stan% ~1-3x" Pot x=tan 0 40. For (J1+x°+x), Putx=tand let, .y = tan’ i> en T+ cos 2x ear Soret in? 1+ Sotan? 2sin = 2 cos? x Be eae Pat main orcme © 1 — cos 2x=2sin? x, 1+ cos 2x = 2 cos” a jl+x a 43. For\/—9 > Putx=cos@ = tan Vtan’x = tan (tan x) vax .. [tan (tan x) =] Differentiate w.r-t. x, a a ae) = a= ay aot\ ‘Applied Mathematics (Common-MSBTE) Bs Derivatives Ex. 81! Differentiating cos~! (1 —2 sin? x) wir. x. ERE Buy sees cio} { goin: Let, y = cos-*(1~2sin? x) Oe ein-he (2) Xt = cos?! (1 — (sins + sin’) \ = cos“! (1 —sin?x — sin?x) = cos"! (cos? — sinx) ~sin?x = y = cos (cos 2x) | ee eee {sin?9 + c080 = 1, «. cos?0 = 1 sin?o) y = 2x 18 (cos 0) = 0 = tan e) = tan“ (tan 0) Differentiate w.r.t. x, in tu -£ev-22 @ ae y=o tan” (tan x) =x y = sin tx «from Equation (2) 6 = sin“x Differentiate w.r.t. x, a 4 ax) = a (sins?) 0) Put. x = cos 0, 0 = cost x eae = y = cos} (2x? — 1),..From Equation (1) = cos! (2- cos” @~1) | = cos (cos 26)...cos 20 = 2 cos? 0-1 a (sin? x) 1-x Ex. 84: Differentiate wert. x; sin! f ) Nie, = 20 y = 2cos?x --(0) = cost x Tes sare! its X Soin: Let, y = int '- =| (1) He) = Gq l2e05* x) weet Put x= tand, «.0=tan ‘x o-o(2) ® © a8 eos) dx = 2 ax «Equation (1) becomes = 2/— 4 (cost x) = sin i =o Ges ) ie ee = V1 + tan9, [sec oe < 200%9 = 1 + tan] f 1-x? sin? (e) = sin“ (cos 0) = 5 see sin*[snG5-0)] Poe CT Meee » [ Ex.83: Differentiate wrt. x. tan” sin(' =0)=cos 6) We Tenino‘Applied Mathomatics (Common: va [ain fain x}=x] 5 & A, y25." tan x : asin vvilfom Bquation (2), = tan’ xl a ee | Now, differentiate wirst:% Pi = tan0 2 dw . 2G tan x) Put x : |. Hquation (1) becomes, oy (8). ftanty = 0- Te mes ax * ax a) ax lex P a Nem eeam tir tain 0 fs ty ax 2)" 5 is constant, [ih @)a0 as Fiscomtan a feats = Tal a se (tan™! x) = ts, 9 = —2tans u sin20=7) aor ay L okey iia = aw (ws §-29)) = cos (5-x) ache Ex85: Difereniato wat x} cos" (4 [5% 1+x : x Soin: Let y = cos ( «ch Pe; ++. €08 (cos x) =x Put x = cos 8, .. 0 = cos x (2) §-2 (tan x) Equation (1) becomes Dae pee an, yoo ( Tages ...from Equation (2), 6 = tan“ Differentiate above equation w.r.t. x, Q 2X cos? d a * a : 2 . 2 = #G-2ta0t x) gy d vs + c08 0 = 2 cos? $ a a =) feta x) aS 2 a y os e035 = 0-29, (tan x) .- cos"! (cos x) = x ¥ = ~9__ ...from Equation (2), 0 = coslx - Differentiate w.r.t. x, » bo BS ayaa (at &-2(3) Ear irsa W Applied Mathematics (Common-MSBTE) y + Equation (1) becomes, z -1(_2tan0 i y= sin’ Ty tan2o) = Sin”? (ein 29) alt sin 29 = —2tan 0” : 1+ tan? 2) in (sin x) = x y = 2(tanx) -[from Equation (2), 6 = tan-!x] Differentiate w.r.t, x a = Gy 2 tan) 2S ante) hi, Soin: Let y = seo ( (a) Put x = cos 8 = cos tx (2) Equation (1) becomes, ye A z (Geeto=ree 1 aca eae @ 5) +.,€08 36 = 4 cos*) ~ 3 cos 8 = sec” (sec 30) = 36 +-.8ec (see x) = x 3 (cos“ x) ...from Equation (2), @ = cost x Differentiate w.r-t. x 4 ®) z [3 (cost 0] 241 Derivatives Ex. 89: