A LITTLE BIT ABOUT RESEARCH GRADUATE

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 CONTENTS

● Why write research papers ● Preparation of scientific argument

● Is it really worthy to publish a ● Initial draft of paper

research paper
● Literature analysis
● Getting ready with data
● Title of paper
● Decision of publishing a single
paper or multiple papers
 CONTENTS
● Process of paper writing ● Editing and proof reading of
the paper
● Introduction
● Plagiarism check
● Methods
● Final draft
● Results
● Getting reviews for work
● Discussion
● Preparation for journal
● Conclusion
submission
● Brief synopsis of work
 Why write a research paper

● No matter what field of study you are interested in, you will most likely be
asked to write a research paper during your academic career.

● The research process allows you to gain expertise on a topic of your choice,
and the writing process helps you remember what you have learned and
understand it on a deeper level.

● Knowing how to write a good research paper is a valuable skill that will serve
you well throughout your career. 
Why write a research paper
 Is it worthy to publish a research paper

• After all, researching and writing a long paper requires a lot of time,
effort, and organization. 
• For Research Scholars doing PhD it is mandatory
to publish their research papers at international level journals
• Many of the students who will apply for further studies in technical
courses will discover that relevant published research papers help
during admission process.
 Advantages of publishing research paper

● Feels good to be acknowledged for a piece of work that has been done by you

● Publication creates a niche for you in the online research world

● It also guarantees you to have your experience, exposure, expertise, and views

recognized.
Advantages of publishing
 Negatives propagated about publishing
● Elitist

Writing paper is an elite work which is done by selective few

● Expensive

● Slow

● Lower quality

Young researchers are okay in publishing with less data comprising on the quality of
publication. They just want to publish

● More papers
 Organizing data for writing

● Sort it into files and folders

● Use systematic naming. Use following:

● project name/acronym

● experiment/instrument type

● site location information (if applicable)

● researcher initials

● date (consistently formatted, i.e. YYYY-MM-DD)

● version number
 Organizing data for writing
● Track versions

● File Formats

Whenever possible, save a copy of your data in a plain text format for long-term
preservation.

● Describing Files (a.k.a Metadata)

Providing a description makes sure that important information about how your data was
collected is not lost. This description is called “metadata” (data about data)
Organizing data for writing paper
Organizing data
Organizing data
Organizing data
Data analysis
Data analysis
Data analysis
 Single or multiple papers from data

● Once whole data is organized try making out figures from the data

● There should be logical outcome with interconnection between the

figures

● Once that is done you will get an idea as whether remaining data can
be published as another paper or not

● Data slicing to publish multiple manuscripts is accepted as long as all

the papers are different and do not overlap
 Single or multiple papers

• If after arranging data into figures not much data is left with it could be
published as supplementary material for the paper
• The decision mainly depends on how the data is organized and how
meaningful are the papers
• Carefully evaluate the whole data and decide whether one should go for
single or multiple publications
 Scientific argument

● Analyse the data completely

● Try to identify patterns in the data

● Try making important points with each of the figures generated

● Interconnect the various patterns and points to make a logical statement

● Define and redefine the prepared statement for logic and scientific credibility

● Make the final argument and see how it supports the hypothesis
Scientific argument
 First draft of paper
● Talk about your topic

● Call it an experiment and just write

● Imagine a reader who's really interested in your topic. Write directly to that
reader.

● Free-write.

● Write the easiest sections first.

● Break down a large writing task into smaller parts.

● Write a very quick, very rough draft of the whole paper without any notes.
 First draft of paper
● Identify two or three important findings emerging from the experiments. Make
them the central theme of the article.

● Note good and bad writing styles in the literature. Some are simple and easy to
follow, some are just too complex.

● Note the readership of the journal that you are considering to publish your
work

● Prepare figures, schemes and tables in a professional manner (Pay attention to

quantification of data accuracy, significant digits, error bars,)
First draft of paper
 Literature analysis

● Literature is collection of scholarly writings on a topic

● Literature review is the most vital step which helps in framing the
research paper

● It helps in creating your own idea based on the available network of

data

● Literature review is a systematic method for collecting and organizing

the researchers data
 Approach for the literature review

● Narrow your topic and select papers accordingly.

● Search for literature.

● Read the selected articles thoroughly and evaluate them.

