Rhefa Islamic Civilization

CONTRIBUTION OF ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION IN THE

TIME OF ABU BAKAR AS-SHIDIQ AND OMAR BIN
KHATTAB
Md. Abror, M.Ag
Abror1092@gmail.com

Rhefa Riona Putri Alfi

UIN Suska Riau
12070327411@students.uin-suska.ac.id

ABSTRACT

After the Prophet Muhammad's death, the Khulafaurrasyidin continued his

leadership of the Islamic government wisely. Although 30 years have passed,
Khulafaurrasydin succeeded in shaping Islamic civilization, consolidating, and
reconstructing the political foundation for Muslim society. Caliph Abu Bakr, for example,
overcame and saved the Muslim community from the big pit of apostasy who refused
zakat. In addition, the second caliph, Umar bin al-Khattab also succeeded in consolidating
the Muslim community in Arabia, turning nomadic society into a patriotic disciplined
society, destroying Persian and Byzantine imperialism, developing strong imperialism
including Persia, Iraq, Caldera, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt. The similarities and
differences between the time of the Prophet and the period of khulafaur rasyidin are
first, judging from the differences in the tasks of the Prophet, namely conveying
monotheism correctly, leading Muslims in spreading the religion of Islam, carrying out
his prophetic duties, as a bearer of good news, the Messenger of Allah as a
messenger of Allah and conveying revelations that Allah has conveyed through the
angel Gabriel, improving the morals of Muslims. Meanwhile, khulafaur Rasyidin is not
getting a revelation from Allah, as a substitute for the Prophet to become a leader,
replacing the task of the head of state government, spreading the religion of Islam.

Keywords: Abu Bakr Assidiq, Umar Bin Kattab, Civilization Period.

Rhefa Islamic Civilization

ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION IN THE TIME OF ABI BAKAR ASSHIDIQ

AND OMAR BIN KHATTAB

Md. Abror, M.Ag

Abror1092@gmail.com

Rhefa Riona Putri Alfi

UIN Suska Riau
12070327411@students.uin-suska.ac.id

ABSTRACT

After the Prophet Muhammad's death, the Khulafaurrasyidin continued his leadership of
the Islamic government wisely. Although 30 years have passed, Khulafaurrasydin
succeeded in shaping Islamic civilization, consolidating, and reconstructing the political
foundation for Muslim society. Caliph Abu Bakr, for example, overcame and saved the
Muslim community from the big pit of apostasy who refused zakat. In addition, the second
caliph, Umar bin al-Khattab also succeeded in consolidating the Muslim community in
Arabia, turning nomadic society into a patriotic disciplined society, destroying Persian and
Byzantine imperialism, developing strong imperialism including Persia, Iraq, Caldera,
Syria, Palestine, and Egypt.The similarities and differences between the time of the
Prophet and the period of khulafaur rasyidin are first, judging from the differences in
the tasks of the Prophet, namely conveying monotheism correctly, leading Muslims in
spreading the religion of Islam, carrying out his prophetic duties, as a bearer of good
news, the Messenger of Allah as a messenger of Allah and conveying revelations that
Allah has conveyed through the angel Gabriel, improving the morals of Muslims.
While khulafaur Rasyidin, namely not getting revelation from Allah, as a substitute for
the Prophet to become a leader, replacing the task of the head of state government,
spreading the religion of Islam

Keywords: Abu Bakar Assidiq, Umar Bin Kattab, Civilization Age Islam
Rhefa Islamic Civilization

INTRODUCTION
When Islam was introduced as the archetype, Muslims were promised by the
Quran to be the best community on the stage of history for the rest of humanity. As a
result, receiving the encouragement of teachings like this, has indirectly provided a
product of their own views to play cultural games as well as possible. There are many
perspectives in reading many historical facts, especially the history of Muslim civilization.
The difference in perspective is a result of the different treasures of knowledge about
history. This is triggered by the diversity of historical theories. Moreover, the history of
Islam, which is mostly a history of politics and power that leads to the interests of groups
and individuals only. A successful leader is a leader who is loved by those he leads. so
that his mind is always supported, his orders are always followed and the people defend
him without being asked first. The leadership figure who approaches the explanation is the
Prophet and his companions (Khulafaur Rashidin). The death of the Prophet Muhammad
as a religious and state leader leaves a complicated problem. The Prophet did not leave a
will to anyone as his successor.
As a result there was a dispute, each group proposed its representative to be used
as the successor and successor of the Prophet Muhammad to lead the people. Finally, the
Rashidiyah caliphate emerged, consisting of Abu Bakr, Umar, Ustman, and Ali who led
alternately. In the process a lot of events that occurred and should be studied as the basis
of the history of Islamic civilization.