Differentiate sin~! Soin: Let y = sin! Put x = tano 0 = tan-tx (2) Equation (1) becomes 1 Sahel voor eg] 1~tan% = = si 20)... = zi sin” (c08 20] ... cos 20 = TTD pee fan y = ei[sn({-20)] x 2020-0 (3-20) y = §-20 . sin“! (sin x) =x y = 9-2 (tans) ...from Equation (2), 0 = tan=! x Differentiate w.r.t. x, eG 2tants) gy a @ d RW = far eal = &o)- a 2 tant) 0-22 (antx 1 & =a Fa oe Differentiate w.r-t. x tan~ Teanoweaye‘W Applied Mathematics (Common-MSBTE) = to (7a) : sin(5-* (iv en =) fan (f=) nos sntcon(G-+) =n] volte) alle) Soin: Let y = tan’ io x nee Sen es Differentiate w.r-t. x, Simplifying using trigonometric Substitutions - con [Paina 2 cos” x/2 + [sinx=2sin5- cos; 1+ cos x=2 eos?* [1] g! wo] cos x2 |= tan 242 Ita n 0] yee Differentiate w.t-t * tae y = mat ae A1- x) sin 0, Soln.: Put 0 = sin? x Equation (1) becomes sin (2.sin 9-1 -sin*0) sin (2 sin 9 -Yeos’0) [By fundamental identity sin20 + cos =1-. cos’0 = 1 - sin’ %4 sin” (2 sin 0 - cos 0) sin“? (sin 2) sin 20 = 2 sin @ - cos 20 sin” (sin x)=1 2 (sin*x) from Equation (2), @ = sins Differentiate w.r-t. x, y y a d a) = Q@sintx) dy. 0N Se We Applied Mathematics (Common-MSBTE) 243 Derivatives 2x)? (a [sec%O — 1) 2 yin | ae ) a 1 2) = 14 tan? - (aes) a alten? tra see?) = 1+ t Put 2x = tand O=tan“!(2x) (2) Equation (1) becomes, ¢ 2 < estan Oy} a oe F 1 tan% ee oe Teena = cixt[an($-20)] eosin ee 20] = cos 20 28. a 2sin?> «sin! [sin x] =x Heel wy 0 x 2sing cosy = $2 (tan 2x) a? in? 2 - si eee = from Equation (2), @ = tan“ 2x 00s 0 = 2 sin? 5 ; sin 0 = 2sin5- cos 5 m4) Differentiate w.r.t. x, d dfx =o - ele ax] @)-deura 2 (tant 22) a ax = 0-24 ttant29) nt d(x e As 5 is constant>-|5)=0 a 2 ao) i 1 d a = -2| ae fen peal Saree Gq ltam £00) = Tega ax FOO) 1+ 4x? 2S =n * Soin: Let y = tan (#4) (1) Put x = tan@,0 = tan 1x (2) Equation (1) becomes, afi+tan’o =1) ge eae ( tan @ sin x tert eee! ee = tartan] ane _ 0 tant 2 a, zo oy ~.from Equation (2), 6 = tan-*x Differentiate w.r.t. x, He ateecteageee sin A . = sin(A+B) a -1[sinx] = * ee Differentiating bot ee. eh a é EG & 2 6)+ +he)-0+1 Ag) <0. 1 front é- 2 a Ans. Ex. 96: Diterentate tan [ with respect to x. aR tant sal + 6x|= "2 1+) 2x) tan“! (3 )-tan™*(2x) Be ts ian | Ae eg [eas Soin: Let y = tan’ y Bn esp, pyrerentiate te [1+ 18 fs] = tan] 74 15x 5x 3x ] tan” [ + (6x) (3x). eae (6x) - tan? 3x) -1[ A~B) Using tant A-tan*B = tan = Differentiating wr-t % a 4 san 1 (5x) — tan ~? (3x 2 = ai (6x)- tan (88) ay dag) tan (3x ae (6x) — gg tan * (38) a = ae xo0- im aay tans eld A tan £01 = Ty [FOP ax ay ee dx = 1425x7149 aftr cma iy yor ss Ex. 98 (a) Paris Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, Soln.: ade d ard ees - ax 9) = a [tan (8) - tan“ (2x)] iven: y = tan Peel Grae digas ja cd et [ eet = gy Ita" 3) -3, [tan (2x) ] tan’ ee 4 ated y = tan“! (7x) tan (6: “OTe ae ae x) 1 + Gy (2x), fi +(x? dx Beene? CE alia Gs) = tan tan” (f aa a i Bi 5 a ooh = rca dx 0) ot aise ts haga ¢ ee mc fan“! 