● Organize the selected papers by looking for patterns and by developing

subtopics.
Literature analysis
Literature analysis
Literature review
 Google scholar
● Freely accessible web engine that indexes the text of any scholarly
literature

● Includes all peer reviewed journals, books, conference papers, preprints,

abstracts, technical reports

● Search in Google is very random and hence google scholar was developed
for specific search purposes
Google scholar
 PubMed
● Most widely used search engine

● Part of NCBI

● Most of the published articles are

indexed in PubMed with unique ID

● Search using Keywords retrieves the

desired result

● It also shows if the research article is

freely accessible or needs to be
purchased
 Managing the literature
● It includes organizing the various references
● There are many reference managers that are available for this
purpose
● The two most widely used ones include Endnote, Zotero, Mendeley
● Endnote is similar to Mendeley
● Free version of Endnote and Zotero are available for limited time
with purchase at low price
● References can be exported directly into MS Word upon
completion of project
Mendeley
End Note
Zotero
 Literature review example
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been proven to be the most commonly used by
different oxide semiconductor photocatalysts [16] because of its good
oxidizing strength, long-term photostability, and nontoxicity [17]. Guo et
al.[18] deposited ultrathin SiO2 layers by using atomic layer deposition
(ALD) on nanoparticles to fabricate core/shell nanostructures. However,
the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO2 to degrade dyes decreases
substantially due to the high recombination ratio of photo-induced
electrons (e−) [19] and holes (h+) produced when irradiated under the
ultraviolet (UV) light (λ < 380 nm) [20].
 Title framing for research paper

● Title is framed on three key aspects;

1. The purpose of research

2. The type of research

3. The methods used

 Features of good title
● Indicate accurately the subject and scope of the study.

● Avoid using abbreviations.

● May reveal how the paper will be organized.

● Is limited to 10 to 15 substantive words.

● Do not include "study of," "analysis of" or similar constructions.

● Titles are usually in the form of a phrase, but can also be in the form of a
question.
 Titles for research paper
● Example 1;

Better: Drug XYZ induces muscular contraction in Achatina fulcia snails

Avoid: Drug XYZ has an effect of muscular contraction for an hour in snails of Achatina
fulcia species

● Example 2:

Better: Psychosocial effects of drug A on schizophrenia patients: a multicentre

randomized controlled trial

Avoid: Effects of drug A on schizophrenia patients: study of a multicentre mixed group

Title for research paper
 Introduction
● Ideally is used to set up your topic and approach for the reader

● Key goals of introduction:

● Present the topic and get reader interested

● Provide background about research

● Position your own approach

● Details regarding ones research

● An overview of paper structure

 Introducing your topic
● Need to give idea of what the topic and why it is important

● Usually explained by using a strong opening statement that conveys

the idea clearly

● Put the statement by thinking about a interesting fact, strong

statement, question or anecdote which will help reader wonder about
the topic you are speaking
 Introducing your topic
● Example for environmental impact of cattle farming:

Are cows responsible for climate change?

● Example for relationship of Instagram use with body image issues in

adolescent girls 

● The rise of social media has been accompanied by a sharp increase in the
prevalence of body image issues among women and girls.
 Background for research
● For argumentative papers general background pertaining to research will be
presented
● For conventional research articles a brief review of existing work will be
presented and how the research fits into it will be explained
● For argumentative paper you provide the context and narrow down to the
topic
● For conventional research you write a minireview and narrow down to your
topic
 Background for research paper example 1
● A recent study (RIVM, 2019) shows that cattle farmers account for two
thirds of agricultural nitrogen emissions in the Netherlands. These
emissions result from nitrogen in manure, which can degrade into
ammonia and enter the atmosphere. The study’s calculations show that
agriculture is the main source of nitrogen pollution, accounting for 46% of
the country’s total emissions. By comparison, road traffic and households
are responsible for 6.1% each, the industrial sector for 1%.
 Background of research example 2
● Various empirical studies have been conducted into Facebook usage
among adolescent girls (Tiggermann & Slater, 2013; Meier & Gray,
2014). These studies have consistently found that the visual and
interactive aspects of the platform have the greatest influence on body
image issues. Despite this, highly visual social media (HVSM) such as
Instagram have yet to be robustly researched.
 Establishing the research problem
● Example
● While efforts are being made to mitigate these emissions,
policymakers are reluctant to reckon with the scale of the
problem. The approach presented here is a radical one, but
commensurate with the issue.
● Example 2:
● Although x has been studied in detail, insufficient attention has
been paid to y.
● The implications of x study deserve to be explored further.
 Specifying your research objective
Example
● This study set out to answer the following question: What effects does
daily use of Instagram have on the prevalence of body image issues
among adolescent girls?
● We investigated the effects of daily Instagram use on the prevalence of
body image issues among adolescent girls.
● Hypothesis
● It was hypothesized that daily Instagram use would be associated with
an increase in body image concerns and a decrease in self-esteem
ratings.
Tips for writing a great introduction
 Methods
● Methods section of a research paper provides the information by which a
study's validity is judged.

