shreyasbadiye_the_peacelover GB Shreyas Badiye - These younger nationalists were not attracted to the parliamentary work of the Swaralists or to the onan constructive work of the No-changers, they were drawn to the idea that violent methods alone would free India. - Thus, revolutionary activity was revived. - Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee, Surya Sen, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Chandrasekhar Azad, Shiv Verma, Bhagwaticharan Vohra, Jaidev Kapur and Jatin Das nearly all revolutionaries were participants of NCM Wa shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channel(0 Upsurge of ivorhing elais trade unlonismafter the'Wars) R (li) Russian Revolution (1917). (lll) Marxism, socialism and the proletariat. (iv) Journals publishing memoirs and articles the self-sacrifice of revolutionaries, such as Atmasakti, Sarathi and Bijoll. (v) Novels and books - Bandi Jiwan by Sachin Sanyal and Pather Dabiby Sharatchandra Chatterjee (a government ban only enhanced its popularity). 7] shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channel!shreyasbadiye_the_peacelover ~The enti for theHRA was drafted by = Member! Sachindra Nath Sanyal and Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee (who was also a member of the Anushilan Samiti). = Centres- Besides Allahabad, Agra, Kanpur, Varanasi, Lucknow, Shahjahanpur and Saharanpur. GB Shreyas Badiye - Bomb Manufacturing Units:- Calcutta and Deogarh. - Aim:- (i) to organise an armed revolution to overthrow the colonial govt (ii) establish in its place the Federal Republic of United States of India whose basic principle would be adult franchise. '' shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channe!(@) shreyasbadiye_the_peacelover GB shreyas Badiye - A manifisto for the party was written by Sanyal titled ‘Revolutionary’. - It contained incendiary material asking the youth of the country to join the party and take part in the freedom struggle. - It did not approved the methods used by Gandhi and criticised them.- The objective was to gain funds for the HRA from the British. = The robbery was planned by Ram Prasad Bismil and Ashfaqullah Khan. E It was executed by Bismil, Khan, Chandrashekhar Azad, Rajendra Lahiri, Shachindra Bakshi, Keshab Chakravarty, Murari Lal Khanna(Gupta), Banweart Lal, Mukundi Lal Gupta and Manmathnath Gupta. - The men held up the 8-Down train at Kakori, an obscure village near Lucknow, and looted its official railway cash. 1 shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye ChannelSe ee —_ = 8 August 1925: Decision to rob the government treasury to buy arms is taken at an HRA meeting. 9 August 1925: Revolutionaries stop the Number 8/Down train near Kakori from Saharanpur to Lucknow and loot Rs. 8000 from the guard cabin. British Administration launches a manhunt to arrest the revolutionaries. 26 Sept 1925: Ram Prasad Bismil is arrested by the colonial authorities. Kakori trial proceeds in the sessions court of A.Hamilton on 21 May 1926. Mid-1926: Ashfaqulla Khan and Shachindra Bakshi are arrested after the conclusion of the trial. Wi shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channelga? KAKORLCOMIRACY CASEshreyasbadiye_the_peacelover GB Shreyas Badiye - The trial on the Kakori Conspiracy Case started on 21 May 1926. - The final verdict of the Kakori Kand was pronounced in July 1927. Death sentences were awarded to: Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqullah Khan Thakur Roshan Singh, Rajendra Lahiri. uo - Deportation to Cellular Jail in Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands: Sachindra Bakshi, Shachindra Nath Sanyal - 17 were jailed for 4 to 14 years of Imprisonment - Chandrashekhar Azad who could not be captured reorganized the HRA and ran the organization till 1931 Wd shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye ChannelTHE HSRA (HINDUSTAN SOCIALIST REPUBLICAN ASSOCIATION) F] Shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channel(@) shreyasbadiye_the_peacelover GB sShreyas Badiye - The younger revolutionaries, inspired by socialist ideas, set out to reorganise -/Hindustan Republic Association at a historic meeting in the ruins of Ferozshah Kotla in Delhi (September 1928). - Under the léadérship of Chandra Shekhar Azad, the name of HRA was changed to Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA). - The participants :- Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Bhagwaticharan Vohra (PJ) and Bejoy Kumar Sinha, Shiv Verma and Jaidev Kapur (United Provinces) - Manifesto :- “Philosophy of the Bomb" (Bhagawathi Charan Vohra). Wd shreyas Badiye Pace ©) Shreyas Badiye Channelshreyasbadiye_the_peacelover GB Shreyas Badiyeshreyasbadiye_the_peacelover (GB Shreyas Badiye Nov 1928) due to lathi blows received during a lathi- charge on an anti- Simon Commission procession (20% October 1928) by $P Scott led them once again to take to individual assassination. - Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev and Azad planned to assassin Scott. - On 17" Dec 1928 they shot the DSP — J. P. Saunders mistakenly. WA shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channe(@) shreyasbadiye_the_peacelover Shreyas Badiye BOMB IN THE CENTRAL LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY (s** April 1929) A shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channe!