23. Sifat-sifat Mekanik Material 2.3.1, Pengertian Sifit Mekanik Sifat mekanik material adalah salah satu faktor penting. dalam pemilihan bahan untuk suatw perancangan. Sifat mekanik dapat didefinisikan sebagai prilaku atau respon material tethadap pembebanan yang diberikan, dapat berupa torsi, gaya, alau gabungan Keduanya, Dalam prakteknys, pembebanan pada material terbagi dua yaitu beban statik dan beban dinamik. Perbedaan antara keduanya hanya pads fungsi waktw dimana deban statik tidak dipengarvhi oleh fungsi waktu sedangkan beban dinamik dipengaruhi oleh fungsi_ waktu, Untuk Material Tekrile ~ 19° mendapatkan sifat mekanik material, biasanya dilakukan pengujian mekanik, Pengujian mekanik pada dasarnya bersifat merusak (destructive fexd). Hasil pengujian terscbut berupa kurva atau data yang mencitikan keadaan dari material tersebut Setiap material yang dij dibuat dalam bentuk spesimen atau sampel kecil. Spesimen pengujian dapat mewakili seluruh material apabila berasal dari jenis, komposisi dan perlakuan yang, sama. Pengujian yang tepat hanya didapatkan pada spesimen ‘yang memenubi aspek Ketepatan pengukuran, kemampuan mesin, kualitas atau jumlah cacat pada material dan ketelitian dalam amembuat spesimen Sifat mekanik material yaitu: bubungan antara respons atau deformasi bahan terhadap beban yang bekerja. Sifat mekanik muterial tersebut, antara lain: 1, Kekuatan, 2 Kekerasan, 3. Elastsitas, sifat dimina material kembali_ pada ukuran semula setelah tegangan hilang, ini di sebut clastistas. 4. Plastistas, plastistas adalah kapasitas untuk mengalami deformasi dengan pengerjaan panas atau dingin, 5. Keuletan, kemampuan untuk mengalami deformasi plastis dingin, biasanya dengan tension, 6, Kelunakan, kapasitas untuk mengalami deformasi dalam semua arah, biasanya dengan deformasi dingin seperti hammering dan squeecing, 7. Ketangguban, kapasitas untuk menahan shock Joads, 8. Kerapuhan, kecenderungan patah ‘anpa tertihat deformasi plastis di sebut kerapuhan,doce racer feoraiseety Fracture 8.2 FUNDAMENTALS OF FRACTURE 8.3 Ductile Fracture + 214 ‘Simple fracas the partion fa ody no wo or mote Roce i Ap 1 = [posed sro Ra is stat (Le constant of Sow changing with ie) and at cmperatrs {hat are tw rlaive to Ue eng temperature of he male. Fracture can abo ccear {rr ar (aon eye ese ate empne) amd fep (amedepemkat eormatna ‘normaly at ckvated lemperaturs) the tapes of fatigue and crop ate vet latet {nt chapter (Sections R7 throogh 415)" ANDowpR applied srowes may he tee, recnve, shear of eesonal (oF comhstions of (Roe). the ewe GREE ‘pecan i faares trot ren anual mde han. For ttah two etre ‘eons are pale dace al bite Clnbcatan Run the Sy of 3 ter {Gloapencate pane deicematon Dchle ma ype came teint pase d+ formation wih righ encry aortic Neor: acta. However, Ree 8 normaly ihe ‘or po patie deformation wit tow eneryy absorpeon acoenpanying a Die fracture “Theme sus stan aioe touh aca typos may Be reviewed ia Pg Daca and ra are eae Lem whethe aaa ate one ma the ‘ther depends he station Duty ay be quanti aterm of percent tongation {Cag 61) and perceat redaction i area (Eagaton 12). Furthermore, Qt | funcioe of emperatre ofthe male thesia rai, and tbe tow sat. The apes ‘om of moemall) ov materi Wo fal bite manne dbewed in Saxton Aay fracture procs involve wo sepe-crack formation and propagation ‘rcagome to an imposed trem The mine of tractare hphy dopemfcat onthe mecha [namo crac preparation Dac tracts m cnaratenge my eetoms awe de ‘matioo in the Mey ofan advancing cack. The process proceeds reavely slowly {he cractlenggh metered Sacha crack hllen sudo abae—that ht ret ay {arthe efentonunlew there am increase i the apie trem Im ation, there 9 ‘ay cnidonce of appescane ge detormatice ae Wactae Smaes (ef Tae find tcanng) However for Ree facut, cracks MAY eas ERIM!) APY. wR ‘Nery litle accompanying past deformation Sah cracts may te said to Beans, and crac propagation, oace siaried comlnaes spomtancvany Wit at latease ‘magus of he app res. ‘Ductile fractate i alment ateay prcerrd to bile fracture fortwo reason ‘in, tie tractae occurs sede and eaasiroptialy witout ny wang (hss | comoquence of the omtaneous and Fpkl crack propagation By comes duce {acters the prewnce of pladie deformation get waren that fare h imumines. Aowing