VOLE CASO Engineering Data Book Second EditionSECTION I—PREFACE ... SECTION II—-CHARACTERISTICS oF FLUIDS TA. WATER ite ester eee ee 6°$%s 6 WA-2 Temperature va Specific Gravity for Water... a 6 nB. OTHER FLUIDS Bas] BL" Dogross APs Specie Gravity for Ol .esooeessssessssststevesseiennesseeeeee 78 IB? Specie Grlloewe Degree Baume or ciliccs aime IBS Solus and Surres SEL te foprosimato Comparison of arinos Valves of Gorn Ges and iris n | Noegrah ofthe Reto of Concartaion Spc Gray n Aces ‘ | ‘Sues a chitin a Pus ern a Sa i 8 Vapor essureLiui ip % Vapor Pressure of Helm eH Vapor Presure-Varus Luis Cher ten" 200rF rm 19-10 Ghar 2— 980" 190° " mc. VISCOSITY 1c bonntlon and Methods of Measurement. a8 T1G2. Vaccoly Senaing Chart 2 IGS. Viseosty Gonversion Tale a TG Vcosty Conversion Table 2 SECTION II—FLUID FLOW MA. GENERAL MIA-1 Fluid Flow—General 0 MIA-1 Friction Factors for Asphalt-Dipped Gast iron Pipe IIA-2 Friction Factors for Steel or Wrought Iron Pipe... IAS. Friction Factors for Any Kind and Size of Pipe IIA-4 Relative Roughness Factors for New Ciean Pipes IAS Kinematic Viscosity and Reynolds Number Chart IIA-6 Installation for Example No. 1. IA-7_ Installation for Example No. 2 IMB, FRICTION LOSS—WATER MIB-1 Friction Loss—Water.....-+.+- IIB-1 Installation for Example No. 3 IIIB-2 Friction Loss for Water in Feet per Foot of Stainless Steel Tubing and in Foot for Sanitary Fittings «. ae aT 18-3 Friction Losses in Deep Well Vertical Turbine Pump Columns and Discharge Heads «... 48 IIB-S (a) Friction Loss Chart for Standard Pipe Column. 2 IMB-3 (b) Head Loss in Discharge Heads .. 50 IIIB-4. Friction Loss for Water in Feet per 100 Feet of Pipe IB-5. Typical Resistance Coefcienis fo Vales and Fitings Table 32(a) ar Table 32(b) | 7 Table 32(c) 78 ‘Table 33—Resistance Coefficients for Miter Bends ...... 80 IIB-5A Resistance Coetfcients for 90 Degree Bends of Uniform Diameter ... at IIIB-58 Resistance Coetfciants for Bends of Uniform Diameter and Smooth Surface. ca TIIB-6 Resistance Coefficients for Increasors and Ditlusers . a TIB-7 Resistance Coetfcients for Reducers - a4 MIC. OTHER FLUIDS III Calculation of Friction Loss for any Fluid in Stool or Wrought Iron Pipes. 85, 86 G1 tru IHC-13 Flin Loss Modul for 100 Feat of Pipe ovsesvevsserserserssss 98400 {IIC-14 Installation for Example No. 4 ss eeeetaar a7 IIIC-15 Table 34—Fiction Loss for Viscous Liquids III tortoa IID. FRICTION LOSS OF NOZZLES ID-1 Table 35—Theoretical Discharge of Nozzles in GPM. 105, 108 IE. _ FRICTION LOSS OF PAPER STOCK IME-1 Freon of Paper Stock Suspension n Pow...» = 107, 108 Introduetion «s+. oT IL Background a cao 10 Table wach stants 109 Table - att UL Design Parameters «... scammers 110 IV, Pipe Friction Estimation Procedure .......+...+. 2110 Hong Losses in Bends and Fitings an Appendix A. 12 Appendix B. coneSECTION IV—CHARACTERISTICS OF PIPING MATERIALS - IVA. STEEL PIPE IVA-1 Pipe Dimensions: Wrought Stee! and Stainless Stee 7-13 Wa Spuciicatons or Wrought Sta and San Sta Pe... 24 WAS API Casting List 105 WA-4 API Pisin-End Liner List 128 WAS API Tubing List eens cove 1a WA API Dall Pps List, 7 IVB._IRON PIPE TV8-1 Cast ron Pipe Dimensions : coos 128190 1VB2__Ducile ron Pipe Dimensions . 7 So 491 192 IVC. _NON-FERROUS PIPE AND TUBING TVC-1 Aluminum Alloy Seamless Pipe and Extruded Tube... 1VC-2 Aluminum Alloy Pipe—Oil and Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems INC-8 Aluminum Coiled Tubing—Instrument and Oil Lines, Refrigeration Services, INCA Seams Copper and Senmies Ra Brat Pipe IVC-S Threadless Copper Pipe IC-6 Seamless Copper Water Tube. ING-7 Wrought Seamless Copper and Copper Alloy Tube. INC-8 Copper Capliary Tube, Hard-Drawn IVC-9 Seamless Copper — Nickel Pipe and Tube IVD. PLASTIC LINE PIPE IND-1Thermosetting Resin Line Pipe, Glas Fiber Reinforced 148 IND2 Thermoplastic Line Pipe (PVC) f 149-150 IVE. FLANGES VE-1 Steal Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fitings 180, 800, 400, 600, 900, 1500 and 2500 b...... 151-187 IVE2 _ Stool Flange Facings—150,300, 400 Ib and Higher, Lapped Joints ....... INES _ Dimensions of Facings (Other than Ring Joints), All Pressures IVE-4 Dimensions of Ring Joint Facings a IVES API Type 68 Flanges—2000, 3000, 5000 PSI IVES API Type 68x Integral Flanges for 5,000, 10,000 and 16,000 PSI. IVE7 API Type 8X Welding Neck Flanges for 10,000 and 15,000 PSI IVES Welding Ends for Welding Neck Flanges IVES API Type GBX Blind and Test Flanges fr 10,000 and 15,000 PSI IVE-10 Test and Gage Connections for 16,000 Lb. Christmas Trees IVE-11._ API Type 68 Threaded Flange, Counterbore Dimensions. |IVE-12 Cast Iron Flange Dimensions and Driling Templates—25, 125,250 and 800 PSI IVE-18 Assembly of Steol RF Flanges to Cas ron, Brass, Bronze or Stainless Stel SECTION V—USEFUL INFORMATION VA. CONVERSION TABLES VAT Temperature 17 VA2 Acceleration of Gravity _ 17 VAS Physical Dimensions Table A-Length Table B—Ares . Table C—Volume. VA4 Velocity VAS Capacity YAé Mass, Weight and Force VA7 Density VAS Pressure or Head YAS Enorgy, Work, VAIO Power... Vast Customary Units to St Units at VA-12__Organie and Inorganic Compounds 194-198 VB. VOLUME OF TANKS VB-1 Volume of Round and Rectangular Tanks ... 7 YB-2 Volume of Horizontal Round Tanks with Hemispherical Heads. .. 198-100 VC. BAROMETRIC PRESSURE—EFFECT OF ALTITUDE . 200 YD. USEFUL INFORMATION VD-1 Circumforence and Areas of Circles. 201-202 D2 Gylinder/Pston Displacements ....... 208 VO Capacity of Pun of Given Diameter and Length Stok 208 VE. MECHANICAL FRICTION IN LINE SHAFTS... 205 SECTION VI—BIBLIOGRAPHY VL BIBLIOGRAPHY‘The Second Edition of the Engineering Data Book provides the user with updated technical information for those working with fluids. Asacompanion to the Hydraulic Institute Standards, together with HI Test Standards, the Engineering Data Book complete the data for solving problems related to the pumping and transfer of fluids. Origin The Hydraulic Institute came into being on April 48-19, 1917, when sixteen manufacturers of in- dustrial pumps met and formed The Hydraulic Society. In 1933 the Society was re-organized and the name changed to the Hydraulic Institute. In 1917, when the Society was formed, the pump industry was faced with an urgent need to solve a number of engineering problems brought about by the production needs of World War |. Today, while the activity has grown manifold, engineering is still the basic interest. The most important mai festations of this interest appear in the develop- | ment of standards, in engineering conferences, jin sponsorship of cooperative research projects, ‘and in cooperation with other engineering organ- ‘fi ‘izations. Purpose and Aims The puppase and aims of the Institute are best ex- in the following quotation taken from Arti _ cle Il of the By-Laws of the Institute “The Objects of the Institute are: To promote and further the interests of manufacturers of pumps, as well as the interests of the public in such mat- ‘ters as are involved in manufacturing, engineer- ing. safety, transportation, and other problems of industry, and to this end, among other things: aN Preface (a) To develop and publish standards for pumps. (b) To collect and disseminate information of value to its members and to the public. (c) To appear for its members before govern- mental departments and agencies and other bodies in regard to matters affecting the in- ‘of cooperation among its n, proper use, and increased distribution of pumps. (e) To increase the amount and to improve the quality of pump service to the public. (f) To support educational and research activities. (g) To promote the business interests of its mem- bers but not to engage in business of the kind ordinarily carried on for profit or to perform particular services for its members or individ- ual persons as distinguished from activities to improve the business conditions and lawful interests of all of its members.” (a) Of parallel interest is the following quotation from Article Il, Membership, of the By-Laws of the Insti- tute: “Corporations, firms and individuals engaged within the United States in the manufacture of pumps for sale in the open market, shall be eligible to apply for membership in the Institute. The Hydraulic Institute appreciates its responsi- bility in this connection and will continue to wel- come all suggestions of a constructive nature. Such recommendations will be taken into account in the development of future editions of the Hand- book.Characteristics of Fluidsi Wate note IIA-1 PROPERTIES OF WATER AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES FROM 32° TO 705.4° F Dae oars 4 .01602 15. .01604 21. 01606, 80 26. 01608 100 37.8 01613, 120 48.9 01620 140 60.0 01629 160 dA 01639 180 82.2 01651 200 93.3 .01663 220 104.4 01677 240 115.6 01692, 260 126.7 .01709 320 160.0 01765 360 182.2 01811 380 193.3 .01836 400 204.4 01864 420, 215.6 01894 480 248.9 0200 — 520 271.4 0209 ‘580 304.4, 0228, 640, 337.8 0260 660 348.9 0278 680 360.0 0305 700 3714 0369 ‘Computed trom Keenan & Keyes’ Steam Tabie.‘ Characteristics of Fis —_ Water jaca IIA-2 TEMPERATURE VS SPECIFIC GRAVITY FOR WATER SPECIFIC GRAVITY 86.84 82 60 78 76 74 72 70 68 66 64 62.60 SB 56 59 550 TEMPERATURE °F ~ 6 4 se SPECIFIC GRAVITYOther Fluids jaor>- 2! IIB-1 DEGREES A.P.I. VS SPECIFIC GRAVITY FOR OIL. ‘The relation of Degrees A.P.I. to Specitic Gravity gallon of water at 60° Fahrenheit in air is 8.92628 RK Characteristics of Fluids —. (G) is expressed by the following formula: pounds, Degrees APA, = 14151315, To determine the resulting gravity by mixing oils of different gravities: 4415 S735 Degrees API. p= Matas. man ensiy o Specie Gravity of miture Proportion ef old densiy Proportion of el etd: eensiy Specie Grauty of Sbecite Growl of mol! The following tables are based on the weight of 1 gallon (U.S,) of oil with a volume of 231 cubic inches at 60 degrees Fahrenheit in air at 760 mm. Pressure and 50% humidity. Assumed weight of 1 7800 200 409 251 | 450 204 351 493 | 401 Bate | 451 ‘amie 202 352 ‘geae | 402 ‘goat | 452 3008 205 383 (gaa | 403 “aa35 | 453 ‘5003 204 354 sas | aoa ‘a2s2 | 45a 7998 205 355 2473 | 405 g2a7 | 455 7008 208 358 ‘ates | 408 302 | 456 7990 aor 357 a463 | 407 ‘gai | 457 “Faas 208 | 358 gag | 408 (gia | abe 781 208° 8085 308 359 8453 | 409 aos | 459 7576 219 9279 310 360 8g | 410 8203 | 460 7972 211 9373 311 361 ‘ats | a1 ‘aig | 461 7967 212 67 312 362 ‘sae | 412 bles | 462 Jana 213 “seo ng 363 433 | 413 “pies | fea Jose 214 S250 Ete 36a gaze | 414 Bias | 464 7958 215 24 318 365 343 | ats ai79 | 465 7909 216 9242 318 36 BB | ate “Bie | 466 Fa45 217 336 317 367 83 | a7 (B10 | 487 Teal 218 30 | 268 ‘g039 | 318 368 ‘sas | 41 ‘bles | 4p Jaa 219 ‘gat | 289 353 | 319 365 ‘bans | 49 ‘sie | ang e320 220 a8 | 270 su27 | 320 370 398 | azn a155 | 470 7927 221 12 | 271 ‘a902 | 34 37] m3 | a1 Bist | 471 923 222 9206 | 272 ‘sa16 | 322 372 ‘game | 2 ‘aia | 472 a8 223 9200 | 273 ‘sor | 325 37a ams | a3 gia | 473 ala 24 ‘aise | 274 ‘a0 | 324 gra 8378 | aa ais? | 478 Jo9 m5 sige | 275 sao | 325 a5 a7 | 425 aise | 475 7005 25 sim 376 ‘368 | 8 ‘size | 478 7e01 27 577 ‘353 | 7 ‘Bian | a7) “fase 28 a7 ausa | ag aia | 473 “7880 29 378 (as | a2 aa | 479 7a87 380 -g48 | 430 108 | 430 7383 381 “gas | 431 ‘Bios | 4a) are 382 ‘s3s8 | 432 ‘B10 | 432 faa 383° 5333 | 433 ‘oss | 483 870 384 ess | a3 “gos | 484 “7a85 385 ga | 435 noes | ans 76) 386 ggg | 436 “sost | 486 7857 387 Ba | 37 ‘a07e | aay 7a52 36a 3509 | 438 ‘gor | ase eae 389 gua | 439 ‘soe | 489 7848 a0 9209 | 440 063 | 490 7839 381 ‘S29 | 441 ‘g0sa | 49) 7335 382 ‘5289 | 442 ‘nose | 492 eal 303 e285 | 443 ‘goua | 493 azo 584 (5250 | 464 “Boas | 494 az2 395 gas | 445 040 | 495 7818 386 270 | 448 ‘aoa5 | 495 7813 37 eas | aay ost | a7 7a08 Hg S250 | ute ‘noze | 498 7505 8 Reprinted with permission from the Alli-Chalmers Corporation (cont'd)i Characteristics of Fluids Fyry ogg) TIB-1 DEGREES A.P.I. VS SPECIFIC GRAVITY FOR OIL (Cont' 'd) Bo TS | Sk fea | ei aut | we se sy | 881 se salCharacteristics of Fluids b'ee S| Other Fluids Rees IIB-2 SPECIFIC GRAVITIES VS DEGREES BAUME 60° F. Corresponding to Degrees Baumé for Liquids Lighter than Water 140 Specific Gravities at Hin eeese ease pave Ba pect Graves ot 2%. Crreapnaing to Droros Saumé for Liquide Haver han Wor acuta rom he lrmue, spose gravy 2 p= ee MB l3se aaae gece ° 1 2 3 4 3 8 z 8 9 0 " Reprinted with permission fom the Alle-Cnalmers Corperetion,istics of Fluids ins Characteristics Other Fluids Besse) B-3 — SOLIDS AND SLURRIES Useful Formulas a. The formula for specific gravity of a solids-liquids mixture or slurry, S,,is: 8x8, 8,+C, (S,-S,,) where, S, = specific gravity of mixture or slurry S, = specific gravity of liquid phase S, = specific gravity of solids phase C, = concentration of solids by weight CC) = concentration of solids by volume Example: If the liquid has a specific gravity of 1.2 and the concentration of solids by weight is 35%with the solids having a specific gravity of 2.2 then: 2.2%1.2 22+ 36 (1.2-22) = 1.43 b. Basic relationships among concentration and specific gravities of solid liquid mixtures are shown below, In Terms Of iC, G Where pumpsare to be applied to mixtues which are both corrosive and abrasive, the predominant factor, causing wear should be identified and the materials ofconstruction selected accordingly. This often results in acompromise and in many cases can only be decided as a result of test or operational experience. Forany slurry pump application a complete descrip- tion of the mixture components is required in order, to select the correct type of pump and materials of construction, Ges: weight of dry solids ‘weight of dry solids + weight of liquid phase Ge volume of dry solids *” Volume of dry solids + volume of liquid phase ‘A nomograph for the relationship of concentration to specific gravity of dry solids in water is shown on page 12. ¢. Slurry flow requirements can be determined from. the expression: a, . 4xdry solids (tons per hour) = C, where, (Q,, = slurry flow (U.S. gallons per minute) 1 fon = 2000 Ibs. Example: 2,400 tons of dry solids is processed in 24 hours in water with a specific gravity of 1.0 and the concentration of solids by weight is 30% with the solids having a specific gravity of 2.7 then: 27%1.0 eet iA a PRES 27+aa-an 8 4100 = 1,084 U.S. GPM 3x1.23 ie 4d. Abrasive wear: Wear increases rapidly when the particle hardness exceeds that of the metal surfaces being abraded. Always select metals with a higher relative hardness to that of the particle hardness. There is little to be gained by increasing the hardness of the metal unless it can be made to exceed that of the particles. The effective abrasion resistance of any metal will depend on its position on the mohs or knoop hardness scale. The relationships of various com- mon ore minerals and metals is shown on page 11x Characteristics of Fluids Pe Wear increases rapidly when the particle size in- creases. The life of the pump parts can be extended by choosing the correct materials of construction. Sharp angular particles cause about twice the wear of rounded particles. Austinetic maganese steel is used when pumping large dense solids where the impact is high. Hard irons are used to resist erosion and toa lesser extent impact wear. Other Fhids >= Elastromeric materials are used when pumping con- centrations of fine material but total head is usually restricted to about 100 ft. per stage. Castable ceramic materials have excellent resis- tance to cutting erosion but impeller tip velocities are usually restricted to 100 ft./sec. Classification of pumps according to partical size is. shown on page 13, IIB-4 APPROXIMATE COMPARISON OF HARDNESS VALUES OF COMMON ORES AND MINERALS ‘gor NORTE oot eae a oustono 1 tepumono = con wo ramnacane ove) soneheanaige SF Btiéow eaaroe sooo | museonsin. 2 Tuwosren canoe Hes rusepzncon 1 4 ConSiae ammo bor set} rok. Row caRBIOE oe whe 1000 WARD CHROME ELECTO PLATE me NaRD oo QUARTZ 8 = SILICA SAND QUARTZ oe i} WHITE RONS s tacoure = io FELDSPAR T 1 junGneriTE (SFELDSPAR, onmociaase 4 at Pe - ee nai ruanoenen srameess = snares 4 mosmnan saeare 0 vn Ea auernerc uanasyese = oon nev cas non a pee ee ee STantens AnD BRONZE na BARITE = cuores seucm = 'S es " 0 BAUXITE, s 8 Hy z ‘ sor ‘ soemnncrre is ‘KAOLIN » eran de 2ovreum ae a ™ porasn . Fi — oe a "TIB-5 Nt cw % Solids by Weight Characteristics of Fluids Other Fluids IOMOGRAPH OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF CONCENTRATION TO SPECIFIC GRAVITY IN AQUEOUS SLURRIES cv 8% Solids by Volume pots TTTTIT [TTT 1 Sm Slurry Specific, GravityCharacteristics of Fluids A Other Fluids IIB6 CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS ACCORDING TO SOLID SIZE HARD IRON VES Pa RUBBER LINED (SMOOTH ROUND SOLIDS) CERAMIC LINED DREDGE PUMP SAND & GRAVEL PUMP ‘SEVERE DUTY SLURRY MP. SAND PUMP SLURRY ‘PUMP Note: This tabulation is for general guidance only since the selection of pump type and ‘materials of construction also depends on the {otal head to be generated and the abrasivity ofthe slurry Le. concentration, solids specific. ‘gravity, ete. [b°de 6)is Characteristics of Fluids = Other Fluids frocs5 HIB-7 VAPOR PRESSURE—LIQUID Hz HEE 105 CH, 0.21% 0, 99.79% p ae Point 13.8" 1.02 PSIA 33.2°K 12.98 ATM 191 PSIA P1999 (1! ai Hr Ae HIE He Aer =e 30 a esc PAE +4+——}- Hee 18 20 25 80 “ TEMPERATURE—"K ical Point 5. ABSOLUTE PRESSURE—PSIAVAPOR PRESSURE—(mm Hg) Characteristics of Fluids Fasgay @ Other Fluids Eecsss| IIB-8 VAPOR PRESSURE OF HELIUM EEEEEEEEEEE Based on water having 1.00 specific gravity at 68° F., corresponding to a ano | Weight of 62.844 Ib./cu. ft, and 1 psi equalling 2.310 feet. 1600 1200 800 600 400 200 1 2 3 4 5 TEMPERATURE—*K Reprinted with permission fom the Byron Jackson Puma Dvn, Borg warner Corporation,ABSOLUTE PRESSURE—LBS. PER SQ. IN. i Characteristics of Fluids 1IB-9 VAPOR PRESSURE—VARIOUS LIQUIDS 1000 sags e8 8 10 ~60 20 ° 2 6 0 120 TEMPERATURE—"F I ' Prichard & Company, kansas Gy: Mssour Other Fluids 2 o¢ © CHART 1—60° TO 240° F. 150 180 210 240 GAUGE PRESSURE—LBS. PER SQ. IN. VACUUM—INCHES OF MERCURYK Characteristics of Fluids a Viscosity [pease] 1IB10 VAPOR PRESSURE—VARIOUS LIQUIDS CHART 2—180° TO 60° F. 0s ‘800 ABSOLUTE PRESSURE—LBS. PER SQ. IN. VACUUM—INCHES OF MERCURY 180 150 120 90 60 30 ° 20 cy TEMPERATURE—"F Reprinted with permission tom fhe Byron Jackson Pump Diaion Borg-Warner Corporationa ‘The viscosity of a fluid (liquid or gas) is that prop- erty which tends to resist a shearing force. Since motion or flow of a fluid is produced by shearing forces, viscosity is associated with fluid motion. There is no relation between the viscosity and the specific gravity of most liquids. For instance, mo- lasses having the same specific gravity (1.48) and the same Brix rating (90) may vary in viscosity from 128,000 to 303,000 Seconds Saybolt Universal (ssu). qc-1 There are two basic viscosity parameters; i, DYNAMIC (or ABSOLUTE) VISCOSITY and KINE- MATIC VISCOSITY, The dynamic viscosity may be defined with the aid of Fig. 1 which shows two parallel plane surfaces of area (A) separated a dis- tance (d) and the space between completely filled with fluid. A force (F) is applied to and in the plane of the upper surface, causing it to move with a velocity (V) parallel to the lower fixed surface. The velocity distribution will be linear over the distance (d) and experiments show that the slope of the ve- focity sine (Vit bbe directly proportional te the tonian” fluids. The proportionality factor (x) is the dynamic viscosity. The foregoing may be ex- pressed by the equations and via Therefore, the dimen: are ns of the dynamic viscosity time Tength® The unit of dynamic viscosity in English measure is the pound-second per square foot which is nu- merically identical with the slug per foot-second. The unit of dynamic viscosity in Metric measure is the dyne-second per square centimeter, called the POISE, which is numerically identical with the gram per centimeter-second. It usually is more convenient to express numerical values in CENTI- POISES such that 100 centipoises equal one POISE. force 18 Characteristics of Fluids DEFINITIONS AND METHODS OF MEASUREMENT Viscosity FORCE F FIXED, V=0 Figure 1 The kinematic viscosity (v) may be obtained by di- viding the dynamic viscosity (u) by the mass den- sity (p). The mass density is the specific weight (w) divided by the acceleration of gravity (g). These relationships may be expressed by the equation aE. 18) rae (15) Therefore, the dimensions of kinematic viscosity are length? “time The unit of kinematic viscosity in English measure is the square foot per second. The unit of kine~ matic viscosity in Metric measure is the square centimeter per second called the STOKE. It usually is more convenient to express numerical values in CENTISTOKES such that 100 centistokes equal one stoke. ‘The distinction between the dynamic and the kine- matic viscosity should be carefully noted so that the correct parameter will be used as required in ions. Some useful relationships are as 1 pound = 444,823 dynes 1 foot = 30.4800 centimeters 1 square foot = 929.034 square centimeters 1 dyne-second per sq cm = 1 poise = 100 centipoises 11sq cm/sec = 1 stoke = 100 centistokes 1 Ib-sec/sq ft = 478.801 poises = 47,880.1 centipoises ulb-sec/sq ft = sec/sq tt = gaa 0.0000208855 centipoisesa vq ft/sec 929.034 0.00107629 stokes eT on >? wig vsqft/sec = 0.000671970 where v= centipoises and w= Ib/cutt 