CE 35 Tug 7 Elements oS Stel Design Process oF Design 1: Funcatvzal Plowing: — Builling Program, site plan, Code requirements QV Tris Srracra ness materials greViry/ lateral Voods, layout 3: Prelinainery Design: Spprsimasions 4 rena oe cosy Funvion, local (rasite/preFerence esi S: Selea Finol Structure 6 Derwled Seractural Molysis: computers 7, Dedoiled Structural Desian: ‘:krasive & Evaluok Firol Design A Prepare Drowings eso Sications Vo. Conssruction: se providks review, inspecrian, Approve shop drovings S4rvoural Requirements ® Sofe? Strong enougn ts Yessy sypicol Joads waloss hoki cealle chrvage Swoble , ductile / © Sewicealle: hur diformesor Yo preed- occuped Comboar BAY oe diseress , Vines vibrations @ Lemont: Se less marerial, ary te Sto Werrin budger Gobricorion! ~IBy, cost — Wehour! ~G0 Woke, Consrucion efFicier . Uniform Member 2) Cates, SpecFicerions, ane Sendords © Codes: prover padlic Safer Irian design loads clerolled dasign, Conmruction, 3 toppection niles Fire proveaice requirements Emerroricng| Baldy CodeCE 335 Tuk 7 ® Specif resins: design optelines by engineering soliefes Axsc, ACY AASHTS Only legal when referenced by buil ding codes ® Ssondards: provide Ubifeymiy in Consirucsion meseriels, products, and procedures ASTM, ASCE, Aws (Araricon Welding Seciery) Loads on Structures , seigmic sce cho, five, Hood snow, rein, ico, wind, eatelreruntte Desay PWilesphies ASD vs. LRED Allondle Stress Destan ond Lood and Resisrence Fasror Pesige Asp \-a% ediions LRED 1-3 editions & Combined Spy URED es) wh 13 ed Asp Son. & Fone © Ex & Moron stress ox Failure . SS Goro of sofery page Gone servite \eods 1 Wort Strengilh Failure aaa Ras oie yeistence Sector DwRe 2g = load |ffecs Ketel, sheave.) colestosed = \oot type deed, Teer) Sorce undr a | Soerored \ods LRrED — bot loads and resistences ore rardom Varictles thea Follow Korma) distri butions ®CE 35 Tuk 7 ee Lina Sroses Yimur of seeuuert usefelness, failure mod © srengsr fir side! Sefery Fecore | instasilay, yielding Cecessive deformenon) Checked using Facrred wee © sina toa swle: affeus Sunsin/use exctessine deflesion, excessive Vibration Checked sony seyvice loads Steel © Ade I, am rb , other Im puridies Adveniages t Wvigh sirenghs@ Fee yn wots Uniformity - elastichy & prediatabie Webosior! Wehr modulus OF elasntay PRirmonence Quully toughiness: gpod For epost, dynoric, Foatgue loadings & \ow Semperaiures ality +o le Welded and \ye\ted Stondord ization Recyclasiving Disodvartages Corresion: Se poy Frrepros Savy senses? Se oords/sproys Puerta: Perper desian oraon redure design ssarenarh andar Bale Frauare ot low vemperotures awYor Grclic teadtny 8cE Bs Du Siee\ Properties Yield Strengths rasmus Stress For Wh Skee) cremans elostic Wimake Te ytsile + asim Lenpaerny Strengsn SHe39 priok te Fas\ re ABC 3G 58 Gs ST Gr 7° BO ee Bo cS E=2a,o00 Ks. fr oll te) godes Ew e&< ol -2.2 % Bye lB Eyre te Cpe P-Bor% fa Con UWSe Semin Kordsang & onloading ye Merease Yield sreagin Cota - formrg? Sgrvavral Sxeel Ty p23 © ® Veetd of Gross Cross Sesion bus BPe = ORF VA, OOF Opeth) = Ay = @ess oreo Folure is exlesrive e\ongos on B, = Yield stress @ _ Froaure of Ne Section Pus Q.Pn= OKA Qe= O75 (more Uncer rainy) Re= fdeaive ner arco. Por same oxi Frece, Kye Ultmcie $e Stress 35. higher a Nek Seunow Na-seuiion Yield is very Shall 9 Sohure is ax alts sires Effeune New Aree leds hele dramaice 95 USvelly % 0 Taryer Thin bat dicmeter dy dt 4 Wo DX e due we domge ov \c re Periphery of hele = habe, sizeCE 35 su 8 er re Stress leads te high stew Concenirarions, Cspacielly When Clemons ore nov fully Connected rrovement GF Surees bomees Mertens called shear log eeu > define effective Net aren Kee An 5 0 defined i Valle D2! hw € Conrroid of connaied ores 40 the Plane ' oe tn geneeos L clergy of Connecsion Coane etepr for parotlel a> lend ” 7 DE COME icenier distance lverveen firs & lass belts ovtrage oe oe Nell SeCE 235 ral 4 ee Lay Sexgered Woles holes ner bined ypt “2 tubiple pons A Froature, Soluce is a an of Feng and sMear aa , ae Nine has trnivned nek hes S! (pro) a Wd > Nae wo Ede Y © ° m jo rales L Cnonnels Staggered Ystes: Visvdiiae “untelding member’ © 9 Wercen Vales © Nfferea legs is AlStonce lbetreen Centers of hak oo Cemerline of Wikkness (outer Wy, Vance, mos ess) Wed = Block Shear Faclure 19099 — Lia seors oF Plena and Sheorth @ Pirpandicler plane fension i 02 Rac 0.6 Fane * Obs Fu Bae S OF Ay * UpsFu An Boys aross shear OF eo Dux ner tensile oreo. a fer SMeor OT Vgse Lo where sense Sivess 1S Uniform, 05 otherwise Foe qension wembers use “9 Gx0.75 For wledt shearCE 335 Tal 4 Design of Version Memloors Feed alequak 4°55 ond Nod orees D> Herahve Process Ware te We slevdorness “9 Nive Eg 300 Uns deFecion EVviveorion) | Puc SPe Pa Yield condirron Ag = Sar ' Pu Faure Condition = Ay, 2 O15F,0 = Bet Anas z Pek Any i) ces) NS tae” OOS Chak Blox Shor and destgn connechion ond Slenderness rotiCE 335 Tul le Boils-up Tension Merber, Chak ‘7% Sor enire mamber and individual ConPones Lecon/e inn £309, Where Lew, SMe Very of comm Porat berveens “idermediage Connectors TwWermad ian Connetion design: LF om elemos ore in vapbeuaas Conaet, Spacing of Yeseners/relds Shawld Agr exleed AH Cimes the thidkiness of pho Pinner Clemerty of \Dinchas + TF he werler Consists of Urpsinkd clmans subj > Corresion, 5 o4: Shoald nar ateed IY Fines te thekness of she thinner eleme® or Jinchas + Tha distance Fram Hhe Caner Grory bits te he hasinest ofthe Connected Por may nor Be 2 shon '2 Fimes tre thickness of he chinner element or G inches Threaded Reds Crealer Pods are dyin + Mo bucking spo Onenk Pre Actus O75aFa @s O75 = Aya Po x Ruyunrerdes (0750.75) ON mK ale TT ogress bow Oreo’ Stress arte Compression Menabers only axtel force, referred Ye os Columns Compression & Vending elemany is \eom-column - — Subjem As buckling 7 P-S efteu ds nar Consider Fracwre globe (Euler) ond \scel ‘ouckdlingCE 3B Jul lo Baler Cowan ene bad ook \s a sirduurol nsbsNty Caused by & Change ser geornerry y 2 7] Paz Pee WEY LY a 6 te deol coluern & Vecciny _ Char elestic, Uoaded ot udkyy conntied by ou ee Cewresd) Longer Colttrnnd ore sustape Be + ands doo pend pl os) acing independ Of Fy (orsenption) Fee ne | Teal) re HY rarU ° Pen ease tig Soe a Fxed-Fixed Colvrr [ po WEL A Ca) Na for a sar of bounden, condd ons Pes a ) KE effective \ength Esferive bergih is ws Sector \engih Banreen WF lecion pois on Clume Tole CA-\ lists effective Vergv Focrors Arve Crockedness 3 Con oneglfy Louekting effeas, Reducing Compr essive ~~ ASTM wie ue? = oo ania) crooked ness ®CE 335 Jul to Viel dingy, Srelasre Column Bosk\iny E, 5 c Inelastic budhiy caused by resided stresses resulting from Gheven Coaliny oft criss sect} iN Euler sess ¢ “yn tmlasnc!