3)=0 As tan“! 3 = is dx) = 4 [tan (7x) — tan= (5x)) 2 ——s . dx cl y 5 ae OT dx = Gy tan re # . (7x)| — J (tan™ (6x)] RS @®=1 = 1 a es + » Ans. 4 Gl ae a + [Go]? ar (s) We Teckinveteth& Goan) y = tan? (3x) + tan”! (2x) | a iy Differentiating w.r.t. x er 2 [tan (3x) + tan (2x)] d & - 2 tan G0) +S tan 20) imal mera Trent &x ©) + ot eat eed [atten ron Gt treo] aly. ru 1 de = 14 Gee *Ts om? cee 8S oe & Tse ia ws 210 Derivatives of Implicit Functions Any relation, where one variable is entirely expressed in terms of the other variable is called explicit relation. When we write y = ax* + bx + c, we have expressed y completely in terms of x, and R.HS. does not contain y. Whereas a relation in terms of two variables x 56 and y, where one variable cannot be expressed ‘entirely in terms of the other i.e. we cannot write y only in terms of x or x only in terms of y is called ‘implicit relation and is denoted by f(x, y) = 0. 2.45 Derivatives eg. x3 + y? — Sxy = 0, is an implicit relation. Where y is not expressible in terms of x alone or x cannot be expressible in terms of y alone. For an implicit relation f (x, y) = 0, we say y is implicit function of x or x is an implicit function of y. ‘To differentiate an implicit relation with respect to x, we differentiate each term with respect to x, ited ferent remembering that a term in y is first dy with respect to y and then multiplied by q, and dy finally solve the resulting equation for gy. meee az Soin: Given : x+y? = 25 Differentiate w.r-t. x, a Pr ax +9") = Gy (25) E d Ears tor = G25) 5 21, ot. en or 30) E101: tant 62+ y2) =a? ra Soln.: Given: tan”! (x? +’) x+y? = tana? «tan [f{x)] =P, fx) = tan P Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get, d a ixty?] = A ttan a?) 8 Waad yayene Os ny” ax {y) > dy : ‘Astana’ is constant Gx (tan a’) =0 d ax+2y-a0) = ay ax+2Yax = ° dy 2y Fx Soin.: Given en equation is, vey? = sin Ge) Dineen both ns rex, we get, ae a (24 3} =F (sina) J+ $o4 =0 d _.sin a? = constant, 4, (sin a”) = 0 ae 4299 -£) = 0 : ‘Sch. S-19 (Comp.), 4 Mi Soin: Gi a Given, x? + xy? =y3 + yx? : pean) = yy? +x2) ---Taking x common from L.H.S, and ¥ common from RH. soln.: Given: sity? = jating both sides w-t- t.%, Different a f+) = Gey s, i a 34g) 2 xa Ot ax { d aoune OR Lu. y)=u Lemrvg | ly oat” 1 Ae -n8 Bm enyet. Ay ax ray 2% al : oy xB = y-2x ay % = ay dx wns i (aoe Soin: Given: x+y? = dxy Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x a 4 ; ety = Shay) ds) id “al = Shay) icalDe, Ne Applied Mathematics (Common-MSBTE) biay 3 Be 107: Wot oY 2087 Find % CATAL AS Soin: Given Ditto hn x, we get, dx lot ol = ee 4 Ley ax (C0 + Ge) Fel thy) = ry — mageedGXing 2 a ar d = if y-2x VS ee to6: wxt@ry!2= a"? sna & ae x2, yl2 _ 2 Differentiating w.r-t. x, we get d £ way - ter) 3 4 d Meese Sie saya Sy) = S104} Bx. 108: IP +9? = dary tnd Seat point ($. Fi Fi W-05, W-08, W-09, S.11, W-11, W-17, S-18, Srv) -£a)+d0) eS * Soln.: +47 0. Given: x+y? = Saxy Sx? +y3—3 axy=0 a iating w. oe” rtd) ae rt. xwe get, : = ae +y?