●  It requires a clear and precise description of how an experiment was done,
and the rationale for why specific experimental procedures were chosen.

● The descriptive nature of this section may make it seem one of the easiest
parts of a manuscript to write

● However, if not drafted properly lot of details are missed thus the technical
aspects are missed out in the paper
 Methods

● Explanation:

Each paragraph or subsection of the Methods section talks about a

specific experiment. In each of the paragraph explain the rationale behind
choosing a specific experiment

● Visual presentation:

To explain and make things clear for readers visual presentations in form
of flow charts, diagrams and tables can be made in this section
 Methods
● Do’s for methods section:
● Adhere to the journal guidelines for writing methods section
● Structure the section such that it tells story of your results
● Follow the order of results
● Use subheadings
● Give all the intricate details of the study
● Ethical approval
● Specify the variables
● Statistical analysis
 Methods

● Don'ts for methods section

1. Do not describe well known methods in detail

2. Do not provide unnecessary details

3. Do not discuss pros and cons of other methods

● Limit the word count for writing methods section

● It should not exceed 30% of total paper word count

Methods
 Results section

● The Results section of a scientific research paper represents the core findings of a

study derived from the methods applied to gather and analyse information.

● It presents these findings in a logical sequence without bias or interpretation from

the author, setting up the reader for later interpretation and evaluation in the
Discussion section.

● A major purpose of the Results section is to break down the data into sentences
that show its significance to the research question(s).
 What is included in Results

● The findings include:

● Data presented in tables, charts, graphs, and other figures (may be
placed among research text or on a separate page)
● A contextual analysis of this data explaining its meaning in sentence
form
● Report on data collection, recruitment, and/or participants
● Data that corresponds to the central research question(s)
● Secondary findings (secondary outcomes, subgroup analyses, etc.)
● As a general rule, any information that does not present the direct
findings or outcome of the study should be left out of this section
 Organizing the Results

● The best way to organize your Results section is “logically.”

● Within each research question, present the type of data that addresses
that research question.

● Example:

“What do hospital patients over age 55 think about postoperative care?”

 Organizing the results

● Present the results that

address this specific research
question first.
● Next, present a content
analysis of another part of the
spectrum of the same research
question, perhaps the
NEGATIVE or NEUTRAL
responses to the survey. 
 Organizing the results

● Are you satisfied with your hospital’s postoperative care?’-Question 2

● The answer for the question is linked to figure 1

●  “As Figure 1 shows, 15 out of 60 patients in Group A responded

negatively to Question 2.”
 Organizing the results
● After you have assessed the data in one
figure and explained it sufficiently, move onto
your next research question. For example:
● “How does patient satisfaction correspond to
in-hospital improvements made to
postoperative care?”
● Explain this data in this table with a concise
content analysis:
●  “The p-value between the before and after
sets of patients was .03% (Fig. 2). The greater
the dissatisfaction of patients, the more
frequent the improvements to postoperative
care.”
 Organizing the results
● Aims of the study are presented as “determining the physiological and
●
morphological responses of Allium cepta L. towards increased cadmium
toxicity” and “evaluating its potential to accumulate the metal and its
associated environmental consequences.” 

● Results section:

● “Cadmium caused inhibition of roots and leaves elongation particularly

with increasing effects at higher exposure doses (Fig. 1a-c).”
 Organizing the results

● “Results on the
bio-accumulation of cadmium
were found to be the highest
(17.5 mg kgG1) in the bulb,
when the concentration of
cadmium in the solution was
1×10G2 M and lowest (0.11 mg
kgG1) in the leaves when the
concentration was 1×10G3 M.”
● three graphs in one single
figure.
 Figures and tables

● The figures should be placed in the order they are referenced in the
Results section 

● Be as clear and easy to understand as possible.