| elesie Flewunt Buckling Yux @P, Hex O-K Py Fey inelastic # Keg UE (or 2) elasic a Key ualE “ ae aA aa, ee 5 So Yer 225) Fy/ Fel Fo s|0-8 \ K,< 877K fa Fyne be row building Cluvons ane . ec SeKk are elas ty V2 So TY KL may be Jitteress Bebveen Hes calumn axes (dues supper condidor 9 Use ben NE volte to celadlenionsCE 335 Tu\ Mt Table UH > Fe depending on Len (K=kL) ond Fy Table Hl thru Unt aR depending on Le twee Train However, ts) 8 conirdies by Sirong aris, thes need Oo Conerr To Weak GS Lecal Buckly Noucteling OCLs Th G Symall Section, sudy os the Flan, naps or web oF a Wshape need to crak local buck Lecal buckling conatied by ee rio Af Indiv elemant> WO Cress -sectton ak, D types of elements > snLened! Supporse! on te ed, Un stttened ; pprsjeoing soap pies With one frre olge D determines fF On elemem is: Nonslender AS Ae > nonslender D> XW — Slender G Tore BY. (F Sherer, Column Compressive Capacity is reduces Po=FerAle ; Aes Ay~Zb-ber when 27F(BE a Web =<, ele Fer RN Fe C1 Cr WWlased Toble E215 Fay = okey eS > 0)CE 335 Dual W tmos W~shopes Ort Nonslepler Column Desir Process asics Use Tobie Fl Hthra Ao" F sirang fovea ais Contra ondeor , then O assume a dresion @ emer attantive lengh vale 'n Colurin tables (wy or kOe Jey ® selecs tr chon @ check whidh direcson aciually Coninds relieve Os hecessary af Shape hsv ‘Ww Column ebsles: Q d5:une Me Chor “ft. Ch lots & is Yo GS) @ End OP pq From Terhe 4a sssy assumed KL = ® Esinote required column area: 2, — Pa ecnyasy = Oe Fer Y sees deel sexion ® Derermine ocrvel KL gyl OP, r © rar Pre Pou D Reverase es Necessary Guide ao effidiewr Ghannsi debe G/r, 21-3 We Ww, Wlo WIZ, WI are beescE Bs Ju) 1a Colurns ie a Frome Beam Columns » axel forcesand bending Yemoths ATESC Chapier- E how +o chiermine KE Par members ina frame Sideswey wnssed Gluans? O5<5K<1.0 braced Frome; Sidksvay uninhissed calerons: K>)}.0 Moment frames Braced Fromes Siegpral brainy or shear walls Kt PCrelasive sviftness of Peas ond columns) K=\.q is ConserVesrive EM \mere OF UIE al Same Opes Monon Frames Cdumn ends roiwie od translete Kz KE § (relative Sviffiness of beams ond columns) Aliganest Choris @ CIB ay ei -SR is) oz Sr braces’ Frome irene Frome G (FW. Ss Gp “Ss Peed K EE hemes ‘\ toke Co ar «op ond orem Of edun Coin bees Pinneds G=\o LCL &®a. Tal (2 Alignmes Crort MadiFicosons OSSumphions: # Plastic Trombers With ConSiant Cress-Sections Connecied by vigid yous * columns buckle simultaneously * hagltyde oxdol Compression th rats (beams) # resorions di oppesise_ends of lscams are oF epel wogn tide S beams in loraced Framed bend in single Cunuture Cwith ean! and oppsse PoNBFTENS CH Rach end), lscams in Unlpreced Frames Isend in doulle curvarare Cwitl equel rotation at eh end) Most Colians do nor tat all of these assumptions We siti we the all gum rans Becmuse: tthe, Ore Conservarice * 4yyieel Columns Meh Ver SensHive 40 1K ne otner seple tpols vist son nese Gases Where tea aligned choits Ore UnGnsavele or ovethy consermive, IK con be deicrmined i, 49 the olgnmaen dra a sEndastivty Modification When indasnc buckling OCHS, a Siffness Peducrion face Te V5 applred Lond” on & reduced Wreculus , Ey P. we EVE GB) Guam Fees y ¥ «=o , =P, dys Fag Ted oy ( _ En) Toble 4-13 Pa = $bulares TeCE S85 Tut 1 Girde Aral Lod Red #icosivn For grars wir significant ooo load mba the e\.. tere by (\- 2 \ _ Where 1s He beams arpa axiat lod and Gere iS Me Gvel exe leach OL the gir based on Kelo Garder End Condition Moafioriow Alignme Chay Assumgsions + Booms in broced Promes \pemd “ih Single oppsse® relovion dr each end. « Begins in Memes Frames end Cuotion dt Cac end) SF ren condnions differ, then &) gerne tulied by re cunaure Co equal ond in debe curoire Guy equel , ” nO. 67 “won O.8 | 7 7CE 335 Tot 2 Leaner Colimn Modiicosion A Leoney Calumn Provides no TestSiance to sidesmay buckling, gubr os a Pinned pinned column in on Unbraced Frome . Iy-meves os a ae boa, From olignmert dure Ke ao (Gee Gero) Pe, yf Tol ao tee, ® Ten reat, QPn PO becouse Cohn B will Kelp brace Gluron A From sidesnay insiaitiy CChimn A Cleans’ on Chinn 8) p be Ke=eg0 iS 4oo Conservative Ih heli, { ol eel fo yee Pa and ahesernees aw, f Seppors Column A ne 2 DP concepr ocLoun? For \caner celurens Says Classic Sdesnay insiodlyy wall occr whan fe sien of By 7 7 ‘vha Verne loads equals Wire Sure OF She Euler bedtting Vead of cpr Coleen SIPS DPE Geico 2 KP i Colinn A Gar Esomple to wr oy > eee ase pe ale a aso < momen Frome : << Lo Ured base) on Ce 7 Si ae Gigs Ge 2 Bac heme =/)8 os ®CE 335 Tut \2 pc TES. MrwenGer) - o535 x fe Ky [hess pe: OF pR5 w= 2O39 k sop= PatPe elastic Sidksrary jadi wil) net ocr UMN Pat P= 2535 K, pee O85 oe oa be disibuted any way between calumns A and B, be Ho Elan caw Tests more than WS buadeting capedhy 1 & Hon" She mode, Column A (Keble & rowsvey mae) Dene TPES = WG SUSU) © gars KEP ey (ete wi Sammery) to proven Sidesroy beating BHP to prevers Non Sey busting of any Py S Pen Ged reins ony 49 elas uckeling, st) a eped Mestonen iA \eomer Column benavioe of enrire Frome wadidead Cohen 6! Design