—Saxy) = FO don,t ; eee 7? £ )+ Ly5-saXey) = 0 a - ay) = rr i AA a & & oe 2: d d d 2 ve 3x31 + 3y3 £0-a[xE0+¥e00] 1 1 2 4 4 2 ax? 4 3y? Esa (c ®.y) =O > Bio jaaet 2 yea dy) as BA‘applied Mathematics (Common-MSBTE) Bue Derivatives x a a z Sh eG O)+H OW) Es a a d ox 2ytw+[x HW +y FR 00|- Bo Ans. d Bav-udmerdoo dy a y ox+2y tax By yo dx *Y~ax = 0 dy _ dy, ay +x oe aiiena., d Qy+x—1 gt = ~2x-y dy _ __(2x+y)_ dx = ~2y+x-1 At(i, Die. whenx=1,y=2 dy _ = (21) +2) dx = 2(2)+1-1 ee Betta: x2 +y? = any tind Lat (2, -1) ich. S-19 (Mech.), 4 Marks| Soln.: Given: x2 +y? = 4xy Differentiate w.r.t. x Betsy?) = d 22)+Ze%) = 4 2x + By [x] = nx” d d a and q (uv) = ugy wey £ a] ax + 2y = 4(y=% ac) Differentiating both sides w.r-t. x, ec) a) = ax\x B&G) as Consider LHS. = x @ & ¥) From Equation (1) and Equation (2), [2+G) |= G+a) LES. ‘dy ) ie e iy Ex. 114: Differentiate with respect to x the given xsiny +y sin x= 5, Sol Given: xsiny+ysinx=5 Differentiating w.r.t. x, de i qxlx-siny+y-sinx] = Aix siny] + (ysinxl = d Glued w+) easedy cos? y \Mathematics (Common-MSBTE) it y=xoos y show h Ox cosy +ysiny a xf tiny) +siny: dey or gon: Given? ¥ = al seinen = 0 i mnt diuw sagen +a remain 8 ae dle] - a (oer) + amy esion +] el nin =0 if Lia, 3 By using chain , sn in ty) = com Ry) es Rt Seanymcons | [omy iay’ 7 ay 0 ae (cos yy a . xveoey Senin yo ycoex ain x le e sti oony + sinal $Y = sin yy con x = Sy cos x. Ans. = gj e Soln.: Given sin y = log (x+y) Differentiate w.rt. x, a deny = Hog ce +yn re EY 8 Yar) = yy ae K+) & Bin (89) I= 00s tty) ayy} = sete) a S001] aa oxy = zy+2) zi ni pened: x+y *x+ydx : eres (cosy) |dx ~ Soin: Given: siny = xsin(a+y) 1_ sinfa+y) x siny 1 _ sina-cos y+ cos a-siny Bs i (sin (A +B)= sin A cos B + cos A sin} cos y siny = sina. = @ciny tS a-S Sy Qa‘Applied Mathematics (Common-MSBT i = (sin a) 4 (cone) : d (sin 0) (—coneety 2 (y)) «9 a +x (C08 a) = 0, As cos a = constant, sey (Coty) = ik cone (sin a) ( cosee? yy Vax sin. gy ax + sin’ dy | 1_f[siny} dx ~ ina sinal x (2) . From Equation (1), Given siny = xsin(a+y), sin : = = sin(a+y) - Equation (2) becomes, dy _ sin? (a+y) qi et owaina 5 -Ans. Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x afaty ae eal = Eitan PI artery eee i. (+ xy) AG (1+ xy? ee veiw ue) (4 xy d d gg (WV) = Uae + VG dy 4 | asap (1 +2] aol eae dy dy dy dy 7 1+ Get ny + xy Gy 8 ag 29-99 dx Y= = tank Differentiating both sides w.r-t. x, ie ‘dx T—xy] = d d (-—) gt yl- ty] lw) (-xyP a ax tank) =0 d a-~[£o+do]-te+y[Zo-gen] (f—xy? joe eee fe (xy? 0 ole ete dy dy d-m[1+2]+ternle Bey) <0 dy ody dy 14 Say ay Pte E tay tay ety? =0 —nom MBBTE). 