preventive measres to be talon coved, more sam energy equed “rcace dots fracture imawrach ne these mulch ae gencralytouphce Unde the ‘tom ofa applied tense tress, many metal alloys are date, Were Ceramics are ‘pplclly tlt and polymer may ext a range of bavi. 8.3. DUCTILE FRACTURE Itacture price The cotipuration shown tn Figure Ka ts found for cxiemey sft ‘ictal, sch a pare okt and Wad at room temperature, and ether mab, pounce, ‘and laoeganic ss at leva temperatures These highly Gocthe materials ck ‘Sowa tos pont fracture, showing Vitaly 100% reduction i 2a "The mont common ype of tema facture prt for dace metas that topes scatedin gare Xp whore ractre is prced by oy a moderate amount of cing “The tactare proces normaly occurs in several stags (Figure K2) Ps, afer neckingsal cas, oF mirovot, form in the Interior of the cess sctlon a n- ‘aled a Pgure 825. Nex ab dtotmation coeiaucs, these mirowckd cary. Coa ‘together, abd coalesce to form an ebipical crack which Bas ts long ans peepwodicat to the sre direction. The crack continues 1 grow in a diction paral 0 Hs major ‘ais by this microvnd coalexnce proce (Fipare 82). Finally, factareensacs bythe ‘ape propagation ofa crack around the outer perimeter ofthe eck (Figure R2d) By ‘ar dcoemation at a0 angle of about 45° with the ent ashe ale at which (he “ier stom 82 matimum Sometimes 2 (acre having ths characters surface tout termed cap and-come facture Poca one ofthe mating surtacs athe fore ‘of cup and the other ke» cone. In ti ype of tactred specimen (Figure 3s) (he ‘eetral interior rion ofthe surface hasan epuar and Gbvows appearance, WH Indice of plas deformation. 8.4 BRITTLE FRACTURE Bate tractare takes place without any appreciable deformation and by rai crack ‘propagation. The direction of rack mation f very neatly perpendicular 10 the Sirection of the applied temic ess and yields clatively fa facture sartce, a8 Indicated in Figure Rc. Fracture surfaces of matcfas that alla abit: manace have dtinctve fatten any sgm of prom pum deformation ate aPvent For example, tn some Mec asec = ‘Shs of Viahaped “chevron” markings may oem aca the ele of the facta cme ‘Scion that pout Rack toward the crack Imation te (Figure Ka) Other et fr ‘tare surtaces contin ines or igs tat raat trom tbe orn ofthe rack a faite ‘allen (Figure 80). Otten, both of these markiog pater are sulicaly coarse to Be dncemed withthe med ey. For vr hard a in raitod mts bere wo deme ‘For ent belle crysaline mariah, crack propagation corresponds to the sexowive and repeated braking of atomic Pood alone pci rag api Pans (Pagure Kay: s0En a process termed clamage. Tit type OF facture Ie sah te wanserialar (uanmgranulat (of arcysaine)Docause the Mature tacks fas Uough the galas in some aoys. crack propapston % song gran Roundanes (gare ATA): is seserraneae fracture termed ntergranlat Figre A7D Seana cectton mic ograp owing ‘mare atypical ntrpranaar (rata, a which te Uecabmeronal tare the in a) Feteem Ths typeof ncture normaly rsa suhesqucal o Be cecUrE NCE a PTS tal weaken of emtie praia Rounds repioasMechanles of materials is branch of mechanics that stics the internal cffetsof stress and strain in a solid body that i subjected to.an external loading. Stress is amociated withthe strength of the material from which the body is made. while strain is a measure of the deformation of the body. In addition to this, mechanics of materials includes the study of the body's sabihty when a body such as a column i subjected to ‘compremive loniing. A thorough understanding of the fundamentals of thissubjet of vital importance Recawse many ofthe formulas and rules fof desig sted in cngincering codes are hased upon the principles of thie subject, — ote a0 In this section we will determin the average stress distribution acting on the crowcctional area ofan atally loaded bar such asthe one shown i Fig 1-134. This bar is prismatic since all cros sections are the same ‘throaghout is length. When the load Pis applied to the bar through the centroid of its crom-scctional area, then the bar will deform ‘throughout the ceatral region of its leagth, as shown ia Fig. 1-13, ‘Repeat provided the material of the har is both homogencows and isotropic. ee Homogencout material has the same physical and mechanical