L wnedity IK of Nowleaner columns to account for Presence of \eoners Leomr Columns Py My Os opie’ wWitvin elaste Niwa BD) inomnem WS increased Yo My, Stress remains Vinee D momo Increases beyond My oudermest Fgors Yels , S#r253 eLornes Nonlinear with, medimur 8) Section becomes Sully plastic With momen Mp, a plastic Moa 215 Formal scallapse 3) ad la 4) R foo 2 PeaCe 335 Jul 13 fost Firs: yield, the nevtrat axis 5 no longer guareniced 1% be corre Candid of the Cros section» Howeveh, the Toced Bh of Hie Nett) axis Con olnays Be deserminal from yhe requiirerrers' Pe (oda ro Rls afver firse yeld /OF & . However: the bmmarr Correrfiending He any SHESS Stake CBN alnays be fund Leon Me {yoda The morinom moment before Stain hardening it When every filser hes Vieldad —> referred Te 35 He filasic Hence Neutral ass locodion denis Sleue is referred Io O5 the plasvic newrrol O%i5. ME Peo, thon CHT 7% GAC < OKAL Every Filer Nes yelee, so oy Ace Sy hs AH he Die is ors Shoe eporaies Lress-seetion We Cause) areas. Mp: (Frayea = By Syda= Re whore t= (yas Zisthe plastic Secrion Modulus Uebulaed in Manuel) Ve BAG, Whee Sis oe of clement \ ond Yas the tee disvonce lerween tre Cerersid of elennant (and the PNAS we ME BRD, (005 & SERS seatews My FyS 9S Catt oy w-shopes, i)Cees WS Lec and Losera) Tersjonal Budehing My deerringd by Following Vivwit Siedes¢ + Local ve!) ag Flare Ia buklag CFB) ~web local ba Cwt8) + Lover Torsional Buckling (LTB) + Developreem fa fully boone Cresssection (excessive cdeformeton) Compression poysion of Lress Sewitn can fal by nscbstiy (FLE, WLB, or LTB). Buckling only occurs HY Compression Zones In LIB, Compression Flanges buckles laserally bemeen laseral Loraces. Teesion Flange does vist wot to buckle resists Jovera| mrovemont of Compression Flange => beam displaces beerally and fwists. To preven: LIB, “compression Flange needs lena! lbyaces . Braces Med +9 EXMer prevent VaterY dis placenemm on twist The omane Of momedt A Beam can wWhstand before LIP occurs bermees braces depends on vthe Unbraced lenan, Ly. As Ly decreases, momen Capacity Increases iW respec Se LTB) 2 types of lveam failure + Palace wm plashe Tonge! insiastiy occurs afer beam reves Mp and yoimeins Mp throu Vanye welasic de Semmes tons ery ductile Failure) + Failure in the inelastic bur before readn with Viste $o Wo e! Instability occurs fuer Firsy Yield § LotMy < M< Mp), Beam fails +My * Lalure in the elastic range! insiddliyy occurs ty When bean js Hil classe C&M <4 > nencompacr = XS > Slender Compast decsion tomer lol buckling Folure is Plastic ronge, acfser \peorn reoones Mp. Nonvernfas Secon LB fPalure \s~tr elastic vange (orm, slender seaivn UB Feiluce 15 in Clasaie re Cm shopes mode Of shin pleases, and Shapes shod ate noe Wsshapes Lalera| Torsional Bucky LAB disused ATSC Sper. Chaprer F. UVB for Sshapes ber chou a -- Covered in Seerion F2. For omer Sheopes My LIB equations GVEN Seesons ¥3 Shirougin Fla, LTB cama Or for G Wosropes port obour Phar brine Om3 + Square oF vecronglerts ASS (i.ecbox sections) bem aout either prindpal avis © Grover sections eg, round NSS) lsew abow any axis For shese coses, Mn Mp \based on LTB Ten general, Mane FULL) Yor compose Shapes. For Comper sevrions CUFLB and WB do nex cone), the Mn Vo. Uy response Nos Yoew ¥ a “epning on Spoeny of lara) Supporss tL Mp= Fy2e Mp OTM = 0.7 SFY Lge 4s ena y 15676 QE, Shs Lee Las, ak, Ton + a LpLe, @Mp,ard OMe -tdtaied on Table 3/2 py. 3-K 4, 3299) Fer Lytlp Mn= Mp uy 0.780 Le=be\| < y hn al) p- (hp y ot) p ©) EF Lye be, Mee & elasrie LTB and Mane Fay Sk =| CoP voo7s Ze (ts) a fe Jess) Suho \pe ) [SS Mp ee a Design Aids Vode 32 ExToble) pa 3°14 sorts Wesheges by Sitergranis Flew Srengeh, than groped tegen by a wr Prg Vignes Wsshape w Cad qroap iM bd Cae, Br, F<, SMe, SoMr, and SBE ave bisieY Per ens Shape. Shaper thar are ne Compas Goe, suscepole 4. FLB) ane Indiewes with We Fooinne SF oe Loslp ~» Read QM =Mp directly SFP Ly ‘wierpp ase ByMo= € Fagmy-orBr (Le te) use Table eaeCE 335 Tul 5 Toble 3-18 (pg 3-2) Plas of pMn Vs Lg for Lebo © Covers most W'shapes thom Would be Used far as bears for Aaa? Stee! CR =50 kx), XF G0, rqull® ply the Value from Tale 3-0 by Qe he correct Strengily Lemp) Solid curves Correspond %% He byes W> shape gen the Comsnadion oF Flexural Srengyh and Unbraced lerys Lp indiusied by subd dats ind Lr nclcaved by Spon dots. yeh = Sind avy Poh On Gert Ceresponding We given La ont Pequired Dy Mn —any bom Seton pluned obove and 6 the vi Wr OF the pom Will have adequate Flexural Siren: Lightes: section is doses: solid Vine SOLO > Mee LOS Mneer SoMpY Tae differen appreacles: Basrune Sho Pisa rromort Golden ab the Cenprdrdel ans OF the oreo beiween the pow OF interesy ond she Ip/berom of the Secon TE homer OF inertia Of Enpre Cross~Secron be width of the setrive d+ the paint of meres a Te disirnbation St Tccea | JW For Weihapes, Shane siress 18 low Tn the Plarye ord the web cartier harly all Edn shor Force. For Sasigry Te assume’ the web Corries the Qmire Shear Force on a 7 rt weet Are de, Sheor Link Siaies For Reams © shear yields cs web Palure by excessive Ceformovion) Lv S = a ron ete OK, or VEO.CB, Anes ® shar buekTng OF the web vt extol cor 1 veld $or Very slender welss toy ny. Shes bali & ‘s due +e diceprel Compressive sess ithe oo ve [PY ee | I Desian Crehio wel Sher Sire 6 Copored im ATSC Spe. Crap Vu 2a ome) Loo Por Woshopes Wit. Wn, S38 srry By= 0,40 For all over coses For beams Wen unstifPened webst Viper OGRACE 335 Tu & where Awe tw ©.CRyAw= shear force Hah Wil couse shear welding of webb wes ty reduction Foaror ts Occout Far shear bucking oF Slender webs Cy depends on WY and Ky. Ky depends on spony of Sikfoners ieee Wn 10 SE > Geto Ry 62-3 KE se 10 Dr hE bend segorovely . nen , Masa << Morea, ond so Mae Mo, seek Geom « TF the slab is Cmneced 40 Pre Wear, Pre, aed as aside unt in Flesure. Shear study are USed Le transter