Abstract

Reverse logistics performance parameters, including price, reprocessing productivity, speed, quality and
waste, will be measured in this study to see how they affect the environmental, financial, and social
effectiveness of FMCG sectors. Supply Chain Management (SCM) is the control of both the delivery of
the products from the raw manufacturing of products to the user's consumption. In order to transfer the
item through every stage, an organization must have a number of distributors who function as links in
the supply chain. Only high levels of recycling efficiency and quality have a favorable impact on
economic performance. One final finding revealed that social functioning can be positively influenced by
recycling efficiency alone. Sustainability in revers logistics can benefit from these findings, which also
give organizations with direction on how to incorporate sustainability in their operations. Finally, this
research brings value to the sectors by quantifying the role of sustainable development in reverse
logistics. A procedure of transferring products from their usual final location with the goal of collecting
value, or ensuring properly dispose. The transfer of value to the company is defined by the logistics
system that has been set up for the business. This number should either remain constant or grow in
value in order to allow for improved advantages to be provided as the value chain is refined.

Introduction

As the name suggests, reverse logistics is a sort of logistics management that delivers product back from
customers to sellers and producers. It is necessary to use reverse logistics for post-purchase actions such
as product returns and recycling. As the supply chain is retraced from of the end user to the wholesaler
or producer, reverse logistics occurs. As an example of reverse logistics, processes such as recycling,
refurbishment, or reselling may be left up to the end user. Reverse logistics is used when items are
returned from their end destination to the purchaser and, in some cases, back to their original suppliers.
The aim is to either recoup the product's value or get rid of it. With the rise of online shopping, refunds
have become more commonplace and are now worth about a trillion dollars each year. It is the goal of
reverse logistics to recover as much value as possible while also ensuring that customers will come back.
At minimum 30% of online purchases are refunded, comparable to 10% of in-store transactions.

In order to develop client loyalty and repeat purchase, savvy organizations use reverse logistics.
Traditional product flow begins with suppliers and continues to a manufacturer or distributor.
Customers and sellers get their products from there using logistics management, products can be
returned to just about any level of the supply chain from where they were originally purchased. Supply
chains that are well-thought-out are flexible enough to adapt to new conditions and can even handle
some aspects of reverse logistics. Using this reverse procedure, products can be returned to their
original source.

They may even be able to re-sell or re-discount returned goods logistics procedures in both directions In
today's worldwide and incredibly quickly economy, rivalry could be seen in every area, especially
manufacturing. Reverse logistics operations are becoming more important to companies as a result of
increased competition. Customers demand producers, retailers, and internet companies to have
effective return policies. Companies, on the other hand, are always looking for ways to maximize the
value of any returned merchandise.

Forward and reverse logistics are functionally equivalent, however the flow of goods in reverse differs
from the forward circulation flow in several ways. Moving products back to their original location after
they have been consumed is referred to as reverse logistics. Backward supply chain stock is subject to
unpredictable, whereas forward supply chain stock is predictable and homogeneous. A wide variety of
items are returned to their original production location, including new, unopened boxes and used
(damaged/Good) items. Despite this, manufacturers also have very limited insight into the state in which
returned goods will be found. Producers should be ready and consider many aspects of sustainability
while commodities are returned. This promotes the economic growth, environmental conservation, and
social well-being which are all intertwined in the concept of "sustainable development."

Reverse logistics must be employed by companies in order to achieve long-term viability. Fast-moving
consumer goods (FMCGs) or CPGs (consumer packaged goods) are goods with a constant turnover and
relatively inexpensive that have gained prominence in sustainable development and reverse logistics
publications within last decade. This literature emphasizes the importance of optimizing product and
waste return flows . Global brands include cosmetics, cleansers, perfumes, tooth household cleaners,
shaving products, and surfactants, along with non-durables such as tableware, lamps, chargers, paper
goods, and plastic commodities. FMCG can also contain medications, packaged foods, carbonated
beverages, wrapping paper, and snack foods, amongst other things. Reverse logistics strategy and
sustainability are important since it improves efficiency [6], but manufacturers and merchants must take
measures toward an environmental sustainability because manufacturing among these products results
in greater trash.

