N way ae Lesson 1 (First Lesson) Symbol Examples , Number x (one) consonaNs $ en, pay, people, pull, open, help wal Number 1 is a man. be, bath, boy, bad, husband, bed, beef’ Ve i ‘This is a man, aN ‘Number 2 (two) Wr Number 2 is a woman. isa woman, a boy. oe Question: What is this? Sing, thing, working, English, King th, every, room, Answer: This is boy, THER , window, wash Bs Yes, pianoi Number 7 (seven) | Number 8 (eight) Number ra (twelve) Number 6 oo ie aap ip al a i; E Answer: Number 8 is a clock. Sey . ee MoDlr. Essential English Number 13 (thirteen) yo Number 14 (fourteen) Hye baby? Question: What is this? Answer: Tt is a woman Yad a baby. Number 16 (sixteen) Question: Is this a cat and a dog? Answer: No, it is not; Hammer and a nail, is a fe) (o3} man car cat answer (ornsa] hammer ge rote ‘esson 61 ba wy tu ta not four ‘woman two [tt] ‘umber whet horse put one fw} dog fourteen clock bi five sine wile fy wl ‘mountain boy re, thiv'teen (ve) what, ‘wornaneeocoerecce c¢ 6 EXERCISES 1, Put in the missing words: | Number 3 is—— Number 2 is — What is this? ‘What is cis?r : Basel Er | Lesson 2 (Sécond, Lesson) 2. Write in words the muombers x to 16: : : a {Number 17 (seventeen) > Number seventeen is an gehtrey, Number 18 (eighteen) number eighteen? po e-cream. FORD, I's an ice-cream. It's an ice, 1 19 (nineteen) Answer the question © 4 Is number 2 @ worn? $ 1s number 3» boy! & fa number 4 tet 7 3 9 Ys number § 2 mountain? number is a mand (noer: Number one isa man) pubes isa ship? Ne umber is a haan and a neil? 19 Is number r2 a horse? 7 number nineteen an apple? i s. : E-#t Men, woman, boy, girl, motor-ar, train, mountaia, clock, bamimer, + Number 2o (twenty), ral fst. 3 Is this an apple? ‘Thi isa cigerete, This io cat and do . ae - pe Ie it an ice? SEF nisin? T's an eye.-_—— x0 Eosential English Leon 120 " Number az (twenty-one) “ {a [p) before a consonant sound: Is this a ship? Yaar romani hammer, 9 ext, 2 good cB nha att jam en} before vowel sound: h . fan eye, an umbreli 's) a cat and an Umbrella, } : the [60] before « consonant sound: x Number 22 (twenty-two) ‘the boy, the gic the tein, the women } the fai] before « vowel sound: we Tethin an umbrella or an acropline? [SE ABE heuer he ats heehee No It is (it's) an aeroplie. ‘in The egg is {i the egg-cup- in the bed. Is this an egg or an apple? ‘The gil is 7 Be It is (it's) an egg. e. ‘The train isthe station. x a ‘The aeroplane is in the sky. Number 24 (twenty-four) Number 23 (teenty-three) "This is a bad.egg. This egg is bad’ where - Sic Js this 2 good egg? Is this Question Hatter good?. Where is the egg?* "The egg is in the eg2-cUP- ‘The boy is in the bed. (But in the answoers.) No, it is not. rE Tes a bad egg It is bad 1's a bad ogfe, It isn’t a good one.on the plate, under The cat is under the umbrella. ‘The mouse is under the table. What is under the um- the dog under the umb: the egg-cup? Yes, the umbrella? ¥. the sky? No, cc) od seventeen bee 1 Before a vowel sound, class fu} {rl Nowe cup. vunvbrela ‘secoplane ‘grammar See EXERCISES 1, What is number x7, number 18, etc? 20 Number s9 Number 22 i an. ' : uber 18 t ge, (66% : < ‘Nua a0 umber a | oan caw“4 Exeontel English ‘Number a3 Number 24 2, Put a or an before these words: 3. eee 4 ye 7 dog. 8. mouse 14, ioe-eream, 12, umbrella & Say the words in Exercise 2 with the [De] or [0 4: Put in the missing words: ‘The mouse ie —ithe 3. The clock is — the —, J. Wha onder the : ‘9. What is under the umbrel 30, What is on the ashtray? | 6. Answer these questions: “Were is the aeroplane? “Where is the clock? , 7. Give the questions. Exomple:— , =ego> @----7t eae —--?@----7 sats Its a ship, Lesson 00 4 Where———? It is under the iced umbrella, the table? No, it isn! ----- 2 ‘The cat is, (@) Whece———? Its in the station: at. Tn ta foo) aa] i a Dictation ithe te! Thee i in the ogg. Where theCeCe CE Lesson 3 (Third Lesson) $ one boy £) one tree \ one pencil - ‘one waiter 5 8 8 #99 55 ‘one woman, Plurals. three pencils RN two waiters ad two men, xi) three women Lesson three & one child This is he This is 2 football. SE A This is a pencil. This is a king. q This is a queen. abt four children These are qra’ uv a ‘These are footballs. x, ‘These are pencils. Ae ‘These are kings. a These are queens, nas AOR enemaeC. CO eK COCO HE f = Essential English 2 at This is a child, ‘These are children, What are these? ‘These are tea-cups, ‘These are cups and saucers, What are these? ‘These are flowers, Are these flowers? Yes, these are flowers. t Are these women? £ st No, these are not womens these are children. ‘Are these tea-cups? No, these are not tea-cups; rat these are footballs. ‘ Lesion three n That is Those are wie, TS] SE Thatis the sun. ea NS f FEAJ\\\ eis not near the earthy ji UM Eat ‘That is the moon. It is not neat the earth; it is far away., Those are stars. The stars are not near the eaith; the stars are far eway.33 a There are «++ Are there .-.? : Is that the moon? : Yes, that is the moon. 7 7 this picture. ¢ \ Is that the moon? 7 Z ; No, that isn’t the moon; 7 é that’s the sun, Ee “hue there Gdwers in thie picture? Yes, thers 7% Kimi AAS there caps and saucers in this picture? Nov are not. * Ht x i re ‘What is that? “There are two walters in this z tie, en, there are. - . two waiters in > ‘That is @ mountain, ‘Are There three waiters in this picture? No, thers ere not three waiters; there are tO. F ~ in the classroom, or The git] 4 The Is the girl in . Is the boy in the bed? Yes, he is. ‘Where is the boy? He is in the bed. ie classroom)? Yes, she is, Where is the girl? She is in the classroom. chair, --cons:5¢ Ts the woman on the chair? Yes, she is. Is the girl on the chair? No, she isn’t, ‘The woman and the baby are on the ‘Who are on the chair? The woman : and thé baby are_on the chair, or The woman and thé baby ere, or The woman and the baby. i am * Where are the woman and the baby? They are on the Leson four 3H Are the woman and the baby on the chair? Yes, they are, ‘The train is in the station, What is in the station? The train is in the station, or The train is, or The train. P= Is the train in the station? Yes, it Is the ship in the station? No, ‘Where is the train? It is in the station. ‘What is in the ege-cup? An egg is in the egg-cup, oe or An egg is, or An egg. Ts the egg in the egg-cup? Yes, it is. ‘Where is the egg? It is in the ege-cup. ‘What ate in the sky? The aeroplanes Z HF ave in the sky, * or The aeroplanes are, or The aeroplanes. -* Are the seropinete tthe ee Yes, they are. FSS Where are the aeroplanes? ‘They are in the sky.Bunt Engl What is this? This is @ picture of 2 man, Mr, ‘mista] Brown, and a boy, = Richard Brown, | g Mr. Brown is the father of Richard : Brown. Richard Brown is the —Py-6\ son of Mr. Brown. Who is the father of Richard Brown? Mr. Brown is. ‘Who is the son of Mr, Brown? Richard Brown is, fe This is 2 picture of a woman, Mrs. ['misiz] Brown, and a girl, Mary Brown, Mrs, Brown is the wife of Mr. Brown. Mr. Brown is the husband of Mrs. Brown, Mrs. Brown is the mother of Mary Brown, Mary Brown is the daughter of Mrs, gis. Brown, Who is the mother of Mary Brown? Mrs. Brown is, Who is the daughter of Mrs, Brown? Mary Brown is. Mary Brown is the sister of Richard Brown, Richard Brown is the brother of Mary Brown, Mary Brown end Richard Brown are the children of Mr. and Mrs. Brown, What is this? Lesson four GRAMMAR ‘These are words: boy, woman, this, what, are, they, ‘These words are nouns: boy, wornan, table, footb: waiter, mountain, Some nouns are words for things: table, egg, mountain, tain, chair, stars, window. Some nouns are words for people: boy, woman, teacher, waiter, king, queen, sister, father, student. (Singular: person. Plural: people or persons.) Pronouns: 1. “It” is for a thing: Whereis the tein eis in the station 2. “He” is for a male person (boy, man, king, father, waiter, Mr. Brown}, Where ie the waiter? Hee is neat the door 3. “She” is for a female person (girl, woman, queen, mother, Mary), Where is Sha isin the schoo. eople and things (plural) Where ace the boys? They are in the classroom, Where are Mis. Browaand Mary? They are neat the table, ‘Where are the eggs? Thay are on the plate What? Who? What .. .? expects a noun—usually a thing—for the ‘What is that? Itis atria, Atal ‘Number fourteen isa woman and baby. A woman and a baby, ‘They are apples. Apples, What is number 142 ‘What are those? mrss34 Essential Bnglish ‘What is Mr. Brown? He is « teacher. : A teach ‘What is on the plate? An apple is. ‘An apple. Who . . .? expects a person for the answer. ‘Who is the daughter of Ms, Brown? Mary is. Mary. Who is in the bed? ‘The boy is, The boy. of ‘This is a picture of a woman, ‘Mary is the daughter of Mr. and Mes, Brown. Richard is the brother of Mary Brown. PRONUNCIATION DRILL & g fol I —— he thing finish” fourth ton = daughter she Mary “Richard daughter brother brother people sister [dota] mother husband female expect usband Richard bl oF [e) [ul tel who chair word wife, «noun female hu] Mary person _ Brown male EXERCISES 1. Put in who or what: 1. — is on the tea? 2. — is on the chai the eng: cup? 4. — is on the table? 5. — i in t is on the wall? 7. — is in the sky? 8. — is in the classroom? & Lesson four 2. Make these plural: 35 tHe is a waiter. 2, She is 2 woman, 3. He is a boy. 4. It is an ‘aeroplane. 5. She is a queen, : ae Put in he, she, it, or they: a husband, 3. — is a king. 4, — isa Picture 6 ae ia the damroosa 4 ison the table 9. ~~ ies are King. 12. — are queens ures. 15.-— are things, 1. 22, — are nails, * 5 Answer these questions: 1. What is on the sea Who are 9. What is in the station? x0, What is behind, 6. Answer these questions with yes. Use he, she, it or they in the answers: a of Ma ‘egg in the egg-cup? ro, Are the women in the trai table a thing? 12, Are men and women people?36 Ersential English questions with no, Use he, she, it or stoers: 7» Answer these they tn the an: 29. — open. 29, ~~ open? = bad, 23, — bad’93. — earth. 24. eatthd a5 8 thing. 26. — are things. a7, — are people, = Write about Mr. and Mrs. Brown, Richerd and Mary, ‘Write about the picture on page 24. 1 Teacher: Are you in the classroom, Mr, C? . Mr Lesson 5 (Fifth Lesson) Teacher: 1 arn the teacher. I am Mr. (Miss, Mrs.)