Halo aLkaun aud Haloarea uts.

-H
ALKAO +X
Halo alKaue (X- P,u, B,I)

Houolao alkauo ( ALKyt halido) Au aide

R-CH2-X RCH-x CH, CH-UH,-X

R
CH
3
P etoudony
eho
Dualo alk utae
1elroaualoolk.as
CXy, Cdu
R-CH2-~x R-H-CH2
Vidual Viie kaide
euiual CH= CH-x

Ti halo kaus
CH Xg (Halofoma
Beuyit halide,
CHT (To dsfonu)
CH BY CBowo fomy x -u
CH Cl (Cuoofom)

Holo eus Aryl haide

X

Lo
halogeu X
att odu e beuneus ung
 hparahon alkyl alido.

Fou ALka D t ualogeualh n

Cuoiuouh on
CHL+ U2 CH t HC
weHuyl Udoid
Cdovo u n u a .

Not pxpaed Lab wired poduh obraiuud

CHut 27CHa )+ 4 C

el ued
uduslial (wawa tu
wwuod
(Cy CH3 a o xu Ca bt Shopped wu

Meduo FrA radica wecuauisu

CH-CH-H3 1h CH-UH-uH,-U+ CH-U4-H

C51 (551)CL
uor Cslabla) Haj

9CH3-tH -CH-UH3
3
Ct-t-,- 2

C
Majo
CH-H-tH, H3
CH-H - CH-H CMfu
(Mue
rouus uahon Phoeds w sus ays
onuahun.
lodduah
Sioug u duu ug
CH4t T CHg-T +(4T ajeul".
geul
kuunsibl
hv beltv
ild aleyt uaids , snug oxd: agd su
HNO(HIO uaed.

Crouc) Ceoue) T. UtT +HI.

CHu+ T
HNO
HIO3 +SHI3T,+3t20
Fuouualhn N - dou loubs. (bo uso

how ALk ee.

R CH CH, +
-CH- CH
Merkoi kovs Ru.

CH3-4-4

+HBr 13

Hecu add

R-CH H2 H
2DS -CH A3 Tir dials
Casoocalkou
KAor Oqewous
wwo OCAr.
R-CHH3
auut
CH add
CH-CH - CH CH2 CAt3 Possibo.
MO
Rulo CH3-CH-H-UH3
CHa- CH - U H -CHa

BY
CH3-CH-H-"3
e - H - -H 2-tH3
 Achotats, pheuols aud eHu.
Alcouot (-04)

Secoud o
Suyix o. R-H -H
R-0H

(Mouoydie adco uot

CH3-OH
uthauHL CHa- CH- CH3 CHCoH
OH
CH3-CH,-OH Popan-2-t s popau 2-rt
euau CRso-popyL aleote)
CUtiony bugl aluta)
. ahy altouot () Secoud on aluotuot(2 Terha altohot )

Poyy Jie aluouc.

CH2-014 CH2 0H

CH-0H CH2-0H
enan-l, 2 -did CH2-0H

Cemu
8yod Pop -L2,3-Jnot

(ai ycie aleouot Cuy ras)

cotuod
e
ydic al
.

(Ayic aleotuot Vilie al cotot

CH, =CH OH
CHg = CH -

CH- OH 3 N e Huanot (uunsasu)

Higvatt
Pop 2-en- I - oA e J a u l dauls
s uisad
O

H,-0H
CH-C-H
CKera Fumu (sfabl)
e Ha ana

Bewyic alcolusd

CH-0H

- p yL wemauot. phe euaut.

(BeyL alouol)
 Pheue 014

(CM-M 0H
-H

+0H

Hououy dic puuot

OH 014 OH

-wsuyl pheut -w yl puuuo

(0- creso L) CH - we
m - crsot)

Cp-Cresot)
NO2
-NO2
2,4,6 -Juilho put
41
NO2 Cpieie ada)

Poly y die pleuet

H OH
Lo beu2e,lu dr
o 4-diwyderS
beureu -1,2-dt beu
(NcERT) Beuw , 3 ditl
,2-diwdoe xy beue us 1, 3-da uy doky beuu (utuel)
(calicu al
(Rao0rdnal)
Beuaeus -2,3-Jfol
014
2,3 Uilydoy beuneuw.
gauot)