7 ‘Anson Matneratos (ort 1 # a” ; ny hater 205 rea g oe 8) “ nese = aan = 49s = fa w] Fe aga ae” | saftence proved. «Anh goin Given + an ‘arithmic Differentiation sides we get, Maya tive econ nero se functions which ‘Taking log on both are i) a produd of number of funetion or () # logy = log =* = * 108 x ye wedog m® =n Quotient of functions or (it) of the fora If 0 in much cases it in conveniont to find te derivative of the logarithm of the function. method is called logarithmic differentiation. Differentiating wrt. * In this method we need to remember that & omy) = Ge 106” function of x ean be differentiated with respect to x only. ‘A function of y can be differentiated with 1a a a respect to y only Bie) = Bag 0082)4 87 as a ‘To differentiate # function of y with respect to x d d A wo use change of operator which can be obtained Le wang +5 from chain rule. e 1 1 As tory 91-9 " Lait = x24 logx() . 4 1 48 ok dogn) =2,2 x hy. fuetion ot = 4 ty, w Sunetion of 15 1 dy 4 4 : ce yd = ttloex Operator a0 = Gedy 5 dy ‘ 4 x & = ya+logx) 2 tunetion of = Bitumen of) . e © © a+ togn Givens fs iy = jy | Then gy = fx) tog 4) oe ~~ Z ,:,.. ton: Given: oy =x >y=x) 4 «4 Kees whee yaa" A Sten = [£10] iog gin ee +100) toy gto) eee aeApplied Mathematics (Common-MSBTE) 2.63 Derivatives Differentiating w.r.t. x, a a dx (BY) = Fly log x} 1d a a y dx) = Yo Gy log x) +1og x. (yy a d a “ax lUev) = ww sv ta 1 a xtlogx 3; dy ay y dx dx ex = 1 [fe Re xT1-ylog x] 2 x[1-logx’] «log m" =n log m sass 2 iteY= We Ex. 122: WeY=¥% show that = jpg CEE} Soln.: Given: = y* ‘Taking log we get, log eY = log y* yloge = xlogy logse = 1 log m® = n logm y = xlogy (0) Differentiating w-r.t., x we get, = £e-togy) d ao ay, dx = x: dogy)+logy to ta. wv-ut@rvee AG) +g ya) ing L.C.M. on LHS y-logy y-x AB) Substitute from Equation (1) y¥ = xlogy ee logy Equation (2) becomes, ¥ logy © ylogy-y logy Y~Togy _ _¥ (log y)? * y log y— 1] dy ix ~ (og y—1) dog y (Civil) 4 Marks Soin.: Given, y= x* 4x) Let. exe Q ‘Taking log on both sides log x* x log x logu = logu = Jog m® = n log m Differentiating w.r+t. x, dog w = 46-1053 5 Bo = xf dogs) +logxt@ u dx dx dx ee wt @mevem x34 log x(1) -{£ 0g 9 =4 and @)=1| dx = Ull+logx} WF eataewieegs‘Applied Mathematics (Commo & _ ei +logx) a Let vex® ‘Taking log on both sides logy = log (4%) Jogy = Ye-logx log m® =n log m Differentiating w.r.t. x d Lcogv) = ao log x) d 2 tw =\k Logs) + 108g v d : a weudmrvg 1 dv reer bows ae ee ae vit. ax Fleet 1] (2) As youtv Differentiating w-r-t. x, a to ary) dy _ du dv dx = dx * dx Now from Equation (1) and (2) = (Fe ie) x (1 + log x) +x ip 2x —— (x-y) loge ne log m? = neg y loge) y-loexteean Bex] ylogx+¥ = 3 y (1 +log®) = * = — y = T+logx Differentiating above Equation w.r-t. x, a” = os) as og) Eo -x gq 0 +106) ie a (1+ log x)” d d a@)es" dxlv)= z ded ) (1+ logx)-1 =x(H +3 8») Sy (1+ log x?” a Hy @=1 1 a +logx)-x(0+3) i (1 + log x)” th a=o, £ cog x)=! L+logx-1 _logx = G+logx? ~ A +log