—. What are you? Class: We are students. é Teacher: Are you a student, Mr. A? Mr. A: Yes, i am a student. Teacher: Are you'a student, Miss B? Miss B: Yes, Yam. C:.Yes, Tam in the classroom, Are you a man, a woman, Tam aman, a boy, or a gil? a woman, a boy, or Student: Lam a woman, Teacher: Who are you? ‘Student: Tam Mr. D. Teacher: How are you, Mr, D? Mr. D: Yam very well, thank you. [Jteasher: Who are you? Teacher: What axe you Class: We are all students, Teacher: Ave you all men? Students: Yes, we are, } No, we are not, Some of the students are men; some are women, Someé of the students are men; others are women,2 Been! Brglth Teacher: 1 am counting! the students: one, two, three, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, , thirteen, fourteen; fifteen. There are fifteen students in the class. ‘Mr. F, count the students, please. Mr. F: I am counting the students: one, two, three, four, five, six, ... (etc). .. how many, right, wrong Teacher: How many students are there in the class, ‘Mr, F? Mr. F: There are fifteen. That ie right; thank you, Mr. F, What are two and two? ts ight. What are seven and three? Student: Ten, sir. > Teacher: That's right, What is four from nine? ‘Student: Five, si Teacher: That is tight, too. What is five from twelve? Student: Six, sir. ren Teacher: No, that is wrong; that is not right. The answer is seven, not six, _ here, there Teacher: Mr. K, cdtne bere, please, and bring the book here. Thank you. "You are here and the book is here, Now take the book there, to the door, please. You are theré fand the book is there. Where are you, Mr. K? Mr. K: Lam here, near the door. 1 gee, Leeson 8 for explanation of Present Continuost. Lesson five Teacher : That is right; and where am I? Mr. K: You are there, near the window. Teacher: That is right. ra) another, others Teacher: Mr. F is one student, Mr. G is another, Miss H is another, Mr K is another, and there are eleven others; fifteen students altogether. Here is one penny; here is another, number tw0; here is another, number three; and here are two others; five pennies! altogether. many, not many, alot of | There are a lot of books in this _249* 420 picture. - : There are many books in the oe library. ‘There are not many books in this picture; there are only two. =o great many people in London. There are not many in the room, There are only sixteen. ‘There are fifteen students in the classroom; there is only one teacher. The plural is pennies of pence.40 Tam you are he she | i it we ere you are they are Tem aot you are not he is not she is-not it is not ‘we are not you are riot they are not Come here. Go there, ( ‘the book here, Look at * Another word must fl the teacher or Tao, Ewenticl English GRAMMAR be (Present Tense) short form! fntrrogative Ym {aim} am art you? he? s | ‘ sre you? sue they short forma we aren't you a they aren't tse) take the book there, (Please) bring the picture, low this shore form: Who is the teacher? F'n Lesson five Pa other, others, another 1, Before a noun (as an. a! djective), other is singular or plural; the other book; the other books 2. Asa pronoun, other is singular, others is plural «Here ieone pound, and here are two others (390 other pounds) 3+ Another = an other. PHRASES. Thank you. Only one, only twos een altogether How are you? £ Alor of books! How many? fa} k (au) come verb take = count ginother sir? baby how: London some? fu) [es] book “here there where ve fea use "a lot of" for “rnany”,a Essential English EXERCISES 1. Put in the missing words: Mr. A— 2 man, 6. We — students, he? 10. How — 4 Mary—a giel. 5. 71 Mr. C. 8. What — yo you? t1, What — Henry? 12, What — 14. Who — she a woman? 18, — they waiters? 19, — you all boys? the teacher? ar. — you Mr, C? a2. — you Mrs. H? 23, — he Mr. K? 2g. There — one mountain in the picture. 2. — there f he picture? 26. There — three pencils an egg in the egg-cup. 28. There — — there one mountain in the icare? 30. Yes, that right; there is only one, : 5. Answer these ques . Who you? fe you a student? What are you there in the le? 9 windows are there in the room? ro. Is this right, four are nine”?-h Lesson 6 (Sixth Lesson) The Farm Now look at the picture on page 45. It is.a picture of a farm, The farm is in the country} itis not in a town. Te is a warm day; it is not a cold day. The sun is in the sky.gfhere are some white clouds in the sky, but they are small and the sky is very blue, There is a mountain on the right of the picture, and not far from the mountain there is arriver. There are one or two big trees and some small trees in the picture, ‘The small trees are apple-trees. They are on the left of the picture, There are red and green apples ‘on the apple-trees. These apple-trees are in the garden of the farm-house, There area lot of apples on the trees. There are flowers round the door and windows of the farm- house, There are a lot of animals on this farm, There are a few horses in the field near the river! One of the horses is black, the others are brown, In the next field there are some sheép; in the next one there are some, pigs; and near the pigs there are some cows. Some of the cows are brown, others are black and white. All the sheep are white except one. It is black. There is a horse and cart in the picture. There are cabbages and potatoes in the cart. There is a field of yeliow Gorn behind the farm-house. : ‘A man is digging in the garden. There are some cabbages in the garden. The man near the gate is the farmer, There is a dog behind the farnier; that is the farmer’s dog. There is a wornan near the door of the farm-house; that is the farmer's wife. The farmer's wife is feeding the chickens,TT : 6 Eusntial Bnglth + Leson ie a Animals ) Present Continuous: horses, cows, sheep, pigs, cats, dogs, chickens, ‘Aman is digging in the garden. (The plural of sheep is cheep.) 7 ‘The farmer's feeding the chickens. \ is digging, is feeding are the Present Continuous of the Colours | verbs dig, feed. There is more about this in Lesson 8 red, green, black, white, blue, brown, yellow. Opposites : e PHRASES 7 gs : ‘Not far from... ‘In the country . ILexcept one... Round the door ‘ ‘Near the river « One or two. igeoeo RO fe phe (answer) wrong (answer) i pena : good ae : PRONUNCIATION DRILL, bie ral an f @ bo wa lie big thank cart, all ver whi 2 small hot cad ES oe Seer wm cool i always animal fr neat ‘ warn sentence here there ; come ro : USE eee eee basin we fe] Bs) fi blue cold I cow you fo Hight—browa Possessive Form: ‘cool potato kind house Jelow white cloud ‘The farmer's wife, . behind = round. ‘The farmer’ dog. . © ge }—ophese are the Possessive form. There is more about « — srudent this on page 84. afew limeEXERCISES + Answer these questions: 1, Is the picture on Page 45 a picture of a town? 2 Isica warm cay ora cold 2. Put in the missing words: 3+ Where is the sun? 339 1. This is a picture of a 4 What colour are the elosds? 2. The br ~ §: Are the clouds big es 6, What colour is the sky? > Whe The shy is Ges oO + There is a mountein — — right — the picture, we Not —— the mountain there is @ river, ; te peut : ; 1. Thee wo == big tec tras in he pte, 3 ) the mountain? 9 How many clouds are theze in the sky? 16, Where is the big tree? 31, Where are the small trees 12, What arc on these trees? 33. What colour are the apples? 14. Are the apple-trees on the 45, What are in the Feld nee 36, What colour are the horses? 17. How many brown horses are there in the field? 18. How many black horaee are there 19. Ts there a cart in the picture? 20. What isin the cart? : 21. What colour are cabbages? { 4: Make questions. 22. Where are the apple-trees? (Bxample: The boy is here—Is the boy heret) 25+ What are round the doors and windows of the farm-house?! 3. Lam the teacher. 24. Where are the flowers? ‘You are in the classroom, 25, What are in the field next to the horses? We are al students, 26, How many sheep are there? Some of the students are boys, 27. What colour are the sheep? ‘Two and two are four, 3 - & : 28. Where are the pigs? 7 6. That answer is right. : 2 8 o The smal tees are — ‘These applentrees are — the garden — the farm-howse, ‘There are — —— animals on this farm / Jp the — field there are some sheep and in thé next — F there are some eo sheep are white — one. 4 field of — com — the house, tof the picture? 29. Where are the cows? They are here 30. How many cows are there? He is near the window, 31. How many cows are black and white? y ‘There are only two books in the picture, 32. How many sheep are white? ‘There are a great meny people in London, 33. How many sheep ate black? Thee is 2 book on the sable. 34) Whereis the field of corn? ere isa train in the station,se Ewential Brglish 9 5. Make these singular: : 1, The books are on the table, 2, The stars are in the sky. 3. Are the men in the classroom? 4. Are there trains in the tation? 5. There are some books on the table, 6. Those are mountains. 7. Those are stars, 8. These aze flowers. 9, These are queens, 10. They are Give the opposites of: 2 ‘ood, big, cold, there, wrong, near, left, country, come, open, white, + Give four colours, and a thing for each one. (Exanple: Colour, geen. Thing, apple) 8. Use each of these phrases in a sentence: (1) on the right. (2) not far from. (3) on the left: (4) in the Dictation ‘The farm in the picture is in the country, There is 2 farm-house animals on the farm. There are horses, cows, sheep and pigs. is the farmer. A man is digging in the gat mer. A woman is feeding the chickens, That is Composition Write a description of the picture on page 45. Lesson Z (Seventh Lesson) England is a eatery: France is a country; Nonway is another country; Turkey is another country; BEY é Taly, Poland are other countries + ‘The people of England are English. They Sa English. > ‘The people of Germany are German, They speak German, The people of Norway are Norwegian. They speak Norwegian, sq There are two cant. of country in English. Here are exatnples in sentences: wis 2. England js « country; Spain is another country. 2. The house is in the country; it is not in the town, aude Town o> Country Pon TAS 4, There are 2 lot of people in the town; there are not many in the country. ‘There are a lot of edlvs and sheep in the country; there are not many in the town, * Singular country, plural counter’ WssBey a $ 8 Gane ker Sb Here are the two meanings in a Jgee® uber bevnay eS s e v Lady.