9 = 980.665 cm/sec/sec 32.1740 {t/sec/sec at sea level and approximately 45 degrees latitude The viscosities of most fluids vary appreciably with changes in temperature. The influence of change in pressure usually is negligible. The viscosities of fluids, such as mineral oil and water, are unaffected by the magnitude and kind ‘of motion to which they may be subjected as long as the temperature remains constant. Thus the ratio of shear stress to shear rate is a constant for all shear rates, is independent of time, and zero shear rate exists only at zero shear stress; such a fluid is said to be Newtonian. When the ratio of shear stress to shear rate in- creases as the shear rate increases, reversibly and independent of time, a fluid is said to be dilatent. When the shear stress to shear rate ratio is con- stant for shear rates above zero, is independent of time, but when shear occurs only for shear stress above a fixed minimum greater than zero, a fluid is said to be plastic. When the ratio of shear stress to shear rate de- creases as shear rate increases, reversibly and independent of time, and zero shear rate occurs only at zero shear stress, a fluid is said to be pseudo-plastic. When the ratio of shear stress to shear rate de- creases as shear rate increases and is time depe! dent in that this ratio increases back to its “rest” value gradually with lapse of time at zero shear rate and stress, and decreases to a limit value gradually with lapse of time at constant shear rate, Characteristics of Fluids (O466 6 a fluid is said to be thixotropic. When the shear stress to shear ratio rate is con- stant for all shear rates at any given instant of time, but increases with time, a fluid is said to be rheopec Viscosity is measured by an instrument called a Viscosimeter. A definite volume of fluid is allowed to flow through a capillary tube or orifice of speci- fied proportions and the time of efflux noted. In- struments of the capillary type, such as the Ost- wald, Bingham, and Ubbelohde viscosimeters are used primarily for fluids of low viscosity, such as water. Instruments of the orifice type are used commercially for more viscous fluids such as pe- troleum products, and the time of efflux of the sample is taken as a measure of the viscosity. The Saybolt viscosimeter is commonly used in the United States, the Saybolt Universal for fluids of medium viscosity and the Saybolt Furol for those of high viscosity. The viscosity Is expressed in Seconds Saybolt Universal (SSU) or Seconds Say- bolt Furol (SSF). The relationship between Saybolt Universal viscosities and kinematic viscosities in centistokes is given in “ASTM Conversion Tables for Kinematic and Saybolt Universal Viscosities”* or by the ASTM Standard, Designation: D446-85a." Similar information for Saybolt Furol viscosities may be obtained from the ASTM Standard, Designa- tion: D2161-87. The respective British counterparts of the Saybolt Universal and Saybolt Furol viscosi- meters are the Redwood and Redwood Admiralty viscosimecers. The Engler viscosimeter is used ex- tensively on the continent of Europe. Viscosimeters such as the Brookfield are particularly useful with non-Newtonian fluids. There are many other vis- cosimeters for special purposes, discussion of which is beyond the scope of this Manual. Viscosity conversion tables for use with the above described viscosimeters are shown in Tables IIC-3 and 4. A viscosity blending chart for use with oils is shown in IIC-2. Let oil (A) have the higher viscosity and oil (8) the lower viscosity. Mark the viscosity of (A) and (B) on the right and left hand scales, respectively, and draw a straight line connecting the marks as shown. The viscosity of any blend of (A) and (B) will be shown by the intersection of the vertical line representing the percentage composition and the lime described above. See examples 1 and 2. “American Society tor Testing Materials, 1916 Race St., P elphia, Pa. 19103.(ANANOdWOD ALISODSIA HOIH HL) V 110 IWSURAINN LIOBAVS SGNOOAS ALISOOSIA 6°44 6) a 88 8 2 ss er 28 8 2 g TERE HE MT UITTTTUINEEEN TTT HT a CNN TTT TTT fee laal™ \ WT IEE CEE CE le] OO TTT ETT TTT TT L* HTT TN MITT TT | NTT UNC TTITTTTTT TANT HT [| 10 Viscosity IIC-2 VISCOSITY BLENDING CHART 20 50 50 PERCENTAGE OF COMPONENT OILS Characteristics of Fluids TOIT Tt TET 40 © 30 70 NHC CCEA TT TCIM TTT N | UIT TT TTT TTT 20 20 ITIL TAIT TITTTTTET TTT 28882 888 &@ 2 g88e 8B 8 8 8 os) (LN3NOdWOD ALISODSIA MO7 3HL) @ 10 TVSHAAINN LIOBAVS SGNOORS ALIOODSIA =O@ Characteristics of Fluids US 16656 6 Viscosity Eases TIC-3 —VISCOSITY CONVERSION TABLE The following table will give an approximate comparison of various viscosity ratings so that if the visci terms other than Saybolt Universal, it can be translated quickly by following horizontally to the is given Saybolt Universal column, aE tue gece F BE ESE 2888 882 Escu ee0u o2ze unas sane Bae 3B: Sk58 SERS 8 hut Wit wi SESE Gene 8 Res SEER Sane thee See “Kinematic Viscosity (in centistokes) ‘Absolute Viscosity (in centipoises) nity When the Metric System terms centistokes and centipoises are used, the density is numerically ‘equal to the specific gravity. Therefore, the follow~ ing expression can be used which will be suffi ciently accurate for most calculations: Kinematic Viscosity (in centistoke ‘Absolute Viscosity (in centipoises) ‘Specific Gravity When the English System units are used, the den- sity must be used rather than the specific gravity For values of 70 centistokes and above, use the following conversion: SSU = centistokes x 4.695, Above the range of this table and within the range Of the viscosimeter, multiply the particular value by the following approximate factors to convert to SU: en attr: Saybolt Furol Redwood Standara Redwood Admiralty Engler-Degroes cup #15 r Parlin cup #20 187.0 Ford cup #4 174Characteristics of Fluids Viscosity The following table will give an approximate comparison of various viscosity ratings so that if the viscosity is given in terms other than Saybolt Universal, it can be translated quickly by following horizontally to the Saybolt Universal column. Teh vad til Tell lel PP ERLE BERS Hert tite Seoa eee sill TUdE Vet aed (1ee ease 111 Wnt tit miu gee sera eI: 1138 8228 8511 ne j@ eee Ne Bose oon! BN N| < [<2< Hoe —=] 0 700m >>] | in BRA RSYS Hoee Gone mene Coe For values of 70 centistokes and above, use the following conversion: ‘SSU = centistokes « 4.635 When the Metric System terms centistokes and centipoises are used, the density is numerically Above the range of this table and within the range equal to the specific gravity. Therefore, the follow- of the viscosimeter, multiply the particular value ing expression can be used which will be suffi- by the following approximate factors to convert to ciently accurate for most calculations: SSU: Kinematic Viscosity (in centistokes) Viscosimeter Factor ~ = Absolute Viscosity (in centipoises) Mac Michael 4.92 ( 92 (approx) perc oerey Demmier #1 146 When the English System units are used, the den- Demmier #10 146. sity must be used rather than the specific gravity. Stormer 13. 2AN Fluid FlowI | A) Fluid Flow General I1IA-1 —FLUID FLOW—GENERAL SECTION 1—PIPE FRICTION The resistance to the incompressible flow of any fluid in any pipe may be computed from the equa- tion Lv hap th 1 zs “ wherein h, = Frictional resistance in feet of fluid L = Length of pipe in feet D = Average internal diameter of pipe in feet V = Average velocity in pipe in feet/second 9 = Acceleration due to gravity in feet/second/ second. Hereafter, the value 32.17 feet/ second/second for sea level and 45 de- grees latitude will be used. 1 = Friction factor SECTION 2—CONSTRUCTION OF CHARTS AND TABLES ‘The Colebrook Equation 5 1 <_ , 281 ~2log»( =o @ offers a reliable means for computing the friction factor (f) to be used in Equation (1). The Reynolds Number (R) is given by the equation vo R @) wherein V = Average velocity in feet/second D = Average internal diameter in feet »v =Kinematic viscosity of the fluid in square feet/second References 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 in Section VI were studied to obtain the best value of the roughness Parameter (e) and the probable variations in the friction factors for new pipes. The probable varia- tions in (f) for some classes of new clean pipe are given in Table A. TABLE A ; ee Probable e ‘maximum, ay | | variation int Material __| a feet Per Cent Steel or wrought iron |0.00015| Sto +10 Asphalt-dipped cast iron |0.0004 | -Sto+ 5 Galvanized iron [0.0005 Oto-+10 Equation (2) was combined with Equation (1) and solutions carried out for each kind and size of pipe. These were used to construct large-scale logarithmic plots from which the values of (h,) shown in Section IIB, Tables 1-31 incl., were obtained. SECTION 3—OLD PIPES A study of References 8, 9, 10, 11 in Section VI showed that the problem of estimating the friction factors for old pipes or allowing for the deteriora- tion of new pipes is beyond the scope of this Hand- book, The deterioration of pipes with age depends on the particular chemical properties of the fluid and the ‘metal with which itis in contact. It is recommended that prior experience be considered and local water supply officials be consulted where it is necessary to estimate the friction losses in old pipes or to allow for the aging of new pipes. References 8, 9, 10, 11 of Section VI may be consulted for general information on the subject. For commercial instal- lations, it is recommended that 15 percent be added to the values shown in Tables 1-31 SECTION 4—TABLES OF FRICTION LOSS FOR WATER, EXPLANATION Frictional resistances for water flowing in new, clean steel pipe (Schedule 40)* or in asphalt- dipped cast iron pipe are given in Section 1118, Tables 1-31 incl., herein.** The tables show the discharge in cubic feet per second, the average velocity in feet per second, and the velocity head in feet for any fluid in a cir- 2sAY Characteristics of Fluids cular pipe of the same diameter as that specified in each table for rates of flow in gallons per min- ute. The values of the friction head (h,) in feet of fluid per 100 feet of pipe apply to any fluid having a kinematic viscosity, » = 0.00001216 square feet er second (1.130 centistokes) which is the value for pure fresh water at 60° F.