● If there are multiple variables being considered (within one or more

research questions), it can be a good idea to split these up into
separate figures. 
 Figures and tables

● Subsequently, these can be referenced and analysed under separate

headings and paragraphs in the text.
● To create a caption, consider the research question being asked and
change it into a phrase.
● What is the concentration of cadmium in different parts of the onion
after 14 days?” the caption reads:
●  “Fig. 1(a-c): Mean concentration of Cd determined in (a) Bulbs, (b)
Leaves and (c) Roots of onion after 14 days period.”
 Key take away for results
● Tables and figures should be numbered according to the order in which
they are mentioned in the main text of the paper.
● Information in figures should be relatively self-explanatory (with the
aid of captions), and their design should include all definitions and
other information necessary for readers to understand the findings
without reading all of the text.
● Use tables and figures as a focal point to tell a clear and informative
story about your research and avoid repeating information. But
remember that while figures clarify and enhance the text, they cannot
replace it.
 Discussion
● You delve into the meaning, importance and relevance of your results

● Four key aspects associated with discussion

● Interpretations: what do the results mean?

● Implications: why do the results matter?

● Limitations: what can’t the results tell us?

● Recommendations: what practical actions or scientific studies should

follow?
 Summarizing the key findings
● Reiterate your main observation and summarize your data to fit the
observation
● Make clear statements for effective summary
● Examples
● The results indicate that…
● The study demonstrates a correlation between…
● This analysis supports the theory that…
● The data suggests that…
 Interpretation of data
● Identifying  correlations, patterns and relationships among the data
● Discussing whether the results met your expectations or supported
your hypothesis
● Contextualizing your findings within previous research and theory
● Explaining unexpected results and evaluating their significance
● Considering possible alternative explanations and making an argument
for your position
● One can begin by highlighting the most significant results and organize
the discussion around it
 Interpretation examples

● Examples

● In line with the hypothesis…

● Contrary to the hypothesized association…

● The results contradict the claims of Smith (2007) that…

● The results might suggest that X. However, based on the findings of

similar studies, a more plausible explanation is Y.
 Implications of observations

● The discussion should show how your findings fit with existing

knowledge

● What new insights they contribute, and what consequences they have
for theory or practice. 

● Your overall aim is to show the reader exactly what your research has
contributed and why they should care.
 Implication for observations

● Examples

● These results build on existing evidence of…

● The results do not fit with the theory that…

● The experiment provides a new insight into the relationship between…

 Limitations of the study
● Limitations aren’t about listing your errors, but about providing an
accurate picture of what can and cannot be concluded from your study.
● You should only mention limitations that are directly relevant to
your research objectives, and evaluate how much impact they had on
achieving the aims of the research.
● After noting the limitations, you can reiterate why the results are
nonetheless valid for the purpose of answering your research
questions.
 Don'ts in discussion

● Don’t introduce new results- you should only discuss the data that you
have already reported in the results chapter

● Don’t make inflated claims- avoid overinterpretation and speculation that

isn’t supported by your data.

● Don’t undermine your research-The discussion of limitations should aim

to strengthen your credibility, not emphasize weaknesses or failures. 
 Conclusion
● The conclusion of a  research paper is where you wrap up your ideas and leave the
reader with a strong final impression.

● Key points include;

● Restate the research problem addressed in the paper

● Summarize your overall arguments or findings

● Suggest the key takeaways from your paper

● Avoid starting your conclusion with phrases like “In conclusion” or “To conclude,”
 Conclusion

● Restate the problem example:

● As social media becomes increasingly central to young people’s

everyday lives, it is important to understand how different platforms
affect their developing self-conception.

● Summarizing the results

● Don’t go into great detail here, but do clearly express the answers to
the  research questions you investigated.
 Conclusion example
● By testing the effect of daily Instagram use among teenage girls, this
study established that highly visual social media does indeed have a
significant effect on body image concerns, with a strong correlation
between the amount of time spent on the platform and participants’
self-reported dissatisfaction with their appearance. However, the
strength of this effect was moderated by pre-test self-esteem
ratings: Participants with higher self-esteem were less likely to
experience an increase in body image concerns after using
Instagram. This suggests that, while Instagram does impact body
image, it is also important to consider the wider social and
psychological context in which this usage occurs: Teenagers who are
already predisposed to self-esteem issues may be at greater risk of
experiencing negative effects.
 Conclusion final statements