* Are these eggs good? ap keeper: Oh yes, they are just in froma the country, Lady: Yes, byt what country? Mr. Priestley i speaks En, is languige is English, Teacher : What country is your language? ‘Mr. A: Yam from Poland; I speak Polish, Lama Pole, Tay language is Po Teacher: What country are you from, Mr. BP Mr. B: Lam from Italy; I speak Italian, Teacher: What county are you from, Miss C? Miss C: I come from Mexico; 1 speak Spanish, Teacher: What are you, Mr. D? Are you Spanish: Mr. D: No, Lam not 2 Sp: Teacher: Are you Swedish, | Sopa lady, putt fal Englith 's English; he is an Englishman, are you from, Mr. A, and what lem 2 Portuguese, issED\ oy Lesson sever | Miss B: No, Tam not ! mark; Tama Dane} my language is Danish, Teacher: Where are you from, Mr. F? Mr. F: 1 come from Holland; 1 am a Dutchman, I : speak Dutch; my language is Dutch, | Mis G:1 come from France, from Paris | am French, : & Parisian, My language is French, My friend Olga Pants from Finland; she is Finnish. She speate Finnish; her language is Finnish, Mr. H: My brother and T come from Greece; our i both speak the same language—Greek; our language is Greek Teacher: Mz. H and his brother come from Greece; qhcir country is Greece. They both speak these language—Greek; their language is Greck, yy 33 He GRAMMAR Simple Pri ent Tense aot some "speak Wo Tea) go goal each — Fee ome pe age Tae) each comes specks docs goes fama] [opitks} [daz] [gous] : __ Sneak 2 come speak do teach ee : et, (3rd person singular), altsays write = or cea in the Simpte Present ‘Fense. + There is more about this tense in Lesson 24. fo RR By Ww Swedish; I come from Deny Teach Fis, 00 a ot te (are) Same C mesetsé Esentiel Erglith Possessive Adjectives ‘The possessive adjectives are: Tepeak French; my langus You speak Engiich;, He speaks Spat ‘She speaks Norwesi Where is the dog? Jt We speak Gre They speak Tus WE The possessive adj plural nouns. Study these sentences: ‘This is your book, These are your books. ‘Where is Mary? This is ber book. “These are her books. “Where is Richard? This is his book. Th This is gue book. These Foes Dera both, all ‘We use all for three or more people: "They all speak English. All the children speak English. We use both for only two people: | 1 ‘Mr. Hand his brother are Greek; they both apesk Greek. Both (the) students speak Greek. (The pronunciation drill for this lesson is on page 62.) EXERCISES , Put in the missing verbs and possessive forms: Pronoun Verb Possessive 2.1 come from Ffance; — language is French. a. He © — from Turkey; — language is Tirkish. 3- You come from Spain; — language is Spartish. 4 They “— from China language is Chinese, ‘come from Denmark; — language is Danish. language is Greek, — Ienguage is Hungarian. — language is Russi — language is Dutch. — language is Normegian. — language is Welsh. — language is Finnish. = language is Swedish, ‘come from Norway; come from Wales; — from Finland; — from Sweden} 20, She2. Write or say these sentences with (a) he, (you. (Example: 1 speak my language. He speaks his language. She speaks her language. ‘You speak your language.) 5. Tam in my elsssroom. 2. Tanswer my question, 3. Igo to my house. 4. Lteach my students. 5. [do my worR: 6. I count sy students. 3. Write the simple present tenses of the verbs: do, go, come, teach. Dictation Some people come from ont country, some from another. People speak the language of their country. Welsh people come from Wales and they speak Welsh, Dut people come from He they speak Dutch. The people of the Argentine and those of Peru both speak Spnish. The people of Frank ir Ianguege ‘there. Hens comes from Denmark. He speaks Danish, and he speaks Swedish and Norwegian. He speaks Danish and two other Tanguages. To aae rae Lesson 8 (Eighth Lesson) ‘The Present Continuous Tense is 2 hotel in England, at the seaside” ‘The people in the picture are staying at the hotel. ‘There are some waiters in the picture. ‘The waiters are ‘nating. The men and women are sitting at the tables. ‘ning? It isa fine day. It isn’t raining. The sun is shining. ‘One woman is eating an ice. ‘There are some cups and saucers-on the tables. Some of the men are drinking coffee. One of the women is drinking a cup of tea. One of the men is smoking a cigarette and looking at the sea. asi “ - Gor® yb 8 Y Buential English ‘The waiters are not smoking cigarettes. They a Note: (a) verbs ending with consonant letter +2 dri 1g tea pr coffee. (= ‘They are not dri lose -¢ before ~ing: tea, and they are not drinking coffee.) | anckethey ae atsieag Js that man eating an ice? No, he isn’t come—we are comeing Is that woman. smoking a cigarette? No, she isn’t. Are the waiters smoking cigarettes? No, they aren't, Are the waiters d Lesion eight 9 (¢) Verbs ending with one vowel letter + one con= sonant letter double the consonant letter before sit—the men are sitting ig—he is digg-ing -ing: In questions, the subject comes between am, is, are and the “ing form of the verb: Us that woman smoking? - ae the children doing? They ste playin Itis sleeping. Wrnencre i cildren doing? They are playing What are the children doing? They are playing on the ‘Where are the men and women siting? sand, - some « Some birds are flying over the sea. 1. Weak pronunciation fers . singular Pleat GRAMMAR scup some cups {There is a cup on the Present Continuous Tense 7 le. There are some cups [som aps] on th i ; eis awsterin the picture. ‘There ae som a the ‘These verbs are in the Present Continuous Tense: (ftestttes pebiectetebestlivespiocias he it drinking; she is eating; they are staying A itd is fying over the sea. Some birds ae fying over the Birds are fying the children are playing, ‘ea, ? The waiters are not rmoking yp We make this tense with am, is or are and the -ing few, a number, but not all”: form of the verb: 7 ‘Some of the men are standing; some are sitt a Tam dvinkeing Some of he people ae drinking ts; some ae einking coe, They are eating ‘Same of the children ae playing on the sand} some are looking He is not stay-ing + at the birde, ls it sloep-ing? a ‘Some English people speak French,COC OL ope . people ” is a plural word: PHRASES of a cup of tea table one af che men some of the men Lesson eight a INTO the sea SE Nth oa ay onal S re ae Tete nn He es te aS ’ 3 it } 0. school + AT school FROM school a jouw the FencesEsceniial English PRONUNCIATION DRILL (Bor Lessons 7 and 8) ® & of at example of? tense 7 mean lady language France shop present Y eat eofiee stand Denmark. cofiee sleep language Paris Holland — friend : read = v) BI (ox) feu} 2 come her joke = my our Goes person both shine town 7 sun bird smoke side. noun a son work hotel oes e EXERCISES x, What are these people doing in the picture on page 5°? 7 2. Answer these Where is the h How many people a . How many men are there? How many women? Where is the dog? What is one wor Lesson eight 9. Are the waiters drinking tea or coffee? 10. women smoking cigarettes? 42, Is the dog looking at the boys and girls? 1g. What is shi Ye sky? sa, Is there a 15, Where are the children playing? 3. What is there {2) on the tables? (6) io the 2 (© on the sand? 4. Put in the missing words: The sun ie er le © Hpaf the hotel. The waiters ——. The men and women 2 646 7g — One woman — — an ee One ofthe men — = ae ‘The women = —— eg — of the men and women are — at the boys and girls. 1. The sun is shining. bn! 2. The men and women are standing. o-tm 4 the cea, gunk the Sky. Out® a newspaper. Lewis6 Essential English 6. Make the sentences in Exercise 5 into questions: (Example: 1. Is the sun shining?) 7+ Make these sentences plural: 2, The man is sitting at the table. 2. A child is playing near the sea.! 43. Is the waiter eating an ice? ‘4 The woman is not smoking a cigarette, §. One man is looking at the sea. Dictation “There ae alot of people at this hotel atthe seaside, It isnot rain- ing It isa fine day and the sun is shining. Some men and women ace sitting in the hotel. They are eating ces or drinking cops of tea and cups of coffee. One of the men is looking atthe children. They ae playing on the send near the sea. What isthe dog doing? It is sleeping under the table * Leave the sea in the singular. ae Lesson 9 (Ninth Lesson) have and can People in the Lesson: Teacher, Mr. A, Mr. B, Mr. C, ‘Miss D, Miss E, Miss F. Teacher: V have a book; Weeivis yo Has your friend a book, Miss D? 4? Miss D: Yes, she bas one. of Teachay: Has the student ap your lea book, Mr. B? Mr. B: Yes, he has. we ‘Teacher: Has the student on your tight a book, Mr. C? Mr. C: No, he hasn't. Teacher: Have 1a book, Miss E? yet . Miss B: Oh, yes, you have one. I can sée it in your hand. Teacher: Have you a book, Miss F? .o< Miss F: No, | haven't, I'm sorry" ‘Teacher: All right. You can look at the book of the student next to you. wey ‘Mr. Aand Mr. B, have you beth reading books? Mr. A and Mr. B: Yes, we both have reading books you can see them on our desks. But we haven't exercise books. oe Teacher: All right. I cen give you a piece of paper. You can write on that. Have you an exercise book, ‘Miss F? Miss F: Yes, T haven't a reading book, but I have an e¥ercise book. 1 ants have’ ave short forme for hos ot, awe not.6 Essential English Teacher: Can you read English, Mr. C? Mr. C: Yes, I can read English a little, but not very much, Teacher: Can you read Eng! Miss Miss D? es, I can read English 2 little, too, but I can't speak it very well. I pronounce it badly=p 32 ‘Miss E:1 can’t speak English very well I, too, have a bad pronunciation, Teacher: Have you difficulty with the pronunciation, ‘Mr. A? Mr. A: No, J haven't much difficulty with the pro- nunciation; I can pronounce English quite well, but I cannot spel Mr. B: What is the meaning of “sp: Teacher: Mr. C, can you spell “book”? Mr. C: Oh, yes. B-O-O-K. , please? Teacher: Can you sp: ‘Miss E: Yes, think so, E-S-E-N. cannot spell it Teacher: That's right, Miss F. Mr. B, can you now understand the meaning of “spell”? Mr. B: Oh, yes. I can understand it very well now. That's is the short form for that is, Lesson nine GRAMMAR have (Present Tense) Ieteropte hee th} sce? ‘you have Have you? ae x he Naess) ta the man ee (the min? ete they | they? Tene [Ate tre BE nee Negative have not or heven't ’heevnt] at not or hasn't [neznt] can Interrogatioe Negat ? I you? You they it) can, Cam |he, she, it? He, she, we? We They they? They After can we have the simple verb ( lish, Can he speak English? He can't speak English. Opposites68 Essential English What is the meaning of (For pronunciation. drill on this lesson, see page 76.) EXERCISES 1. Make these sentences (2) intervagative, (2) negative: 3. Lhevea book, Noe Ja 62K /3 fraeunc. bate 2. You have an exercise book. 3: Mr. A has @ book. 4 The student on my left has @ book, 5. Miss F has a reading book, 6, Miss E has a bad pronunciat 7 8, 9 have 9 bed pronunciation, ‘You have a lot of di ‘We have a bad pronus ‘They have difficulty wi 2, Make these sentences (1) ing now. ‘They can understand the meaning now. Lesson nine 3% 8. We ean 4. Not very much, 7. What is wrong 7 a lot of diftcwiry ‘ile these in the short form (Numbers 2, 4, 5,13, 14, 15, 16 have two short forms): 2. itis mot. 4. that is. 4. that Is not, §, they are not 6. Tam. 7. he is. 8. he has not. 9. we have T cannot 31, J have not. 32. they cannot, 13. she is not. 14. we are not, 35. he is not. 16. you are not,Lesson 10 (Tenth Lesson) The Seaside Here we have another picture of the hotel at the sea side. Mr. and Mrs. Smith and their children, Charles, Henry, Mary and Jane, are stoying at the hotel. ‘The hotel has the words Devon Hotel below the two open windows. Just Béldw the words under the win- dows there is a black and white striped canvas. It is a very warm day; the sun is shining brightly. ‘The windows are all open, and people are sitting out- side under the canvas and under the big umbrella 10,35 the sun. we All the women are wearing thin dresees because iti hot dey. One of the boys has a big ball under one arm and 2 ~towel under, the other. That is Henry Smiths He is -tunaing Quickly down the steps; he is about half- way down. He is wearing a red bathing suit. The boys can play football on the sand. Some children are playing on the yellow sand or bathing in the blue water. Charles Smith is swimming to a big black rock. You can see his arm just_ coming out of the water. He can swim very well; he is a good swimmer. "There are some other boys and girls in the water but they cannot swim very well; they are swimming badly. They are not good swimmers; they are learning, They want to learn. A young man is tea‘ these children to swim. His name is John Priestley He is a very good swimmer. / x Xt Lesson tenp ‘Two of the girls are carrying tennis rackets and are wearing short white dresses. One of the girls is Mary ‘Smith, She plays tennis well; she is a very good player. The other gisl is Jane Smith; she can’t play very well. i . They can play ‘There are three or four little hoys and girls on the right of the picture. They are digging in the sand. They have buckets and spades and are looking for shells. They have some shells in their buckets. A girl is riding a dénkey. She is Margaret Priestley. She is the sister of John Priestley. John Priestley is, her brother. She rides very well. Her brother is 2 2 good rider, too. A little boy is riding a bicycle. He § can’t ride very well. He is just learning; his father is Sexholding the bicycle. He is teaching his son to ride a bicycle. ‘The waiters are standing quietly under the canvas near the big window. They are wearing white suits. One of the waiters has a tray in his band. Mrs, Smith is looking at the children. She has @ book in her hand, but she isn’t reading. Mr. Smith has a newspaper, but he isn’t reading, he isn’t looking at the swimmers, he isn’t looking at the riders, and he isn’t looking at the children, What is he doing? He is sleeping. GRAMMAR Adjectives and Adverbs Bad, good, short, white, yellow, blue are adjectives. Adjectives go with nouns: 9 sunlemiur ‘ie playing on the ell a This egg is had. pone E drt hie ‘Tes el see ee cea 1 Quickly, badly, well, brightly are adverbs. Adverbs go with verbs: He i running quictly, we Brightly, Mr. B pronounces English well. (Notice the word-order: mot “pronounces well English”,) We can make adverbs with an adjective + -ly: bad—badly: bright—brightly. : But notice: good-—vwellple” form of the verb, for example come, go, teach, ride, have. Its the same as the le Present Tense in the “I”, “you”, “we”, and ‘they” forms (except for am, are; for these the in- Sinitive form is “be”). Dictionaries give the infinitive form of verbs. In many constructions we find “to” before the infinitive: 1. teach, learn ‘A young man is teaching these children to swim. He js teaching his son 10 ride bicycle. ‘Mary is teaching Jane to play tennis ‘We are learning ¢o speak English. 2. want They want to learn. We want 19 learn to pronounce well 3. (= because they, I, he, ete. want(s) to...) People i (wm because they went to get shade...) ig under the big umbrella to got shade from the Note: After can (and sotne other words) we use the infinitive without t He can swim very 7 See + -ing ‘You can se: his arm just coming out of the water. After “‘see”” we can use the -ing form of the verb: T see him coming, ‘They can see the children digging in the sand, : te rule i ian ionic iS ig SOE : hy ~ The Infinitive Look at, took for t Mrs. Smith is Looking at the children. ‘The children are looking for shells esr SF i- Word-formation From many verbs we can make a noun for a person with the ending -er: te: Rules for spelling are the same as for -ing ending; see page 59.) Que Why are the women wearing thin Becauss it is a hot day. ? th man speaking to the Because he wants a drink Answer girls carrying tennis Because they to pay ‘What kind of drece is che wearing? Shes wearing a summer dress. She is wearing a red and white dress, What kind of day is it? Itis a cold day. Itis « warm day,* Lesson son 7 PRONUNCIATION DRILL (Lessons 9 and 10) Ma sa) fe) Wi see swim have piece tennis hand Brglish read because canvas adjective racket grass want below carry conversation you fe] BL ie) Where can the Jearn over shade adverb towel way . ‘Turkey diffculty tray i German paper . now conversation conversation pronounce about Jane hotel outside 2, Put in the right word in the follocoing: 1. He swims — (good wel EXERCISES is. Make sentences for your re are the words DEVON HOTEL? 1 3. Make “person” t below these words? Saree Be oa citing? x. teach 2, lem, 3. ead. 4 drink, 7, Why are they sitting under the striped canvas and the 8. write. 9. play. ro. epeale. 17 umbrella? 418. What Kind of dresses are the women wearing? ‘9. What are the names of Mr, and Mrs, Smith’s children? x0, What col 11, What is the boy on the steps carrying?Essential English B Essential Erg __ Put possessive adjectives (my, your, his, her, its, our, : their) into these sentences. Make the “person of the possessive adjective the same as the subject. For x ‘ample: The boy is playing with his footbel. — Football The ahi | pune tennis racket in — band. | “Tie le | hove tenn rackets ip — hands | | am staying at 2 hotel with 2 boy. ith — boy. hp daughter > Hitboys and He | is staying 3t — bo He | isstaying arq— hot Fe | is staying at hotel with: ee eee ne) ieigat —ettecring ine |: Hie sg at tele eating — ice \ an We | are sitting at — table eating — ices, | | =| te es 7 | n° T otball under — arm | cee i he fith — father _ ‘The mountai sides. ‘The mountains | have tree ont sides. Se pd ountin— sth teacher | iin Ssrcom, teaching! las eves \ (Tevo answers) Composition Write 10 sentences sbout the picture on Page 75. saat gma aA Mlan i Lesson 11 (Eleventh Lesson) Time. Days, Months, Seasons * On page So there is picture of a clock. It has a round Jace with figures on it, and it has two hands, 2 long hand and a short hand. ‘The short hand points to the hours; the Jong hand points to the minutes. Some clocks have three hands— a long hand, a short hand, and a very short one to point to the seconds. ‘We can tell the time by a clock or a watch. A clock is big; it is generally on the wall, or it stands on the table or over the fire, A watch is small; we can put one into cur pocket-or wear it on our wrist. Some clocks are very big; for example, Big Ben, the clock on-the Houses of Parliament in London. ‘The minute hand of Big Ben is fourteen feet long, and’ the hour hand is nine feet long. Teacher: Look at the picture of a clock on page 89. ‘ou tell che time in English, Mr. A? ‘es, L oan tell the time in English. Teacher: What time is it by this clock? Mr, A: Iris one o'clock. Teacher: Good. The long hand—the minute hand— moves to 1. What time is it now, Mr. A? A: It’s five minutes past one. It's five past one. Teacher: Quite right. Now the minute hand moves to ‘2. What time is it now, Mr. B? Mr. B: Ten minutes past one. Ten past one. We can mins out “minutes after “Sve, “ten, “wens” and “went five80 Gi Essential Es Teacher: Very good. Now the minute hand moves again, this time to 3: Mr. C: Now it’s 2 quarter past one. Teacher: Excellent. Mr. D: And, after that, it is twenty past one and twenty-five past one. Teacher: Good, Now the minute hand is at 6. Miss B: Can we say “It is thirty past one”? Teacher: No, We say: “It is half past one”. Mr. F: And then we say “Twenty-five to two", ‘pventy to two", “a quarter to two", and so on. Teacher: Very good, You can 21} tell the time very well. : os cremmea taal!” Aetna 8 aquarerte2 [eas] \® + rpasth first sommes, ty nd aetrninotes}to2(233) nutes) past [125] pat ris Miss E: Can we say “It is one-fifteon”? : Teacher: Ves, you can say “one-fifteen”, “one-thirty or “one-forty” instead of “a quarter past one”, “half past one” and “twenty to two". We gener ally say the times of trains and acroplanes.in that way. For example: T come on the eight-thirty train every morning, It gets to London at nine twelve. i Lessin eleven. Bi Mr. B: Can we say “twelve o'clock”? Teacher: Yes. We can say “twelve o'clock”, “a quarter to twelve”, “half past twelve”, and s0 on. But we can also say “midnight” for twelve ‘clock at night. What can we say for twelve o'clock in the day? Mr. C: “Midday”, perhaps? Teacher : Quite correct. We say “midday” or “noon” Mr. A: How can you show the difference between two o'clock in the morning and two o'clock in the afternoon? *Teacher: Who can give the answer to that question? Mr, B: can. J think, For the hours between midnight ‘and midday, we can write the letters a.m; for example, 2.15 A.M. Mr, C: What is the meaning of a.m., please? Teacher: Nr. D, can you tell Mz. C the answer? Mr. D: Yes; a.m. is a short form of the words in the Latin language ante meridiem, “before noon”. Mr. B: And for the hours between midday and mid- night we can write P.m.