Unit 2 Parts and EquipmentPARTS AND EQUIPMENT The Rotor 1. The rotor consists of wheels, buckets, and a— 2. ‘The buckets are usually made separately and then mounted on the —__. 8. On some rotors, a hot wheel is placed on the shaft and allowed to cool. Cooling causes the wheel to shrink and fit tightly on the shaft, On other rotors, the shaft and wheel are forged a8 one 4, ‘The (built-up/solid) rotor is first made in two parts, then shrunk together as one anit. 5. Beeause of its single-unit construction, the (built-up/ solid) rotor is the strongest 6, However, the —___ rotor is less costly to make, The Casing 7. The turbine operates because there is a difference in pressure between steam in the steam chest and steam in the casing. Steam pressure is (higher/lower) in the st than in the casing. n chest, 8, Without this pressure difference, steam (would flow/ would not flow) through the nozzle, 9. If the exhaust becomes blocked, pressive builds up in the casing. ‘As pressure builds up in the casing, the difference Is lost, 10. Because the turbine is designed for greater pressure in the steam chest than in the casing, the (easing! steam chest) is made stronger. 11, If pressure in the casing were allowed to go up as high as the inlet pressure, the casing would be 12, For this reason turbines must never be started with the (inlet/exhaust) valve closed. 18, Some turbines have a safety valve installed on the e haust line to relieve excessive pressure. ‘The valve prevents excessive prossure from the casing. [23] shaft. wheel unit, or plece built-up solid built-up higher would not flow pressure stoam chest damaged, or ruptured oxhanet damaging14, On some turbines, a sentinel valve whistles if press in the easing rises too high. This valve warns of high____in the casing. 15. However, the relieve the pressure, valve does not adequately 16. Under correct startup and operating conditions, the sentinel valve should never open to sound a warning, If the sentinel valve ever starts to open, the operator must take immediate action t9____ the pressure, Diaphragms and Labyrinth Seals 17, In a multi-stage turbine there is a— ae in pressure between stages. 48, Look at the drawing. NOZZLES DIAPHRAGM, SOURCE OF LEAKS The — the stationary part mounted to the casing, It separates two stages and holds the nozzles. 19. Leakage of steam occurs where the extends through the diaphragm. 20, Steam passing through the nozzles and striking the buckets does useful work. Steam leaking along the shaft, bypassing the nozzles in the diaphragm, (does/dees nol do) useful work in that stage. 21, Usable —_ is lost. 22, The diaphragm could be made to surround the shat closely, but if the shaft rubs on the diaphragm and damages it, (part of the/the whole) diaphragm has ty be replaced. [24] pressure sentinel reduce difference, or drop diaphragm shatt does not do steam, or energy the whole23. Since the diaphragm is made of hard metal, the shaft is ___if the diaphragm rubs against it. damaged 24. Look al the drawing. [_}+—nozztes Fou] <— DIAPHRAGM «LABYRINTH SEAL A labyrinth seal is inserted in the space where the __ passes through the diaphragm. shatt ‘The labyrinth seal reduces the _____<_ between the space diaphragm and the shaft. 26, The seal is made of soft metal (ike, bra it rubs on the shaft it does not to an iss), so that if the shaft damage vents ‘The seal becomes damaged if the turaing shaft rubs ayainat it, ‘The seal is removable trom the diaphragm se that if it is damaged it can be without replacing replaced the whole diaphragm. 28. The labyrinth consists of metal rings or ridges that fit close to the shaft. ‘The ridges: (touch/do not touch) the shaft, do not touch 20. A small space between the shaft and the labyrinth allows to pass through, steam 125]80. As stcam enters the s in each compartment, sal, ib forms eddies (whirlpools) |-<— DIAPHRAGM LABYRINTH SEAL———+| EDDIES Steam pressure (inereases/deereases) as it passes decreases throuseh the compartments, 31. The decrease in pressure as steam passes through the seal permits a (large/small) amount of steam to pass small between the shaft and the seal. Packing Boxes 32. Look at the drewing of a non-condensing turbine. STEAM CHEST: PACKING BOXES t te hep HIGH PRESSURE STAGE LOWER PRESSURE STAGE The pressure at the exhaust of a non-condensing tur. bine is (greater/less) than the air pressure around it. greater 