DISCUSSION

A. Caliph Abu Bakr ash-Siddiq (11-13 H / 632-634 AD)

Abu Bakr As Siddiq was born in 568 AD or 55 years before the hijrah. He was the
first caliph of Al-Khulafa'ur Rashidin, the closest companion of the Prophet Muhammad
SAW and was among the first to convert to Islam (as-sabiqun al-awwalun). His full name
is Abdullah bin Abi Kuhafah at-Tamini. In his childhood Abu Bakr was named Abdul
Kaaba. This name was given to him as the realization of his mother's vow while pregnant
with him. Then the name was changed by the Prophet Muhammad SAW to Abdullah bin
Kuhafah at-Tamimi. The title of Abu Bakr was given by the Prophet Muhammad because
he was the fastest person to convert to Islam, while the title as-Siddiq which means 'very
justified' is a title given to him because he gave the Prophet Muhammad SAW very
quickly in various events, especially events.
His father's name was Usman (also called Abi Kuhafah) bin Amir bin Amr bin
Saad bin Taim bin Murra bin Kaab bin Luayy bin Talib bin Fihr bin Nadr bin Malik. His
mother's name was Umm Khair Salma bint Sakhr. The lineage of his father and mother
met at his grandmother named Kaab bin Sa'd bin Taim bin Muarra. Both his parents were
from the Taim tribe, a tribe that gave birth to many honorable figures.1
Since childhood he was known as a kind and patient child, honest, and gentle, he
1
Ronaldo, R., Zulfikar, A., Saihu, Ismail, & Wekke, IS (2020). International relations of the asia pacific in
the age of trump. Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques, 8(1), 244–246.
1
Rhefa Islamic Civilization

was a symbol of purity and sincerity. These noble qualities make him liked by the
community. He became a friend of the Prophet Muhammad SAW since they were both
teenagers. As an adult he made a living by trading and he was known as an honest trader,
pure-hearted and very generous, and he was known as a successful trader. His success in
the trade was due to his personality and character, thin, white, with a pair of small
shoulders and a sharp face with sunken eyes with a slightly protruding forehead and
prominent veins on his hands, his daughter Aisyah Ummulmukminin described it. So
peaceful in war, so gentle and so calm demeanor. It is not easy to be driven by lust. He
has a clear vision and sharp mind and also his way of speaking is pleasant and sociable.
In addition, Abu Bakr was a Meccan thinker who viewed idol worship as
foolishness and falsehood, he was a person who accepted da'wah without hesitation and
he was the first to strengthen the religion of Islam and spread it. In addition, he likes to
protect the weak with his own wealth and tenderness of heart. In addition, Abu Bakr was
known to be proficient in the science of nasab (knowledge of genealogy). He is well
versed in various lineages of Arab tribes and tribes, even he can also know the highs and
lows of each in the Arab nation. At a young age he married Qutailah bint Abdul Uzza.
And this marriage gave birth to two sons named Abdur Rahman and Aisyah. Then after
in Medina he married Habibah bint Kharijah, after that he married Asma'2

 The Role of Abu Bakr in Mecca and Medina

Abu Bakr converted to Islam in the first days of Islam being preached. It was not
difficult for him to believe in the teachings conveyed by the Prophet Muhammad,
because from a young age he was well acquainted with the greatness of the Prophet
Muhammad. After converting to Islam, he devoted all his attention to the development of
Islam.[3] As a respected person among Arab aristocrats, Abu Bakr's Islam attracted many
people to convert to Islam, such as Usman bin Affan, Abdur Rahman bin Auf and Zubair
bin Awwam.
Abu Bakr's struggles and his dedication for the growth and development of Islam
are many that can be mentioned. Among them he was very concerned about the suffering
experienced by the weak, especially the slaves who received the da'wah of the Prophet
Muhammad. A number of slaves who were tortured by their masters because they
embraced Islam were redeemed by Abu Bakr with their wealth and then freed. One of the
freed slaves like Bilal bin Rabah.3The roles played by Abu Bakr while in Mecca were
numerous, such as in the material sector, all the wealth he had was used for the struggle
and glory of Islam and for the truth of the teachings brought by the Prophet Muhammad
in times of joy and sorrow.
In the battles that took place during the time of the Prophet Muhammad SAW,
Abu Bakr was never absent, but was always near the Prophet Muhammad SAW. For
example, in the Tabuk war, not only was his life at stake, but his entire property was

