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- basis cordis (upward and backward to the right. Connected with great vessels)
- apex cordis (downward and forward to the left)
- margo dexter
- grooves that divide heart into 4 cavities, all filled by BV and fat:
1. sulcus coronaries (seperates atria from ventricles)
2. sulcus interventricularis ant. (longitudinal groove from facies sternocostalis apex cordis)
3. sulcus interventricularis post. (longitudinal groove on facies diaphragmatica)
o sulcus interventricularis ant. and post. Form incisura apicis cordis
o separation between two ventricles
- Paries anterior
o auricular dextra
o mm. pectinate
- Paries lateralis
o mm. pectinati
- Paries superior
o ostium venae cavae superioris by which vena cava superior opens into atrium
this vein returns blood from upper part of body (above diaphragm)
- Paries posterior
o ostium venae cavae inferioris guarded by valvula venae cavae inferioris
by this valve during fetal life the blood from vena cava inferior is directed toward
foramen ovale
o sinus venarum cavarum
posterior part in right atrium between v. cava superior and inferior)
- Paries medialis
o Formed by septum interatriale
o Depression fossa ovalis which is limited by limbus fossae ovalis
Site of foramen ovale in feta life for venous blood flow from right atrium to the left
atrium (pulmonary circulation could be passed by)
o foramina venarum minimarum
orifices of venae cordis minimae (returns blood directly from the layers of heart´s wall)
- Paries inferior
o ostium atrioventriculare dextrum
communication between arium and ventricle
o ostium sinus coronarii of sinus coronarius cordis
opening between medial and posterior wall (below fossa ovalis)
protected by valvula sinus coronarii
sinus coronarius cordis returns venous blood from the wall of the heart
lies in sulcus coronarius
Ventriculus dexter
- Ostium atrioventriculare dextrum (for inflow)
o Closed by valva atrioventricularis dextra. s. valvula tricuspidalis
3 cusps: formed by doubling endocardium (inner layer of the wall)
Cuspis anterior
Cuspis posterior
Cuspis septalis
o surrounded by annulus fibrosus, which is attached to one margin of each cusp
other 2 margins are free connected by chordae tendineae to mm. papillares
chordae tendineae prevent turning cusps into atrial direction
o extend from one cusp to 2 mm. papillares
o valva atrioventricularis dextra is closed in systole (contraction of ventricle), open in diastole
(relax of ventricle)
- Paries anterior
o auricular sinistra
o mm. pectinati
- Paries posterior
o ostia venarum pulmonalium (4x) from venae pulmonales
no valves
- Paries medialis
o septum interatriale
- Ostium atrioventriculare sinistrum is orifice between left atrium and left ventrivcle
Oxygenated blood from left ventricle aorta via arteries into capillary network of organs desoxygenated
blood vena cava inferior (legs and lower trunk) / vena cava superior (head, arm, upper trunk) atrium
dexter
Deoxygenated blood from right ventricle truncus pulmonalis a. pulmonalis dextra et sinistra capillary
network of lungs oxygenation in lungs venae pulmonales (4) atrium sinistra
Wall structure
1. Endocardium – inner layer, covers all structures of the wall
o Continuation of tunica interna s. tunica intima of great vessels
o Duplication of endocardium form heart valves
Atrium dextra
Valvula venae cavae inferioris
Valvula sinus coronorii
Ventriculus dexter
Valva atrioventricularis dextra s. valvula tricuspidalis
Valva trunci pulmonalis
Ventriculus sinister
Valva atrioventricularis sinistra s. valvula bicuspidalis s. mitralis
Valva aortae
2. Myocardium – middle layer, muscular layer 4x anuli fibrosis (skeleton where muscle fibers
are attached)
o Atrium: 2 layers
external circular (surrounds both atria)
internal longitudinal (separate each atrium)
o Ventriculus: 3 layers
o External longitudinal (surround both ventricles)
o internal longitudinal (surround both ventricles)
fibers from external and internal layers run toward apex where they form vortex
cordis
o middle circular (separate for each ventricle)
o Myocardium forms mm. papillares, mm. pectinati, trabeculae carneae
Conducting system
1. Nodus sinuatrialis – between auricular dextra and ostium vena cavae superioris
a. generates impulses
b. spred throughout 2 atria and to nodus atrioventricularis
2. Nodus atrioventricularis – in septum interatriale beneath fossa ovalis, near cuspis septalis
a. Continues into fasciculus atrioventricularis
3. Fasciculus atrioventricularis
a. truncus (upper part) lies in fibrous part of interventricular sept
b. at upper muscular part of interventricular sept divides into crus dextrum (3) et sinistrum (2)
i. run till mm. papillares
Topography
Holotopia: mediastinum medium
Skeletopia:
- Ostium atrioventricularis
o On the line extending from sternal junction of 3rd rib (on the left) to sternal junction 6th rib (on
the right)
- Ostium aortae + Ostium trunci pulmonalis
o On the line extending from sternal junction of 3rd rib (on the left) to sternal junction of 4th rib
(on the right)
Ostium aortae at level of 3rd intercostal space (behind sternum on midline)
Ostium trunci pulmonalis at level of 3rd rib sternal junction (on the left)
- Aortic valve
o 2nd intercostal space, right site of sternum
- Pulmonary valve
o 2nd intercostal space, left site of sternum
- Tricuspid valve
o 5th intercostal space, right site of sternum (on processus xyphoideus)
- Bicuspid valve
o 5th intercostal space, 1,5 cm medially from linea medioclavicularis
Syntopia:
Anteriorly Sternum
cartilagines costales
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