EHu R-0-R al Roxy oulkau

ywsmcal e r

CH3-0 -CH C2Hs 0-C2H5

duu Uul eur ehuoy etuaua
dieuyd etur.
 Unsywuuwcal etw

CHg- 0- H
uHioxY eloue
Meluo xy beu2e
(eyl usHuyl el ww HuyL pluyl cu
Cculsot)
Cic etu

CH2-H2 oximauus CHa- H-t2 u l oxirous

epoxy euaauu) 2 epox y popau

CH3 CH-CH Ct3 a,3-duuayl oxiro

3
, 3- epoxy bulaus.

ALcoHoL
Puparalin altrht
hrom aul hali de.
By x uu aq. aukaie or uaGi Aq OH
R - x 4KoH
R-0H
OH
Heict AgGH
Nuuopie subs. (3N2)
SouA lboaas Ruer sfda adatk iuvedian Podud.
No Corbo calK on uvwd.

CHBr+ aq. KOH 2 Hs-0H t KBr.

2HsT + NaoH Ca4) G HE OH K NaT
CHI t AgOH (mei+) CHgoH AgT.
u ou waa Hxu.s, uiuuahon dccurs srola by sicla,
P. w ma
ues abo oruRd . Heue Fw u
dURe wA

Pu ted do pap. a lcouo

( wiuakon - 8'>2i)
Ocun iu ovcloy

NuO

H3-CH-J+ KOH 6a) CH-CH2-0H+ BY.

eiwiuahion = CH, + KB> + H,O

CH2
CH-cB I3
NaoH
Caa) CHa-c-H +
NaBy H20
CH elUuiaim
+

(SN Max fe eiuiuas ax u C.

Fho ALRe
(By add" walir)

R---H Raage.
H
H-0H R--C-
H

Add calalynd odd.

Hydhoborah om -oldaim waar.
Oxy meYurahan- duurcuraAm
X
Aäd colalyud gdvaion o cukeu
CH= CH2 H X No xu.
Nusopu wwsop
Nu x Nu
X
CHa-CH=CH2 HH20
di Hs CH3-Cl- H2
MO uu
 Heclaais
HO
CH3-CH =CH, CH3-CH-CH
DS ov
CHa-CH
( )Tuliuudial
Cadoocakvm) X
CH-CH-H HO CHa-CH-UH3
Coralust4
U-
H
HSOL
OCasbocalh on îlarud' a weoak baaaA

Rai a srabiü R
3Kearyang eww possiblo. plauar speüe
MO uls fouowed
Raa wie ux
AHadk Acc ocuy 0 w CH3
boHA sicluo (Ret+ Inv)

Oup o rali y draion

) 4,-2 b) CHa- CH= CH2 CH
CH3
eba) 36

CH CH2 CH#CH2

(oeHe NO2
-I) -M) (M)
dy o b)c

) 4 -C-h .
(2AH)

(e)ob) wuw coyb 0 cahon

STabiUh sauw h
ww e
salu aku
iso-bula bu-1 -eus but
2-ew. i vea
foas r ydradnn
(auK abiuya
 di Hasu

H/H
oY
CH3-C4-CH3
014
CHg-H,- G , -
U3-UH2- C4-H2
OH
)
CH3--CH C¥ CHa--cH2-u3
H
H-if+)
CH3
CHa-é-HC=42 CH-¢ - CH-UH3

_Hy doob0rah on 0xicdohon

CHa-CH =CH2 DB2He/THP

CH-CH-H2
(Auti-MO Rula) OH

Hecs

Cwofab o) HB-H
H duuu
ucoplalT
THE ouer.

phwauh
BH ds dîuaa.
Furau THP
So Haak BHa wailabla fuv
BH3
CH3-4 CH3- CH
2
TsrableTS rali a
H B-H CHa--uA H
H
BH2
sIUiuy . TS
wwdrauw.
 aCH- C= H2 b)CH3-CH= CH CH 3