*** The friction heads are average values for pipes having the = values given in the tables, where («) is a linear measure of the absolute roughness of the pipe walls and (D) is the internal diameter of the pipe. Further in- formation on the roughness parameter is given in Section IV. The tabulated values of (h,) are in feet of pure fresh water (60° F) per 100 feet of new clean stee! Pipe (Schedule 40)* or of new clean asphalt-dipped cast iron pipe as specified No allowance has been made for age, differ- ences in diameter resulting from manufacturing tolerances, or any abnormal conditions of interior surface. Any factor of safety must be estimated from the local conditions and the requirements of each particular installation. An example illustrating the use of the tables will be found in Section IIIB, SECTION 5—VALVES AND FITTINGS The resistance to flow caused by a valve or fitting may be computed from the equation v hak a aa “ wherein h = Frictional resistance in feet of fluid \V = Average velocity in teet/second in a pipe of corresponding diameter 32.17 foet/second/second sistance coefficient for valve o iting Values of (k) for valves and fittings may be found in Section IIIB. Reference to the literature will re- veal wide differences in the published values of (K) for all types of valves and fittings. The available data are inconclusive. As indicated in Section IIIB, flanged valves and fittings usually exhibit lower re- sistance coefficients than screwed valves and fit- tings. The resistance coefficients decrease with the increasing size of most valves and fittings. General Cast iron flanged elbows and drainage-type elbows may be expected to approximate pipe bends. Values of the resistance coefficient (k) may be taken from Section IIIB. The solid line curves in Fig. INB-5A are given by Reference 12a of Section VI with the range of scatter of the test points as indicated. The broken line curves may be used as a guide to probable resistance coefficients for intermediate Values ofthe celative roughness factor. A value of « = 0.00088 feet will be satisfactory for uncoated cast iron and cast steel elbows. Resistance coetfi- cients for pipe bends with less than 90 degree de- flection angles as reported by Wasielewski® 13 are shown in Fig. IIIB-5B. The curves shown are for smooth surfaces but may be used as a guide to approximating the resistance coefficients for sur- faces of moderate roughness such as clean steal and cast iron. Figs. INI6-5A and IIIB-5B in Section IMB are not reliable below F = 1, where R is the radius of the elbow in feet. The approximate radius of a flanged elbow may be obtained by subtracting the flange thickness from the center-to-face dimen- sion. The center-to-face dimension for a reducing elbow is usually identical with that of an elbow of the same straight size as the larger end. The resistance coefficients for miter bends as re- ported by Shubert! 12b are shown in Section IIB, Table 33. The rough pipe used in the Shubert in- vestigation had a relative roughness factor, a of about 0.0022. Reference 12b of Section VI should be consulted for information on the varia~ tion of the resistance coefficients with variation in the Reynolds Number. ‘Note 1: ANS! 836.10M- 1985 of the American National Standards should not be applied to problems involving the pumping of fluid-solid mixtures. Its suggested that prior experience be considered and that qualified sources be Consulted where itis necessary to estimate the friction losses in pipes carrying solids in suspension. For paper stock suspensions, see Section IIB. ***Foreasy references, values of GPM and h,are shownin shaded column.a The resistance to flow caused by a sudden en- largement may be computed from the equation y¢ ~[-@]8 “{e-1e° rictional resistance in feet of fluid Average velocity in feet/second in the smaller (upstream) pipe A, = Internal cross-sectional area of the smaller pipe in square feet internal diameter of the smaller pipe in feet. wherein h vM ‘orresponding values for the larger (downstream) pipe 82.17 feet/second/second Resistance coefficient, usually taken as unity since the variation is almost always less than =3 per cent. Equation (6) is useful for computing the resistance to flow caused by conical increasers and diffusers. Values of (k) for conical increasers based on data reported by Gibson 14 are given in Section IIB, Fig. IIB-6 or may be computed by the equation k= 2.50 (tan 2)” 50 (tan 2 6) wherein @= total conical angle of the increaser in degrees Equation (6) applies only to values of # between 7.5 and 35 degrees. Noteworthy is the fact that above 50 degrees a sudden enlargement will be as good or better than a conical increaser. Values of (k) for conical diffusers as reported by Reference 11 of Section VI are shown in Section IIIB, Fig. 1118-6. The values shown include the entrance mouthpiece which accounts in part for the increase over Gib- son’s values for conical increasers. Resistance coefficients for reducers, as reported by Russell are given in Section IIIB, Fig. 1118-7. Fluid Flow General SECTION 6—FRICTION FACTOR DIAGRAMS As previously stated, the resistance to the i compressible flow of any fla in any pipe may be computed from the equation (1) 7 oa Values of (f) may be obtained directly from Fig. IIA‘ where the pipe is now clean aephal-dipped cast ron, rom Fig IA? where the pipe le now tlean steel of Schedule 40 wall thickness, or from Fig. IIIA-3 which applies to any size and type of surface. The probable variations in (f) for some Classes of new clean pipe are given in Table At will be necessary to know the approximate value of hy the relative roughness factor, at to enter Fig. IIIA-3 and this can be obtained, for several kinds of pipes, from Fig. IIIA-4 If the fluid is fresh water at 60° F or atmospheric air at 60° F the scales at the top of Figs. IIIA-1-3 incl., may be used. For convenience in air and water computations only, the scale reading is the product of the average velocity in feet/second and the internal diameter in inches, (VD"). For other fluids or temperatures the scales at the bottom of Figs. IIIA-1-3 incl., must be used. The scale reading is the Reynolds Number, R, given by equation (3). The data for Figs. IIIA-1-3 incl., were obtained di- rectly from solutions of Equation (2). Figs. IITA-4 and IIIA-5 were taken from Reference 2 with minor changes. Values of the kinematic viscosity (x) at various temperatures are given in Fig. IIIA-5 for a number of different fluids. The Reynolds Number also may be obtained directly from Fig. IIIA-5 with the aid of the quantity (VD") mentioned above. The tracer line shows that for kerosene at 175° F flowing with an average velocity of 125 ft/sec in a pipe of 4 inches internal diameter, the Reynolds Number would be 3.5 x 10°. In cases where viscosities are obtained from sources other than Fig. IIIA-S, it is absolutely essential that they be expressed in sq ft/sec in order that they may be used with Fig. IIA-5 or Equation (3). Kinematic viscosities mea- sured in stokes or centistokes may be converted to (o) in square feet/second by the formula. aro 0.00107639 x stokes = 0.0000107639 x centistokes m For further information on viscosity, see Section uc. Hf the Reynolds Number is less than 2000, the flow is laminar and the tition factor for any tui Imany pipe is given bythe equation ea i ® Ifthe Reynolds Number is above 4000, the tow wil usvally be turbulent and the curves in Figs Ita t~ B incl, apply. The range FM ~ 2000-4000 le called the eritieal zone in which the flow may be highly unstable andthe fiction factor indeterminate, t Example 1. Use of Friction Factor Diagrams. A Pump delivers kerosene at 70° F through 512 feet of new 2-inch steel pipe (Schedule 40) and screwed fittings to a tank (See Fig. ITIA-6). The tank pressure is maintained constant at 50 psi at the level of the discharge pipe. It is required to estimate the suc- n head (h,), the discharge head (h,), and the reading of the discharge pressure gauge (P,) when the rate of flow is 100 gpm. SOLUTION: a. Suction Line. Table 9, Section IIIB, shows the average velocity (V) to be 9.56 ft/sec and the velocity head, ¥ to be 1.42 feet of kerosene. Fig. IIIA-S shows the specific gravity of kerosene to be 0.813 at 60/60 and the kinematic viscosity .) to be 0.000028 sq ft/sec at 70° F. Sec- tion IVA, ‘shows the internal diameter of the pipe to be 0.1723 ft, The Reynolds Number, by Equ (8), willbe vo 9.56 x 0.1723, 0.000023 = 71,600 As an alternate procedure, determine the quantity (VD") and use Fig. IIIA-5 at 70° F. Proceed from the intersection of the curve labelled kerosene and 70° F to the (VD") value of 19.8. The resulting Reynolds ‘number is aproximately 7 x 10*. This is above the critical zone and the flow will be Fluid Flow General turbulent. The friction factor, from Fig. IIA-2, will be f = 0.0226. The head loss due to pipe friction, by Equation (1), will be 27 = ee as (=F) 142 = 5.03 feet of kerosene The resistance coefficients for the ‘itings, from Section IIIB, Tables 32(a), 22(b) and 32), wll be ‘Square-edged inlet, 05 Wedge-disc gate valve, k = 0.17 The head loss in the fittings, by Equation (4) will be wv “2g = (05 +017) 1.42 = 0.85 feet of kerosene The suction head (h,) will be (67.00 — 62,52) ~ 5.03 — 0.95 48 — 5.98 1.50 feet of kerosene Therefore, the pump actually operates with a suc- tion lift of 1.50 feet of kerosene. b. Discharge Line. The head loss-due to pipe friction, by Equation (1), will be y fie D 25 = 0022s ( aes ) 142 1723 = 90.3 feet of kerosene The resistance coefficients for the fittings, from Section IIIB, Tables 32(a), 32(b) and 32(c), will be ‘Swing check valve, k= 2.2 Wedge-disc gate valve, k= 0.17 Regular screwed elbow, k= 1.0 Sudden enlargement, | k= 1.0 ‘The head loss in the fittings, by Equation (4), will be2g = [2.2 + 0.17 +2 (1.0) + 1.0] 1.42 7.68 feet of kerosene “The specific gravity of kerosene at 70° F relative to water at 60°F may be estimated from Section IIC, to be 0.809. The specific weight.of water at 60° F is 62.34 Ib/cu. ft. from Section IIA. There- fore, the pressure head at discharge into the pres- sure tank will be 50 x 144 0.809 x 62.34 42.8 feet of kerosene Tank pressure head = The discharge head (h,) will be hy = (62.00 — 62.52) + 90.3 + 7.63 + 142.8 = 240 feet of kerosene The pressure head at the centerline of the pipe where the gauge is connected to the discharge pipe will be the pressure head in the discharge tank plus the head loss in the pipe and fittings minus the velocity head at the point where the gauge is connected. No difference in elevations is involved because the pipe is horizontal. Therefore, Required pressure head = 142.8 + 90.3 + 7.63 — 1.42 = 239 feet of kerosene The pressure head at the center of the gauge will be 1 foot greater than this value because the gauge is 1 foot below the center of the pipe. Therefore, the reading of the discharge pressure gauge will be (239 + 1) 62.84 x 0.809 144 P, = 84 psi Example 2. Use of Friction Factor Diagrams. A simplified boiler feed pump installation is shown in Fig. IIIA-7. The rate of flow is 1450 gpm at the pump. It