83. Steam tends to leak from the packing boxer where the extends through the casing, shaft [26]BM. ‘The greater the amount of leakage from the packing box at the inlet side, the greater the loss of usable to the atmosphere, With leakage of steam from this packing box, (more/ less) steam must flow through the steam chest nozzles, 39, The bearings are close to the packing: boxes. Condensate from escaping steam can get into the PES and damage them. 86, The exhaust steam from a non-condensing turbine i ususilly used ayain for process or hesting requirements, A lenis at the exhaust end of the shaft loses whieh could be used for other purposes, 31. Packing boxes reduce or minimize steam leakage where the shatt extends through the 38. ‘The packing boxes on some equipment are packed with rings of soft material, ‘this soft material prevents ____ from leaking through the casing. 89. In turbines, the soft pecking wes (is/is not) a gond sealing material, out quiekly and 40, his is a packing box fitted with a labyrinth seal. LEAK-OFF FOR LOW PRESSURE STEAM —+] LEAK.OFF TO DRAIN OR GLAND EJECTOR Le Like the interstage-diaphragm lalyri minimizes leakage of steam along the ths, this. seal C27] steam bearings steam easing steam is not shatt41, ‘The ridges of the packing rings form small compart- ments which resist the flow of — steam ‘Toward the outer end of the packing box, two or more remove steam, to be used again in a lower leak-offs, or drains, or vents pressure system or disposed of in a drain or ejector. 43. Look at the drawing. HIGH-VELQCITY STEAM STEAM FROM LEAK-OFF CONNECTION EJECTOR High-velocity steam flowing through the ejector draws steam leakage out of the leak-off. 44, These seals and leak-oifs allow (a great deal of /ve little) steam to leave the casing, very little 45, In the condensing turbine, the exhaust-steam pressure is less than the outside air pressure STEAM CHEST PACKING 8OX COOLING WATER —»- CONDENSER 7 i Leakage along the shaft at the exhaust end of the tur bine allows (steam to escape/air to enter) the exhaus air to enter [28]46. Air does not condense. It must be removed by a vacuum pump or ejector, If air is allowed to enter the exhaust and is not remoyed by an ejector, the exhaust pressure (incresses/ decreases). inereases 47. The packing box at the high-pressure steom Inlet end resists the flow of steam leaving the casing along the ssi shat 48. ‘The packing box at the low-pressure end of the con- densing turbine prevents —__from_ entering. the air casing. 49, Took at the drawing, SEALING STEAM——+ CASING. = LABYRINTH SEAL ee sol. STEAM LEAKAGE nero f=) ~ TO TURBIN TeD = l = TREVEN 1 AW. EXHAUST i PT LEAK-OFF | TO DRAIN OR GLAND EJECTOR In this packing box, steam is (added/removed) be- added tween see is of the labyrinths. 50, Sealing steam injected into the packing box flows in two directions along: the, 51. Air attempts to enter the exhaust through the packing box, but the flow of sealing prevents it, steam 52, ‘The portion of the sealing steam flowing loward the casing passes into the exhaust and is condensed by the condenser 5B. Since this steam is condensed, it (does/does not), in- does not crease exhaust pressure, [29]4. ‘This drawing shows another type ef packing. STEAM SEAL CONNECTION CARBON RINGS GARTER SPRINGS LEAK-OFF CONNECTION This packing is made up of 55, Bach ving is held together by garter a 56. Like labyrinth packing, the carbon rings are separated by compartments, The carbon rings resist: the flow of tho easing. 57. Steam that leaks through the rings may ho led to a lower-pressare system or 4 drain by a conn ving packingr may also he steam-sealed to pre- vent the entrance of .++« into the exhaust end of a condensing: (urbine, 59, ‘There is a small space between the carbon rings and the shaft, ‘The carbon rings provide low friction so that if they do touch the shit only & small amount of to the shaft oceurs. 60. The carbon ring has greater anti-triction properties than the labyrinth packing, so that the carbon-ring packing can fit closer to the shaft than the packing. 61. ‘The (carbor-ring/labyrinth) packing allows less steam leakage. 