Loree and preesr Stip between Yaa slabs and Pears, Cominuous Strain prope between Slo and Beams Taker odvantoge of Concrete’ igh Compressive Strenars and sred$ high +ensile siren ae Creole & muh SareMyer seuivn where Mys> ™, ea 1 Steel *sUoncreteC & 335 Tu le Composive design con s reduce sie\ tonnage far same load and spons t smaller deflecsions * Smaller overall Ploor de pihs + Potentially reduce Wall, facode, plumbing, Hac, aand witing casts One disodvartege isthe oddiriond cost of ansialling the Shoop Studs Beoms ond slabs can hare (Ul or pariel composite Action: * Full nleracion! he ship od Corcreie/sted inerface * Rortcl wieraction. fied slip allewed oF tinterface Fully Composite beam designs ssubfider shar suds mast be provided 3. the Pesural of sh Composite beam is Contralled by tre Sttenghh of the steal and Concrete * Compesne beom Should Normally achieve Full interoetion (ve. me stp) Under service leds, but o small amour of ship occurs ar ubimae copodry Panay Counposite Beans Desig *Sleurel Stren of the bear is Cohiralled by the shear studs? Strength sless studs paquired than for Fully compssive design = Sigvificom Slip way be expected oF the siecl/concrere nerface ¥en at service (oods Compose bars are typically bak Wsing Shored oF unshored Consrrucsion Fedanique s. For shored Construction! = Whe seen) beam is Aemporerily suppored Coy ‘roving Wille the Concrete iS cast * the shoring is Temoved afher the covtrete Nordens sthe Composite bean resists all loads Urdhing aifoncight of Steel and concrete) For unsghored Consiruttion + the sieel beam In ns provided wir fenporory SuppaHs durry Consirueiie + Phe steel beam, acting alone, must hare SufPioedy sirengis 9° Grry the Ne of the wet THnerdie UNI the Concrete hardens s once Pro concrere hordens, the Composite boom Fesists all ssewer foods ®cE 235 1G Unshored ConsinsGhion 13 hast Common, and Wher mehod reduces the s WWimate sirergsh OF she compasite secrien Lgergaoye Corrugated meal a .rr—~—“—~wr™sst—ss—s—s—S—SC*COCNC:tw# Wrsecilon aid atts asthe farm work for the concreie, The dek nbs can Tan partlel or Perpendiaalar do the sinel Deom The Wb heighs «be is Welly 15-3. The shear studs ore Welded to the steel beam y ta ei Souda dypieally have Fue GoKs,, d= 3 wash cod, diamerer =o) D4” greater than the sud. The Crcrete slabs typically hos adnikness PF YY" over pro heigh oF the decking eles Pe ayprally 2-5 ks, ond can be vorraah neigh (Be epee) or Igwwetanr CFENS Pl) conceere, oes Compose Beam Design Crierie Agsc Spec. Section £31 Neod ao Know the effesive Plone vide, be, of Concrete! how much of Slab is Comeowing wo beam Serengiin be depends On the spon lenge, bean Spacing, er. Per ABESC = 3.16, tre ePfeuive wich OF Flaor sled om cacls side of de bean centerhne, b), ir the smolles oft be, % the Span lengaes : vob od 2% Me bean Cemer-to-cemer Spoc + disence From bean Cevterlwe to Phe edge of Se slale Ceage Ss only) The thickness of concrete Considered in the design depends on the presence and director of ribbing in the metol deck». efor Plas sof FY slabs lUsed in shored consrecaion) the Pull slob Wickness,-5, 6 used in Galculaxrions @Gerss Fa 1G *For Stasl ded vine ws perpendicular to the beam, the Concer thickness ge +o be Consetered insurer coleulotions is talent be the slab ree frinus the heigtt of He Fs, h, Gee. Pegler concrete portion 6 ribs), fe Arse 13.2 (2) * For Steel deck with ribs poralte! tothe beam, the concrete th the bs may be Considered in strengrh calealasions per AISC133cQ). However, # is Wwportent 49 nate that the Crereie i the NLS cain typically be neglected wih Title reduction in HrengHn Mu <24Mn and VuS@Ve | where an 1S only Of steel beam For Unshored construction, the bare steel beam must be Checked 40 Sireraye to resist the ublimate leads expected during contruction, Construction loads include +he Self -weig ve of Steel, deck: eign of workers and equipment Necessary Concrete, ond wet Concrete and ghe ¥ pouring and Porishing the Na const Mn, reel & Vajcunss, & Bown oooh Postive bending = 2b = 7-4 Flexural Limit Siotes include: O Bean nsoblay ©) Laser\ torsionel bucking Cprevemved by Slabs) b) Flange lecet bucking ~ Cprevewred by slab) ©) We Veal bucking User nar covivel Por all WeSeciioms w/ Fc toows) @ Folly Ploske Coosa bem From above Vawiy States D cannes hopper with typico) materials 5 *herefore. No ingiailhy Nie Sates exist For Composite beams iw fosi¥wve lending, Fully Plasie Cross-Section For Composite Bears Assumptions s-fonsion stress in steel =7Fy” Compressye SESS ln Covicrate = ~0.85£e Where Fe © ed co sive Saress im Steel = “Fy a ae Mis + Compresth 2 Comprestive Sirengin of « tension stress wn coverete = concrete ®CE 335 Jul \6 To compute Hr design sirengh of a Fully plastic compssite beams We must Fire desermine the Tocosion of the plastic neutral axis (PNA) 50 thet the tension amd Compressive forces jn dhe Setrion are eel Cie, TC) The Pla may be in One OF Haree loceston$: © FINA iw concree slab etensile conreie Stress 15 heor Zero * portial Compression OF *he Concrete * Faull tensile yield of Steel © PNA in Steel Plane * Full compression of concrete * partial Compression \nsop #1 enye @ PNA in steel web + Tull compression of corcrete + Full Gmpression 0p Flange The PNa is usually located in the Concrese Slob&. Inunis tose! Ce (Osh dob, and T= FAs Where a=deprr of Comrete compressive blo [Asx area of steel Peom re CHT we can she for at ee Ey As (0.85 2d. The depth 8 shald be less than the Concrete svicKness aver tho TRS, koto ensure Yat the assumed PNA Qu the Concreteis valid. TF act, then the hominal Hexuwal sre vgie, M,, con be taken 5 the tensile Force nthe sieel (or Compresve Force in Hre concrete) rwlyiplied PY he lever orm between the Jension dnd Compression resulion Forces! ®CE 335 Tal 16 Mam Fy (aon -%) Where tz total slab Hickness taken a5 Hhe heigh oF the Fibs plus the thickness of Phe Concrete