properties throughout voles andevtrepi materia thee sae propre all directions. Many engineering materials may be ting both homogeedour and hotropic as sumed here. Stel for ‘example, contains thousands of randomly oriented crystals in each cubic ‘limeter ofits volume, and since most problems invotving this material Ihave a physical size that is very much larger than a single crystal, the ‘above assumption regarding its material composition is quite realistic. ‘Note that anisotropic materials such as wood have different propertics in different directions. and although this isthe case, like wood if the anisotropy is oriented along the bar's ats thea the bar wil also deform ‘uniformly when sbyected tothe aval load J Average Normal Stress Distribution. 11 we pass a section ‘throwph the Rar and separate into two parsthen ebb requires the resultant normal foree atthe section to be P, Fig: 1-13, Due to the tuiform deformation ofthe matetak itis neessary thatthe cross section De subjected toa consant normal sires distribution Fig. 1-134 14 Avs Now Sms va Anau Lon Bat 23 Here ‘9 = average normal stres at any point onthe cross-sectional area P> internal rendtant normal force, which sts through the centroid of ‘the crom sectional area. Pin Setetmined wing the betbod of sections andthe equations of equity A= cromacctional area ofthe bar where o termined45 TENSILE TEST ‘The tensile test of a metal is generally performed to determine proportional and elastic limit, yield point, ultimate tensile strength, percentage elongation and reduction of area. ‘The results obtained by the tensile test are widely used in the design of materials for structures and other purposes. In this test, the test piece is pulled out at a constant rate by sradually increasing the axial pull, till the rupture takes place. ‘The tensile test for a ductile material i, generally, carried out with the help of a Universal ‘testing machine shown in figure 4.13. ‘The tensile testis carried out on a bar of uniform cross-section area throughout the gauge length. The specimen mounted in the jaw of a testing machine with which a gradually increasing load can be applied. The extension or elongation of the gauge length is recorded continuously and finally a graph is drawn between the loads and extensions or between the stress and strain shown in figure. ‘True Stress-Strain Curve ‘The conventional tensile test described will give valuable information upto the point of yielding. Beyond this point, the stress values are fictitious since the actual cross-sectional ‘area willbe considerably reduced. Fig. 4.17 True sresssran and Engineering stress-strain diagram Sometimes it is more meaningful to use a true stras-true strain scheme. True stress (6) is defined as the load (P) divided by the instantaneous crass sectional area (A.), over which deformation is occurring, oF get “True Strain” is the change in length with reference to the instantaneous gauge length ‘True strain (¢) is determined as : idee & an fined Considering the volume remaining constant Thus ‘This is specially used when there is neck formation, where 4 = original length 4 = instantancous length y= original diameter 4. instantaneous diameter.SAI Destructive testing Ina destructive test, the test piece or specimen is destroyed. After destructive testing, the specimen remains no longer useful. A brief description of destructive tess follows. 1. Tensile test ~ Tensile tests helps to determine tensile strength, yield point and ductility of the castings. In tensile test, the sample is gripped in tensile testing machine and the specimen is pulled until it fractures. The tensile load applied as well as the elongation of the sample is measured and noted. 2. Bend test — A bend test may be carried out on a tensile testing machine with the help of certain attachments. Bend tests are used to find a number of properties such as ductility, strength, ete 3. Impact test ~ In impact test, the specimen is struck and broken by a single blow in a specially designed testing machine. The two basic types of impact test are charpy’ test and ézod test 4. Hardness test ~ Hardness test gives is carried out to find the resistance to wear of the specimen, Commonly used test methods for finding hardness are mentioned below.