—post meridiem or “after noon’ Teacher: That’s quite right. But in time-tables for trains, buses and aeroplanes, we generally use a zg-hour system; 2.35 P.M. for example, is 14.13, Now look at these three clocks (page 82). The right time is four o'clock. What can you say about the middle clock, Mr. A?Essential English * 2 4, Mr. A: The clock in the middle is right, It is telling the correct time. Teacher: Good. Now, Mr. B, you speak about the clock on the left. The clock on the left is not right. It is not g the correct time. It is five minutes slow. Teacher: That's tight. Now, Mr. C, you speak abo} the clock on the right. ‘Mr. C: The clock on the right is incorrect, too. It is not telling the right time. Tt is five minutes Teacher: What time ic it by the schoo! clock, Miss Miss F: It is a quarter to four. Teacher: What time is it by Mr, A: By my watch Teacher: And what time is it by yo! ‘Mr. B: By my watch it is eighteen minutes to f iss F. The sch then, about Mr. A’s watch and ‘What can you Mr. Bs watch! Miss F: Mr, A's watch is three minutes fast, and ‘Mr. B's wateh is three minutes Teacher: Thank you, Miss F, you are quite right. Tuesday, Wednesday "The first sox arg “Swe day MiG today is tOnbrra. We also say: the day be- fore yesterday’, the day after tomorro%e ear, The names of twelve months in tl September, October,ee lth ‘The selsons in Britain are: Spring (March, April, May); Summer (June, July, August}; Autumn (Sep- tember, October, November); Winter (December, January, February), GRAMMAR In the forms, Mr. A’s watch, John’s book, the boy's ‘football, you have examples of the Possessive form of the noun. ‘With singular nouns we add an apostrophe (’) and 5. With plural nouns ending in -s we add only the apostrophe. Singular ‘The boy's football = the football of the boy. ‘The gi = the dress of the ‘The king's sons == the sons of the king. Ph ‘The boys! football = the football of the boys. ‘The gick’ dresses == the dresses of "The kings! sons = the sons of the kings. With plural nouns not ending in -s we add an (’) and -, There are only a few nouns with plurals not ending in -s. Here are three examples: : Singular Plural "The man's suit. "The men’s suits s dresses, ‘The women's dresses i ‘Sbucketand spade. ‘The children’s buckets end spades. Lestom eleven 85 Note: There tween g's sons” and “The kings’ sons hetween “The girl's dresses” and “The girls’ dress Generally speaking, only nouns for persons have a for things PHRASES Fourteen feet long And s09n. quite correct. What is the difference | yerween ‘There is no difference | oot round Note the two meanings of rou 1c are lowers round the doo {page 44) fe clock has a round face (page 79). In (1) round is a preposition; in (2) it is an adjective. tell 2. tell usually means “say”, “ give informatior Can you tell Mr. C che answer? ‘The elock se telling the right time, (It usually-has two objects—see page 122.)86 Essential English Lesson eleven 2. tell the time means “read the time from a clock”, “understand a clock”: ‘You can all tell the time very well feet The minute hand of Big Ben is fourteen feet long.” j Feet is the plural of foot. PRONUNCIATION 1. A foot is a part of the body. We have two feet. | Be careful with these words: 2. A foot is an English measure (about 30 centi- pe a metres). \ parliament [‘parlemant) minute {'minit] ference Giterence WORD STUDY: NUMBERS Hc tate tte ba 8 oe fit ws quarter vaich wo 2 pecond and abelf denghter o'clock esty 2 tse 2th a went before pocket the 3 ia rd ahd morsing Epostrophe item 3 iced * fincenh for ‘one he tah fou forte Weoreea 34 eure ne as pee ereee me : em aie EXERCISES teen 1 Bnet teen : - iy 2 fem es s Men 6 eenn hs ) 2310, (5) 245. 4) 3.20. (9) $25: (6) 7.30% (7) 940, SS So Sou Geek (50) 1255 (28) 649? wren > seh Sh aren i ; weventeen, 1) ““teventeenth «17th aseventeenth rf 2 What time, in figures, is: sogt Bite pen Hts een eH CC ; 50 oa 2 aie ah nae x guarter past thre, a haf fab five. 3. a quarter tm sie sn em ak etl of | Memeo ine 5 onents to eee 6 te, four on Be Fame aedaheem” Suet mine 8 ewenty t dx g. twenty-five to evo?88 3. Answer the following questions: Cs ‘an you tell the time? ‘What time is it? ‘9. Where is your watch? 10. Give the name of a big clock. ax. How long ere the hands of Big Bs Where . What ‘The right ume is seven o'clock: my clock says a quarter te nat ie? Big Ben? the meaning of a.m and seven. What © you sey 15. The right time is seven o'clock: minutes past seven. What can Essential English . What is the difference berween a clock and a watch?) 1.2 Henry's watch says ten Yyou say about it? 16. Give the names of (a) the days of the week, (3) the months, 4. Write these in the possessive for (© the seasons. eS 5 3 8. 9. The football of the Boy. 10. 11. The penny of my mother, 12. 33. The room of the man. 14. 25. The dress of the woman. 16. 37. The bucket of the child. 38. 5. Write these in words: ie. swith *s ors ‘The suits of the waiters ‘The football of the boys. ‘The moor-car of Joh ‘The room of the mer ‘The dresses of the wornen, ‘The buckets of the Ar 13, 14 4, 80, 90, and, 3rd, 4th, goth, 8th, rooth, 3, 4, 3d Lesson elewen 6. Use each of these phrases in a sentenci the time. 2. on the righ ween. 23. 2nd 50 08 7. Write about these clocks: school clock it at four o'clock. wy ‘watch is five minutes slow. Heney's watch says eight i Past fuur: his watch is eight minutes fast. Twelve o'clock in the understand, Rnot ‘The Two Present Tenses & Look at these sentences: z He ieads lot of books i} Hie works here eve t os ‘burning in the fireplace, The cat Jing the Present Con mn . a \. tinuous Tense (see page 58), In sentences B” we are XO, wsing the Simple Present Tense (see Page 53) { £ yee the Present Continuous Tense when some- i thing is happening now, at this moment. ‘We use the Simple Present Tense when son happens sometimes oF a ‘Simple Present Tense - every week, aloays, never, ws re: “Lride every day, Simple Present _gheu Sy Note: We neatly always use some/verbs (for example bas He Present Continuous304 Essential English Yes, they Yer, she dors. Yes, I do, Simple Present Tense—interrogative ‘We make the interrogative of the Simple Present Tense with do (does for he, she, it) and the infinitive of the verb: Tnterrogative » 09. I speak En ‘He speate Ei You come \dents read the books: ‘He does his exercises in the Jothis exercises in the evening. (Notice that when the verb is “do”, it makes the | interrogative just like other verbs, with another do or does at the beginning of the sentence.) ‘Simple Present Tense in AnsWers i ~ We also use the forms with dojdoes after “Yes” in the answers to questions: | “Do I speak English we “Yes, he does come every da." “Does he come every day?” But “Yes, you do” and “Yes, he does” are usui — ~ enoukh - Question Does he teach English? Does Me. Priestley teach uno in afimatve sentences; “anach” io mepaive and Do the students comeEssential English 7. Do you speak & seth a litte E 9. Does 10, Js Me, Brie 9g. The boys #7 60. Thi boy plays 11, English people #2 32, The bays swim to tl 433. ‘The woman eats ices. i He opens the windows in the moming.: Lesson 15 (Fifteenth Lesson) js tall” What i: Discussion of Lesson 13. Simple Present Tense Negative he opposite of t nd a short man, . Here are a ‘Teacher:"There are one or twa things to notice ‘Lesson 13. It says “Mr not @ Mr. Az Yes, there is new, “an old book” is not “a young Geae book”. eee | Hnch = 2-540 centimetres tiCentimetre= 0-594 inch on Yous od New 2 . | Kentinetres That is quite right. Notice, too, the two use : ‘ Mr. Lengthy is two metres ‘We don’t yet use the metric system ally in Britain; we use “feet and “inches”, 2, The boy is five years ol Remember that there are twelve inches = 1. Heis en old man. { it : ee pro fy poligatayaims. He is 2 ot stroag. His a Miss D: Ca say Teacher. you can, But then the opposite Teacher: ¥ short pers 4 short thing” is “a l ong sik pa teens elnatore Mr, Feeble, k of strong tea or strong coffee? and strong drink and . Miss D? 1 go to bed early and ‘but 1 am not wealthy lesson s Miss E: The y s he has a stro ain ero y ‘A great man can have, weak body; but he has a strong spi can have bodily strength, but spiritual weakness, A paryo Proporta, = We use neEssential Brglish | see the difference no’ ad about Mr. Priestley’s + ¢ suit, What is the “dark” blue? sar { Miss F: Thank you; I quite Mr. H: In the lesson we re dark brown hair and dark blu opposite of “dark” brown and Teacher: “Light” brown and “light” blue Mr. H: “Mr. Priestley is always we ether man is not well-dressed, He js—what? Teacher: W t do you think? Mr, H: I think “badly-dressed srschers And that is quite tight. Next question, please? ice ? opposite of ‘thin’ Teacher: Well, it depe' fat 00 is “a thick book”. | Misr D: "Mr. Priestley/is good-looking and nand- come.” Can you use those words to describe \ or women, as well as men? es, you can, But as “pretty!” or “beaut But do you § “pegutiful” ? Teacher: Oh, 20, never Mr. B: Is there a differenc: pretty” and ‘*The girl i ‘Teacher: Yes, 1 think so. eye or ear. Some new ‘the music of Beethoven o: is beautiful. ‘Miss F: Yes, The pictures in. e between “The girl is beautiful” ? retty” is pleasant to the dance-music is pretty, but + Handel or Tchaikovsky a magazine can be pretty Lesson iter. 13 but the pictures of Raphael, El brandt or Turner, are Suu Senet: ¢ right. Beauty is rather like greatness: and it comes out in his work; i 3 oF it is eine of a woman, and it comes out face. Do you understand the difference no Mr. B: Ob, yes; T know the difference now. Nearly girls are good-looking; some are pretty; a f but very few, are beautiful. ; yey GRAMMAR Simple Present Tense—Negative We make the negative of the with do not (does not for he, shi with do not (doer not fore, ple Present Tense 2) and the infinitive of Negative seach you come, bobs he teaches they work ds Tn conversational Englis conversational English, we use don't [doun doesn't [daznt] instead of do not and does te ers or—7 :Essential English m4 Negative f teach | | ‘teach Ta | donot | EEE | BE) docs aot | Speak we (don't) ete it (doesn’s) tae they work ‘work, other examples (with the two forms, the Here are the shortened conversational form): ong form and ‘We do not (don't) use the Perhaps he does not (doe ‘He knows it but he does T do not (don't) John does not (does ‘he students do not ) do his (don’t) do their work every dey. DRILL ‘make coffee vim smoke cigarettes I ‘work late at night ‘Mr. Priestley | don’t you doesn't the dog oe drink tea ual Practise all combinations. There are 45+ Lesson fifteen ang Here are examples of negative short answers: Question Does Mr. Pri speak Chinese? Do the students come to the class every day Do you speak Englich we os Docs John do his work well? too Notice the two meanings of foo: 1. Tecome to the class ev i 9 very day; my friend comes, ‘There are English people staying at come nee ae Eo ying at the hotel, and some Nor- He epeaks Engl well; he speaks French and Spanish, too. This “too” usually goes at the end of the sentence. Arman is never too old to learn (= We can always learn). EXPRESSIONS rae bony pee Sea EF canis ee eeex6 Exential English WORD STUDY x. Some words can be both nouns and verbs: work He works very late, (o#8) John does his work well (noun) drink "They are drinking cafe. (verb) ‘Too much strong drink (= aleoholic dri healthy. (noun) Come and have a drink, (now) 2. use (verb) —use (noun) —useful (Ay)—useless “You can use [jz] my pen. Can, you explain the use [jus] of this find thet word in ‘That wes a very useful lesson. | 3. Gompound Nowns Sometimes we put two nouns together; the second houn is then the main noun; the first is like an adjective: Some new danceomusc is pretty. Henry plays in a dance-band, ‘son ege-cup- (in these compounds, the stress in pronunciatio fon the first part, and we usually write them with hyphen (-). “The school clock” (p. 85) is different.) Lesson fifteen ae 4. Nouns and Adjectives EXERCISES Oral Exercise the following questions (a) afi es, +. )s (b) negatively (i.e. b using the short form: ‘Does the man work in the fi 3. Dots she make good coffee? 