2
Saihu, MM, & Aziz, A. (2020). Implementation of Pluralism Educational Methods in Islamic Religious
Education Subjects. Belajea; Journal of Islamic Education, 5(1), 131-150.
3
Muhammad Husain Haekal, Biography of Abu Bakar As Siddiq, (Jakarta: Litera Antar Nusa, 1995, p. 3
2
Rhefa Islamic Civilization

sacrificed to win the Islamic struggle.

4
His sacrifices and services while in Mecca in addition to his property he always tried to
accompany and protect the Prophet Muhammad when many infidels mocked him, even
he was the one who accompanied the Prophet Muhammad when he migrated to Medina.

 Abu Bakr Appointment Process

The news of the death of the Prophet Muhammad SAW, for his friends and
Muslims is like a thunderbolt in the afternoon because they really love him. Especially
for friends who used to live together under his care. They are most shown is him, so that
there are people who do not believe the news of his death. Among them was Umar bin
Khattab's friend who firmly denied everyone who brought news of his death, even Umar
bin Khattab threatened to kill anyone who said that the Prophet Muhammad had died. At
the time of this extraordinary upheaval, Abu Bakr's friend came to calm the commotion,
he said in front of the crowd; "O people, whoever worships Muhammad, then
Muhammad is dead, and whoever worships Allah, Allah lives, will not die forever."
After the Muslims and their companions realized about the death of the Prophet
Muhammad, Abu Bakr was surprised again by the disagreement between the Muhajirin
and the Ansar about who would replace the Prophet as caliph of the Muslims. The
Muhajirin wanted the Muhajirin group and the Ansar wanted the lead. Even this heated
situation could be overcome by Abu Bakr, by means of Abu Bakr offering two caliph
candidates to choose him, namely Umar bin Khattab or Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah. But both
of them shook Abu Bakr's hand and said allegiance to Abu Bakr.
After the Prophet Muhammad died in 632 AD, Abu Bakr was elected as the first
caliph to replace the Prophet Muhammad in leading the country and Muslims. At that
time the territory almost covered the entire Arabian Peninsula which consisted of various
Arab tribes. In the early days of Abu Bakr's reign, it was marked by various disturbances
and rebellions, such as the emergence of apostates, active people who claimed to be
prophets (false prophets), rebellions from several Arab tribes and many people who
refused to pay zakat.5
The emergence of apostates was caused by their belief in the teachings of Islam
that was not so solid, and the death of the Prophet Muhammad shook their faith. They
thought that the Quraysh would not wake up again after the Prophet Muhammad's death.
And they feel no longer bound by Islam and then return to the teachings of their previous
religion. Regarding people who claim to be prophets, they have actually existed since the
time of the Prophet Muhammad, but the authority of the Prophet Muhammad stirred their
hearts to launch their activities. Among the false prophets such as Musailamah Al
Kadzab from Bani Hanifah, Tulaihah bin Khuwailid from Bani As'ad Saj'ah Tamimiyah
from Bani Yarbu, and Aswad Al Ansi from Yemen. They thought that Abu Bakr was a
weak leader, so they dared to make a mess. The tribal rebellion was caused by their
assumption that the peace agreement made with the Prophet SAW was personal and
4
Muhammad Husain Haekal, Biography of Abu Bakar As Siddiq, (Jakarta: Litera Antar Nusa, 1995, p. 3
5
Prof. Dr. A. Syalabi, History and Islamic Culture, (Jakarta: Pustaka Alhusna, 1990), p. 226
3
Rhefa Islamic Civilization