above the ribs (t= hy +t.) b. : 1 oF <¢ 5 BSF la e see 4 y% EP — T=Fy As When o>*< (or 0.B5Pcked< FAs) , Phe PNA Falls th the Steel secrsion = Pe & C= OF cb Ke. = #--3 co Flbe9) ° Tse s-bey) = 2 ov the web, We assume the To derermine vf the PAR isin the +p ¥h PNA is oF the base of tne Flaca ,Hreref Ce 0.85%cbety > FyAr Te Fy As-As) Where Ag= reo of He Flange ee COT the PNAI3 WH the Fane 256 BRE > sre Prypisw tre wel c oe Fyhs 0.8 Fetes e +¥F, wy ey Boyy) - O.8GF ete Fy coefER When the plastic neutral axis isn the steel, computing Ye ieee eee hee be quite Fedious. Toble 3-14 Cpe 3-152) tm the Atst js mucn More Converts The able 3 Wes Values OF dhe Fleral ren o 7 locations of the PNAS eTEL ©) ang BFL(S) refer ro-tvetyp and botiom of he Plange, respetively «= Pants 2-H rePer tothe quarter poids beween the TH ad BFL + Poe 7 is the loner line of Rn = 0-25 FyAs Jo e Pow © 15 2 Pidpsine Between points B and 7 Lf the PNA isin the slab, the sirengn given For Pa lation \ GFL) is Valid. ‘The 4ables also give he vale of GpMp Faw the steel shape. Wis WS NLESSOry to Oradk the steel strength before the ¢ oa Unsure the beom cow S ‘tha slo 0nd Conmrosriun ton Commpesite ochon Scout peensin lena To use “Table 344, Select Pre appropriate shape and proceed * Locate the PNAS The PNA is Jocated ot ¥ 1 Y= 0 if PNA Ww sl , YICW if PNA Ww steel * Calculate YA! YQ ysthe disionce From the top of the Steel Shope othe Pesuliaw Compressive Force inwme concrers Yasts-% i PNaisin the sleb 2 Delermine the avsilebole srergihe: once tre other Values are Known, She ovetilable Strengin on Be Found yy imietpoleting Within the toble. s aa eyFe x BFL 4 Toble 324 pointsGE sa> Jal 17 Sheor Transfer Requirements “Ty design compose members, Ke head os Kho: debe hmine! simber of shear studs * location of shear giads Ty Wi compose tnerasion , the heriasiio| shear Force, V" +o be +ronsferced leween +2 Concrete and steel 13 equal te the Compressive Force im the concreie, C. > Deine Ve C= min (RAs, 085 fib.) Where tre Parmer case is Por the ONE in te sles and the laser case Corresponds to & OND ih the Steal, TE gy, is Poe Homhal hear Strengtn of one Shear sud, the number of ANdrors required Pehweer, PIAS oF gers omer ond woimare moment is neYe Leg. for a Simmphy Supperied Poin that Uniformy loaded, We ‘ould here QN, OnOners, equally, Spaced along dhe Beam) Stud Andror Sheer Stren Qn 0.5p, (FI sy FEL ER RAE, Where: * Aso = Cross-sectional ore AF Stud +E. = modulus of eleshdty of Concrete Wee Woke Weide of Concrere (N50 pu Por NWE, IN per For LC) aRg = strenyr redvesion Fouor Por grup ef feus Rp = Steryh reduction Facror Yor Ftud Position eFa e hinimom tensile sheng OF See Sd ATSC Marwol “Fate 3-2! (Bq 3-2eD srs, for Various condivions Ra ond Rp are tatwleed on Page Vel-\oe (pase Spa. £8.94) AASC hes Following Yequiremeyys For steelhaded shar studs (38. 203) *Stondord Siud diamerers are From VE go Vin, im Sine tremens * Moximum diomejer < LS, ®Ce 335 sa 7 fe rinimmum Teng = Ud, * bininon Vongaadinel spad Ceewer-to-cevter) = Gd S Matinin Jengidoin 5 paving (conerdtaner) = eg 36% “Wika traverse: spac Ceenier—to-Center) < Udy + Mirlmom Corcree cover perpendicular to the shear forces | iis St rinjnoum distance From a sd to the Free edge ee Noe ee Forces Bin Tor Ne Where tp = Flage Bakness dss sid diomerer 4 sl 4vicknessCE 85 wa Bolted Conneaions Moss Structured Falures due te prorly desi ad Comnensions, hor {ilure oO members. Un] ~1450%s, coonasnons Were RHher Welded gr Nveted. Now eiveted Connasions hove been replaced by beled comnecons, Pavaunte Of loolked over riveted connections: *Robiny truce Jasier ond Cheaper train Loslring C2 vasilled workers can Twsiell eclys, U skilled workers for rivets) © Butting 5 oMierer ond safer thay, sveting + Roles ore Stronger ond easier % Fepar We will fous on belted Connections OF Fenstom members, bus F's the basis far ted Cormtsions OF otnar rmendber FYPEF (ex. shar connectins oF beers). Ase Spe, Seaton TZ Ypg 161-126) and asredares Commenrory Gy Le 1-432). The Menu BP alse provides vhe Specftearionn For Serucrral Tews Using bars Bolts Cseaion 16.2). Parr 7 df tre Menvel prov) Types of Straciurol Bols All botts are Wentified \y on AsTm designasion Structural Buits Con be Clasified iv she FoNowing sypes Low Strength Cor ordinary) belts: © A207, Fur Go Ks. ~ouelable Yo" go (TH diamerers in %8 Increments - ls and nurs ee ee siructures oF Serevdary menbers parties, bracing, Srooll) trusses, ee. Vorely used these days) s design adds + High Saren oS, a Seren Be ksu for doe)” Fuclod ksi for dy!” — rode of hee treored medium carbon Stee) ~ EIGER is the “uastoft" version oF an A322 bole ~ Sdem\Fied as * Grog AY belys tre ATSC ManvelGoes ss xu * AYA, Fur 50 Ksv -rode of heortrented sex) ~ £22.80 is the hwist-oft" version of an AYA bolt = sdensied os “Groug B” belts the ASC Manvel * Used most Commmaly in all types of struciures O+ner Belts and Threaded Fasteners * AHA: some matertal specication aS ARS bubs, Lous aveilable im larger diameters and available unheaded + A254 Gr BD! sane material specifiueion as AHAD bolts, but oveileble tn longer diameters ond avaladle unheoded * P36 and A572 Gr 5o are ovailable as round bers and con be. Fhreaded (for ondhor bes, &c:) A325 and ALAO bolts Ce., hign-strengin belts) Wil be Used Primer these notes, These bolts con be classifled its two *ypes: Type Hae avedsle tn plain or gelvaaed (A325 only) steel, and Type 3, whiten are available in Weathering Ssecl, The markinas of the belt heed indicare Phe ASTM desiqnanem (A326 vs, ANDY, he 1 ania fo “Type 3, Not Underhined otherwise), and wenuParKirer, SpecFicasions For bolt dimensions Such as the head Hrikness Cl), Ire Viead widin >, hex BRB nut wider (F), ond treed lenges ore afven mw ATSC Vote 7-4 (y 7-18) Types OF Bolred Connections Bolted connetsions beaween tension reembers ATonsFerthe +ensle force in each tremyer as ghear threugh the Connecti? WierFoce. These Connections Primarily transfer loud Arrovghs re Connecnon iMtterface by awe mechanisms: 1, Lead transfer Hrroagh bearin and sheer DLead transfer Sarougin Prin The +e sypes of baled Connecrions are. 8) Beoriny-Wype. connections! bolts transfer led Hrough bearing ond shear b) Slip-Eewieal Connections! Farce transferred af Friction Between the members 2 (the ASTM designation p ®CERs Tal ld Bearing Type Commecrions econ unterface experred “2 ship 32. bolts bearing dliredly, on the eae of he holes tn the Cometied members. The tensile force Ho tre member oS tranferred frmorily 40 the batt woah bearing Gig. Contact) they Gorried 4h 1h shear, and hen -taniterred 49 the olner rremler throug bearing ae dry belv idle, Reaw' sayfa Comnestions Can only be Used. ih Connentions whore she 1S Nor consdonels 4p be a lint State Gre. sh psn detrimetie.