Angle Modulation vs Amplitude Modulation

carrier signal

message signal (modulating signal)

Note: frequency constant, envelope varies

AM wave

PM wave
Note: envelope constant, phase/frequency varies

FM wave

Angle Modulation: Waveforms

Note: FM and PM are identical except for a time (phase shift) How do you know if youre dealing with FM or PM?
must know the modulating signal, and check if the instantaneous frequency is proportion to the amplitude of the message (FM) or if the instantaneous phase is proportional to the amplitude of the message (PM)

Now we concentrate on FM only

FIGURE 6-3 Phase and frequency modulation of a sinewave carrier by a sine-wave signal: (a) unmodulated carrier; (b) modulating signal; (c) frequency-modulated wave; (d) phase-modulated wave

EE354: Bessel Plot

How do you determine spectrum using the Bessel plot? Knowing the value of , enter each curve to find J0(), J1(), etc, to give the coefficients of each cosine in the infinite sum Example: =0.2
J0(0.2)= 0.98 J1(0.2)= 0.08 J2(0.2) = ~0

J0() J1() J2() J3()

J4()

J5() J () 6

J7() J () 8

Note: J0() corresponds to the carrier frequency (n=0)

J0() disappears at =2.4, 5.4, etc

Jn()

Modulation Index,

= 0.2

G ( f ) = Ac

n =

J ( ) ( f nf
n

Spectrum of complex envelope

1 1 S ( f ) = G ( f f c ) + G* ( f f c ) 2 2

Spectrum of FM signal

EE354: Bessel Table

This table gives the values of the Bessel Functions of the first kind note: only the significant side frequencies are shown: those whose amplitudes are 1% of the unmodulated carrier (i.e., Jn() 0.01) are shown

EE354: FM Spectrum Example

For an FM modulator with modulation index = 1, a modulating signal vm(t)=Vm cos(21000t), and an unmodulated carrier of vc(t)=10cos(2500,000t), Find: (a) Bandwidth by Carsons Rule = ?
Answer:

BT = 2( + 1) B = 2(1 + 1)1000 Hz = 4 kHz

(b) Bandwidth using Bessel Table.

Answer: 3 sets of side frequencies

BT = 2nf m = 2 3 1 kHz = 6 kHz

(c) Total normalized average power.
Answer:

Ac2 102 P= = = 50W 2 2

(d) (a) The spectrum of the FM signal, S(f) (show positive frequencies only).
Answer: see next slide

3.85

S( f )
0.55

2.2

0.55 0.1

- 0.1 J 3 ( )

497

498

J 2 ( )

499

J 1 ( )

500
J 0 ( )

501
J1 ( )

502
J 2 ( )

503
J 3 ( )

f (kHz)

1 10 J 0 (1) = 3.85 2
1 10 J 1 (1) = 2.2 2

1 10 J1 (1) = 2.2 2 1 10 J 2 (1) = 0.55 2

1 10 J 2 (1) = 0.55 2 1 10 J 3 (1) = 0.1 2

1 10 J 3 (1) = 0.1 2

Notes: functions are separated by fm = 1 kHz # of functions depends on value of (see Bessel table) some functions are positive, some negative, but their magnitude is symmetric about fc