62. However, labyrinth packing, becouse it is metal, can take much higher temperatures and pressures than carbon-ring paeking. ‘The (labyrinth/earbon-ring) packing is more likely to be used for high-pressure sealing. [30] earbon springs steam Teak-off wear labyrinth carbon-ring labyrinth63. Some turbines use a combination of labyrinth seal and carbon-ring packing, LABYRINTH SEAL. HIGH LEAK-OFF PRESSURE d CARBON RING. SEAL s LEAK TO DRAIN OR TO LOW-PRESSURE SYSTEM GLAND EJECTOR ‘he high-pressure end of « multi use both a _—___and yacking in the packing box. stage turbine may G1. ‘The labyrinth packing controls leakage from the casing ty the first leak-off eormected to a low-pressure system. ‘The leakage trom the labyrinth to the atmosphere is controlled by the = packing. 65, At the exhaust end, temperatur much reduced. 1 pressure are very ‘The — ——_-______ pneking alone is often ade- quate to seal this end. 66. Condensing turbines usually use labyrinths to seal the packing box at the exhaust end. 67, Carbon ring packing a high surface speed. not be used on a shaft having A shaft with a high surface specd is sealed with a seal Bearings 68, If the turbine is to operate properly, the shait must rotuto with minimum friction. Resistance to______ of the shart mi small as possible, De as 69. ‘The rotor must be kept in position while it tums, ‘The shaft must directions. not be free to —____ in other [31] labyrinth, carbon-ring, carbon-ring carbon-ving steam labyrinth rotation move10. ‘The Uhree types of shaft movement are shown. nm. 72. 7B. 14. 76. o> Ga ROTATION AXIAL_MOYEMENT (Tursing) (Thrust) RADIAL MOVEMENT Besides rotating, the shaft can tend to move in other w: As sieam strikes the rotor, it forces the shaft to thrust (vend to move away from the nozzle) ‘This movement along the shaft is (axini/radial) movement, Movement. also results when the sheft tends to move off-center, ‘This is (asial/radial) movement, Both radial and axial __ mast be control led to keep the rotor in position. Bean nus support the shaft and allow it to rotate with num friction, Bearings also control radial and movement, of the shaft. . he lubricant to the bearing provides a film between the rotating shait and the stationary parts whieh aup- port and center the shaft, ‘This uid film prevents the sheft and stationary sup- ports from aurainst each othi . The thrust bearings limit movement of the shaft toward the ends of the turbine, ‘The thrust. be nits limit the amount of — movement. . ‘The radial or journal bearing in which the shaft rests controls ____ movement, [829 two axial radial movement axial vubbin axial radial Wow tum the page, turn the book over, end go on.. Look at the drawing. RADIAL BALL BEARING THRUST BALL BEARING The shaft of this small turbine is supported by Dall bearings (both thrust and radial) 79. The balls offer (creat little) resi tion, but (great little) resistance movement, ance to shaft rota- little to axial and radial great 80. The bearings are lubricated go that there is almost no on the hearings, the shaft, or the stationary wear suppor 81. ‘This combination of Learings is used on many turbines which drive pumps, ‘THRUST BALL BEARING ff SLEEVE OIL RING BEARING This shaft is supported by a ____ bearing sleeve [33]82. ‘The sleeve bearing mounted at the end of the shaft prevents (radial/axial) movement. e sleeve bearing is lubricated by a lm of — 84. ‘The ball bearing can be used as @ thrust bearing if the force is not too great. 85, Ball thrust bearings are used on (large/smull) turbines, 86. ‘The drawing shows lubrication of a sleeve bearing by an oil ring. SLEEVE BEARING OIL RING OIL RING ‘The oil ring picks up oil from the oil 87. Rotation of the shaft turns the ring and causes it to carry oil up to the sleeve —__ 88. ‘The drawing shows another thrust- and journal- hearing combination, STATIONARY THRUST SURFACE SLEEVE BEARING Pa OIL_UNDER THRUST PRESSURE RUNNER il is supplied under pressure to the __ [st] radial oil axial small bearing bearings89. ‘The sleeve bearing prevents (radial/axial) movement. collars are fixed to the shaft n ‘They turn with the shaft, tb to the ‘The thrast collars prevent the sl (radially/axially). ft from moving 91. Oil is supplied under pressure to the thrust surfaces, In some bearings the stationary thrust sur with thrust shoes that Lilt when the. ace fs fitted tums. THRUST SHOE SLEEVE SEARING THRUST RUNNER STATIONARY THRUST SURFACE Gil wedges form between the shoes and the thrust runner. The thrust shoes keep the oil from being squeezed oul of the bearing by the foree of movement. 