ended with the death of the Prophet SAW, so that they no longer needed to obey and
submit to the new Islamic rulers. People who are reluctant to pay zakat are only because
of the weakness of their faith. Against all the rebellious and rebellious groups, Abu Bakr
took firm action. This assertion is supported by the majority of the people.
To crush the entire rebellion, he formed eleven troops each led by a formidable
warlord, such as Khalid bin Walid, Amr bin Ash, Ikrimah bin Abu Jahal, and Shurahbil
bin Hasanah. In a short time all the chaos and rebellion that occurred in the country can
be suppressed successfully. Although the initial phase of Abu Bakr's caliphate was full of
chaos, he still insisted on continuing the Prophet's plan to send troops to Syria under the
leadership of Osama bin Zaid. At first Abu Bakr's wishes were opposed by his friends on
the grounds that the domestic atmosphere was very alarming due to the various riots that
had arisen. However, after he convinced them that it was the Prophet's plan, finally the
sending of the troops was approved. The political steps taken by Abu Bakr turned out to
be very strategic and had a positive impact. Sending troops at a time when the country
was in chaos gave the opposing side an interpretation that Islamic rule was strong enough
to make the rebels tremble.6
In addition, that the steps taken by Abu Bakr was also a tactic to distract Muslims
in internal disputes. Osama's troops succeeded in carrying out their duties brilliantly and
returned with abundant spoils of war. Abu Bakr became caliph for only two years. In 634
AD he died. This short period of time was used to resolve domestic problems, especially
the challenges posed by Arab tribes who did not want to submit to the Medina
government. Because of their stubbornness and opposition which could jeopardize
religion and government, Abu Bakr resolved this issue with the so-called Riddah War
(war against apostasy) and the hero who contributed a lot in that war was Khalid bin
Walid. That the power exercised by Abu Bakr is as it was exercised at the time of the
Prophet Muhammad, which is central; legislative, executive and judicial powers were
concentrated in the hands of the caliph. Even so, Abu Bakr always invited his friends for
bennusyawarah.7
The existence of apostates is caused because they do not understand properly
about Islam, they are just at the stage of recognition, or they convert to Islam out of
necessity. So that when the Prophet Muhammad died, they immediately returned to their
original religion. Because they thought that the Quraysh would not wake up again after
the death of their leader, the Prophet Muhammad. Many groups who do not want to pay
zakat arise from the tribes who live in the city of Medina, such as Bani Gatfan, Bani
Bakr, etc. They think that paying zakat is only to the Prophet Muhammad, and after he
died, it is no longer obligatory to pay zakat. People who claim to be prophets have
actually existed in the last days of the life of the Prophet Muhammad, although they are
still secretive.8

6
Prof. Dr. A. Syalabi, History and Islamic Culture, (Jakarta: Pustaka Alhusna, 1990), p. 229
7
Saihu, M. (2019). The Urgency of 'Urf in the Male Tradition and Its Relevance in Islamic Da'wah in
Jembrana-Bali. Journal of Islamic Guidance, 12(1), 173-201.
8
Prof. Dr. H. Chatibul Umam, et al, History of Islamic Culture, (Kudus: Menara Kudus, 2003), p. 140
4
Rhefa Islamic Civilization

From the chaos that arose at the beginning of the reign, Abu Bakr worked hard to
quell it. To eliminate the groups mentioned above, Abu Bakr consulted with his friends
and the Muslims to determine what actions should be taken to overcome these
difficulties. It was in this peak of adversity that Abu Bakr's greatness and fortitude were
seen. He clearly stated that he would fight all groups who have deviated from the truth,
whether apostates, who claim to be false prophets, or those who refuse to pay zakat, so
that all return to the truth. After deliberation, Abu Bakr assigned, among others: Usamah
bin Zaid, Khalid bin Walid, Amr bin Ash, Yazid bin Abu Sofyan to fight these groups.
After various kinds of turmoil and chaos can be handled completely, then Abu
Bakr always tries to take various steps for the progress of Muslims. The progress
achieved by Abu Bakr, the progress that has been achieved during the reign of Abu Bakr
for approximately two years,9 among others:
 Social improvement (society)
 Expansion and development of Islamic territory
 Collection of verses of the Qur'an
 As head of state and leader of Muslims
 Improve the welfare of the people.
 The social improvement carried out by Abu Bakr was an effort to create stability
in the Islamic region by successfully securing Arab land from deviants (apostates,
false prophets and people who were reluctant to pay zakat).
 As for the efforts taken for the expansion and development of Abu Bakr's Islamic
region, he expanded the region outside the Arabian Peninsula. The targeted areas
are Iraq and Syria which are directly adjacent to the Islamic territory. According
to Abu Bakr, the two areas must be conquered with the aim of strengthening the
security of the Islamic region from the invasion of the two superpowers, namely
Persia and Byzantium. Khalid bin Walid led the expansion to Iraq, while to Syria
was led by three commanders, namely: Amr bin Ash, Yazid bin Abu Sufyan and
Surahbil bin Hasanah.
 Abu Bakr with his very short reign (approximately two years) has succeeded in
overcoming the domestic challenges of the growing Medina, and also prepared
the way for the development and expansion of Islam in the Arabian Peninsula.