is required to compute the net positive suction head (h,,), the total suction head (h,), the total discharge head (h,) and the total head (H). SOLUTION: a. Suction Line. The following proper- ties of 10-inch Schedule 40 steel pipe may be ob- Fluid Flow General tained from Section IVA. D = 10.020 inches = Area, A= 0.5476 square feet Diameter, .8350 feet Relative roughness factor, 7 .000180 1450 Fierce ~ 9290 cu tt/sec The discharge, Q 3.230 v= ot 05476 “These also may be obtained from Section Interpolation The velocity, 5.90 ft/sec" . Table 17, by The velocity head, Y= (6.90)" 29-6434 The kinematic viscosity, from Fig, IIIA-§ v= 0,0000026 square feet/second The Reynolds Number, by Equation (3), will be VD _ 5.90 x 0.8350 0.000026 = 0.541 feet will be R 890,000 = 1.89 x 10° The friction factor may be taken from Fig. IIIA-2, f = 0.0139. The head loss due to pipe friction, by Equation (1), will be 230 0.8350 = 00139 (2505) set = 2.07 feet The resistance coefficients for the fittings may be obtained from Section IIIB, Tables 32(a), 32(b) and 92(c), as follows: Entrance, k = 0.5 (assuming a square-edged inlet) 0.08 Wedge-dise gate valve, k From Section IIIB, Fig. I1IB-5a For 90 degree pipe bend, A__o D ~ 70020 and <= 0.0001 D 100180, so that k=010a For reducing elbow, average 8 = 95 — 1.06 a The roughness parameter for cast fittings may be taken as, «= 0.00085 x 12 = 0.0102 inches Therefore, < _ 0.0102 9 Average <= = 0.0011 D and k = 0.88 for a straight size elbow The effect of the reduction of area in a reducing el- bow is difficult to estimate. It usually reduces the loss below that to be expected in an equivalent straight size elbow. No further allowance will be made here because the elbow loss is already small. The total resistance coefficient for the fittings in the suction line will be Total k = 0.5 + 2 (0.06) + 4 (0.10) + 0.38 = 1.40 The head loss due to the fittings, by Equation (4), will be hak 29 = 1.40 x 0.541 = 0.76 feet The total head loss in the suction line = 2.07 + 0.76 = 2.83 feet. The net positive suction head, (hy), is the total suction head in feet of liquid absolute determined at the suction nozzle and referred to datum less the vapor pressure of the liquid in feet absolute. The datum is the centerline of the pump for hori- zontal pumps. The pressure in the direct contact heater is 30 psi absolute which is equal to the vapor pressure of water at 250° F. Therefore, the heater may be considered to be at atmospheric Pressure for the purpose of computing the net Positive suction head. The net positive sui head will be by = (132.00 — 67.00) ~ 2.83 65.00 — 2.83 = 62.17 = 62 feet of water at 250° F Fluid Flow General The total suction head is given by hy = Pag Ryge — he wherein h, = total suction head in feet (positive) hi = net positive suction head in feet hua = Vapor pressure of liquid in feet absolute h, = atmospheric pressure in feet absolute Assuming the atmospheric pressure to be 14.7 sia, and remembering that the vapor pressure of the water in the direct contact heater is 30 psia, hr, = 144 Pa w 144 x 14.7, 58.82 = 36.0 feet and apa = 144 roa! 144 x30 ‘Wherein w = 58.82 Ib/cu ft at T = 250° F from Sec- tion IIA. Therefore, the total suction heat 17 + 78.5 — 36.0 99.67 = 100 feet of water at 250° F. hy Discharge Line (250° F). The following prop- erties of B-inch Schedule 80 steel pipe may be ob- tained from Section IVA Diameter, D = 7.625 inches = 0.6354 feet Area, A= 0.3171 square feet Relative roughness, = 0.000236 sy: v= 2 = 2:20 The velociy, V= 2 = 2299 — 49, re velocity, A 3171 10.19 ft/sec V2 _ (10.19)? The velocity head, Y= 10-12% — 1.64 tot y 29 64.34 ms The Reynolds Number, =v _ 10.19 oas4 ~ ~"0.0000026@ 2,480,000 49x 10° The friction factor, from Fig. IIIA-2 will be f = 0.0145. The head loss due to pipe friction, by Equation (1), will be 108 = 0.014 1.61 re (Gaes) = 3.97 feet The head loss in the 6-inch by 8-inch discharge elbow may be estimated from Section IVA Tables for 6-inch Schedule 80 pipe, as follows: 5.761 inches A= 0.1810 square feet Average diameter of elbow 5.761 + 7.625 = Sree 7626 = 6.69 inches 11.75 669° =1.76 R Average F As before, < _ 0.0102 D 66a and from Section IIIB, Fig. I1IB-5a: k= 0.28 The loss caused by changing the direction of the flow will be 0.00152 h=k¥ =0.28 x 1.61 =0.45 feet An additional loss will be caused by the use of the elbow as an increaser. This may be estimated as a sudden enlargement loss as it is unlikely that the elbow will act as favorably as a straight increaser. Q _ 3.230 The inlet velocity, Vv, = 2 = 17.85 ft/sec A 0.1810 As before, Ve = 10.19 ft/sec Fluid Flow General Therefore, by Equation (5) (Vi = Va)? _ (17.85 — 10.19) na MVP 29 64.34 The total loss due to the elbow will be h= 0.45 + 0.91 = 1.36 feet The head loss in the Venturi Meter will be partly in the meter nozzle and partly in the diffuser. The nozzle loss may be computed by the formula -[(e) 3] ©) wherein hh =Head loss in feet of fluid C, = Coefficient of velocity for nozzle Vz = Velocity at throat (smallest cross-section) of nozzie in feet/second 32.17 feet/second/second = 0.81 feet The coefficient of velocity has the same numerical value as the coefficient of discharge for most smooth nozzles suci as are used in Venturi Meters. The throat velocity head may be obtained from the pipe velocity head, ve 29 Me _(B0'¥E 2a=(B) 3 7625)* = (7828)* y61 (Sree) *° =275 tect by Therefore, the nozzle loss will be [(sts)’ -*]>r8 The loss in the 16-inch long diffuser may be esti- mated by Equation (6) or, from Section IIIB, Fig. IIIB-6 as follows D. 25 — 3.750 _ 3.875 2x16 32 121 2b for which k= 0.266 stand [ey Tas '7.625\* 7 = 0.266 [ (7828)* _ one [G%) ‘| ve 4.21 feet The head loss in the Venturi Meter will be n= 1134421 = 5.94 feet Resistance coefficients for the remainder of the fittings may be obtained: From Section IIIB, Tables 32(a), 32(b) and 32(c) ‘Swing check valve, 20 Wedge-disc gate valve, 0.075 Sudden enlargement at heater, k=1.0 From Section IIIB, Fig. IITB-Sa; 90 degree flanged elbow, and for which k= 0.29 ‘The head loss in these fittings, by Equation (4) will be [2.0 + 2(0.075) + 0.29 + 1.0] 1.61 3.44 x 1.61 = 5.54 feet ‘The total friction head loss in the 250° F discharge line will be h=G.97 + 1.96 +5.34 + 5.54 6.21 feet of water at 250° F c. Discharge Line (350° F). The volumetric rate of flow will be increased due to the expansion of water in the heater. The specific weight at each temperature, from Section IIA, will be 2 Fluid Flow General at T = 250° F, w = 68.82 Ib/cu ft at T = 350° F, w = 86.59 Ib/cu ft = 3.230 58:82 — 3.418 cutt/sec The discharge, 55.59 Q_ 3418 The velocity, V 0.78 ft/sec sii The velocity head, = 1.81 feet 29 (64.34 The kinematic viscosity, by Fig. I1IA-5, will be 0,0000019 sa ft/sec The Reynolds Number, VO _ 10.78 x 0.6354 ~~ 0.000019 R 3,800,000 = 3.6 x 10" The friction factor, from Fig. LIIA-3, will be 000236 0.0143 for D ‘The head loss due to pipe friction, by Equation (1), will be rag 185 == 1.81 = 6.72 feet 29 essa & D The resistance coefficients for the fittings may be obtained: From Section IIIB, Tables 32(a), 32(b) and 32(c) Entrance from heater, k = 0.5 (assuming a square edged inlet) Wedge-disc gate valve, k = 0.075 ‘Sudden enlargement to economizer, k=10 From Section II1(B), Fig. I1B-Sa: 90 degree pipe bend, oDw and 0.000286 for which k= 0.10 For 90 degree flanged elbow, k = 0.29, the same as for the 250° F discharge line. The expansion loop may be considered as three 90 degree pipe bends, making a total of six pipe bends in the line. The head loss in the fittings, by Equation (4), will be h = [0.5 + 4 (0.075) + 6 (0.10) + 2 (0.29) + 1.0] 1.81 = 5.39 feet The total head loss due to friction in the 350° F dis- charge line will be h= 6.72 +539 = 12.11 feet of water at 350° F exclusive of the loss in the pressure regulator. All head losses should be expressed in feet of water at the pump temperature (250° F) before computing the pump discharge head. The neces- sary conversions, based on the specific weights, are as follows: Discharge line, 350° F, Friction loss = 12.11 25:52 58.62 = 11.44 feet of water at 250° F Heater and pressure regulator, (40 + 50) 144 Friction I e _ 58.82 = 220 feet of water at 250° F Static Head friction loss 55.59 = (127.00 — 77.00) 98:52 + (77,00 — 67.00) (127.06 00) Fr ap + (77.00 — 67.00) = 47.25 + 10.00 7.25 feet of water at 250° F Fluid Flow General Economizer pressure head friction loss = 900 x 144 58.82 = 2203 feet of water at 250° F The total discharge head will be hy = 87.25 + 2203 + 16.21 + 11.44 + 220 = 2507.90 = 2508 feet of water at 250° F The total head for the pump will be H=h—h, = 2508 — 100 = 2408 feet of water at 250° F It should be noted that the pipe friction and fitting losses in the discharge line are a very small por- tion of the total discharge head. Therefore, the de- gree of refinement of the preceding computations is unwarranted for an installation of this type. The indicated procedure may be useful in the solution of other problems where the hydraulic losses are more important,Fig. INIA-1 FRICTION FACTORS FOR ASPHALT-DIPPED CAST IRON PIPE ‘Seq * DIAMETER IN INCHES) FT VALUES OF (VD") FOR WATER AT 60°F (VELOCITY IN NT ey 02 03 040806 08 1 234 680 0 wo «0 00400 600 600 1002000, oF sep 1 20 [90 ap |e a 200 fon 2000 F000. dob | 20000 4000 6000 10,000, 7FRICTION FACTORS FOR STEEL OR WROUGHT IRON PIPE Fig. II1A-2 FT SEC 5 5 g d = ‘ 5 & & & = = 2 & & 5 @ 8 3 z 5 DIAMETER IN INCHES) ? i os 0 00 008 02 03 04 08 08 1 slrfl VALUES" OF "(VD") FOR! WATER AT 6 2 34 6 a4 2 sofa] 4 "60200 ‘DIAMETER’ IN" INCHES) 2m «00 _o0 e160 0 ny 2000 20000 000 | rao 4000_ 600010000Fig. IIA-3. FRICTION FACTORS FOR ANY KIND AND SIZE OF PIPE % DIAMETER IN INCHES) FT SEC VALUES OF (VD") FOR WATER AT 60°F (VELOCITY IN o1 0208 040806 oe 1 Pee ee ee als] 20 e00 ooo 20004000 000 10,000 5002008 3000 400 xpopls.000 _p.ov0} | hoto} ois 10 2 @ a a / / A 1i) 05 04 03 02 o1 ‘008 006 (005 004 1003 ‘002 D RELATIVE ROUGHNESS 001 008 0006 ‘0008 0008 0008 ‘0002 (0001 000,08 000,06 000,05 000,04 (000.03 (000,02 (000,01 009,008 000,008 000,005 TTT TTT TTT Fluid Flow General PIPE DIAMETER IN FEET, D BRASS, LEAD, GLASS, icentrirucatiy-sPun [| | [ISEMENT AND BrTuMiNus ||} LININGS, TRANSITE, ETC, 20 30 4050 80100 00 PIPE DIAMETER IN INCHES, D” ig. IIIA-4 RELATIVE ROUGHNESS FACTORS FOR NEW CLEAN PIPES FOR COMPLETE TURBULENCE, ROUGH PIPES, 1 “K Fluid Flow General Fig. IIIA-S KINEMATIC VISCOSITY AND REYNOLDS NUMBER CHART i Er. pF VALUES OF (VD") (V IN <= ™ D” IN INCHES) = : Sf & S Sys ss sy Yess EY Sf 0 g @ ' = 3 3 2 z «° g & x g ‘ ~ 1 cle 2. a1 ad z 8 z 3 < = & eS a #4 yas u 2 6 7 a eo 5 ° 3 z $ 3 $ Ss io 3 g 32 = aS 3 Su po woe 3s cose 38 em oy se ae 10 s seeeses a88se2 Ew ROT Ee S 8888828 Sgbee =e 8 8 g ‘O3S UAd ‘Ld ‘OS ‘ALISODSIA OILVWANIN fe +Fluid Flow Fig. IIA-6 INSTALLATION FOR EXAMPLE No. 1 \ ALL PIPE IS NEW 2INCH STEEL SCHEDULE 40 2 ELBOWS~R/D<1 ELEV. 67.0" AVA. 6d Fluid Flow General Fig. I11A-7 INSTALLATION FOR EXAMPLE No. 2 fae 30 PSI ABSOLUTE~250°F. ELEV. 132.00' MINIMUM WATER LEVEL ELEV. 127.00" ECONOMIZER AND BOILER 900 PSI GA. PRESSURE REGULATOR ~50 PSI PRESSURE DROP = STEEL PIPE 2-00 BENDS—S0” RADIUS © «8 /ALL DISCHARGE ELBOWS. 