95. ‘The vil wedges allow the shaft to rotate freely, bub de not allow it to move (axially /xadially), Single- and Multi-Valve Governors D4, Steam released into the steam chest by the governor yalve is directed at the hy the nozzles, 95. When the load on the turbine is redueed from full to, partial load, less steam is needed to keep the turbine up to speed. ‘he governor valve __. 96. Pressure in the steam chest (increases /deereases) as the governor valve closes. [85] axially shait buckets closes decreases9. 98, 100. 101 102, 108. For optimum elficieney, maximum pressure should be maintained in the steam chest Any steam pressure less than the optimum is (more/ less) efficient. When less thermal energy is used by the turbine and more thermal energy passes out with the steam, efficiency is lowered. Closing some nozles in the nozzle row ereates a smaller area for the steam to flow through, With a smaller nozzle in the sti optimum. ea to flow through, the steam m chest can be held close to AL partial load, closing some nozzles maintains more efficient, steam —_____in the steam chest. Look at the drawing, TURBINE WHEEL HIGH PRESSURE STEAM SPACE NOZZLE With a single-valye governor at partial load, hand valves close off nozzle openings to —the efliciency of the turbine, When the turbine is at full load, all or most of the are open. When the load is reduced, some nozzles should be elased ty thee [264 less exhaust pressure pressure maintain novules, or hand valves hand valves110. Only one valve remains partially open or closed as the turbine is throttled. The rest of the valves are either fully or open fully eS closed 111, More force is needed to operate a multi-valve than a single-valve system. Since the oil-relay eovernor produces (more/less) force more than the direct-acting flyball governor, the multi-valve governor Is an = governor. oil-relay: Oil Circulation 112. In a pressure lubrication system, the oil is supplied to the bearing: under pressure 113. If the ofl pressure is lost, the bearing is (lubricated not lubricated) . not lubricated 114, A turbine equipped with an oil-relay governor must have an ample supply of clean oil available under pressure for bearing lubrication and for the governor hydraulic aystem. The oil-cireulating: system keeps a good supply of cloan —— flowing to the governor and bearings. oil 115. This is a typical oil-circulation system. <~ OIL RELAY GOVERNOR PS OIL TO DRAIN —>} |s— OIL TO GOVERNOR DRIVE GEARS yy FILTER SHAFT +a} STRAINER , SI HIGH PRESSURE F ACCUMULATOR OIL TO I BEARINGS OIL RESERVOIR MAIN OIL PUMP Oiteeoick Oil is stored in a large oil [38]110. Only one valve remains partially open or closed as the turbine is throttled. The rest of the valves are either fully or open fully eS closed 111, More force is needed to operate a multi-valve than a single-valve system. Since the oil-relay eovernor produces (more/less) force more than the direct-acting flyball governor, the multi-valve governor Is an = governor. oil-relay: Oil Circulation 112. In a pressure lubrication system, the oil is supplied to the bearing: under pressure 113. If the ofl pressure is lost, the bearing is (lubricated not lubricated) . not lubricated 114, A turbine equipped with an oil-relay governor must have an ample supply of clean oil available under pressure for bearing lubrication and for the governor hydraulic aystem. The oil-cireulating: system keeps a good supply of cloan —— flowing to the governor and bearings. oil 115. This is a typical oil-circulation system. <~ OIL RELAY GOVERNOR PS OIL TO DRAIN —>} |s— OIL TO GOVERNOR DRIVE GEARS yy FILTER SHAFT +a} STRAINER , SI HIGH PRESSURE F ACCUMULATOR OIL TO I BEARINGS OIL RESERVOIR MAIN OIL PUMP Oiteeoick Oil is stored in a large oil [38]116. 17. 118, 119. . Sever . ‘Thus, a Oil is forced to flow from the reservoir to the bearings and governor by means of an cil As oil is pumped, it passes through an to be cleaned of any impurities. — As the oil passes around the bearings, it removes heat that builds up in them. The oil is pumped through a cooler on its way to the Ol that becomes too hot leses its ability to maintain an oil film in the bearing. Oil that is too hot (is/is not) a good lubricant, Oil that becomes too ____ may also decompose. «However, oil that is too cold becomes tov thiek and may not________ the bearings. properly. Oil must be kept at a proper —___ - damage to the turbine may result if the oil- ‘culation system fails to deliver oil to the bearings, ‘The bearings ____ out. of oil must he maintained at all times while the turbine is in operation. . Some turbines may be stopped by a hydraulic trip when the lubricating, oil pressure becomes too low. STEAM TO STEAM CHEST. 