(G) shreyasbadiye_the_peacelover Gp Shreyas Badiye - Just when the HSRA revolutionaries had begun to move away from individual heroic action, the death of Sher-i-Punjab Lala Lajpat Rai (17 Nov 1928) due to lathi blows received during a lathi- charge on an anti- Simon Commission procession (80 October 1928) by SP Scott led them once again to take to individual assassination. - Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev and Azad planned to assassin Scott. - On 17 Dec 1928 they shot the DSP — J. P. Saunders mistakenly. I) snreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channe!(G) shreyasbadiye_the_peacelover a Shreyas Badiye - Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt Were asked to throw a bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly on April 8, 1929 to protest against the passage of the Public Safety Bill and Trade Disputes Bill. - The bombs had been deliberately made harmless and were aimed at making ‘the deaf hear’. - Objective: to get arrested and to use the trial court as a forum for propaganda so that people would become familiar with their movement and ideology.shreyasbadiye_the_peacelover (GB Shreyas Badiye - Action against the Revolutionaries Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were tried in the LAHORE CONSPIRACY CASE. - In jail, these revolutionaries protested against the horrible conditions through fasting, and demanded honourable and decent treatment as political prisoners. = Jatin Das became the first martyr on the 64th day of his fast. - Fast was ended on 5" Oct 1929 after 116 days.- was Involved in a bid to blow u: in - During!1930 there were a series of violent actions in Punjabland towns of United Provinces (26 incidents in 1930 in Punjab alone). - Azad died in a police encounter in a park in Allahabad in February 1931. - Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged on March 23, 1931. 7) shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channel!$$$ - An assassination attempt on the notorious |Caleutta Pélics| Commissioner, Charles Tegart((Ghother man named|Day get killed) by Gopinath Saha in 1924. - The government, armed with a new ordinance, came down heavily on revolutionaries. - Many including Subhash Bose were arrested. - Gopinath Saha was hanged. 7] Shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channel!shreyasbadiye_the_peacelover Gp Shreyas Badiye (Chittagong Armoury Raid Chittagong 18" April 1930(G) shreyasbadiye_the_peacelover Gg Shreyas Badiye - Surya’ Sen had participated in the Non-Cooperation Movement and had become a teacher in the national school in Chittagong. - He was the secretary of the Chittagong District Congress Committee. ~ Surya Sen decided to organise an armed rebellion along with his associates—Anant Singh, Ganesh Ghosh and Lokenath Baul—to show that it was possible to challenge the armed might of the mighty British Empire. - They had planned to occupy two main armouries in Chittagong to seize and supply arms to the revolutionaries to destroy telephone and telegraph lines and to dislocate the railway link of Chittagong with the rest of Bengal. i shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badlye Channe(G) shreyasbadiye_the_peacelover GB Shreyas Badiye - The raid was conducted in April 1930 and involved 65 activists under the banner of Indian Republican Army—Chittagong Branch. - The raid was quite successful; Sen hoisted the national flag, took salute and proclaimed a provisional revolutionary government. - Later, they dispersed into neighbouring villages and raided government targets. = Surya Sen was arrested in February 1933 and hanged in January 1934 Td

Germany attacked Poland 3®° September 1939 > Britain declared war against Germany and declared India’s support for the war without consulting Indian opinion. 84 chrevac Badive Pace @) Shrevas Badive Channe'= The hostility of the Congress to Fascism, Nazism, militarism and imperialism had been much more consistent than the British record. - The Indian offer to cooperate in the war effort had two basic conditions: 1. After the war, a constituent assembly should be convened. 2. Immediately, some form of a genuinely responsible government should be established at the Centre. The offer was rejected by Linlithgow, the viceroy. FJ shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channe!Different Opinions Gandhi~> unconditional support to the Allied powers Subhas Bose and other socialists> to take advantage of the situation and snatch freedom from Britain. Jawaharlal Nehru > no Indian participation till India itself was free. F] shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channe!shreyasbadiye_the_peacelover Gg Shreyas Badiye (i) India could not be party to a war being fought, on the face of it, for democratic freedom, while that freedom was being denied to India; (il) if Britain was fighting for democracy and freedom, it should be proved by ending imperialism in its colonies and establishing full democracy in India; (ill) the government should declare its war aims soon and, also, as to how the principles of democracy were to be applied to India after the war. The Congress leadership wanted “to give every chance to the British Govt I] shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channelsnreyasbadtye_the_peaceiover Ge Shreyas Badiye - The government's response was entirely negative. - The (Congress Ministries resigned in all thelséven Province: on 22 December! - The Muslim League celebrated this day as the Deliverance Day 1 Shreyas Badiye Page @© Shreyas Badlye ChannelBACKGROUND ~ - The British government were keen to get Indian support for the war. - Britain herself was in danger of being occupied by the Nazis and in this light, the INC softened its stand. - Kt said that support for the war would be provided if power was transferred to an interim government in India. - Then, the Viceroy Linlithgow made a set of proposals ‘August offer’. - For the first time, the right of Indians to frame their own constitution was acknowledged. Shreyas Badiye Channel- Asepresentative Indian body would be framed after the war to frame a = Dominion status was the objective for India. - The Viceroy’s Executive Council would be expanded right away to include for the first time more Indians than whites. + However, defence, finance and home portfolios were to remain with the British. + An advisory war council was to be established. An assurance was given to the minorities that no transfer of power would takeRESPONSE OF THE INDIAN LEADERS -ThellNCirejected this offer at its meeting at!Wardhalin/AupusETSZOr - It demanded complete freedom from colonial rule. Jawaharlal Nehru remarked that the dominion status concept was as dead asa oom - The League also rejected the offer saying that nothing short of partitioning the country would be acceptable to them. - After this, Mahatma Gandhi initiated the Individual Satyagraha to affirm the right to free speech. - He avoided a mass satyagraha because he did not want violence.LAHORE / PAKISTAN RESOLUTION The resolution for the establishment of a separate homeland for the Muslims of British India passed in the annual session of the All India Muslim League held in Lahore on 22-24 March 1940 Is a landmark document of Pakistan's history.- to show that'nationalistipatience was not due telweakness) - to expréi people’ s|feeling that they were notlinterested Inthe War they made no distinction betweeqiNazismiand the double autocracy that ruled India; and to give another opportunity to the Government to accept Congress demands peacefully.- Demiaindof the satyagrah! would be te freedom SF speech against the ugh an anti-war declaration Satyagraha also called for march towards Delhi, which came to be known as the “Delhi Chalo Movement”. - The first three satyagrahis were Vinoba Bhave, Nehru and Brahma Datt. All three were jailed.CRIPPS MISSION (March 1942) The Mission was headed by Stafford Cripps.shreyasbadiye_the_peacelover (GB Shreyas Badiye BACKGOUND— - Japan was advancing outside the eastern borders of India and the fall of Burma was a jolt to the British in the war. The threat of a Japanese invasion on India was looming and Indian support was essential for Britain’s war efforts. - There was pressure on Britain from the Allies (USA, USSR, China) to seek Indian cooperation. = Indian nationalists had agreed to support the Allied as they hoped for immediate transfer of substantial power and complete independence after the war. Bi snreyas Badive Pace @®) Shrevas Badive Channe'PROPOSALS— - Setting up of an Indian dominion with the freedom to remain with the British Commonwealth or to gecede from it and liberty to take part in international organisations. - A Constituent Assembly would be formed to frame a new constitution for the country. This Assembly would have members elected by the provincial assemblies and also nominated by the princes. - Any province unwilling to join the Indian dominion could form a separate Shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badlye Channe- The transfer of power and the rights of minorities would be safeguarded by negotiations between the Constituent Assembly and the British government. < In the meantime, until this new constitution came into force, India’s defence would be controlled by the British and the powers of the Governor- General would remain unaltered. Bd shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channe!(i) the offer of dominion status instead of eee independence (il) representation of the princely states by nominees and not by elected representatives; (iii) right to provinces to secede Is against the principle of national unity; (Iv) absence of any plan for immediate transfer of power and absence of any real share in defence; the governor-general’s supremacy had been retained and the demand that the G.G. be only the constitutional head had not been accepted. ee eee eek edey swreyasbadtye_the_peaceiover Gi Shreyas Badiye (i) criticised the idea of a single Indian Union; (li) did not like the machinery for the creation of a constituent assembly and the procedure to decide on the accession of provinces to the Union; and (lil) thought that the proposals denied the Muslims the right to self- determination and the creation of Pakistan. Fd snreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channe!Sr a a eee ee Gs Shreyas Badiye - The Hindu Mahasabha and the Liberals were against the right of states to - The Sikhs objected because they thought any partition would leave Punjab in the hands of Pakistan. - The Depressed Classes objected because they were apprehensive about their status in a country ‘dominated by upper-caste Hindus.’ @&) Shrevas Badive Channel!BACKGROUND - ft was also known as the India| August Movement or/ August KrantiyTHE BEGINNING - Gandhi was named the movement's leader. - On 9 August 1942- Movement was officially launched by the INC I] shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channe!THE RESOLUTION - An immediate end to British rule over India. - Declaration of the commitment of free India to defend itself against all hinds of imperialism ond fascism. - Formation of a provisional government of India after British withdrawal. - Sanctioning a civil disobedience movement against British rule. © Shreyas Badiye Channet I] shreyas Badiye PageGANDHI’: Government servants: do not resign but proclaim loyalty to the INC. Soldiers: be with the army but refrain from firing on compatriots. Peasants: pay the agreed-upon rent if the landlords/Zamindars are anti- government; if they are pro-government, do not pay the rent. Students: can leave studies if they are confident enough. Princes: support the people and accept the sovereignty of them. People of the princely states: support the ruler only if he is anti government.Sens eee See ete ae ~ Tha decoed World War had start in 939 and Japan) which was ue of the Axis Powers that were opposed to the British in the war were gaining onto the north-eastern frontiers of India. - The British had abandoned their territories in South-East Asia and had left their population in the lurch. This act did not garner much faith among the Indian population who had doubts about the British ability to defend India against Axis aggression. I] shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channe!shreyasbadiye_the_peacelover Gg Shreyas Badiye - Gandhi also believed that if the British left India, Japan would not have enough reason to invade India, - Apart from hearing news about British setbacks in the war, the war-time difficulties such as high prices of essential commodities fostered resentment against the British government. - The failure of the Cripps Mission to guarantee any kind of a constitutional remedy to India’s problems also led to the INC calling for a mass civil disobedience movement. F1 chreyas Badive Pace © Shreyas Badlye Channe!shreyasbadiye_the_peacelover Gd Shreyas Badiye - The British government responded to the call of Gandhi by arresting all major Congress leaders the very next day. Gandhi, Nehru, Patel, etc. were all arrested. - This left the movement in the hands of the younger leaders like Jayaprakash Narayan and Ram Manohar Lohia. - New leaders like Aruna Asaf Ali emerged out of the vacuum of leadership. - Over 100000 people were arrested in connection with this movement. - The government resorted to violence in order to quell the agitation. - They were mass floggings and lathi charges. - Even women and children were not spared. About 10000 people died in police firing in total. Fi Shreyas Badiye Page oO Shreyas Badiye Channel- There was ie communal violence: - The INC was banned; Its leaders were jailed for almost the whole of the war. Gandhi was released on health grounds in 1944. - The people responded to Gandhi's calll in a major way. However, in the absence of leadership, there were stray incidences of violence and damage to government property. - Many buildings were set on fire, electricity lines were cut and communication and transport lines were broken. - Some parties did not support the movement. There was opposition from the Muslim League, the Communist Party of India (the government revoked the ban on the party then) and the Hindu Mahasabha. FF] shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channelshreyasbadiye_the_peacelover Gg Shreyas Badiye -[fRlLE39U wos not in fast Hs BRN ISGUIRG IRIE without partitioning the country fet In fae, Jinnah asted more Muslims te enlist in the afm to fight the war. - The Communist party supported the war waged by the British since they were allied with the Soviet Union. - Subhas Chandra Bose, was by this time, organizing the Indian National Army and the Azad Hind government from outside the country. ~ € Rajagopalachari, resigned from the INC since he was not in favour of complete independence. ~ In general, the Indian bureaucracy did not support the Quit India Movement. I) shreyas Badive Pace a~ There were strikes and demonstrations all over the country. ~ Despite the communist group'sllach of tupport to the movement, workers provided support by not working in the factories. y - In some places, parallel governments were also set up. Example: Ballia, Tamluk, Satara. - The chief areas of the movement were UP, Bihar, Maharashtra, Midnapore, and Karnataka. The movement lasted till 1944.SIGNIFICANCE - Despite heavy-handed suppression by the government, the people were unfazed and continued their struggle. - Even though the government said that independence could be granted only after the/énd of the War, the movement drove home the point that India could not be governed without (i - The movement placed the demand for complete independence at the top agenda of the freedom movement. - Public morale and anti-British sentiment were enhanced. I'd shreyas Badiye Page © Shreyas Badiye Channe!