U- C-UnAa
C cCH3 (o) L c Raa
CHS

CH3-CH = t 2
CH3-CH H 2 7
CH-CH A2
spH
I
-H
CHa-C+ -CH2-D (CH2-uA-A) CH-C-43
H CH-UA-U4, - -uH-U4,-Ut

(CH3-C -H2)B
Hydo borahon dous)
Tiall boraaus
Ra (2 H3-U-U
Oxd
Syu add
H2+OH H,0+ O-0-H

tTete JaawiugA

R-B-0R ,B-OR R2B-0 -R

oO H
o-H
0-0H

R-o -B-612
30H1+ 3ROH+o-B OH4
RB0-R
OH

CH3B03)
CH2-CH = CH2
CH3-4- UH2
OAut- MO uule.
H BH3B
H202 aH6 Raa& sTic udrau
H B,H
CH3- CH =
CH2 BHtTHHE
CH3-4 -U2 OH H,0, JoH
02/oH
AdM: Sy
 CH3-CH = CH, BHe/THP
CA3-H-H2
DO 10D
D,O1 0D H
BDg/THF s THE OD
H02/He
CH3-H -UH2
D OD
CH3-UH-H2D OH
(9 produd
(2 pvodudh fruad)
foruad)
Raawix. ix.

82 He/THE 4

Syu add
Ophcay native.
BDa THF D
204

2curol No POS

upod. phcauu
Possi ble aive
Buouy 2 a fonuas D mD

CH CH2
auu -ondd
HB0
lea (Ww 1 ea, hoap pau uu
slai erous dug
2ea HBO -c-H
Oxq u v urahoM Dewwruurah m
-

CH3-CH = CH2
CH-CH-qH2 (MO )
n) Na BH4CH OH 4

Add walir by MO Ruls

Ned. CH--0-Ha-0--uH
AC AC
ACO-Hg-0 AC
ue CH-HUH2 (Nowdasical
Podaises CRDs)
- 6 boud.

(-0AC)
Ha-OAC Cavboca n)

Rali ax Pdani u power alkueN e

EDG om
akouus(T Te damît) (Te bi gs buut

Oa-H -CH= H2 b)
EwG
-CH= CH2
CCA3o-C,-CH=CH2
eD

S+ St H-
-04C
H-CH-CH2 H2
H CH3-CH CH -

2 CHACOTH
CH-CHh
IC-c (oual
ata) xx
+

CHH-qH2 Or CHa- -A2 x

ChacoDHA
)HaoAC Haoe C) NaBHulOH
CT salslua) Hy dhnde
SuppuCH
Syn/Auti add H

Siguna boud can CH-UH-CH 2

ua and AqOAC
OCcuu oeali up.
 HtH2 H O + R +
CH -CH3 (rauuie u
OH

CH-CH =CH2 DB,HaTHE CH2-CH,- CH2

Csqu add"
0H CAut-HO)
Hs(OA
AsCoJAoH O
1u)H0H, 0
NaB4 u CH3-CH-H2 (Mo
0H H +Syu Au
No Rt.

H/H2O
CH3- CH-CH3
CH 0H
CH3--Gi=CH2 DBH /TH
h02/oH CH3- t 2
CH3 CH 0H

NaBl4 4/04 CH3- 4-H2

H
C4 0H
 Peparahon o aletdo fou Cofool eoupouucda
aldeyous audl Kelbuw by raduuhon (3 al cotut
Cauut by
J
dblaid
- c -H + 2INorPt or pPa
2THO ALHU( Uer, CH-OH
brualdeyda OY

NaGH4D 7H0)
wmauot. C alouot)
weHhual
atlai ydey
CH3-C-H +2[ CHa- C4-O4(al eotuol)
Alaldely de eunau
etkauau

H
CH--U43 2[TH3- CH-iH-3
Acerou Pvopo - -of.
(2aluew)
Popaous

Hedh au su
C)
H/Ni or Pt o Pd (20e) Hus Yodical wc

OH
R-H+ N
R-CH
R-H
( CALHu/aBHu Cewr, H* H)
ydiola doue

AUH u* +ALH NaBHA4 Nat+ BHu

ALH H©+ ALH3 H H+ BH3
Pulo Hu Te
OH
Rg ALH R--H /H20 -CH2
S+r He
H
H a r o 6uC cout o u ALHy NaBHy
(

H/H20
CH20+
 O

CHa--HALH
ewr
CH-CH-H3
(") H30+

OD
CHa-H Da0+
eur CH3-CH-

CHa--H, NaBb4 CH-CD-H

1) H0t

LiALH NaB4 Qeduúug ge

Reaon
ALH H+ ALH3 AL gualr u sha uau
H HO +
BH3 3.
ALH wca
Al Ca
C Costy
T couuuo uw
b a k enoi
ulaanu H easî u NaBHy4
ro
b e l Y Hed. og ew.