126. 121. STEAM FROM BOILER PRTRIP VALVE RETURN LINE TO RESERVOIR An automatic dump valve releases oil from 9 trip cylinder when oil pressure is too (low/high). IE the dump valve opens, it causes the trip valve to (open/close) and stop the turbine, Unless dual or standby equipment has been provided, the turbine may have to he shut down if a filter or cooler begins to clog or the oil pump shows wear. Standby equipment permits the flow of to be maintained if trouble occurs with the operating filter, cooler, or oil pump. [30] pump filter bearings ig not hot lubricate temperature melt, or burn flow low close oil128. 129, 120, 181, 133, 134, PLUGGED FILTER Large turbines are equipped with (one/two) pumps. One is used during normal operations, and the other i When one pump fails, the second pump takes over automatically and maintains oi! Some turbines have pressure accumulators which store oil al high pressure near the oil reservoir. When the circulation system switches from the main to the standoy pump, this reserve oil Keeps the oil cireuleting. If the oil-velay system needs inereased oil flow because of a large load change on the turbine, this reserve maintains oil flow. . Sometimes a filter becomes clogged or the evoling sur- face of a cooler becomes fouled with deposits, If a standby filter or ____is provided, the flow can he switched to the clean set without having Lo shut down the turbine, Sometimes a filter is equipped with a relief valve so that if if docs clog, the ofl can bypass it, Unfiltered oil, possibly containing dirt or foreign material, then lows to the bearings until the filter is or the low is switched to a standby filt Look at the drawing. OUTLET OIL PRESSURE 7] BYPASS i: Lee | INLET OIL | PRESSURE >|] HI A If the filter becomes clogged, pressure deereuses on the (inlet/outlet) aide. [40] two emergencies, flow pressure pressure, or capacity cooler replaced outlet185. When the pressure differential becomes great enough, the should open to maintain oi flow, bypass 136. “High pressure differential” indicates a plugged dlter. When a specified pressure difference is obverved by the operator, the flow should be switched to the standby filter. 187, Some units are eauipped with alarms. When the lube-oil pressure besrins to fall, an —__ alarm warns the operator. 188, There may also be a (high/low) temperature alarm, highREVIEW AND SUMMARY 489. Name the turbine parts. 140. The above turbine is (single-/multi-) staged. It is equipped with 2 (single-/multi-) valve steam chest, 141. The space between the shaft and the diaphragm is sealed by a—___. 142, The shaft is sealed into the casing by boxes at the inlet end exhaust ends of the shaft. [421 1. shatt, 2. sleeve bearing 3. casing 4. diaphragm 5. governor valve 6. governor 1. labyrinth seal, or puking. box exhaust multi- single labyrinth. packing1s, 146. 147, 148, 149, 150. . ‘The connections A and B are Look at the drawing ‘This packing box is fitted with a z seal. for steam Teakage. . Steam sealing is used in the packing box at the Ginlet/exhaast) end of a (condensing/non-condensing) turbine. ‘The bearings prevent two types of shalt movement: a and movement. The thrust bearing prevenis____. movement and the journal bearing prevents ____ movement. A large multi-stage turbine probably. uses multi-) valve governor. a (single-/ On a single-valve governor, sections of the — may be turned on and off by hand valves. Oil supplied to the bearings and the governor must: be kept at the proper and and must be kept free of — [43] labyrinth Jeal-ofts exhaust, condensing radial, axial axial radial amntti- nozzles temperature, pressure dirtREVIEW AND SUMMARY 139. Name the turbine parts. Tst_ STAGE 3. a 140. ui. 142, The above turbine is (single-/multi-) staged. It is equipped with a (single-/multi-) valve steam chest. The space between the shaft and the diaphragm is sealed by a—_____ The shaft is sealed into the casing by __ boxes at the inlet and exhaust ends of the shaft. [42] 1, shaft 2. sleeve bearing 3. casing 4. diaphragm 5. governor valve 6. governor 7. labyrinth seal, or king box 8. exhaust multi- single- labyrinth packing