B. Caliph Umar Ibn al-Khathab (13-23 H / 634-644 AD)

'Umar bin Khattab (Arabic: ‫ ;الخطاب‬circa 584 – 3 November 644) was the second
caliph who ruled from 634 to 644. He is also classified as one of the Khulafaur Rashidin.
'Umar was one of the main companions of the Prophet Muhammad and also the father of
Hafshah, the wife of the Prophet Muhammad. In the Sunni point of view, 'Umar is one of
the great leaders and role models in Islamic matters and some hadiths mention himself as
the most important companion of the Prophet after Abu Bakr. can distinguish between
truth and falsehood. But on the other hand, 'Umar tends to be viewed negatively in the

9
Dr. Mohd Fachruddin Fuad, The Development of Islamic Culture, (Jakarta: Bulan Bintang, 1995), pp. 112
5
Rhefa Islamic Civilization

Shia perspective. During his leadership, The caliphate became one of the new great
powers in the Middle East region. In addition to conquering the weakened Sasanian
Empire in just two years (642–644), 'Umar succeeded in taking over two-thirds of the
territory of the Byzantine Empire.10
The expansion of this area was also followed by various reforms. In the field of
government and politics, special departments were formed as a place where the public
could complain about officials and the state. The formation of Baitul Mal became one of
Umar's reforms in the economic field. All of his achievements made 'Umar one of the
most influential caliphs in history.
Umar is known as someone who is good at creating regulations, because he does not
only improve and even review existing policies. Caliph Umar has also applied democratic
principles in power, namely by guaranteeing equal rights for every citizen. Caliph Umar
was known to be a simple man and he even allowed land from the colony to be managed
by its owner and even forbade the Muslims to own it, while the soldiers received
allowances from the Baitul Mal, which was generated from taxes.11
During Umar's reign, Islamic power grew very rapidly. Islam took over
Mesopotamia and parts of Persia from the hands of the Sassanid dynasty of Persia (which
ended the Sassanid empire) and took over Egypt, Palestine, Syria, North Africa and
Armenia from the Roman (Byzantine) empire. At that time there were two superpowers,
namely Persia and Rome. But both have been conquered by Islam at the time of Umar.
History records many great battles that became the beginning of this conquest. At the
battle of Yarmuk, which took place near Damascus. 20 thousand Muslim troops defeated
the Roman army of 70 thousand and ended Roman rule in southern Asia Minor.
Umar carried out many administrative reforms and closely controlled public policy,
including establishing an administrative system for the newly conquered regions. He also
ordered the holding of a census in all Islamic territories. In 638, he ordered to expand and
renovate the Grand Mosque in Mecca and the Prophet's Mosque in Medina. He also
started the process of codifying Islamic law. Umar was known for his simple lifestyle,
instead of adopting the lifestyle and appearance of the rulers of that era, he lived a very
simple life.
Around the 17th year of Hijri, the fourth year of his caliphate, Umar issued a decree
that the Islamic calendar should begin to be counted at the time of the hijrah. There were
several developments of Islamic civilization during the caliphate of Umar bin Khatthab,
which included the system of government (politics), science, social, art, and religion. As
explained below:
a. Political Development
At the time of the caliph Umar bin Khatab, Islamic political conditions were in a
stable condition, efforts to expand Islamic territory obtained brilliant results. Due to the
rapid expansion of the area, Umar Radhiallahu 'anhu immediately set up the administration
of the state by imitating the administration that had developed, especially in Persia. The
10
Amen, Samsul Munir, History of Islamic Civilization, Jakarta: Amzah, 2009.
11
Fatah Gratitude, History of Islamic Civilization. Thing. 54.
6
Rhefa Islamic Civilization