CH3-CH=CH-C-H N CHa-CH2-CH2 -CH, OH

CH3-CH3-CH = CH--0H

NaBHy CH3- CH CH- H-JH

ewr, H30

42 N or Pt or Pd aduces C=C ao weu a

B ALBHu/NaBh camnd uduu C=c.(*

exeph
Ouly caas

w
-CcHsCpuuyl) qoup m atacuud h C=2,
UAHy Cnd NaBH y udues CC aoo.

Hs--CH= CH -C-14 NaB4

ALH/ H5- 4,
-C4, -CH-0
S i l a r uduchom Cous be obl a usd u Na/C2H50H

Bouveauu laue nadudh om

OH

R--H+2JH GHsoz R-CH,

CH-C-H 2[H CH-H-OH
Hedkausw
CH-CH Na Na+e- 3

H
- H NaNa"'
e 3-C-H

CHa- , C2ts0tt4
CHa- C -4
H
H

Pp u Cab0xy ic aud
0 ous w
deivabves.
Add haide &ectir R--OHR-x| R--oR
aci
aud
ualide

OH
R--0H ALH 4TH R-H + H20
NaBHy

O OH
R-C oR LALHu R CH2 R-OH
NaeH u X

O
GALH4 OH
R -u
R-CH2 + Hu
NaBHu
 Mecl auisu 1) Casb0 yic a
CH--O 4TH iALHu
Cs CH,-C2-0 +H20

CH3-C-0H AU CH3 OHH74,

-Ho
H

H
CH3-UH2-OH4
HCHa-¢

Aud haido.

CH-C-u uJH) NaBHy Ct3- CH2

-OHH CL
Ha0t
CH3- C-Uu
CH-6 CH-C4
NaBH4

CH3-CH, -OH CH3-c-4

20
H

CH-C0 -3 +
4TH ALALHeHr
H30+ C-CH2 +CHa-OH
CH3-C-0-CHa LHyCH2
C3- HHO U3-
HaC
He

CH3 CH,-OH H*/H20

CHa-H
 igmavds Kaageuw. (RMgx)ua cavbou uupawd
p o (N adJ)
SSt OMgB H
H-CHCHgMgB
wuhaua dry elluoY H--H u *-CH2 *"a a
uadday dlu CH3 ada. ddiin )
Fovual dalyds givea alurtuot.) ay o r ok dulj d
alouel
OH
OMgBY
CH-CH CHg-¢-H
Mg r
Ascut cluauir
dooxy wagusiu

bow da.
o Mg B 014
CH-C-Ha 2Ng6 Cug--u43 uH3 +
y
Awlo nt
enwY Ha0t H3- -
pop aus uw (kehou)
pp cun-2-o
Kelo ws 3 alutue. (3 alusb Ma
OMaBY OH
(9He-H HsMg
H--H Y
e2 Hs-CH 2 MaoH
CHs OMBr 014
=o CHsMsB
dhychu CH3--t Ct-è-Gat * Mg e
H2/Ht
CH3

OMgBY
s - ) H20/ H qHsMgBy
Cu-CH H3-H-GHs
CHs Bv
OH
rwald&luyda olco he 2°
uy otoY

Kow
 CH-C-CH3 )CHMg
doy eu d eUuY

CHMg AB

OMgY OH
CH3-C- CH NHu
NHyU CH3-C-CH3 M
Bv
C3 NH+ U -C
CH
NH+H4t

TCoiquavd.
altoket eve o
Reageu
w aud
u lakeu
uai cda ud
extum, w e

eslan.
cau obla

OMg Bv
CH-L M a H2-e -H3
eaanal cllonde - M aBY
u
au uoics. 2wolo R-MgX

Couve luou aud

kali ds
0TH
Cld3-CH

CH-0-CH a sPln
ACH3--
O
Ha HgB CHa-c -tH3
Br 3
weugL uauoalT

auhyl awror O1+

CH3-e-H3
BY A20/H

Kup. ou piway ai.E))

CHa- Hs 3-N -
NH2 NH2
CHs-N2
DeRhu Cattatued ho N ou
 o ilhous ai (HONO) (NaNO, +Ha)
)

CHs NH HONO0 2H5 0H+ N+ 20

CHyl auuiu.