8°~11.75" RADIUS x 3%" VENTURI METER~C. = 0.9 L SUCTION VALVES 19" WEDGE-DISC GATES: LL DISCHARGE VALVES 8” WEDGE,DISC GATES 8” SWING CHECK VALVE ELEV, 6700" CENTERLINE PUMP CYP P47 40" TO 8" REDUCING ELBOW. 8” TO 6” REDUCING ELBOW 9.5" RADIUS 41.75" RADIUS TOTAL LENGTH OF SUCTION PIPE 230 FT. INCLUDING FITTINGS TOTAL LENGTH OF 250° DISCHARGE PIPE 108 FT. INCLUDING FITTINGS TOTAL LENGTH OF 350° DISCHARGE PIPE 165 FT. INCLUDING FITTINGS@ Fluid Flow Friction Loss - Water IIIB-1—FRICTION LOSS—WATER Example 3. Use of Tables for Water. A pump draws water (60° F) from a sump and delivers it to an elevated tank through 1250 feet of new 4-inch diameter asphalt-dipped cast iron pipe (See Fig. I1IB-1).The suction pipe is vertical, 5 feet long and equipped with a foot valve. The discharge pipe contains two regular 90 degree flanged elbows with & D .4, a swing check valve, and an open wedge-dise gate valve. It is required to find the suction lift (h.), the discharge head (h,), and the reading of the discharge pressure gauge (P.), when the rate of flow is 200 gallons per minute. SOLUTION: a. Suction Line. The following informa- tion may be obtained from Table 13 for a flow of 200 gallons per minute: a "2g Pipe friction loss, hy = 2.74 feet per 100 feet of pipe. The resistance coefficient for the foot valve may be obtained from Tables 32(b) and 32(c): Foot valve, k = 0.8 Velocity head, The head loss due to pipe friction will be hy, =2.74 5 = 0.14 feet 100 and, by Equation (4), Section IIIA, the head loss in the foot valve will be = 0.924 feet The pump must raise the water from elevation 24.00 to elevation 28.62. Therefore, the suction lift will be = (28.62 ~ 24.00) + 0.32 + 0.14 5.08 feet. b. Discharge Line. The head loss due to pipe fric- nin the discharge line will be 1250 hy = 2.74 1280 ~ 34.25 teet 100 The resistance coefficients for the fittings may be obtained from Tables 32(a), 32(b) and 32(c), as follows: “Regular flanged elbow, k Swing check valve, | k Wedge-disc gate valve, k Sudden enlargement, k The total resistance coefficient for the fittings will be 2031424017410 3.79 and, by Equation (4), Section due to the fittings will be nok 29 = 1.53 feet The pump must raise the water from elevation 28.62 to elevation 289.00, Therefore, the discharge head will be IIIA, the head loss .79 x 0.405 1s = (289.00 ~ 28.62) + 1.53 + 94.25 = 296 feet The pressure head in the discharge pipe at the point where the pressure gauge is attached will be ‘equal to the static head plus the friction losses in the discharge pipe minus the velocity head. The static head = 265 — 7 = 258 feet. The other quan- tities have been computed above. Therefore, the required pressure head = 258 + 1.53 + 34.25 — 0.405 = 293 feet. The pressure head at the center of the gauge will be 2 feet less than this value because of the 2-foot vertical connection. The spe- cific weight of water at 60° F is 62.34 pounds per cubic foot from Section IIA. Therefore, the read- ing of the discharge pressure gauge will be = (293 ~ 2) x 62.94 148 126 psi *(NOTE: It_is preferable to use Fig. IIIA-S for flanged elbows R when the — rato Is greater than unity. The use of Fig. IAS is Illustrated in Section 111A, Example 4.)Fluid Flow Friction Loss - Water FIG. I1IB-1 INSTALLATION FOR EXAMPLE NO. 3 ‘SUDDEN. ENLARGEMENT A,= = AV/A;=0) WEDGE - DISC GATE VALVE SWING CHECK VALVE DISCHARGE PRESSURE GAGE ALL PIPE IS NEW 4-INCH ASPHALT-DIPPED CAST IRONWy Fluid Flow Friction Loss - Water Fig. IIIB-2—FRICTION LOSS FOR WATER IN FEET PER FOOT OF STAINLESS STEEL TUBING AND IN FEET FOR SANITARY FITTINGS. 02 025) 02 03 03 05 05 os [06 06 05 | 08 oF 06s | 08 12 1 Teale 2 16 | 3 15 23 | 4 18 32_| 6 21 a2 | 85 23 Ce 28 W 7 [15 31 13 s1_[ 182 35 16. 95 [222 23 | a 19 110 |263 3a_| a8 22 3s 25 45 | 61 28 515 [7 31 8 [105 7 | 41 85155, a8 [52 Los | 225 i] 66 rs | 80 17 [95 205 [102 21 [130 28 [150 A Repnnted with NOTES: 1. FOR ELBOWS —A/D = 15 permasion irom the 2. FLOW THRU TEES — Idd Supply FLOW A'TO 8. Ssetation, tne PORT C CAPPED OFF, © 5) 8. TEST MEDIUM — WATER AT 70° F aay Fluid Flow Friction Loss - Water IIIB-3 FRICTION LOSSES IN DEEP WELL VERTICAL TURBINE PUMP COLUMNS AND DISCHARGE HEADS Column Friction Loss The column friction chart Fig. IIIB-3(a) should be used to determine the loss in head due to column friction. This chart has been compiled from data on head losses where the flow is between the inside diameter of the column pipe and the outside diam- eter of the shaft-enclosing tube. For open line shafting, the losses shown on Fig. IIIB-3 should be used by assuming the losses equal to those indicated on the chart for a shaft-enclosing tube of a size that would normally enclose the open line shaft in question. The diagonals on Fig. I118-3(a) are labeled to show nominal diameters (in inches of the outer pipe Discharge Head Loss The discharge head loss chart Fig. IIIB-3(b) should be used to determine the hydraulic losses in the discharge head. Losses in discharge heads vary with the size of the head, the design of the head, and the size of tubing or shaft, column and dis- charge pipe used. Fig. II1B-3(b) represents esti- ae column and the inner shaft enclosing tube). For the outer pipe columns, the calculations used in con- structing the chart were based on inside diameters, which are closest to the nominal size for pipe up to and including 12 inches, (for example, 10 inch = 10.2 inch inside diameter); in sizes 14 inches and larger the diameters shown are equivalent to the outside diameter of pipe with % inch wall thick- ness (for example, 16 inch = 15% inch inside diameter). For the inner columns (shaft-enclosing tubes), the calculations were based on the outside diameters of standard or extra-heavy pipe. Thus, "8 x 2" on the chart is actually 8.071 x 2%, and 16 x Bis 15% x 3%. mated average losses. Where extreme accuracy is, imperative, actual loss measurements in the dis- charge head to be used—with the correct tubing or shaft, column, and discharge pipe—should be specified on the bid request by the purchaser.Fluid Flow oO Friction Loss - Water NINN109 did GUVGNVLS HOS LYVHO SSO1 NONLIN = (e)¢e-aIII “614 Wao—ALiovavo woz arom ek 8 cor _tor__ oe oe. cor oe 0: 0 os oe VA 7. Wi Leif iy HEAD LOSS PER 100 FT OF COLUMN—FT .HEAD Loss—FT W Fluid Flow Friction Loss - Water Fig. IIIB-3(b) HEAD LOSS IN DISCHARGE HEADS 10 os os Mee si] sco. 010 08 0.08 10 2 40 60 80100 200 400700 1,000,000 4,000 10,000 CAPACITY—GPMFluid Flow Friction Loss - Water IIIB-4 FRICTION LOSS FOR WATER IN FEET PER 100 FEET OF PIPE TABLE 1 TABLE 2 ‘0.000198 0.000111 S.cooree 9.000223, S.00r78' Sion 0.00317 o.0004a6 o.o0a8s 000557 ee TRANSITION TO TURBULENT FLOW nooria 3 o.oo: | 04 123° | 0.0236 a ; Soorse | os 185 Bates Sore 247 noi 00223 0 | 308 00267 370 23833 0.0446 00912 Dore S.ooass on28 ‘9.00807 oe 10086 ois 0.00557 oai7 o.00868 0.401 S.00780 0495 S.o0ee O73 2.0100 ort oom 1.28 1180 198 eaees | NOTE: No allowance has been made for age, differences in diameter, or any abnormal condition of interlor surface. Any factor Of safely must be estimated trom the iocal conditions and the’ requirements. of each particular instalation. 5Fluid Flow Friction Loss - Water IIIB-4 FRICTION LOSS FOR WATER IN FEET PER 100 FEET OF PIPE TABLE 3 TABLE 4 2.00134 Booze 8.00223, 2.00388 o.oosae 0.00156 S.00223 Doosas Sooess B.00857 o.00ss7 S.00868 8.00780 8.0089 0.0109 9.00868 So0r80 S.coass 0100 bon oon 0.0123 Oorae Soro 0188 corer Dore doves Se2o oat 0.0223 0.0123 Doras 018 0.0156 oorer 0.0178 0.0188 0.020) Ouzt2 0223 0265 Sezer ‘10980 oat oase Bgech5 358 NOTE: No allowance has been made for age, diferences in diameter. oF any abnormal condition of interior surlace. Any factor ‘of safely must be estimated from the’ local ‘conaitions and the requirements of each particular instalation, 52Fluid Flow Friction Loss - Water 111B-4 FRICTION LOSS FOR WATER IN FEET PER 100 FEET OF PIPE TABLE 5 TABLE 6 easa 8 geese Bake Bases B24e2 Sys BESbs SBRSs SSeet SEESE S8aSs BBE8R 0 8 1 ui a 2 2 3 3 4 4 3s 8 6 1 b a 3 3 0. 0. rr 2 3 4 8 6. 8 sek Sheke ree8 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 204 ga isaee 3 a8 8 28828 SERB RebeS S3R58 BBB NOTE: No allowance has been made for age, differences in diameter, or any abnormal condition of interior st of safety must be estimated trom the local ‘conditions: jants of each particularFluid Flow Friction Loss - Water IIIB-4 FRICTION LOSS FOR WATER IN FEET PER 100 FEET OF PIPE TABLE 7 TABLE 8 0.00338 r 0.00161 9.00334 0086 o.co286 2.0086 00886 S006 S.00668 coast ore S.00881 oot i o0178 oon 0.0134 0.0257 ¥ coors 0.0186 0.0350 Sore o0i78 0.0458 rE 0.0178 0201 493 | 00573 a 0.0201 0.0223 215 | oorts 9 00223 | 10 0.0267 2s7 | 0103 Y ooze | 12 ‘ooan2 300 | O40 Oost2 | 14 S055 343 | oes dos | 16 ‘o.oaot Ses | ose doar | 38 o.o4as 423 | (0288 O04 | 20, 0.0490 472 | 0348 f o.o490 | 22 0.0835 318 | oa oosss | 2a o.0579 858 | 0.483 x dose | 26 oosza 801 | Ost 18 doses | 38 0.0868 bas | o8ae ose | 30 a3 o.o713 ss | 0732 oars | 32 504 oo7s8 723 | oaer é ors | 34 338 ‘0802 1% | sar 1 Soa02 | 36 Ber o.0sa7 ais | 1032 Coser | 38 389 0891 ese | ina oosot | 40 830, o.0938 gor | 126 0998 | 42 662 o.0980 aaa | 138 os | 4a 833 0102 oar | 131 9.108 48 725 o.107 soa0 | 185 O07 8 158 oat 10.7 478 ont Ta | 0. 