Literature review

Sustainable Reverse Logistics

In order to achieve long-term sustainability, it is essential to create a supply chain system that integrates
production, supply chain, and reverse logistics. The primary objective of sustainable development is to
bring environmental, social, and economic concerns to the forefront. The phrase "sustainable
development" would be used in logistics since logistics is essentially a human activity such as
transportation, warehousing, and packaging control activities that give organizations a competitive edge,
but also have certain negative implications on environmental management systems.

Sustainability in the supply chain can only be achieved by having a faultless production, distribution and
reverse logistics activities. The term "sustainable reverse logistics" (self sustaining reverse control) was
coined with the rise of sustainable Logistics, particularly in light of tight environmental requirements.
Ecological issues in reverse logistics can be solved by lowering the total impact on the environment of
transportation, as well as by taking into account the economic costs of recycling and garbage disposal.
Expense, duration, recycling efficiency, reliability, and waste are usually the most important factors to
consider while looking for a sustainable reverse logistics provider.

Forward and reverse logistics

Forward logistics has long been associated with the delivery of final products to clients. Supply chain
logistics is defined by the Institute of Logistics Management as a segment of the supply chain
management process that focuses on meeting customers' needs by coordinating the transportation of
products, activities, and associated documents from source to destination . In reverse logistics, same
operations are likewise included, but they are conducted in the reverse order. "The planning process,
organizing, and monitoring the effective, expense supply of raw materials, in-process stock, final
products, and related information between the point of production to the point of origin with the aim of
recapturing value or properly disposing According to this description, reverse logistics involves the flow
of goods or materials from either the client to supplier or manufacturer.

Productreturn reasons

There are two primary reasons why goods are returned or neglected: perhaps they do not work as
intended or their purpose is no longer required. Producers, wholesalers, retailers, and
customers/consumers all play a role in the supply chain. As a result, there really are three different types
of returns. Returns from manufacturing, marketing, and buyer returns include input materials surplus,
performance returns, production leftovers, marketing returns "mistaken deliveries and unwanted
products," inventory modifications, and operational returns "Allocation components."

Productacquisition

Product procurement is a important process for gaining financially viable reverse logistics circulation. It
is the process of obtaining of used commodities, pieces of hardware and substances from end client or
smarkets for supplemental processes. Since consumers' return dates and quality and variety are
unknown, acquisition is critical in reverse logistics.

Collection

Recycled products from users are collected by the goods or property. The act of returning things to the
manufacturer or service provider after they have been returned to merchants or customers is known as
collection. Third-party internet providers, for example, are commonly used as intermediates in this
transaction. Returns are collected and transported by this third-party service supplier.

Inspection

Rejected commodities must be reviewed and a new treatment devised after the collection process is
complete. In order to sort the products, an unique inspection process with each item or product is
necessary. Businesses must conduct a check of their return items whenever they reach at the collection
place in order to assure their safety. In order to determine the product attributes and quality level, this
procedure begins with deconstruction, inspection, sorting and evaluating the defective products. A
company's most profitable and acceptable strategy for each specific product may then be easily
identified by companies

Redistribution

In the last phase of reverse logistics, the remanufactured and reclaimed products, materials, and parts
are resold to new clients in the marketplace. In addition, the redistributing process transfers the
retrieved product from the reverse channel flow into a forward supply chain. A dispersed product can be
returned to the seller, sold as new, redistributed through outlet or discount, given to a secondhand
market, or donated to charity.

Corporate Social Responsibility in Supply Chain Management

The idea of corporate social responsibility (CSR) is currently recognized as a technique for cooperation
and survival in the face of business behavior. As a result, no single standard or evaluation of CSR can be
said to be universally acknowledged, allowing for several theoretical Five approaches based on varied
views, general criteria, achievable goals, and aspects to be taken into account. corporate social
responsibility (CSR) is a tool used by companies of all kinds to achieve a balance between economic,
social, and environmental goals. As part of the discussion on globalization, competition, and
sustainability, organizations employed CSR to defend universal interests and foster a sense of
connection and cohesiveness.