44 Do they make good coffee? $, Do you make good coffce? 6: Is the man very handsome? 7. Does he read many books? 8. Ip he reading a book now? . Does he speak English? . Does he go to bed earlyEssential English Mr. Presley fv" Mary you they Richard 1 the little boys! Examples: Mz. Priestley doesn't speak Spanish. Pe hey don’t work late. (There are 4g setenct)- Ng EE oe 4G) Make the following negative: Gs Chieietiame damien A é 2 makes very good coffee. ~ 3 ff / 4 ny make very good tea. BE / Xe te dn "The man i very handsome, nya & de rads many books The waiters do their work 3. He ean speak English very w fg, She writes a letter every dey. GB The stadents have new books. i, Tigo to bed very cathy. 12, The boy swims in the river. 15. The boys swim badly da, The gis are playing 1g. The girls play tennis / wl YE. Harry climbs mountsins, 1g, Hany is climbing the mountein, ~ 22. Tinow all abou the negative of verb. 44. Give theinames of five colours and use each: one i & sentence, Lerson fifteen 5. Give the names of tao pretty things and teeo bec ones. Use each in a sentence. Give the opposites of: strong, tall, fat, late, thick, dark, young, right, warm, big, far, short, good, high, new. Use each in a senti Dictation ‘Strong men are not always tal); short people are not always weak; ir depends on the person. in character. He eat Beauty is rather a women, and this great music, books, n men and women pictures. Composition Weite abou this pictureLesson 16 (Sixteenth Lesson) Subjects and Objects English sentences usually have the form Subject —Verb—(Object). For example: subjt | ote Teeaudens | the chickens | sdeheyenan She leson_ Mr; Priestley ~ ‘themman ‘The teacher understand Js watching ‘We can use these pronouns for the subject: T, you, he, she, it, we, they. For example: He secs the students. She is feeding the chickens. ‘We understand the lesson. ‘They understand the lesson, For the object, we can use these pronouns: me, you, kim, her, it, us, them. For exarnple: ‘The teacher sees me. 'A farmers wife is feeding them, AA gists riding it ‘You cen eee im. | We also use the object form after prepositions (for example: to, at, on, after, for, from): Practise these: | [objet repo | ob | Sue | Verb | form | ton | fom | T ae se Coe Pe ee [Yew | know ‘and you write | to me BE | Knows tedkewies [oo [Re Ske | Knows the wees : we | know ta They | now and they write | toExsential English Lesson sixteen Two Objects 12, Instead of the pronoun in brackets, use the a cand (ee rom, object-pronoun or possessive Fee he wscerb ng er ook One or two verbs, like tell and give, often have two Gbjects, One of them is generally @ person, the other” thing. Look at these sentences! am giving He can tall She 4s giving (tres Notice thatthe person first, and the impersonal i 7 | very well, a oes 5. He telephones to ey every day ond tll EIU fe (is, her) everyday an ell (She, her) the He speaks Engl us) an “1. Write or say these sentences, using pronouns instead ain or Sete : : 7. She speaks English to (K me), and (1, ted) speak Er of nouns: 3. His sister is coming to see au fa ye 3 Ee By ear ant ee eudense (ou —obert form) anewrers. SOS coking ott fe] fal ed os} ae i can’t thumb worl al eet dark come git - class doesn't learn don't 9. The momen are drinking ei cove. ; t 22, That man is riding my Bicycle. Se i F pretty rather study early morning knowEssential English = 7 a4 135 Why is he looking A Story Without Words i Now here is something different, something funny. It” is a story without words, : 6. ‘What is the pack-keeper saying? What does the roti Shs bee gad eg ons ee >> Composition Exercise story. Use the Simple Present Tense for the actions of . Brown is walking in the park. He stops becaure as ‘The man in this story is Mr. Brown. Look at the six , pictures, and answer the questions about them. Here | are some useful. phrases! ..- : in the park, stand still, a five=pound note, look i round, pick up, keep off, a fine (or a penalty)... } Picture x, Wiece is Mz. Brown walking? Is he on the grass of on the _ # a Pictur ilk? What does he see . en dhe pasa Is be Tooking tthe the est she Lok th chi round, What does swant 0 do? } Zs “picture 4, Where is Mr, Brown now? Js he on the path? Whst is he doing? ~ ~ EeeLesson 17 (Seventeenth Lesson) ‘The Characters in the Essential English Books (2) Mrs. Priesiley and Some Others You already know Mr. Priestley, the teacher and ~ writer, In this lesson you will hear about his Mrs, Priestley, the Priestley’s house, and some of the people in the house. Mrs. Priestley knows all about the house; she does the work in'it every day, and to- day she will tell you e little about it fl Mrs, Priestley sewing. Mrs. Priestley is a pleasant-looking woman of about [ ‘with warm brown hair and soft dark brown | but she manages her | forty, eyes. She is kind and gentle, house (and, in her quiet way, her husband) very well. He is, of course, a clever man, but a little pnpractical, and he needs Mrs. tley to look after him. Mr Priestley, on the other hand, is very practical of common sense.? 1 You will hear more about it in Book Wh, 2 SoU Teel pod seme in every mater Lesson seventeen "The Priestleys have two children, John and Mar- . John is eighteen, six foot tall, and a fine manly fellow. He is at the university and is studying to be a doctor. He is @ clever, hard-working student, and a first-class footballer, boxer, and runneF. He is strong oth in body and character, and quiet and thought! ‘like his father. He will make a good doctor. always bright and happy, full of joy and ga: isn’t fond of study of any kind, but she I ‘Margaret is a great joy to him. But here comes Mrs. Priestley. “Good mori how are you? zy: Good morning, everyone. I'm very thank you. You want to know about my e I ain very pleased to be here and I men Will gladly ‘off something about it. * The house is rather big, and there is a lot of work in so I can’t do everything alone. I have Susan and to help me with the work. zie is our cook, and she is a very good cook, but is no good at all at housework. Now, Susan is very at is all right, because Lizaie gets on with her Cooking, and Susan and I do the housework—and, eve me, we all work very hard.ie Essential English | ’ mat | 1. Susan and Lizzie get up at a quarter to seven, make the fires and open the windows. I get up at half past seven, and so does my husband, in time for breakfast at eight o'clock. ‘We have breakfast in the dining-toom. I like to be. gin the day well, so our breakfast is always a good one, My husband reads his newspaper and smokes a j cigarette with his last cup of tea, before he begins work at nine o'clock. “Then Lizzie and Susan begin to clean the house, wash up, make the beds, and get the vegetables ready for lunch. We have lunch at one o'clock. ‘After that T do some sewing, or go out for a wall, { or go to see people. ‘We have afternoon tea about five o'clock, but for that we don’t go into the dining-room. We go to the | sitting-room, and Susan brings in the tea with plates | of bread and butter and small cakes. ‘After tea we sit and talk, or listen to the radio, of read. Sometimes we go to the cinema or the theatre, ‘At about seven or eight o’clock we have dinner ‘ Lesson seventeen alter, and at cleven o'clock I generally go to bed, put my husband likes to sit up late, and read or weite in his study. Wel, that is all for the present. T about the house some other time. I tell you more GRAMMAR have—interrogative In Lesson 9, we had this way of making the interro- gative of have: they have—have they? Mr. Priestley has—has Mr. Priestley? But when the meaning of have is something like “ake”, “eat”, we make the interrogative with do and does (see page 104): ‘When does he have breakfast? ‘Where do the Priestleys have lunch? his case, we make the negative with do and does, He doesn't have lunch at 12 o'clock; he has it at one o'clock. EXERCISES Put in the missing words 1. You — know Mr. teacher and writer. 2. In this leston you nat his wife. 3. Today she — tell you — — about it. kes.a8330 » Essential English Lesson sovonseen i a — looking woman of — forty. ind and —, but she — her house very well. of — a clever man but a litle —. 7. What does Mrs. Priestley do after lunch? lo they have for tea? 1 will Mes. Priestley tell you more about the house? Idiomatic Phrases lesson there are a lot of idiomatic phrases, the of phrases that English people use i 15, T get up at half past seven, and —— my husband, ag. Lam very — to be here. 15. The house is big and there is © — of work in it, so I can’t Boa hark siden even — an egg. 17, Lizzie and Susan get the — ready for lunch. to lok after him. out for a walk, § ta lock oft He will make a good decor. Answer the following. Make sentences for your answers: +. Who will tell you about the Pricstleys’ house? 2. How ald is Mis. Priestley? 3, What colowc are her eyes and 4. What does she manage very w Susan is very good at housework.” + Lizzie is no good at sousework. the veges ‘ up and make the beds. the tea. to sit up late, present. 22, She can’t even boil an ogg. riestley fond of her? Goes the cooking in the Priestleys? house? e does Lizzie get up? 24, What time do you general 5, Do the Priestleye have an early bre 16. Where do they have bieakfast? * Make a sentence or two about each of the following: 1 Mrs, Peestley. 2. John Priestley, 3. Margaret. 1 5. Susan. 6. The Priestleys' house, 7. Their breakfast. 8, Their ‘ex 9, Their evening. easelBwrential English Dictation about her house, It is rather so she has Lizzie and Susan to does the housework and keeps the house clean, ie cooks the breakfast, lunch and dinner, breakfast Lizzie and Susan wash up, clean the house, we beds and, get the vegetables ready for lunch. Pri © sewing oF goes to see © je on the radio. Sometimes they go to the cinema or the theatre, ' | | Lesson 18 (Eighteenth Lesson) The Future We often use the Present Continuous Tense to speak the future, when the subject is a person: Landon témorrow, football on Tuesday. 