0.123 118 218 0.123 ser | 147 o138 128 27 0138 oa | 139 0.145 138 502 0.148 24 | 163 0.158 180 350 0156 03 | 189 one? 16.1 402 oer 18 217 0.178 172 458 0178 28 247 0189 102 a7 01388 a4 279 0201 133 379 201 a2 13 0212 208 85 o2t2 Sas 01225 218 8 03 338 0.245 238 865 487 o2e7 27 | 103 556 0.230 ae iat O12 300 [140 0.334 22 fies NOTE: No allowance has been made for age, ditferences In diamet Of safety must be estimated from the local conditions and the requirements of each particFluid Flow Friction Loss - Water IIIB-4 FRICTION LOSS FOR WATER IN FEET PER 100 FEET OF PIPE TABLE 9 TABLE 10 Ooo | 2 | 0191 | o.0005c8 0.0151 0.201 | 0.000626, ‘0.0129 Coos | 3 | o28r | onor26 0302 0.268 | ooor12 0213 2.00801 4 | 0362 | ooo297 0497 0402 | 0.0025 o.0432 ort 5 | o47e | oooass 00731 0836 | ooosa7 oars ors 8 | osre | ooosi 01008 0670 | 0.00608 0105 0.0156 7 | asso | o00606 ora 0.804 | oo100 0145 0178 & | 765 | 0.00809 0.166 os38 | oors7 0.181 0208 9 | ove | doris 0205 tor | oie 0243 10223 10 | 0958 | oora2 0.248 121 | 000226 ‘0,300 0.0267 12 | 138 | 00208 0343 134 | 00278 0.362 o.0312 14 | 136 | ooze 0453 147 | cose 0.490 0.0356 te | 133 | oes 578 vei | cosas 0502 040; 13 | 172 | ooseo ori7 174 | oars 01580 cose | 20 | 191 | doses 0.868 tas | osa7 0883 eo1o | 22 | 210 | ooces 1.03 201 | 0.0628 0783 cosas | 24 | 220 | ose 120 95 | 295 | 0085s 4.90 oos7s | 26 | 248 | 0860 139 4 | 268 | o112 128 0.0824 2 | 268 | on 50 45 | 302 | ota 160 ooses | 39 | 287 | ote 182 8 | 335 | otra toa oor | 35 | 335 | ore 242 8 | 360 | o2t 232 0891 40 | ss2 | o207 310 eo | 402 | 251 272 0.100) 4 | 430 | 0268 as s | 438 | 0705 346 oan 5 | 478 | ofss er m | 469 | 0342 ses 0.123, | 526 | 0430 550 7% | 503 | 0303 a3 0134 6 | 574 | ost 859 eo | 838 | O47 485 oa ss | 621 | ooo 59 es | 570 | oso 522 o156 7 | see | o6ee Bes s | sos | oes 382 O67 mw | 717 | 0709 101 ss | 637 | 0650 a5 O78 8 | res | 0809 nae 10 | 870 | O08 mn 188 a | 813 | 103 Re mo | 737 | ose a5 9201 go | seo | 145 42 10 | 806 | 1.00 109 O22 95 | sos | 126 158 wo | a7 | a8 17 0223, 100 | ose | 142 tra mo | oss | 37 135 oz | 110 | 1082 | 172 8 160 | 1008 | 157 Ba O67 a0 | 115 2.05 247 160 | 107 178 Wa 209 | 190 | 124 240 288 ogre 170 | 114 2.02 498 os | wo | 134 278 w2 401 4eo | 32 225 a9 O34 150 | 143 320, 350 cas =| 90 | 327 252 242 0.358 160 | 183 Sea 430 cas | 200 | 134 279 267 0378 mo | 163 an a4 090 =| 220 | 147 3.38 322 0.401 to | 172 480 544 osss | 240 | 161 4.02 384 0.423 180 | 182 B13 601 osre | 280 | 74 472 405, o4as =| 200 | 101 Be 86.3 Osea =| a6 | tes 5.47 513, 0490 =| 220 | 210 es, 200, oes | 300 | 201 623 585 sas | 240 | 228 ana 950 o7ee | 350 | 235, B55 792 os7e | 260 | 249 9.60 Ta] oss: | 400 | 268 [112 103 O62 =| 200 | 268 | 1314 128 to0s | 450 «| S02 [341 130 Oees | 300 | 207 | 128 146 ima | 500 Joss jira 480 ovis | 320 | 506 | 145 166 432 | 880 | 368 [2nd 133 o7ss =| 340 | 25 | tea 187 yaar | 600 | 402 2a 230 ace | s60 | sea | 104 208 ger =| 380 | 383 | 208, 233 0.891 400 | 382 | 227 258 NOTE: No allowance has been made for age, differences in diameter, or any abnormal condition of interior of safely must be estimated from the local conditions and the requirements o each particular instalFluid Flow Friction Loss - Water IIIB-4 FRICTION LOSS FOR WATER IN FEET PER 100 FEET OF PIPE TABLE 11 ‘0.000732 ‘0128 0.0223 10 0434 S.00293. 0372 0.454 0.00320, o.04a5, 0.0338 8 ‘Oest ©.00859 ores Oar 100720 .0300 O.oaas 20 Osea oor 0.128 01808 0128. 1510 0.0887 25 ‘085 Oras 0189 133 0.0200 0.2280 c.oses 30 130 0.0268 0.262 1.38 0.0288 0.320 0760 182 0.0359 oar 133 6.0302 0.397 S.oas1 40 ie O.odes 0.443 182 0.0532 01549 0.100) re 195 0.0503 oar 204 0.0846 883 ont 2a 0.0732 682 227 ‘0.0800 830 0.123 55 2.99 .o8es o7a9 250 0.0968 0.993 0138 260 6505 O24 22 ois 4370 O85 262 O24 S07" 295 01138 436 0156 70 fos o1a3, 122 318 O87 130 oer B 325 0165 139 3.40 0180 178 0.178 80 3.47 0.187 187 3.83 0.205 202 o.189 35 3.09 oan 176 385, 0231 228 0201 20 391 0237 196 208 01288 235 o212 8 432 0.284 217 a3 01288 a2 0.223, 100 434 0.2027 230 a4 0.520 310 0245 10 477 0.54 298 499 0387 373 O67 20 521 0.431 337 5.45 O.ast 400 0200 130 5.64 0.495, 332 5.90 2541 313 o3i2 140 608 ora ast 8.35 ga? 393, O34 150 ost oes9 Bia ear 0.720 880 0.358 160 694 0749 5a 7.28 0.820 a 0379 170 738 oss B53 17 0.995, 70 O01 180 Tat oss 728 a1 toa 373 0.423, 180 25 108 3.07 Bea 446 100 Oss 200 868 17 8.08 128 ne 2.490 220 25 12 9.98 155 143 0535 a0 108 1s9 108 188 170 0570 260 n3 198 18 256 198 O.628 280 122 229 RB? 25 228 068s 300 130 263 18 288 26. ons 320 139 3.00 us 3.28 297 0.758 340 148 338 134 370 338 ogo ‘360 158 379 383 35 a7 oer 380 165 423 2 402 a O91 00 Wa ae, 182 B12 & 0.936 420 182 518 104 565 515 6.980 440 184 Ser 200 8:20 56.4 028 480 200 19 208 77 ers 1.068, 430, 208 S74 28 738 eee ane 500 27 732 227 800 3 1225 550 29 5.85 25.0 9.88 sy 1337 800 200 108 ara 8 302 er 850, 2e2 124 205 138 321 1560, 700 30.4 143 518 387 tae vert 780 525 165 340 180 162 1782 200 347 387 131 36.3 205 134 Ve08 850 363 2i4 aa 388 234 207 2005 900 381 27 165 408, 259 232 27 950 a2 26.4 136 31 29 238 2228 1.000 434 Boar 208 a 520 28 NOTE: No allowance has been made for age, differences in diameter, or any abnormal condition of interior surlace. Any factor iy must Be estimated from the local conditions and the requitemente of each particFriction Loss - Water Fluid Flow IIB-4 FRICTION LOSS FOR WATER IN FEET PER 100 FEET OF PIPE TABLE 12 8s 28898 aaa o B25 Sbs88 58238 a BEREE gee 88 BBBss sess Ee Sie siNes Basas s82ee SSses NOTE: No allowance has been made for age, differences in diameter, of safety must be es timated trom the’ local conditions a © any abnormal condition 1nd the requirements of each part of interior surface. Any tactor icular installation. 87Fluid Flow Friction Loss - Water IIIB-4 FRICTION LOSS FOR WATER IN FEET PER 100 FEET OF PIPE TABLE 13 0.00028 o.00101 0.00405 100812 oore2 gab eee SEES B3o8 2 SE SBa88 38 20 S Saae8 S28) 883 1 1 1 2 2 2. 2 3 3 3 3 2 4 4 43 5 5 é 6 f 7 a 8 8 8 0, 0, i 2. 1 1 3 1 1 2 Shake S58 S283! S RS8B Beas Benis Biase ances LSlSo ssn saoeo Sass Sess SSsag BRSSR RTE, BESS BBBBB VBS pees 388882 9988 ggegy zegag genes NOTE: No allowance has been made for age, dilferences in diameter, or any abnormal condition of interior surface. Any factor (of safety must be estimated from the’ local conditions and the requirements of each particular installation.Fluid Flow Friction Loss - Water IIIB-4 FRICTION LOSS FOR WATER IN FEET PER 100 FEET OF PIPE TABLE 14 0.000989 ‘8.000800 1.00360 0.00360 o.00638 it 8: 32 0.00999 ooras Sores 0256 o.osz4 2.0400 o0s76 ores o102 0.128 8 83a B8S88 eezes sess, 0.160 0183 0290 0.270 0313 0.360 0.409 O48 O51 077 0.639 0705 O74 Oe46 O'eat & Bsise se! 338 BBS 88338 £832 BEBE ERE Gnas: 32 22885 SS8S8 SSSh8 Sess ghee 88 88888 88288 82888 88882 28888 28 SS888 SBNaS 82 seas: SBR83 BEERS BYTES 2 2 2 3. 3 3 a a 4 5 8 5 8 6 8 7 qs ri NOTE: No allowance has been made for age, differences in diameter, or any abnormal condition of interior surface. Any factor ety must be estimated trom the local conditions and the requirements of each particular installation.Fluid Flow Friction Loss - Water IIIB-4 FRICTION LOSS FOR WATER IN FEET PER 100 FEET OF PIPE TABLE 15 10 ont ‘.000182 ‘100146, O13 20 032 S.ooore? o.00487 oz27 30 0.333 Soorre ‘00868 0340 a Oe S.o0307 ores 0.458 50 O85 00479 o.0246 Oser 60 0.668 0.00690 0.0397 0681 0 or 8.00998 O.oaas 0754 80 0.888 Sora Sosee 51308 80 0398 bors S608 toe 100 un ote 6.0843 133 120 133 0.0276 one 136 140 155 0376 0158 159 180 ie S.oxgt 2198 xe | 380, 200 0831 0248 Bow | 200, bo Sore? 0309 aa | 220 248 0.0927 0.357 250 20 366 or ois 3% | (te 0.490, 250 389 0.130 oar mes! |’ es 0570 220 an 0.150 6560 31a | ter D858 00 333 ore oss? Sto | (tuts Oya, 320 355 0.196 O73 3.63 0.205 0.45 340 338 O32 0.806 38 | st 0952 380 00 0340 bie98 208 0.258 ‘09 380, a3 or 0.883 a3 889 118 200 aa 0.307 S08 a3 0320 130 420 495 0.338 120 476 0353 133 40 489 oar a 499 0387 137 40 i 6.405 142 522 0423 im 40 339 o.aea 154 545 bast 28 500 388 0473 1188 567 0.500 02 550 en 0.580 199 624 0.605 42 600 866 6.680 234 881 0.720 30 880 3 S810 37 Seas 333 700 0.939 3 0880 3a7 70 ‘08 1 we as 300 123 9.08 128 5.08 850 138 36 aa 369 800 158 302 ise 834 950 173 108 1.80 Toe 1000 192 43 200 1% 4100 232 125 242 980 4200 276 138 208 "2 4300 534 4a 338 430 1400 Sie 338 332 383 4500 a3 70 30 wa 4600 491 182 12 198 4700 554 393 378 233 400 eat 204 oa8 2a 1800 892 ae eo 278 2.000 wer bot 800 508 2 100 845 238 882 336 2200 $27 350 968 388 2 500 104 bs 108 aon 2400 10 2r2 us Bs 2500 120 baa 325 a 2600 130 295 135 810 2700 180 508 138 352 2 600 130 318 187 338 2900 14 328 188 eat 5.000 2 3e0 180 ea 3.200 196 363 205 739 3 400 22 388 234 280 3.600, 248 408 339 837 3.800 a7 a 239 a0 4.000, 507 a4 520 12Fluid Flow Friction Loss - Water IIIB-4 FRICTION LOSS FOR WATER IN FEET PER 100 FEET OF PIPE TABLE 16 0.000063 0.000253, 000870 000% 00188 0.00228 8.00310 S.00805 0.00513 0.00853 0.00911 Oo124 oie 0.0205 0.0283 Se5e Segue sseze BIESSR RSI. YSsSS SBSNB 1 3 3 i 2 2 2 2 2 2. 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 BB T5B BERS | SRgp gauge 2 BE SB8E8 Sages 82a! $388888 ANAS OAR RO BUEN NONWA Haan cose aG288 SEEEE SEEE8 SA8E8 SURES BREEFluid Flow Friction Loss - Water IIIB-4 FRICTION LOSS FOR WATER IN FEET PER 100 FEET OF PIPE TABLE 17 1.0000257 °0,0000259 ‘0.000140 S.000703, 8.000108 .000860 ‘G.ooost2 .000815 S.o0ts¢ ‘.000926 6.000838 S.o0sis ‘Oootes o.00t66 0.00525 0.00287 0.00259 9.00783 0.00370 9.00373 01085 0.00508 6.00508 0.00688 0.00688 8.00834 0.00840 0.0103 ‘0.0104 0.0125 9.0126 00148 2.0183 otra r o.0175 0.0202 0.0203 0232 r 0.0233 0.0315 0318 Oost o.0a15, os21 0.0525 500 O.0883 0.0888 123 550 0.0778 0.0785 434 00 6.0926 S.0938 1a 650 6.109 ot10 158 700 0.128 oar ier 750 0145, 0.148 178 ‘800 0.165 0.166 129 850 O18 oer 201 200 9.208, 0210 212 950 232 3 0238 223 1000 0257 0500, 0259 2.45 1100 031 600 ota 267 1200 0370 6703, 0373 290 1.300 0.235 ois 0.438 512 1.400 o's04 0840 0.508 334 1800 0873 Sor 0584 358 1600 651 053 421 142 373 1700 eae ors 138 180 401 41800 732 oss 152 178 423 4800, 173 0.929 3 497 448 2000 ata S03 185 air 490 2200 395, 1.25 223 264 535, 2400 978 188 2e4 12 370 2600 108 174 S08 824 2800 114 202 36 68 3000 122 232 08 143 3200 130 283 459 138 3.400, 138 297 36 802 3.600, 145 333 378 ear 3.800 155. 37 840 831 4.000, 183 ate Tor 10.03 4500 183 521 88 m1 $000, 843 108 123 5 500, 778 132 134 6000 328 156 145 6500 108 183 156 7.000 126 24 1er 7500 143 23 a 3000 168 ar 8500 is 3 9000 208, 8500 232 10000 257Fluid Flow Friction Loss - Water IIIB-4 FRICTION LOSS FOR WATER IN FEET PER 100 FEET OF PIPE TABLE 18 ‘0.00128 0.00325 0267 20 0344 coors o.ooaes 0340 00180 S.008a5 o3r2 140 401 8.00260 ©.005¢0 oar Goo2s 6.00588 0356 160 01450 S.o0aa7 Soorar oas4 .00320 Soo7s2 401 780 516 0084 0.00020 Osi 00805 S092 oss 200 0573, 00511 ont 0367 0.00500 0.01120 0.480, 220 Gea 0100618 oorse oeas ©.00805 0138 0535 240 Oss 0073s corse oat ‘0.00720 ore 0870 200 0785 00863 0180 0738 ‘ooo845 oore2 Oz 280 02 0.0100 o708 0.00960 0.0208 0.668 300 0.860 ons ost oon 0.0296 0780 350 100, 0.0158 0.993, ooiss ooat6 Cast 400 48 ‘10204 13 0.0200 S.0404 1.00 450 123 6.0259 128 0.0253 .0500 im 500 183 oar vie oats 0.0804 123 850 188 0.0386 158 0.0378 o.o718 134 600 ve 0.0260 170 0.0850 o.oeas, 185 850, 186 0.0838 14 2.0528 0.0980 458 700 2o1 0.0626 199 0.0613 016 167 730 215 ois 213 O.703 ont 178 800 220 0.0817 227 2.0800 0148 88 850 2a 0.0822 241 ‘.0903 0.165 201 900 258 0.103 235 O00 O84 21 950 27 ons 200 O13 0.203, 223 1000, Dar 0128 2aa 0128 224 245 1400 3.15 0.14 312 0151 272 267 1200, Baa 0188 240 0380 9.321 280 1500, 373 0216 369 o2n 0372 312 4400 401 0250 397 0245 0.428 338 1500, 430, O28? 