| 4 the OF He sHracture). Mess building Frames Suljec 40 HOH lead’ Can USe Beoring-ry Pe Connections, 9 2 Tn a lap spltée where 40 tension members are Comaved direcly to one Ghote , Hoe Correction Iso Beartng-ry\pe, Becamise Hrere is only one Sheor‘plane’ dhinagh whit the forces are transferned W the bold re bolt is loaded in “Single shear” and 4ne Full force 'P* is Aron sferved Cress the Shear plane. Alternatively, Sor & bust Jolt Where load w being transCerced From one tension member 40 two tension members the bole SSonsforring shear Force through tno sheer iil & ‘ “double shear’), Here, she shear lane Planes in edouble shear bolY are Horough the Connecrinn (72). hy the bolt SEV V\ceabll\ayy force tranyferre) oF Cocks OF the shear Vial? Yre toiel axial Porce being transferred Sire shane duuble shegr Bearing-+ype Woolved Connecsions = = oe _ Con be Further Classified by po Ele P the bolt thresds gre pele ae cr u> thea shear plane of excluded From the sheer plane, The later “N designates bolts with ther threads ivluded ive the Shear Plane, wile OH designates loolts with the sweads excluded. This classiPiation 5 typiatlly Called a after tre ASTM book syne (ey, ABQ5-X). Bults why te Hyreads induded ih the shear plane hare a ee ec ey due 4o re reduced ner area in He Yrreaded reton. SEE Is Common to assume threads included ty the Shear plane 4o Cong ervorive, ocE Bb Tul 18 Bats in bearny-type Connectians must be tigniened a what is referred ts os elements are in fu compar with sagiia refers 90 Lilts tigisiened with the full effer an ‘ ny u , Wom Worller With OW ordinosy sped wrench or ofter o Yew Images WH & Pretmetic wrends, Although beating type bolts are most en aigmened ao Shug ght, they cain alse be pretensioned par Arse 53.1 ShipeCrvel Connections “Snoy mag” to ensure thot all connected ‘one another, 5 Tn a shpcaitel Comaction, © pratensioring Force iwagplied 40 the boly (by te ghia + beyond sug s)he pre-tehsion th the bay causes ct Wormal Force Clamping Force) Perween the ‘no comecied elemeris. Lood is ‘ransFerced beween the Conneste! members Wy é wougy Friction Qh the Connecs:, 7 interface URE WN). Fw shis conection type ae 7 no slip is expected to ocury therefore, shp-cFArcel Connections are most op plicable yo locations Where 6!) Tray result im puteniiall, lorye deformations that may result in _ Fallare or sewizealitiny prblems ley. wi eversieed or sloted Iiales), locetionr Wrere slip in cydie ar may lead ao Jarigue fallare, or locstions Whore bolts and welds are USES together. Because Friaion 6 the primary lead-transfer mechanisen, Specie) care Must be taken +o prepare the Connection, or Foying, Surfaces 40 ensure sulficienr coupes Yo develop #rition forcez Lp assumed In design depends on 5 preparetion). Belts rasi hove 0 bikimam pretension ~ ensure an adequate clenping Force 40 cevelop Freionol Forces. Ror Lom and bolt ighvering Pequire Wnspection owed oi Loon of whic “make “slip-crmal Comecions more, Sxpensive Pron Pearung ype Connections. Several meieds & ensuring odequate preter6ion' Turn-of-the-nut yehrod bul turned 34, 40 % of turn beyond srg Tight (See 82.1 of RESC Spee in Manel pq 16.2°53) + Calibrated Wrendn: torque wrenches are callurated Jo Convery tos) ouput to bolt tension ec $2.2 of RSC Sgee, \oa~5s) 2 Twist “OFF or Ditew—tension indicator COTT) bets spacial bolts tw ad with Specio) wrenches) thet ore designed 4s Nove a piece CEsphne’) twist off oxfter reaching o honival undhitaded bolroren (agg) mlipied by the ember of Sheor planes (per Atse F3.6 Comomnentary) tthe fa “Toble 33-2 scours for bel strength whh the thresds tnduded of excluded From the sheor plane. For | a type Connections exceeding 38! in lengh. the sheer strength Fay reduced | ~2os, Yer Foble 532 Foomere b); this iS due te hom-uriform siress distei bution s between bolts tr long Connections a5 Obgserved i cxperimemal 4ess, Nee that the above eqtction T3-\ iw USed For boltensile srength as wel), Only Fr is replaced by Fir, the nominal tensile Stress, also Paund ‘we AFSC Tale 33,2 Rearing Serengin based on Excessive Hole Elenpenn = stress is Neved 4 preven excessive hy elonyation We been Saves that develops in she copnected member of Hivkness ~ acts over the Conber oF ec, Which is Opprrrmeted 05 Ave prajecred lune of hal the bok Grum¥erence, det. The bearing sires hint depends on tre aman of acceptable Wcle elangetion and Me Size And orientation of the hole, For stanclard holes, oversized heles, shori-slosed holes and \ong- Sloted heles Clouded forallel so tne ster directon>, the bearing siresk “5 hmtied 40 QUE, to limit Vole deformations to around YY woo. Qn O WMFadyt CAFC eqn. T2-Go) O75 ‘hes ae specified winimunn tensile Seong of tre Conneced EESES dy = Nominal \belt dioweter & = thickness oF te Connecred wuterial For coses Where she bolt hele elongation is permed ty be larger [greater Yom approimottly 3a woo), the bearing Stress |Smir is Wcreased Cast recommended): ®CE 23a Tul 14 Ry B-OFudyt CAISC ep J3-eb) For cases were & bng-slerrad Vole is looded