expansion of Islamic broadcasting to Persia was started by Khalid bin Walid during the
Caliph Abu Bakr, then continued by Umar. But in his efforts, he faced many challenges,
even to the point of 11 wars. Islamic power reached Mesopotamia and parts of Persia from
the hands of the Sassanid dynasty of Persia (which ended the Sassanid empire) and took
over Egypt, Palestine, Syria, North Africa and Armenia from the Roman empire
(Byzantium).12
The government administration is organized into eight provincial regions: Mecca,
Medina, Syria, the Basra Peninsula, Kufa, Palestine, and Egypt. During the time of Umar
bin Khatab, procedures for organizing a government structure with a decentralized pattern
began to be pioneered. Starting from the time of Umar, the government was managed by
the central government and the provincial government. Because many areas were
controlled by Islam, it was in dire need of structuring government administration, so
Caliph Umar formed a court institution, where the power of a judge (judicial) was
independent of the influence of the governing body (executive). The judge appointed by
Umar was a person who had a good reputation and had high integrity and personality. Zaid
ibn Thabit was designated as Qadi of Medina, Ka'bah ibn Sur al-Azdi as Qadi of Basrah,13
a. The Caliph (Amiril Believers)
Domiciled in the capital city of Medina which has the authority of power.
b. Guardian (Governor)
Domiciled in the provincial capital which has power over the entire province.
c. Main duties of office
The main duties of officials, starting from the caliph, guardians and their subordinates are
responsible for the progress and retreat of Islam and the State. Besides that, they are also
imams of the five daily prayers in the mosque.
d. Forming State Councils
In order to direct the administration of government, Kholifah Umar formed State councils
in charge of regulating and saving money as well as regulating the income and expenditure
of state money, including printing state currency.
e. Economic development
Because the expansion of the area occurred quickly, and after the Caliph Umar managed
the state administration by imitating the administration that had developed, especially in
Persia. During this period, the system for paying salaries and land taxes began to be
regulated. Courts were established in order to separate the judiciary from the executive. To
maintain security and order, a police department was formed. The same is true for the
public works department. Umar also founded Bait al-Mal, forged currency, and made the
hijiah year. And abolish zakat for Mu'allaf14
f. Knowledge Development
During the caliphate of Umar bin Khatab, very influential friends were not allowed to
12
Abdurrahman, Dudung, et al., History of Islamic Civilization from Classical to Modern Period,
Yogyakarta: LESFI, 2009, Cet. 3rd.
13
Syuyuti, Jalaluddin al-, The date of al-Khulafa, Beirut: Darul Fikr, 1979.
14
Muhammad Husein Haikal, Umar bin Khatthab a profound example of the growth of Islam and its
sovereignty at that time, (Bogor: Pustaka Lintera AntarNusa, 2002), p.45
7
Rhefa Islamic Civilization

leave the area except with the permission of the caliph and for a limited time. So if there
are Muslims who want to study hadith, they must go to Medina, this means that the
dissemination of knowledge and knowledge of the companions and the place of education
is centered in Medina. With the expansion of Islamic territory to the outside of the Arabian
peninsula, it seems that the caliph was thinking about Islamic education in the newly
conquered areas. For that Umar bin Khatab ordered his warlords, if they managed to
control a city, they should build a mosque as a place of worship and education.15

CLOSING

Conclusion
The government of Abu Bakr had its own identity and perfect formation, which
included a greatness of soul that was truly extraordinary, even very amazing. We have
already seen how highly aware Abu Bakr was of the principles guided by the Qur'an so
that he could make sure to instill in himself the boundary between truth for truth and lies
for truth. The principles in Islam, described by Abu Bakr by encouraging Muslims to fight
those who want to destroy Islam, such as apostates, people who are reluctant to pay zakat,
and people who claim to be prophets. Therefore Abu Bakr carried out the Riddah war to
save Islam from destruction. Abu Bakr's struggle did not end there. he also carried out
various wars for the advancement of Islam. In fact, he not only sacrificed his life, he also
sacrificed his wealth for the sake of Islam. Until the end of his death, the war had not been
resolved, but he had chosen Umar bin Khatab as his successor by asking the approval of
his friends. 'Umar succeeded in taking over two-thirds of the Eastern Roman Empire.
The expansion of this area was also followed by various reforms. In the field of
government and politics, special departments were formed as a place where the public
could complain about officials and the state. The formation of Baitul Mal became one of
Umar's reforms in the economic field. All of his achievements made 'Umar one of the
most influential caliphs in history.

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