CSR's effect on the company can be measured on three levels: financial, social, and ecological.
Sustainable growth in the company could only be achieved if strategic management processes included
considerations of ecological consequences as well as financial performance . In order to gain a
competitive edge and boost business results, the framework assumes that companies would integrate
long-term sustainability initiatives and vision through out SC. In order to attain long-term viability and
sustained growth, a company needs to develop a lengthy strategy for company performance that goes
beyond relatively brief economic rewards. Two noteworthy books have documented the development
of the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the issues it addresses.

"Corporational social responsibility" (CSR) describes an organization's commitment to operating in an

ecologically and fiscally sustainable manner while taking into account the interests of its customers".

When businesses face several challenges from both business and stakeholders, they are supposed to
accept personal responsibility for their supply chains. The four pillars definition of CSR are: economic;
legal; ethical; and philanthropic. To be considered legitimate, every supply chain CSR project must meet
all of these requirements. As a result of CSR's acceptance, companies might gain a competitive edge, as
well as opportunities for innovation and growth. As long as these programs go beyond a flashy
propaganda campaign, a clear and strategic structure for CSR operations is necessary .

When it came to supply chain management, corporate social responsibility (CSR) didn't come into play
until the 1990s, but it has been explored in a variety of scenarios since then . This is similar to the
findings of Carter and Jennings (2004), who found tha CSR categories in the supply chain focus on
environmental, social, and economic issues as well as purchasing obligations. putting CSR into practice
in the workplace which include drafting a code of conduct to transmit operational principles, integrating
an ethical orientation into an organization's culture, and providing ethics and values training for
employees. Ethical decision making is influenced by organizational culture, according to research . CSR
has been integrated into supply chains and evaluated using several frameworks . There is little doubt
that CSR has covered a wide range of supply chain ethics issues. That's why studying them individually
may be more beneficial.

ethical, on supply chain management reverse logistics

In part because of the enormous sums of money they handle, supply chains have grown in strategic
relevance within organizations, the supply chain is "the succession of organizations, including suppliers,
customers, and logistics providers that work together to provide a value package of goods and services
to the ultimate customer." In a nutshell, a supply chain is the chain of organizations that goes from the
company's supplier to the client's customer Effective and efficient supply chain operations can generate
incremental benefits for consumers and other stakeholders. As a result, a business can distinguish itself
and ultimately benefit its customers' demands by using this strategy. It is because of this that a business
can either cut its expenses or charge more for better services than its competitors. Because supply
managers encounter more ethical challenges on a daily basis than managers in other roles ethical
integration is an especially effective technique of providing value.

Supply chain ethics has evolved as a crucial notion that can effect a company's competitive advantage as
procurement and logistics play an increasingly important role. As a result, ethical accountability in the
supply chain is now a hot topic in business theory and practice. "The activity of supplying goods and
services while adhering to an ethical code" is a simple definition of supply ethics. A company's social
responsibility initiatives can be influenced by the purchasing and logistics departments because their
impact extends to both internal operations and various customers . Ethics in supply chains, on the other
hand, has received less attention in the literature, with studies focusing on only a few discrete areas of
supply chains. In order to better understand supply chain ethics, it is important to understand what
motivates companies to take an ethical stance.

Supply chain ethical practices

As stakeholders as well as other individuals put increasing pressure on businesses to take environmental
responsibilities into account, a slew of ethical trading initiatives have sprung up. The improvement of an
organization's environmental and social impacts can be achieved in large part through the
implementation of ethical practices in its supply chains .

Different aspects of supply chain ethics have been studied in the past, which would include corporate
responsibility , ethical sourcing, reasonable trade and carbon free initiatives among others. Keeping an
eye out for unethical practices in the supply chain is of paramount importance. Therefore, there have
already been attempts to develop norms for sensitive activities like gift giving and supplier selections. It
is critical for a company to select the practices that are most relevant to its strategy and combine the
necessity for lucrative development with the ethical requirements of its stakeholders. The concept of
the 'triple bottom line', which includes environmental practices as well as the conventional bottom line
of revenue, is an example of this . Ethical considerations should be applied when evaluating various
methods and projects, and a few of the more common ones are described in the following.