CHsNH2
HO N O
C2Hs, OH + N,t H2 0

CH CH CH
H -A+ N2t H20
NH2 0H
+HO NO

ExCep HoM weHuyt o w CHaN do uot qive al louo.

C H5-U4,- NH, t HoNO N+H,0+ H5-CH, -OH.

OH

Popedie Alcola(R-0- H)
Rx due da davage R-0 H bond (aidde ualúu
R« u ds t dsovoge R H boud
aleoluol)

E nalim)- Deydrafn o altouot TEuo Ua w a l i .

Oxd adoho
Holofumu x

K*us du JG tlovage oduu R-oH bou

(Audic nuú altouols.)

weak

RO H aud)
R-0-H

H-0-H R-0-H R-C=cH.

exupt: CH0H
H20) ROH R-C=CH
CH OH
 CH3 0H H
wos abl
+IJ
CHH - 0H H C 3
CM

-0H H + H
CH C> weakest
atd
C CH3
doualin e .
t I eHeF
(P2°)3 nakio u e l a ,

aidic naluku

Rxu. wi atuive ul als.

Aid + l a l H2T
Cuuive)

2ROH 2Na H2+ 2RO Na

Socuwu alkoxida .

2H5 0H-ZNa_ H2 2Hs N a

Sodiuuu etuoxida.

RGH H tH,t R Mg RO
2HsOH Mg Ma H.1 + (GH5 Ma

ag usiw ehoxida.

Aid+wwal aunide- NH
Na NH2 NH3 C5 0NaT
Sodiw
auid
H3 0H t Na NH2
NH+ CHa0 No
(3 Rxw o4. Na0H or
a9. KOHaq. aukaluis
Add+ aUkau Salt w aar
(e,H5 OH Na0H (aq +

alouolb on utso
GH5O'N+ H,0)X
wi ag. alkauu.
sug aud hat
 exuphen) Ha0H

CH U4 + aq Na0H CH20 Na + H,0

R-C-0-R) akyl alkauo ak

Caukauee aku
Covboxy ic add + acou eslir.(tuul teu)

R-C-0H+R-oH R--0R +H, 0

H2So2
CPoword sify
8
CH C-0H+ CH3-H C 0 CH3 H20
(uctopic wwwyL.eouoal3
abeui ug oues h a al touot loses Ht amd aud toces OH
wuih couroy a t Lak auel loses Ht
8

CaH5-C-H+ -OH H s - 0 3 +H,0

Hechousu R-C-0H+R-TH R-C-OR+ H20

*O H

R-C-0-H COuc.
H2S0y
> R- C-oH

R-C-O-H+R-OH R-ë-04 (Tuiruudial)

Jraofeved
b oigiva H CTuraudra
- OH 8 auo
<- Tutawola ulan
Hwsi bla Jaouefer
H Jo oiginal OH
OHH
- -02 R-S-0 H,o R-CTOH
Joupauid.
0-R
HSOL
O w esi co s 0 n alue
R-C-OPR +H2S04
 -U
O=U°=
O N
6
O.
o
3
o
N 3
 x wen ui Ha al cstua
ves JXui
Suilar Yu. (HI.

GHs OH HI GH5 T+ 20

Hd
, (p-H>akau
Shoug u

CH5OH HI Red GHc+ I2 +H20

(enuan)

Rea tAkon
thom wiu Pubspuos
haide. (Pur| PBra| PT3)
Kea
2H5 OH+ Pus GH5U+ PoU3t Hu

PErsP X
3 t sOH PU 3GH5+ HPO3

PBPI3
2H50H PB ,H5B

3) Readia u Hiougl Uulonida.CSo ) (De

ROH SOU RU + S02+ Ha.
C2HsOH + Sou
C2s+ S0,+ HU