1g here next week 10 Paris next year, be fourteen years old tomorrow. m a bicycle for his birthday. 120n speak English well. ‘Their teacher says: “You will soon speak English well.” lt has the conversational short form’: get up early tomorrow, ’be at the party this evening. sswinn this afternoon.4 Enential English Will goes with the infinitive of the verb, just like gap and could, It makes the interrogative and negative | in the same way, too: vs, Priestley tell us about the house? ichard be fourteen tomorrow? give him a bicy I not sce them tomorrow, WORD STUDY Many words in Eng Here are some in ow their use: ee ve Se answer (veri) Loan answer that question, = amperes ansiver to the qutstion g number ‘number the pictures in the book, (row) Pura number under the pictures, S70 tomorow Bammer (Crt) Harmer then speak to Mr. is evening. nai speak to Mr. Prestiy this evening, ,mpe Use small nail o ‘name Can you name all t The negative of shall is shan’t (fa:nt]: ‘We shan’t see him tomorrow. We are not mab We dra ton ont escupe Tam going to haves asi with Geo Some of the men se smoking eigreeea Look a he smoke from the fre “The dog seoping under the ble, The dog is having sleep un The canvas sade the peopl rom ‘The canvas gives shade rem the sue The lady dress very wel She is wearing white dees Note: In the examples above, will and shall are speaking about the future, But here are these words with other meanings, too: 5 a. An in 2. A request: (Please) ‘me your name? house, please? Will you show me the pictures?136 Essenticl English Lesion eighteen swim (verb) One of the boys is swimming to the rock, OU (moun) Come and have a swim in the tet some any cook (ter) Lizzie cooks the meals ‘We generally use some in affirmative sentences: (rou) She i «good cook bathe — (ver) We bathe at the seaside. fom) “He goes fr a bathe inthe oe bath (verb) ‘The mother baths the baby every day. (noun) You can see the baby’s bath in the picture (page 4) vwatk (ver) One ofthe gi {Goun) Come fora val climb (verb) The man is climbing the mountain. (eau) step (oer) You can step out of the motorcar now. {aown) The boy is Walking down the steps work — {verb} ‘The man works in the field. (noun) This work is bad cert) You can wee all these words now. (nowt) Do you understand the use of these words now? \e wants some new dresses, were are some books on the tabl Does she want any new dresses? Are there any books Can he see anybody He can’t see anybody in the room? in the room, GRAMMAR something Is there any ‘The: never Ishe going. Every goes with a singular noun: re today. today? an “The students come every day. no He knows every word in the book. nobody (no-one)—nothing ['aabin]—nowhere Ne also ‘everyone, everybody, everything, every’ - va't any where: aoa wheres, We haven't any bread = We have no bread Everyone (everybody) is here n re aren't any books here = There are no books here. Everything in hie house is beew ‘see anybody S He sees nobody, “He goes everywhere by acroplane. He doesn't know anything aboutit = He knows nothing aboutit138 Essential Eglin Lesson eighteen 1g But for the subject of a negative sentence, we musth 2, Make these sentences (a) interrogative, (b) negative: use no, nobody, nothing: eit shout his work : the mountain todey, ein the field with the pigs, *¢ me again tomorrow. ve the cat its dinner today. sce you on Friday. kind Notice the two meenings of kind: 1. (Adjective) She is hind and ge 2 (Nown) Margaret is not fond of study of any Aind, W! sind of dress is she wearing? 3. Make sentences using every word (a) as a noun, (i ) as averb: simoke. 2, work. 3. answer 7 dress, 8. name. 9. Swita. 10. wall, 5. bathe. 6, sleep. 1. hammer, 12. use, no good Liazie is no good at housework (page 127). “no good” means “useless” ‘This work isnot good = It is rather be This work is no good = It is completely useless, She is not good st cooking = She does not cook we She is no good at cooking’ = She is useless at cooking, She cooks very badly. * . Use each of these in a sentence: ady. 2. pleasant. 3. manage. 4. of course. 5. look after, sss. 7. fond of 8. can't even. . . 9, no good. 10. in ready. 12. kind (adjective). x3. kind (we 15, for the present. 5: Make these sentences interrogative: ‘They have some eggs There are some stare in the sky. She has come Aowers for the table There was somed in the paper yesterday Greetings Good morning. Good afternoon. Good evening. us something about her work. ‘These people have somewhere to live. ‘There is somebody in the room. ‘The shopkeeper has some eggs. EXERCISES 1. Put tomorrow at the end of each sentence, ant Kor shall with the verb: 3 + 5 G 7 8 9. Make the sentences in Exercise 5 negative: th n't any (enthing, anchor, anybody). (©) wih no (noching, nowhere, nobody).= ihn nadia tat, ae The Characters in the Essential English Books @) ee The Students : Hore are Mr, Priestey’s students, Look at them. They are just coming to his house for their lessons, ‘You will often meet them in this book and the othe books of Hscential English, We are going to be presen at their lessons and we are going to listen to them talking together. y They are going to talk about wi holidays, their countries and t oe {their sorows. They ° ca what they dislike. They will all you stories; they wi Write letters, tell jokes, and sing congs for you. I hope that you willsoon know them and likether, and feel thet; you and they are friends, Here is the first one to come, t Lesson 19 (Nineteenth Lesson) | Lesson nineteen | | i . She go Tor a dance or a theatre i and doesn’t ge morning. So, "t do very much le doesn’ 4 This is Jan, He is generally ein He doesn’t like to be a minute late! for his lessons. He is not only very clever, but also a very hard worker, and he likes to do everything well. He? has rather dark brown hair and good! grey eyes. He is not very tall, but he} is strong. He swims well, and he is a! good footballer. day and he never feels as strong asa horse. He has blue eyes and yellow hair, He doesn’t talk much, but he thinks alot,ya Essential Englig Here is Pedro. He is some, tall and dark and well-dressed, He is rich and clever, too. He does everything well. He is Spanish, but} he speaks English and French very} well; he goes everywhere and can talk well about almost everything—music, \ pictures, other countries, literature and life. ‘The next one to come in is Frieda, She hes brown hair and big grey eyes, She doesn’t talk much; she is rather” , but is very kind and nice; they wer. I think that she is pretty; and so do all the other students, exeept Jan; he thinks thet she is beautiful, tele ) Usnitay dd Lesson eet a ‘And here is the lst one. He is genera! to come, but the first to go away. This certainly not handsome or hard-working or clever. But he thinks that he is all these. He aoe doesn't like swimming or football. He ks that they are too much Tike-! hurd work. He doesn’t like study, He that study makes him tired. He class (he sometimes goes to slec there). He isn’t quiet; he talks a fot. He is 2 good eater and a good sleeper. is good-hearted and loves a . He knows a lot of funny stories and he always wants to tell them to you. Now they are going into Mr. Hob Priestley's study. We will follow, them in, and meet there in Lesson 20, ‘ GRAMMAR Plurals: In the sentence, ing to talk about their countries and their livesEssential Engl from the regular ones. Lives [lave] isthe plural of life Uaif), Many nouns ending in -f or ~fe make the plurg with ves, For example: Sit Pa cma - ST te & Fe ha |W v Books I, 1M, and IV, I Note also: Singular Phir countries ! ladies WORD STUDY Negative Prefixes We sometimes make a word negative by using a pre- fix, €.g. un-, in-, ime, dise. Here are negatives of words in Lessons x to 19, rou funny stories. mm and gaiety. Vegati Negative ‘stadi]—to study— ae i) nt [stjusdont}s ice healthy unhealthy comect enmo f ere lhe unpleasant Tike (verb) ‘unpractical dress (verb)Essential Engti esos ninaten nay Seing to EXERCISES In Lesson 19 you can see another way of expresei Set : the future, by using going to: Ep, Pate ee Etat cee ; 1. You will often m— the students in this book, Wey Sa be pee £ Neoregsing we pear ges oe ‘They are going We are going + They Lucille doesn't go to bed until ‘You have come too early; the concert a 4ll and until have the same meaning, the first... the fast ‘We can use these with to and the infinitive: He is generally the last student to come, He is the first to leave. 15, Hob isn’t p— or: 16, He doesn’t always I 10 lessons, 17, He sometimes g— to s— there, 18, But he is good 19. He knows lots of f stories 20. We will she students into Mr, riety’ study. Use each of the sentence: PRONUNCIATION DRILL fa 8 w mo OO. gentle alone cinema” San Jove fellow about regular Following words or phrases in a ‘lays. 2. funny. 3. friend, 4. rich. 5. much. 6. clever, only... but also, 8. mun lovely clever ago thestre Junch some Neeetable o'clock breakfast sunay one [wan] ready doctor vegetable but! someone already clever i none breakfast common 4. White the plurals of: w 2, Woman. 3, sheep. 4. potato. s. story, 6. man. mntry. 8 half. 9. wife, 10, study. * eseoh form [bat]K f Lesson 20 (Twentieth Lesson) Comparison of Adjectives (1) Mr, Priestley's Study Characters: Lucille, Mr. Priestley, Pedro, Jan, Frieda, Hoh, Olaf 4. Write a short description of: 18 Essential Englch | . 3. Olaf. 4. Pedro. 5, Frieda. 6. t x. Jon. 2. Luc lob. Scent Dictation are six of them in them are hard-wa much work. One and pretty. One 0 talk about mus or clever, but he t morning. She asks me to meet her. May T ing to stay in Loni le: About a fortnight, I think. Mr, Prialey: Tf you are not too bilty with o things, come one ev is quite 2 big one; there aresix of us. have three brothers and two sisters. 