x? dy _logx cee Teeeerce rove’. «Ant 18 y= (x+y), ehow that 2 y Maas AE Ce Crs s Soin; Given: . x? y? =(x+y)> pores tyre tet ee a ee eB ae. ‘ Bas by ‘This is an implicit relation in x and y. Therefor | | Fin aa et function of x ae, ‘Taking log on both sides we get, Soin.:Given: x = ; ‘ log (x y?) = log (x+y); ‘Taking log on both sides, log x4 +logx? + log y? = 5 log (x + y) log x = log eX-¥ flog fm «-llog tm -n] = log m + log n and log [m"} = n log 2!fF plied Mathom (Common MSBTE) ea loge x 4 2 Tog y = 6 log (x 4 y) Differentiate war.t, x we yot, d dL x logy) (6 lox a yih a c f Felons) +g “3 a a 1 awl Bx MORN) +2 Ge low y) = 6 Gy How Ox + YL nie. Wal BF 2 gO) = Op RAY) 5 xy dy dy 2 dy ~y ds dy «Hence proved swdAns. Ex. 126: Differentiate (sin x)9 * with respect to x. Soin: Let y = (sin x)!8* Taking log on both sides, logy = log [ (sin x)!°8*] = log x: flog sin x] ...log m" = n log m Differentiating w. x, we get, dogs) = tog x: tog sin xi = 'logx a flog sin x] 4 og sin x tlog x1 d d od (uv) sud W)+v gy 2.68 1 ody 1 Hae = NOW ging ay ln 4 loyiain x a Hal ‘ sity HOW MOOI = Fg) gly MOL: iy lone 1 ody Yay 7 IW gig 20 CE Hoge min log nin x = log xeoty ee ly Jog ain x ke y [lox cot ae log nin x = (win) MS | lox cot ct 6 x | Given log y = (ain a" Ex. 127: Diforantiato (log x)" * wit. x Soln.: oi = (lows Talking log on both wides, To [og x} logy logy = sin x: Tog (lox 0) clog m= Tog Differentiating above equation w.t.l. x d d te ari sin x Clog Clog 01 win xt oy low x ‘ 4 long ow) aig (win x) a al (ey) sug 4 Gy W) dy 1 dee 80x To i x low x! 1 y 4+ logs (log x) + (cox) lax 1 A d Hog UOT = Ray ay Md ain x)= c08 x] dy _ sin a" Togx 1 X + low (log x) cow x 1 a dl 1 cody (On) dy ee sin x YLx low x + Log (log x) cow x |[Steps * oe 82): cos x | x-l Given y = (log x)*"* Ex. 128: Find Ge fy=xtatex’ + Soin:Given: y =xt+at+x"+0° Differentiating w.r-t. x, we get, 4 a= d d a. nf en Zt He As ais constant, Bde eee xs a]: oa +xPea%]; AD Lan d ee fe Consider z=x Taking log on both sides, => logz = logx*=logz =x logx vlog m® = n log m es wart.x, 2 (log z) = Six togai; ipa: d F de®) = xqy (log x) + log x cx) a 4 uv) sug) +ve(w) Dele) al gods = %% + logx (1); 1dt) Fae = L+logx d@ Se = 2(. + log) ; d de) = x(1 + logx) ozxt Equation (1) becomes, dx = X*(1+logx) +a logatn-x"14.9 xt (1+logx) +a*-loga+n., ax Ex. 129: Find iyzake xe ra? +x : ain. poe tate Let wax ‘Taking log on both sides, Jog u = log x* Jogu = xlogx Differentiating w-r-t. x a Leogw = Flos) a 4 Ady = x Flog + log Fx Adu = x24 logx.1 ide = 1+logx w = u(1+logx) #2 = X(1 + log) @ From Equation (1) +x8¢ ate x® Differentiating w. x d Cl ee Oe xo) = wt +x%4at4 x) d a - tard Zante 4g) 4 Be =e loga tax 14.04 x¥ (1 + logs -. From Equation 4 = = a® log a +ax®1 + x* (1+ log x) Ans Ex. 130: Differentiate (sin x)!" * w.rt, x W-09, S-10, |-Sch. 5-18 (Mech,), 4 Marks Soln.: Let = (sin x)" Taking log on both