perpendiculer to the direction OF the slot the bearing Hess Nw is teduced: BR BLO Fadvt Catsc eu F3>-Ce) Rearing Strong based on Hole Teareut Hohe enna ocr When Pre Seon OF water direaty 1A Front of tho bolt Gn she direction oF Noading) tears off duc to shear rapare along 4wo Failure surfaces . Shear hupiare Str 3 of bob Le Surfaces Cvery Similar 30 blex Sheer Calarlecions ¥ i food, ‘tleetions Yor tension ee a Members). The Gislune surfs Orea ss & Function of the Connected haterial’s Dizkness, €, and the length over which We materol Wilt Yoil, 2. The Failure leva, De, depends on tho direaion oF lead and the distance +0 the hearest hole or material edge. For stendard a) oversived Voles, Storr-slotved holes, and lony-slaned holes (loaded Parallel fo the slat direcion) , the design hole tearnu Strength can be Calerlated os: DRyr BDF uay Lek (ATSC eqn, J3~ Ce) Where gx0.95 2, <—_, The +tearout th can be Calculated asthe’ sum of the Fu specified minimum sfensile strengty of the Connected material 0. = Clear distance, nthe direction OF he Force, baineen the edge the hole and the edge of tro adocevw bole oF moterial edge 4 trikness of connetied mote rial The clear diswnte, Qe, is Caluulated Using the achal hele diameter (not the Same as dy, used for tension Member Net Area Colarlations Which acwumed For merierial damage during the hale punching precess), The axiiel hole drameer can be in From” ATSC Table 53.3 ‘ Pically 34” lerger then the bolt diameter), @CE 335 zl ja ation, the Une the bearing sirengih caleulosions above #r limiting hole el. % eapest Ste als depends on the hole type Sor orientosion. For cases Where Pro belt hele elongotion is permed Yo be | Sarength hey is MCreased (net recommended) BEn= 215 Fader (ATSC Ear J3~Gd) For Coses where & Vong-slatied hicke 15 loailed porter 404he direction OF She story he Hearour Strengils lhot is Feduced: Ry = Oofudee CATSC Ean 33~G¢) jorge, the ares Ship- Cri¥ical Connections Bol slip 13 & limi stole of concern. Therefore, the design Siren, Las} ie crMcal Connection iS Pelated 4o the Frtaional resisiance of the Crneuion. The design Slip resistence of o Single high -Streng#h bol in & slip-cavical Covnection iS: OR, \oad direction eieara holes Pe mee slip Cefficem (03-05 depending on surface preparation) Due 1:13; ratio oF mean instiied bul pretension yo Spetd mivirntm pretension he = Factor for Fillers a $1.00 # bobs pore been added se distribute leeds oF if Shere is fo more than one 35 UF there ore B® Qor more Fillers Fier Tye minimum fastener tension From Table 73.) his «Number of stip Planes The slip-resistance OF the connechoh hold be checked agpinse Fsetored design lood,Pu. Ship-crivical connections should alse Be checked for bolt Shear sre and bearing/tearout Sirengt limh States inthe event not the Grnection does stip Under ultimate loads ond bears olorg the hole “ Noe sist AESC Toble T-l provides tobvloies design bed siehains Fon a variety of bol sypes and diameters. AXSC Table 7-3 ass provides tobvlaied slip resistances for ship-crmicel bobs ofCE 335 Fal 9 Of different diomerers and lle types assuming JE 0% (Class A faying Surface). These tables wil) help expedite design however, one should be corefu\ that tre Parameters assumed Wh the tubles ore the same as hose Por the given prosiem. Recmmenbed leorniny stralepy: Caladecte design resistances octord) xo the ATSC Specification euessionS, oud Check the answers ainsy the tabulated values. EF bolt resistances are taken From “ne toble Arey should be specfied as such Ces. “rom dole HY )- Strength of Boljed Connective Fac bearing ype On: 2 stipromme! Connections, the 4etal belted Connection, SipSnath taken as the Sum of The minimum ORn fromthe above brat sratts) o- eadn bolt. Minimur Spacing and Edge disance Spedtied bain for Sitess Consideroions and +o fad\\iuie Construction, Lants ore as Follows! * Minimum hole specing CAISC Spee. 53.3 \el-tze): The distance Leimoen Ceners of Sondard, oversized ,or shoved holes shell ner be less than Be times the voniinal dameter, d, of the fastener; a ststarge of 3d \s preferred. = Vion alge dlslnce Conse Spec. BT FAB Py 161121): The disiance From the Comer o& a sondard Nole to an edge of o Comnewsed part Wainy direcsivn shall nor be less than the ae seen 534 The distance From she Cemrer fan oversized of shared Vole ao ony e shall nor be less “than she Value for a Standard Vcle plas the Witremen Cy yes ‘m Table 53.5.CER Tul Qo Welded Connections ane ae Welds Can connect members ord transfer loacls. Welds are formed by hesting Ho parts ust) meken and allowing them qo Flow 4 ond Pager Ton typical seructoral welding processes, addinvional Fille” materal is adled jute tne pitt during the Rexting and, wien coled, the result is a sive fused element. Poss le advevtage of welded over loolied connections Md uder © @Conom' net Section Fuilure,eto) + Fange of appicosion Laifficulsies associated wih belting round Terbars of Congested Connedions, Can make adustments inthe Field iF Field welding) s added rigeity 3 slip or deforrrofion) s Arue Continuity Behveon Members Details of welled connection design car be found te ATSC Spec. 5? (fy \GI 1G) ond associoded Conmemary (fey 16I-H42I). Part 3 of the Kanval provides design aids. The Steacurel Welding Cate “Steel , produced by the Aimerican Welding Socithy CAWS) is the Specification opveening ‘welding procedures, rey ia\s, Waspection ec. Arc Welds Process The Aearic are welding process 15 the mest Commonly aSed in Structure stee| applicarions. There ave Several types OF cleciic ave welcing processes, be OM follow this same deneral process: 1) Br are welding cred 5 Created.“ poner supply 1S Connected sean elecrrode Wwhidk contains the Piller material dna wii) Ise added +o He sur), and the workplace Cue. base rederial) 15 Connered back ts supply. An apes Or Forms between tne electrode and me are 4p develop the Need Necessary % melt the meals. 