0: Are Yvonne and Marie older than you, Lucille? : Marie is older than Iam; Yvonne is two years younger than I am, Jon; Ave your brothers and sisters older or younger than you are, Frieda? \ a350 Frieda: They are all Essential Engl younger; I am the oldest of the family. When I am herewith you I fecl young, by > 3 when I look at my brothers and sisters 1 b 2 Ss feel quite old. Chet re is me of my Uncle Albert—I tell you about him some day. He's eixty now, but he says he doesn’t feel a day older than forty! anti he says, “A man is as young as he and ml i { Jan: Tell me about the others in your-fami Frieda: Well the youngest and the smallest one Fritz; he's the baby of the family. He's only fou ‘Then there are Hans and Peter, the twit®. They s old as edt’ other, thirteen, and? as tall as each other, and they are very lik each other; people can tall one from the other, Ubadrertnkts Lucille: What are your sisters’ names? Frieda: Gretchen and Ruth, Hob: Are they as pretty as you are? Frieda: Oh they are both prettier than Tam. R the prettiest gitl that I know. They both hav <<—hair hair, but Ruth's hair is longer and fairer tha Gretchen’s. Gretchen is fatter than Ruth, (Sh: doesn’t like you! to say she is fat; and we tell her she will get thinner when she gets older.) Olaf I suppose Hans and Peter are at school. Frieda: Yes; and the house is very much quieter when they are af school than when they are at home. Lucille: Boys are always noisier then girls; you can aa boys to be quiet, Ne ae | i i » Frieda {‘ Lesson tent Hans Peter Ruth Gretchen ve Frieda: Ym sure you can't. Hans and Peter are quite ow—and th EN ‘i > ye I'm sure they don’t; they think of nothing but sotball and climbing and eating and joking and fighting. ra. Hob: T remember my Uncle Albert gi 5 Yery good advice when << want to fight, Shit the other fel count @ thousai oF me ae: vo Lesson tenet a 2. Superlative Essential Eng GRAMMAR Comparison of Adjectives (1) 1, Comparative ‘Lam luchier then you. ‘Are Marie and Yvonne older than you? Ruth's hair is longer than Gretchen's Gretchen is fater than Ruth. Lam the oldest of the f roungest and the is the pro ‘They are the noises: boys reconnect these sentences we are using the sperlative form of adjective. To make the superlative we add -est In these sentences we of the adjectives, To are using the comparative forms make the comparative we add i Comparative Superlative Bl. L quieter quietest Adjective Comparative Adjective Comparative older oldest old fat i younger [‘iangs] youngest (angist} tal baeky ie isle big prety prettier cr a eerie oer olin niin] After the comparative adjective we use than, prettier peeeeeeet Nore 1 After “than!” we can also have @ noun + We generally use “the” before the superlative. After verb: en use 2 phrase ‘They are both prettier than Iam, Note 2. We can have than between two subordinate clauses: ‘The house is much quieter when they are at school than whet they are at home, i Note 3, No before a comparative means “not at all”: | 3 means ‘A man is no older then he feels, A man ia as young as he looks. Are they as preety as you are?wy Oosws 154 Exsential Engligt Gerund EXPRESSIONS We can use the Ging)form of the verb rather like if her (Object and infinitive), noun, to speak of fraction: | : 0 Be cuit. (Object and infinitive) Do they Bike learning? them to come to dinner, (Object and infinitive) ‘They think of nothing but football and. climbing and and joking and fighting. 1 liked fighting when L vas e boy. May I meet her instead of coming Hob doesn’t like swimming or footb: I, 7 very like each other. ell one from the ather wr when she gets also page 150) ‘When we use the ing form of the verb in the same. ‘way as a noun, we call it a Gerund. EXERCISES Put in the missing words (the first letter of one or two of them is given): at He lisyis che going to stay in London? UUnavefnather sister but Thavent — prothers, Qe T have n— brother sinter, ban jose O° am lucker than 2 you, Our tortbtfie «big one Are your brothers and sisters di!’ or y22tthan you? ‘The shad the sei Frit, Then there tne ans and neither... nor either... or re exactly 2 ld 8 each other and ex each athe a we can say: I have neither brother nor sister. ( 6. They are both py wt ge i ‘i 10. They think pf nothing but football and cand e&f ahd or: I haven't either brother or sister. ne tioey Notice, too, that Frieda says: 4 % Ansel these questions. Write a sentence for every ansicer, isthe nam f Luaille’s sister? 2 When is she coming to London: To say she or Jan or Pe 3: How fong is she going to stay? (three people), she can say: I am luckier than any 4 What does Lucille want to do on Friday? you. S- What docs Mr. Priestley ask Lucile to do one evening?A yr Look at the “story without words” and ansever thy Lew tenty Why is Friede luckier than Lu erst picuure aguin. Why is Mr. Green going to the Who is the youngest child in ly reer Who is the oldest? Is Hans younger than Petes three sentences abou prettier, hair, slimmer) A Story Without Words Two Men and One Chair questions. First Piture: How meny the chair—M. Br or Mr, Green een doing? ‘Who does he see? Is he glad to see him? Third Pictures Fourth Picture: Fifth Picture: . Browa looking happy? Mr. Green saying? ‘Mr. Brown now? is Mr. Green holding? Js Mr. Brown locking hmppy now? Why not? ‘Sixth PicturesEssential Engi Lesson 21 (Twenty-First Lesson) The students tafk together on 45 (all a each ates POs Bi sii ang) and 9. Hans and Peer ae ‘ 20, Boys ae alnaye foi than gi 5: Talk about George, He and Richard. Say wy is older, younger, oldey Youngest, tallest,” stronge, Satter, thinnest,’ etc, ete Compare their feet, 1 Henry's left ear and his righ ear bo SB want to hear your ide ple I don’t quite know whet to say, but, to begin with, I don’t like London. Iam ured of 4 fortnight, so Mr. dinner one evening ‘im to ask them, and says ‘Mr. and Mrs, Priestley. ‘The other students ther ha too many bi much noise, Mr. ‘Yes, but on the other hand, there are mn talit about their brothers and sisters. raries and museums and theatres. ] know Uz neither brother nor sister, Peds has toe feos Se that you are fond of Shakespeare, Jan; and in one brothers; two of the brothers re twine, Hee has or sisters, but he has Un cle Albert and he is never t you about hin, OF other of the theatres there is always a Shake- speare play. Composition 1 oF about your own, wn, Mr. Gresn and the chats, Jokneon, about Frieda's feril the story of Me. Broy\ ont Bet i ; | t ay Lytle) : la T I i ee i a : : 4 | | soite t Jan: Yes, I like Shakespeare's plays, and the library certainly helps me with my work; but when? have time, I like to get out of London and walkin the country or swim or play football, Mr. Priestley: What do you say to that, Frieda? Frieda; I agree with Jan. I like London for sont, things, but after a time I get tired of it. My hort is @ quiet little place in Switzerland among th mountains, and when T am in the noise ¢ London I always want to be among the mountait! and the trees, or at a quiet seaside place (there a some lovely ones in England) with the sea and t yellow sand and the sunshine. And in summ¢ when London is hot and burning... Hob: 1 say, sit, I know a song, “London’s Burning. Can Ising it? It begins, “London’s . in Soni Riodins Raclei stl sian hikan Lesson teentycone Mr. Priestley: Wait a minute, Hob. You can sin song at the end of the lesson, but 1 the others speak now. Lucille, do vou like these quiet places? Lucille: T certainly do not! I feel half dea know these quiet seaside places with m and no one on it except me. two or three neisg children and an old man or two, I once stayed ut ‘one of them—but on] lever again fe There was one smail hotel with « sad. waiter, We bad uneatable cabbage every di undrinkable coffee every evening. The people in wose places all go to bed at nine o'clock because there is nothing else to do. Priestley: Welly Lucille, we certainly know whet xou don't like. What do you like? Lucilie: 1 Wke gaiety and life and fun. I want to meet people, young and gay and interesting prople. I good hotels, with good food and good wine. ¢ theatres with bright music. I like Hy ing; and motoring, if the car is 2 fast ane. Mr. Priestley: What do you say, Olaf? lef: 1 don’t dance—and [ don't want to dance. T enjoy going to the theatre when there is a good lay there, a play by Shakespeare or Shaw or Galsworthy. I don’t like “bright, music Tike people, people with ideas, people with character. But I don’t like a lot of people ali to- Bether. T love walking and climbing’, Jan and I walked in Scotland last year and climbed? the Mountains there. Mr * [daioinh 2 Eaaimd}160 Buential Bog 4 yoy taenty-one Jan: Yes, we enjoyed that holiday very much. We are Boing again next year, just the two of us; but art sachet and, above all, not in a fast car. T want to others, Pedro and Lu See the country, and you can't do that ina fast cary you and Olaf. go on you can only do that when you walle and Lu Olaf: 1 hate cars with their noise and dust and smel Mr. Priestley: And Pedro, what do you say? | Pedro: It is very interesting to \, Speakers and different ideas sf __ and the quiet seaside for at "3 perhaps, but after that I feel men and women—not just tr and sea, and so I come back to London or Pari or Vienna or Warsaw, t0 Rio de Jancice Buenos Aires. There I find what I want, the re § cajoyable things of life, interesting people, bool good music, good plays, good pictures. Those un Then Pedro are at the end of line one, and- Olaf, like the mountains { ¢, for a week or twa} that I want to s hings. When we’ get SOnge We go to the beginhng is on the piana ing.) “London's Littine SS London's burn=ing Loa-dons burs: and jokes—I think th p anitine you like coming to # ‘Hob: Ob, yes, | like coming here, and I like going away from here. What I don’t like is being here. Can I sing my song now, sir? $A tine Mr. Priestley: Very well, Hob. Hob: Thank you. The name of the song is “Londo Burning” Tt is @ particular kind of song. They | call it “a round”. This is how you do it: two! a pictures" = the cinema (cnverasti 1 told Fou thet Heb wast pale i Srdtine 5 Four on wa = ter Pour on wa > ter ‘London's Burning (A round)va 164 Essential Bnglick | esson toenty-one @) Comments on Lesson Twenty-one Tnall these verbs the pronun Teftce Past agree 2 Serced a Simple Past Tense of Regular Verbs (1) “Regular” verbs form their Past Tense by adding -ed ~ or -d to the Present Tense. You have examples of this 2 in Lesson ar: ~ ‘Shakespeare liked London (present ten: T stayed in quit place (present tense, ‘We walked in Scotland ond climbed o clin). i es We enjoyed that holiday very much (ejey), : ‘mountains (welt played | reoMuyeearreg! ‘The Past Tense is the same for all subjects. - ‘questioned phone —tviephoned Here are all the regular verbs from Lesson 1 to | Temembered | show areCunahowed a Leon ati Bamered | thomas ened iE (3) - () : ~ ~ In these verbs (ending with a [t] or [d] sound) the = pronunciation of the -ed is [id]. =o boxed ~ Gok StoLan Cooked = Infinitive Past ne once Consists comisted count oie counted eed ior needed depend. depended end ended repeat repeated taste 7" tasted wait eS waited want qui. wanted thankspelos thanked work worked like liked walkontan walked