sides we get, logy = log (sin x)ta"* logy = tan x. log sin x .. log m® = n log #a H (ten x: log sin x) 1 da Fe ©) = tens Steg cin +hog sins -Z (tan x) da | &ev-2Z @rdey ig a yodx = 2- Ran + log sin x - (cec’) da ee a ax ON = Fj (A, S (tan w) = see's = tank osx + log sin x - (sec? x) a ~Gy (Sin x)=cosx 14 1 pode = 0x-Shy logsin x. (secs) cos x 1 dy 1 2 ide = tanx- poe + legen x. (eec2x) & = y [1 + log sin x (sec*x)] 4 : SE = Gin x)™™* (1 + log sin x (sec*x)] . = (ein Soln.; Let y = (tan xy ‘Taking log on both sides logy = log (tan x)** logy = cot x- log (tan x) slog (m)* = n log m Now, differentiate above equation w.r.t. x d d a Moy} = Gy [cot x log (tan x)) FEO = cotx-e tog tan 0) + log (tan x) ot x) Bordo aga es lay Ps a sae 7 tx. EaS ees i ay ra L@y _foosx osx 1 ] yar ~|snx snr cts| —cosec® x - flog (tan x)] Ldy _ feos? j ya 1 dy ya lay 2 2 2S. jccmed x] — conec? x- fog tan 2] 1 dy sae = cosec? x [1 — log (tan x)) & = y-cosec” x [1 — log (tan x)) (tan x) *. cosec® x [1 — log (tan x)] = (tan x) Ex 132: Ditterentiate (sin x) * with respect to x. iy we ie snl sata Sicaad Soin: Let ‘Taking log on both sides log y = log (sin x) * €08 x - log (sin x) ...log (m)* = n log m Now, Differentiate above equation w.r.t. x da logy) = & feos x: log (sin »)] es y = (sin xy**Applied Mathomation: (Common MBBTE) on F oot® Gon Lew con x Hoy (ain 4 log (ain » dk ccon x) vaftu views vit ow con fateedtoma] 4 og (ain x) [= alt x} velo 60) 7d " 19 y x and (con xi = sin x y log con ( = = [conoc” x i 18s cnn [pty cory] y SE = -y leosee? x = sin x: [log (sin 9T 1% ost Fd = oot com x =n x [og (ain x) ay SE = lycot x con x ain x [log (sin. 91} aay 5 SE = Gain x9* [ot x: 08 x Pe HUM Gi = sin x flog (sin x)) ‘Taking log on both sides z= B oy = (gin x)!" a a ¥ = (cosx)t* _ Taking log on both sides, Mey Sioa Differentiate w.r.t, x a 4 Gx (O8Y) = gy [eos x- Log (sin Hid od vi FO) = c08x: A fog sin” + (log sin™x} « = cot x log cos x .., log m” = n log m ae i ect wart. x, we get, | sud Wwey a . ayilogy) = & ae dx (BY) = Fe loot x - og cos x)} 7 = os, ls reo d Far a (si y dx 9) = cotxs- 108 coax +1 cose cot x presen |: Au a og Uv eut ‘dx (Uv) 1a 4v- (a)al | A : Derivatives xV1-x + log (sin! x) (— sin x) y cosx 1 voAns, a an x oa Ex, 135: Find gy if y= x! * x (tan x) soln. iven sy = x!" ® x (tan x)* ‘Taking log on both sides Jog y= log Ix!" x (tan x)*] = Tog x!" * 4 logttan x)® slog (1m +n) = log m + log n logy = tan x- log x +x log tan x 0=> 6x0 dx lim 8x dy lim Sy at ost 4 Ge = so at a Ca ax 1-x) dt, dt 0 dt — lim byt i (&) > im Too aust a &-D dt) st 0 at fae lim by lim by x41 ax Ox+D ~ 5t> 08x = 8x 05x d flee Gog £00 =z} | (Since 6x ae to O when &t tends to 0) ay tee ies al = : y dx = 20x) Lax D ~ ae ® @ ay _ (at) “@ dt, If the functional relation between variables x and y is expressed in terms of third variable known as a parameter, eg. X= 1 cos 8, y = r sin 0 similarly, x = at? Y = 2at in above examples 0 and t are the Parameters but it may be a, b, ¢, ...etc,| W48 (E&TC), 4 Mar}YY ® Applied Mathematics (Common-MSBTE) Tie 285 Derivatives He scsintses) ay | Nom y= ogtew ‘ Differentiating w.r-t. ‘t, Now, yset-sint 89 4 ttgica9) ae t AL = ae llos (cos a tsi a = Fe sint) = eT os) Sys a ere d i ol A d (int) +sint % los WOU = FH FO) a a #0-v=udmvede oy ae at = ef (cost) + sin t (et) a as A ay (cos t) =~ sin t ae Sin )= cost, 3y(e! * dy = -tant 2) Ge = (cost +sint) (2) . dy dy/dt a du/dx = dvi dx u = sin 2x da = cos 2x - 4 (2x) eas sd (sin [FGM] = cos [f(x] a (fs du dx = 008 2x [2]‘§ Applied Mathematics (Common-MSBTE) du Ge = 2cos 2x Now, v= tan“ x Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x a 4 (v) = gy (tan 1 x) dv ax BxC)) d ih dx (tan!) = ax tant) = Equation (1) becomes, du _ du/dx _ 2cos2x dv = dv/dx i 1+x? ..From Equation (2) and (3) 1 +x?) 2 cos 2x Ans. Soln.: We have to differentiate, (log x)* w.rt boas Let, u = (logx * and v=54%. We have to calculate, du _ dwax rag Savile (0) Now, u = (logx* ‘Taking log on both sides Weget, logu = log (logx)* log u = x log (log x) Differentiating both sides w-r.t. x cog) = & (x-10g(10gx)] 1 d 3 hw = x-K tog (10g x) + log log») (x) tay-utwevtw 1 du ied oes * loge * Gx (log x) + log (log x ) (1) du au miscues] d 4 swig Og x) = ae) = (log | + log (ogx) | (2) soott = (log 0 Now, Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x d d EO = a6") Tare od Ge = 5% log 5) © (4x) d 4 ag (a™) = al™ Jog a x 1 fx) | = B® 4 (log 5) a (x) 4 = 5% 4 (log 5) (1) gg 00 =1 a Se = 45%. (log 5) on(B) ". Equation (1) becomes, {pst du awidx 196"? [rag om dog 2] dv ~ dv/dx 4.5. logs ...from Equation (2) & (3) ...Ans. Ex. 160: Differentiate log (1 +x“) wert. tan’? x. Soln.: Given: Differentiate log (1 + x) w.rt, tan“! x Let u = log (1 +x?) and v = tan-1x We have to calculate du du _ ak dyes iis ao) dx Now, u = log (1 +x?) Differentiate both sides w.r.t. x Eto +221 de ood: = Tad & (i+) tw d vo Glog £001 = 5+ tr) ¥ Nawaldu. ax 1) dx = +x? Now, v = tan-Ix Differentiate both sides w 2 (v) = # (tan 1x) ysl 1B) tants ee 77) Mee Equation (1) becomes, du 2x. du dx Text dv dv" 1 dx THe «from Equation (2) & (8) du ag" 35 saAns. mi sin x aya Ex 161; Differentiate sec az x 5 ns Soln.: Given, Differentiate sec? ( Let u=set(5) » vesintx du + We have to find Gy du _ du/dx dv ~ dv/dx Now = sec(—4 naar ( a) (1) Put x = sind, @=sin1(x) (2), Equation (1) becomes, 1 Pala) a sec CS -1—sin0 = cos’6 u 0 ue sin? * 0) Cost) = Seqg 1 (see x) from Equation, i Differentiate wrt, * q gine! tw 2 ain”) aret Now v= sin” x Differentiate writ. x: 4 y= d ointo .. from Equation (3) & (4 du du _ dx Now, gy = dv = dx From Equations (3) and (4) aa 1-x Jog (xin x) w.rt. + Let u = log(x-sin x), 1 Sad x We have to find , dy} Given : Differentiate log (x sin x) w.r-t. 2 ~Ans, aint einen.