2) Molen metat fier metal is deposited Fronihe elearude (rida Can le & SHAK of Wire) 4s the base meta). 3) The mchien base metals ard Filler metal Intermix avd ot Caiminases 08% Sel for bist, Vorager Sections 40 prevent ®CE 335 Tul Qe Welding mochine AC or DC During the welding process 4h Power FoArce and conirsls “y yp , the le molten ial Comes in Coniock witha Vv boleer the agen ond narogen the ait, Which odin resul in and more brittle welds. Vo protee the Weld Fron this oxidasion, Some form of owe Sielding 15 also provided . This Shielding Zan Come Whe Form of a proveciive gas oF Slog that surroands the Malten mete! ard mibtrites Comnce With the ai The different types OF Orc weld based on Yat Sype of are srielcing is used cin ® eleurede “be PoCeSSS are generally how # is cefivered , Some common *y pes of arc welding processes rcludet * shielded Weel Are wey (SMpw) aka Stick Welding? @ flux (ransler paateral) surrounds the elearote. When heated, porsions of the Flux wayoriee 40 provide the shield es thet Surrounds the Flux dre deposit iid Fhe molten meio] rise 4o-the tp Upon coli deg a layer of slag over Hm Weld. The stay should lee removed acer Cooling, Tis method is the oldest and simplest are Weeki method. T+ 1s Conarmbelyy used “For repsirs or on-site Welding * Gos Metol Are Welding (GMAW) ake MIG weldi meal are surrvurded by an externally supliel gas. Hypicel daieldiny gases wclude argon relium, and carbon dicAbel™ Tyad acest tequves oie Yanks 10 provide tne shielding gas, and is therefre nar Preferred Pur Field welds, Une 4o wind add Franspartalstiny) - * Subme, Ace Welding Caw): A loyer of Flux is badd aleod of weld ond the aris Porrned v the Plax, The Flax protects tre Weld Prom the ait Comammants and reduces sme and fumes. Wiis method is Common in Shop Fioricarive and 1s often aucromated , *Fhux-cored are Welding CFCAW) The Flux is contained ‘inside the ‘tubular elecive de The “ld, con Provide “he shielding ges ( self-eweldel Faw) or oddivionalty externally supphed she} wee ve Provided | oer quality ve are. Vhe solid portions of » The arc and molyen Suvilar to GMAW). This method pres 1d ond con be ditomled im ne slop, SAE MMielded FW “avits) is Commonly assed For hu Peebucnon' Ge wel ding aaoksGEs3> Jul 90 Types OF Welds sown Con be Classified by conbigurasion of the base metels being gpined: Buss elap Tee © Comer + Edge Types of welds gre Classified by how the bose meals are Connated. Commenty used Weld 4ypes inchade' + Files welds: The pons ier overlap or form o-42e and ave yihed: Filler welds eae the most Common (G09 of Welds) and most Conomic type of wel, * Groove welds: When members are lined Up in a plane, Piller is depestted Tne © gop baweensve two pors. Grove welds can be classified ost — Complese Fadion groove welds, Whidh havethe Same strer asthe bose meral — portal penetration or welds, where the resulting wag 15 depertem ow penetrasion man cS re lef: slay weld we pe EDS * Plug or stor welds: Holes or slots are Cui ute One of the overlappin: Vides ond 1s filed wile weld material > Connect tao pieces "9 Filles welds nil) be focus of these nres at The stronph of a filer weld depends om He weld meiel U5 Ge. oe of lean) The dlecttote Is defined by is Ultimate rensile Srren Electrodes wie Suranais of G0,20,89,42, {08 M2, and V2 Ks Sre qusilable. The standard horaidn Soran clearede is E fallowed by the tensile Strengia Followed by SO” leg. EGoxx, E7OX%). Moss often We only Use two eleGrodes: sE7oxX electrodes for steels wi Fy < Go Kou eESoxx cledrodes for steels win Fy Le4w maximum | ln} for erd-loaded Filler welds Clonjirudinel welds atthe end of ara wil ene Welds a thon l00w, the weld fe caleslosi Shall be Veducs My used in bye «Lecter B (See pe eae. ya-\) Weld Groups wit ghd and Traverse welds For welded connections wiih tratierse and | engin he larger hemi Strengphn Of tno Options Contrel sé = max 4 Raw + Rewt daxs¢ eqs, T2-G) Be BERang? VER nine Cars eqn, T2- Cb) ° Where 620.75 ond Rang and Raw are he fongirtctine and Hransverse weld sirengns, resparvely. Beth are obtained aoa Sore weld Srongin emanations Ip resenied Previously Gnthese ngies, do nor Ose alternative pln eavationk ef ye welds): Lice Shear P Falure o£ Pose Metal cers possible far the base material te Fail locally oF the weld-torbase metal ihterface Ge. shear KKUNS Intrebose Weel ih arflane just OWSide off the weld material), The base trate! has loco) shaow stress Co.6Fu act ever 0 Oren Squesl +o wxL),The design Strenyin Fe Weld based ov laol shear acre Othe bose ia n= ©15) wh (OF) Where 0.6Fue vltimare Shaor sre EF bose roreral For Vocal shear rapture of tne base bateriel te comin, Would have to be less Fran tre design weld shear 0.25 WLOck, < 075 z, WLO-GF. Fu < & Fox Tris wall nor vf pr Ore Used, For fen + pose Material ond weld eledrodes tnatcres ple, iF ABC bese material EDS K SD is used With a EToxX elects Leg, .=20 Ki 7, A X55), the weld sheor strengh will alnays control. @®Gros Biase) Therefore, if matdsing welding strengi is used, Ah€re 15 No Need +0 Chak focel shear Fracture of the base ae rial. However, it shoul! be checked jn cases where “overmardhed” electredes are used (Fey >? Fu). Greve Welds Far full penctrasion welds, fhe meverials are considered Yo be Complerely jpined With she same stres as Hee base material, When pores of different thickness Ond Strengths are Fined wile & Full penetration groove Weld, the strents of a Sulpmerdonn gre weld 35 based on the sitengrh of the reneiad Water plate For Partial penetration droove welds, the effective throat of the weld is based on ATSC Toble J?) 161-117). For design of parsel ehesration gree Welds, One hnust Chek the Weld (<2) and check the base Métal (£9.75). Funher details onthe design strengrh Weld and bose material For partiel- janetration groove welds For Afforem Lecding comfignronions canbe Four nw ‘Table 325 ‘py. Wed 423). Of the