● A strong closing statement would help for discussion

● Transitioning to sustainable vegetable farming will make the
Netherlands greener and healthier, setting an example for other
European governments. Farmers, policymakers, and consumers must
focus on the future, not just on their own short-term interests, and
work to implement this transition now.
● Future research directions for the study
 Synopsis of study(abstract)

● It’s a mini paper:

○ Introduction (usually 1-2 sentences)
○ Methods (often longest part)
○ Results
○ Discussion is limited to concluding statement
● Like a paper, requires many drafts, most oriented to presenting
argument concisely
 Editing

● It involves for spell check, grammar check, errors while typing and for
appropriate placement of the words to convey correct meaning

● Grammarly is one of the online available software's that could be

utilised for editing purposes
 Plagiarism

● The practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them
off as one's own(duplichecker.com)
● In precise words, plagiarism is an act of fraud. It involves stealing
someone else's artwork(duplichecker.com)
● So, it is essential in any thesis to check and confirm for plagiarism in
the written content
● Any paper has less than 5% plagiarism
Plagiarism
Plagiarism
Plagiarism
 Plagiarism
● A large number of online Plagiarism checking websites are available for
which commercial licence can be obtained
● Such software's include:
1.Grammarly (https://www.grammarly.com/)
2. Quetext (https://www.quetext.com/)
3. Duplichecker (https://www.duplichecker.com/)
4. Plagscan (https://www.plagscan.com/en/)
5. Unicheck (https://unicheck.com/)
6.iThenticate(https://www.ithenticate.com/)
https://paperperhour.com/examples-of-plagiarism/
 Getting reviews for the work
● Once the paper is prepared and all the mistakes and errors have been
corrected it is essential to check for its credibility

● The paper needs to be read by multiple people and their opinion needs to
be collected

● Provide a copy of paper to your supervisor and collect his comments

● Provide copies of paper to fellow researchers and collect their inputs

● Once done make the final corrections in the paper

 Getting ready for publication
● Once the necessary changes have been incorporated the final draft is ready

● Based on the journal one wishes to publish format the paper in the journal’s
format

● Arrange and organize the data in the desired format

● Double check with the supervisor and get ready for submission to the
desired journal
 WRITING AND EDITING SERVICES FOR YOU

● In case if researcher is not in position to edit or write then such services are
available for helping the researcher

● Research Graduate: The Best PhD and Masters Consulting Company can help
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● Contact Details: info@researchgraduate.com and +91-8951468293
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 CONTENT TO BE COVERED IN NEXT WEBINAR

● What are research papers ● Process of publication

● Why publish papers ● Preparation of research paper for

● A detailed analysis of various publication
kinds of research papers
● Tips and Tricks for publication
● Different sources of publication
● Ethics to be followed for
● Criteria to pick a specific journal publication
● Basic steps for publication
● Rejections and how to handle them
 REFERENCES

1. https://data-flair.training/blogs/research-paper-writing/
2. https://www.slideshare.net/bhaswatchakraborty/writing-a-scientific-paper
3. https://tressacademic.com/writing-journal-papers-pros-and-cons/
4. https://rdmusm.wordpress.com/rdm-lifecycle/organising-data/
5. https://towardsdatascience.com/how-to-keep-your-research-projects-orga
nized-part-1-folder-structure-10bd56034d3a
6. https://rdmusm.wordpress.com/rdm-lifecycle/organising-data/
7. https://www.thebalancesmb.com/computer-file-management-tips-294808
3
8. https://www.predictiveanalyticstoday.com/data-analysis/
9. https://www.slideserve.com/butch/quantitative-data-analysis
 REFERENCES
1. https://viva.pressbooks.pub/letsgetwriting/chapter/chapter-3-argument/

2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HAyHyDiISqY

3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IM28ErMHjNk

4. https://wordvice.com/how-to-write-a-literature-review/

5. https://www.enago.com/academy/write-irresistible-research-paper-title/

6. https://www.totalassignmenthelp.com/blog/how-to-write-research-paper-introduction/

7. https://write-paper-for-me.online/?rt=Q13HZpaF

8. https://wordvice.com/writing-the-results-section-for-a-research-paper/

9. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e8xc3zQTz0g
 REFERENCES

1. https://www.customessaymeister.com/blog/how-to-write-a-research-pa

per-without-plagiarizing

2. https://www.customessaymeister.com/blog/how-to-write-a-research-pa

per-without-plagiarizing
 THE END OF
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