426 0281 0.488 356 1.600, 459 0327 456 0.320 0552 370 1700 437 0.360 482 ‘ose 0621 401 1.800 56 oie 511 0.405 0.695 423 1.900 545 6.261 539 ast O77 446 2000, 373, O51 ° 537 0.500, 0.858 490 2200 631 oss 0.930 24 0.605 1.03, 535 2400 eas 0735 1.083, Bar 0720, 122 878 2600 745 0983 128 738 oes 1.43 624 2 800, 803 100 ar ra O90 55, ees 5.000 850 148 8 asi 113 188, 7.13 3200 217 131 1.90 9.08 128 213, 738 3400 213, 865 145 2a 802 3600 237 102 tee 270 ear 3800 263 108 ist 5.00 eat 4000 292 113 200 a3t 10.03, 4500 365 128 253 418 m1 5 000 aay 142 313 513 323 5500 538 188 378 17 134 6000 839 70 450 730 145 8 500 Tar 184 528 B55 158 7.000 63 199 613 187 7500, co 213 703 173 8 000, 20 227 8.09 139 8500 244 9.04 201 9000 255 10.1 212 9500 269 13 23 30000 2a 25 245 11000 312 181 267 12000 340 180 280 13.000 369, aia 312 14000 307 245 334 15.000 426 281 356 18.000 a 520 379 17000 232 Be aor 18.000 sit 405 423 19000 29 451 446 20.000 567 500Fluid Flow Friction Loss - Water IIIB-4 FRICTION LOSS FOR WATER IN FEET PER 100 FEET OF PIPE TABLE 19 0.445 200 0474 0.00349 0.00704 O47 0.00270 0.00533 os7 250 0593 0.00546 o.or05 0521 ‘9.0042 ‘00800 ose 300 om 9.00786 ‘oora7 0625 0.00608 ora 0.780 350 01830 ‘oor07, 0194 0738 100827 ors ost 400 0948 0.0140 0.0247 ose Soros: 8.0100 14 500 139 ooze 9.0370 194 o.o169 o.0284 13a 800 142 0314 00817 425 oozes 9.0400 156 700 166 ose o.0863 148 10330, 6.0533 178 00 1.90 2.0559 9.0872 167 o.04s2 10686 201 800 213, 0.0708 0.108" 188 O07 0.0859 223 1 900 237 oosra 031 208 o.087s 0.1050 245 41100 2a 0.108 0187 220 ost? 0.3258 2er 1200 285 0.128 0.185 250 oos72 0.143 280 1300 5.08, 0.148 215, a7 ort ora 312 1400 332 oan 0287 2o2 0132 0.198 334 1500 358 0.197 0281 13 0.152 0.205 353 1600 378 0224 0317 333 0.173 01254 379 1700 403 o252 01355 35a 0.195 0.285 401 1.800 az 0.283 0.395 375 0219 0318 423 1900 430 0315 01438 398 O24 01353, 448 2000 are 0349 0.493 aa7 0.270 0.390 Ser 2800 593 0545 0738 521 0.422 ‘0.800 ry 3000 ma 0785, 108 825 0.608 01855, 730 3500 830 sor 440 729 0827 1.18 Bat 4000 48 4.40 iat 334 108 150 10.02 4500 107 qT 227 938 437 1.83, nt 5000 19 218 278 104 189 230 134 8 000 12 314 3.95 25 243 158 F000 168 428 532 148 530 78 8000 190 559 690 167 432 20.1 ‘9000 213 7.08 87 138 5.47 223 10.000 2a7 a4 107 208 875 28s 41000 281 106 no 229 817 267 12000 285 28 182 250 ore 29.0 13.000 308 148 178 art 14 312 44000 33.2 cra} 207 292 132 334 +15 000, 358 107 237 313 182 356 418 000 378 24 268 333 173 379 47 000 403 252 30.2 358 195 401 18 000 a7 283 339 375 213 423 419.000 450 315 o78 308 24a 446 20000 a4 aa a3 an7 270 430 22.000 s22 a3 508 359 327 535 24.000 369 503 800 500 35.9 578 26.000 er6 501 703 542 455 62.4 28.000 66.4 685 aa 58.4 529 668 30.000 m4 7a6 934 625 808 NOTE: No allowance has bean made for age, differences in diameter, or any abnormal condition of interior surtace. Any factor Of safely must be estimated trom the local conditions and the requirements of each particular instalation.a Fluid Flow Friction Loss - Water IIIB-4 FRICTION LOSS FOR WATER IN FEET PER 100 FEET OF PIPE TABLE 20 8883 BRIgE BRIE SASS B Behoo Saoce Sie sersx gaat assess eee S28 S888 328 [z NOTE: No allowance has be of safely must 20 or 63 a a5 28 26 a7 08 108 7 5 3 2 0 ace aE8 made for agi ct 0.00461 6100820 oo128 Dore 0281 o.0328 0.0815 0512 oo738 1008 31 BNBS GASES LE, differences in local eoneitions 0.00356 Bee Betas Tests oeak® S8iSs fy 2Bar Batag gee: 3333 e223 BE226 & lameter, or any abnormal condi id the requirements of each particular ii surface. Any factor itionFluid Flow Friction Loss - Water IIIB-4 FRICTION LOSS FOR WATER IN FEET PER 100 FEET OF PIPE TABLE 21 0.668, 300 0.430 0.00288 ‘0.00437 0.378 0.00222 0.00328 Sot 200 ora S052 6.00730 O08 8.00369 O.05¢ a4 500 on 00788 ©0109 0830 6.0088 6.00852 134 600 Oat oor18 0182 0788 Sones Sorter 156 700 S00 bois? 8.0207 O83 Oox21 Oise 178 800 438 0.0205 0286 191 corse o.o197 201 00 129 0.0259 Scat 443 0200 o.0z45, 223 1 000, 483 6.0220 Oo3e6 428 0.0247 0.0298 Der 1200, Ve 6.0860 Bose: 151 8.0356 0.0420 312 1400 204 S082 oo718 i oosee 010560 356 1 600 230 0.0819 0092 202 0.0532 0.0728 401 4.500, 258 6.1038 Ont 227 6.0800 10 440 2000 3a7 O.128, 0138 252 S098 110 Ser 2500 459 8200, oan 315 Osa 0170 Bas 3.000 430, 0288, 0297 378 ozee 0240 7.80 3500 5.02 0.92 0397 441 9303 0.320 aor 4.000 bra 512 051 50a 0385 0815 10.02 4800 845 oar 0638 Ber 0500 01528 m4 ‘5000 77 8709 o7a1 830 Osi oeas m4 8000 ber Sas an 738 0920 188 7.000 100 457 149 sea 424 v8 000 "3 205 483 1003, 161 204 9 000 28 259 242 nS 202 23 10.000 133 520 2or 128 248 267 12.000 72 460 421 181 358 312 14000 201 627 560 7 4.85 386 6000 2a B19 Ta 202 ce 403 18.000 258 1036 333 27 ‘02 4a 20000 27 8 8 252 oss 400 22000 ae 155 38 or? 14.00 535 +24 000 34.4 184 165 303 142 4430 579 26.000 a3 216 392 a8 167 1650 eo 28.000 402 284 222 353 134 et ees 30 000, 430 2e8 285 ar 29 2 ns ‘32.000 489 327 300 403 23 2a 78 34.000 438 370 s28 429 238 201 802 ‘36.000 Bs a4 368 454 320 315 ba? 38.000, 5a8 402 408 ao 357 354 831 +40 000 era 512 430 504 335, 389 m8 42.000 802 Bea a7 530 a8 ao os 44,000 34 a1 545, 555 as a9 102 48.000 60 a7 508 550 523 B13 107 48.000 Py war a8, 608 569, 358 m4 50.000 ne 739 702 630 ere, eos, 123 55.000, 788 967 aa 83 mar 30 138 60.000 96.1 18 301 758 seo 6.7 1s 85.000 93.2 138 ie 820 1088 1018 386 70.000 100.4 187 36 883 yt ie NOTE: No allowance has been made for age, differences in diameter, or any abnormal condition of interior surface. Any factor of safely must be estimated from the local conditions and the requirements of each paricular Installation.Fluid Flow Friction Loss - Water IIIB-4 FRICTION LOSS FOR WATER IN FEET PER 100 FEET OF PIPE TABLE 22 0.668, 300 o.00185 0.308 o.00146. oat 400, 0033 O08 00289, a4 ‘500 osr7 00817 ost 8.00805 138 ‘600 092 oores Osis O.cosss 136 700, 6.808 Sar0r ons Scores 478 800 0.923 0.0192 oai7 0.0108 201 800 $1039 0.0168 oo10 ors 223 +1000, 135 0207 oz ore Ber 1200 138 O.oa88 423 0.0283 312 1400 182 o.0408 13 0.0318 3.56 +1600 185 0.0530 183 01s or 4800 208 oars ise 0528 443 2.000 Bar ‘lose 204 0648 37 2500 2eo 0129 255 o1013 ees 3.000, 548 0186 308 o146 7.30 3500 357 0.198 asr 4000 62 0331 203 0259 10.02 4500 519 oai9 459 0328, na 5000 377 0517 ei 0.405 134 8000, 802 Oras 633 0383, 188 7900 8.08 1014 245 0704 is. 8000 923 432 ai 108 201 9000 1030 188 S19 13 223 19000 ng 207 102 182 267 12.000 138 293 23 238 312 14000 162 408, M3 318 356 16000 1s 530 163 438 401 18 000 208 al 183 528 Bo 20000 Bt B28 208 Bas 40 22000 254 so 225 vee 535 240000 2r7 ns 245. 939 578 26 400 340 268 1095 b24 28000 323 302 bee 17 68 30000 386 186 508 146 na 82000 368 212 a7 186. 738 34000 302 ze 187 347 187 802 36.000 a5 28 208 368 20 847 38-000, 439 28 232 388 aa 40 000 4e2 531 27 408 935 42000 ass 365 ee ae 28 44 000 508 401 313 “9 102 46.000 531 3 a a0 107 448 000 ssa a7 aa 480 m 50 000 577 a7 400 sit 123 85.000 635 eo 453 B02 138 60 000 602 745 sr4 e13 145 85 000 750 ara a2 188 70000 208 sora Th 4 75.000 366 ie 293 6 80000 228 me 102 380 88 000 oa 150 ns 201 90 000 1030 168 129 212 98.000 yo86 187 13 223 +100 000 M84 207 158 aIIIB-4 FRICTION LOSS FOR WATER IN FEET PER 100 FEET OF PIPE 88888 88388 88888 88888 88828 88888 88228 82888 88883 38553] % SASK ASSSE ASSES REBT RIESE Soe0y vane oywes o> 3 seed cies 8888 8888) a BBBER oS SSS SS BeeRe B8ead BEBE ©.000881 Soors8, 00287 0.00386 S.008es 0.00653, ©.00803 0.00989 O14 o0194 0.0283 0a 0396 Goer oes; 121 6.158, 6.200, oar 0.356 0.485, 0633 2.801 O80 a2 194 253 421 398 a0 570 oy 770 ag 1013 4 28 133. 158 vs 192 208 228 Bay 298 TABLE 23 Fluid Flow Friction Loss - Water Ssee aces 153 Se BBS8S sa88' 128 S882 esas sees 0.149 0. 0. 0. 03 8 0; 1 1 2 5 8 3888FFluid Flow Friction Loss - Water IIIB-4 FRICTION LOSS FOR WATER IN FEET PER 100 FEET OF PIPE TABLE 24 0.000887, 0.000812, S.000317, '000805 .000800, 00132 doors 6.00180 x 9.00187 0.00235 i 9.00205, o.00297 2.00259 00367 6.00320 0.0088 x 0.00861 00719 00637 0.00888 0.00819 oon 0.0104 017 b028 0.0229 0.0200 ‘0390 Do2se 0049 Daas 0.0587 0.0512 0742 0.0648 0917 0.0800 132 ons 0.180 o1s7 0295 0.205 0297 0289 oer 0.320 0528 0.481 0718 o6e7 0999 139 28 ase. 88) ; B88 Leena Ss ae ae poe ow se 223) B85e ° 2: 6 5 5 © r 5 6 st 9 6 4 6 a 4 3 7 2 6 $ 8 7 8 © 4 S28es saree eens Sa. EEBBS dowms oa. Sess SkeS SLRSe BE epee eau RENEE) AbbeS) S554 BEe8e Sotat) 38!K Fluid Flow Friction Loss - Water IIB-4 FRICTION LOSS FOR WATER IN FEET PER 100 FEET OF PIPE TABLE 25 0.00154 00222 .00a08 0.00398, 0.00500, 0.00618 se 88852 88828 a B8SEE SSBBS STSS0 eros avunw aaa SES LESS Sas: S8282 88888 288 > ReEee Bbyaz BeBES & 58883 ee 3S NOTE: No allowance has been made for age, differences in diameter, or any abnormal condition of interior surface. Any factor of safety must be estimated from the local conditions and the requirements of each particular installation. 70Fluid Flow Friction Loss - Water TIB-4 FRICTION LOSS FOR WATER IN FEET PER 100 FEET OF PIPE TABLE 26 8 28888 000 ‘000 ‘000 ‘009 ‘900 000, 000 000 ‘000 000, 000, ‘000, ‘000 28 BS BBERZ 32s 88 4 5 8 z a 9 101 2 14 16 18 20 25. 30 35 00 0 Pr 50 60 70 80 80 00 120 40 60, 888 22888 2 1 1% i x 83 83 NOTE: No allowance has been made for age, ditferences in diameter, or ary abnormal condition of interior surface. Any factor must be estimated from the local conditions and the requirements ot each particular installation. nFluid Flow Friction Loss - Water TIIB-4 FRICTION LOSS FOR WATER IN FEET PER 100 FEET OF PIPE BSGES Shige gaate aaag TABLE 27 ‘00110 S018 6.00308 S.o0seo S.o0s08 o.o07s2 o.c0989 Sore: 0.0176 0.0238 0.0313 8.0396 0488 0.0703 0.0957 o125 0.158 0.195 0.305 0.440 0.598 oe 01989 1221 136 299 333 3.96 439 703 os7 Sa5as FB 4 } 1 Siase 235R8 £8: 2883 82882 82283 88882 S829 Bsase exe: 8: Béesy 88888 NOTE: No 7 of lowance has been made for age, differences in diameter, or any abnormal condition of int fely must be estimated from the local conditions and the requirements of each particular instal surface. Any factor lation.Fluid Flow Friction Loss - Water IIIB-4_ FRICTION LOSS FOR WATER IN FEET PER 100 FEET OF PIPE TABLE 28 2000 ‘0.00122 2500 0.350, Goora: 3.000 0.220, Goo27s 3500 0.490, 00574 4000 0.560, 00888 4500 0.630 0.00618 5 000 0700 Gorse 8000 0.840 0.01096 7-000 Oat ora 78 8 000 121 0.0195 201 ‘9.000 128 0.0247 223 10.000 140 0308 267 32.000 168. 0.0439 312 14000 196 0.0598 356 16000 224 00761 401 18 000 252 0.0988 405, 20000 260 0.122 557 25.000, 550 O81 ee 30.000, 420 O24 780 35000 480 0374 80.1 40.000 560 oes 100.2 630 Osis nna 700 O62 134) 840 11088 186 oat 148 178 nat 195 201 2a7 223 267 312 956 401 445 esr 668 780 291 1002 na 1225, 1937 148 180, fr any abnormal condition of interior surtace. Any factor mated from the local conditions and the requirements ‘of each particular installation. nm