RLS 3rd Quarter Notes

Chapter 1: Matter & Atom

Matter - anything that takes up space and has weight

Types of Matter
- Solid
- Liquid
- Gas

Atom - smallest unit of matter

Elements
- 92 naturally occuring
- Additional created by man

Humans
- made of 26 atoms

Periodic Table of Elements

Information
- State of Element Based on Color
- Differentiation between Synthetic and Natural Elements
- Atomic Number or Number of Protons
- Group
- Abundancy of Elements

Atom

Inside the Nucleus

- Protons - positive charge
mass = 1

- Neutron - no charge
mass = 1

Outside the Nucleus

- Electron - negative charge
mass = almost 0

Orbiting the Nucleus

- Electron Cloud
Can remove or add electrons to create ions

Ions
- Charged Atom

Atom
- Electrically Neutral

Chapter 2: Atomic Weight and Isotopes

Atomic Weight
- addition of number of protons and electrons
Isotopes
- atoms have same number of protons but different
number of neutrons
- same atomic number, different atomic weight
- all isotopes have same amount of proton but different
amount of electron
- unstable isotopes are radioactive and emit energy

Atomic Number
- Number of protons

Electrons
- Found in electron shells

"Octet Rule"
1st shell - holds 2 electrons
2nd shell - holds up to 8 electrons
3rd shell - holds up to 8 electrons

Outermost shell is the "valence shell"

Full valence shell - stable atom

*Unstable atoms will react to each other to form

stable compound

Neutrons
- Found by subtracting the atomic number from atomic weight

Chapter 3: Molecules and Compound

Molecules
- Chemically Compound
- When two or more atoms chemically combine

Compound
- When two or more atoms of different elements combine
in defined proportions

Molecular Formulas
- elements present and number of atoms present in a molecule