Why choose reverse logistics

In every step of the supply chain, large corporations are faced with a never-ending series of choices. An
organization must decide on the best shipping methods, the location of product production, and
whether or not to engage a third-party logistics services. Consequently, the reverse supply chain is
frequently disregarded while developing supply chain strategy. Reverse logistics in the supply chain is
primarily concerned with dealing with products that are nearing the end of their useful lives, are
defective, and need to be upgraded. In the case of obsolete items or new upgrades, a reverse logistics
plan provides a method for the removal of the current technology to make room for the next generation
of equipment. Reverse logistics, in a way, is the most environmentally friendly aspect of any company's
business logistics plan. It is estimated that up to 40% of "thrown away" laptops were recycled during
2019, a considerable increase from a stunning 18% in 2016. According to the EPA. Consider the following
aspects to properly appreciate how a reverse logistics approach impacts supply chain strategy.

Return on Investment

Investments are made in new or remanufactured technology when a company and other organisation
acquires it. This equipment provides a good return on investment and boosts revenue with each passing
year that passes. When it's necessary to get rid of the this technology, company owners can enjoy a
significant return on investment by using reverse logistics. Metal, copper, and steel are common metals
found in computers and some other electronics, and these materials can be repurposed in new
products. Remanufacturing an automobile part can bring it back to life, permitting it to be recycled and
resold. Although technically this is a step in the reprocessing, the fact that money is made from it leads
us to classify it as a reuse.

Importance ofr learning reverse logistics

The modern society has come to understand and embrace environmental protection as a core value and
necessity. Since the beginning, environmental-friendly firms have seen an improvement in customer
satisfaction and general perception. The public deserves to know that each corporation is just doing its
best to create a safer environment for succeeding generations by loading landfills containing millions of
hazardous industrial things. An example established by a company that recycles its end-of-life products
demonstrates its commitment to meeting the needs of its customers.

Customers become more loyal and the company's customer acquisition rate rises as a consequence. The
public's trust in the company grows as a result businesses battle for a larger piece of the market all
through the supply chain. When this happens, it is a good thing and helps keep the cost of items down.
Although mineral wealth and the resources needed to make synthetic materials are declining, the supply
chain is being affected. It is possible to reuse and recycle many of the components in a non-recycled
electron. As the market for electronics devices rises, the supply of environmental assets will be
depleted due to reduction in recycled materials. Finally, a company that uses reverse logistics to recycle
old computer equipment has taken to reduce their costs.

As a result, the company saves money, and the prices of its products and services fall. A company's
revenue might soar when its items are more affordable to the general public. Reduced business Risks in
Processes for data security are an essential part of a successful reverse strategic plan. However, a
company's sustainability is judged by its capacity to keep consumers happy and minimize its
environmental impact. Data breaches are not directly related to this. A company's number of customers
can be wiped clean in the event of a data breach. To make matters worse for companies in trouble,
they're more prone to overlook composting as part of Infromation tecnology Asset Disposal, resulting in
a decrease in sustainability. As part of a reverse logistics plan, recycling ensures that the company's
current data on its equipment is completely deleted, thus reducing the risk to business. In the end, good
return administration, recycling, and reusing support customer data security and enabling economic
success and sustainability.

Future research gap

The literature evaluation conducted by the research is primarily concerned with increasing public
knowledge of the benefits of using reverse logistics systems. The research focuses on the application of
reverse logistic systems with in supply chain management system in order to capitalize on the benefits
that will accrue as a result of their deployment.

Conclusion

End of life technology, refunds, reprocessing, and equipment failures are all issues that company owners
will have to deal with at some point. In addition to offering an extra source of revenue from the sale of
the recycled objects, these methods assist improve firms by boosting public perception and minimizing
risk of cyber attacks. So many smaller benefit, such as avoiding fines from the governmental agency for
improperly disposing of equipment, cannot be stated, but the enormous financial benefits of
implementing a reverse logistics plan significantly outweigh the expenses of merely throwing old
equipment away.