Quarter 1, Module 2 Types of Plate Boundaries + Plate Boundary - the area where two tectonic plates meet. + Subduction - process where a plate descends into the mantle and melts. TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES vergent 4. Divergent Boundary - two plate move apart, away from each other -magma rises and creates new crust or seafloor (constructive boundary Effects: mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys, and earthquakes 2. Convergent Boundary - two plates move toward each other; collide with each other; push into one another TYPES OF CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES 4. Continental vs Oceanic - The oceanic plate slides or subducts under the continental plate - Destructive boundary Effects: trench, volcanic arc parallel to the trench, earthquakes 2. Oceanic vs Oceanic - two oceanic plates collide, one of the oceanic plates slides or subducts under the other, also called a subduction zone. Effects: trench, volcanic island arc, under water earthquake, tsunami 3. Continental vs Continental BEES TG - when two continental crustal plates collide, the continents push each other upward. Effects: formation of mountain 3. Transform Fault Boundary - when two tectonic plates slide or grind past each other” in opposite directions. Effects: earthquake Examples: San Andreas Fault (California), Marikina Valley Fault (Philippines)Pure Substance ibanvlacy Elements Homogeneous Compounds Heterogeneous Niele) is Non-metals Metalloids Important terms to remember: + Matter - anything that occupies space and has mass. + Element - An elementis a substance that is made up of one kind of atom only. It cannot be broken down into simpler substances. « Compound - It consists of more than one kind of atom. It is made up of two or more kinds of elements combined chemically. * Metals - good conductors of heat and electricity, and are malleable (they can be hammered into sheets) and ductile (they can be drawn into wire). + Non metals - are (usually) poor conductors of heat and electricity, and are not malleable or ductile. « Metalloids - they are more like nonmetals, but under certain circumstances, several of them can be made to conduct electricity. These semiconductors are extremely important in computers and other electronic devices.Quarter 1, Module 1 Important terms to remember: « Lithosphere - the rigid outer part of the Earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle. LAYERS OF THE EARTH 1. Crust - the outermost and thinnest layer of the earth 2. Mantle - the middle layer composed of molten rocks 3. Core - the innermost layer of the Earth TYPES OF CRUST 4.Continental - Found under large land masses or continents; older, thicker and less dense. 2. Oceanic - Found under the oceans; younger, thinner, and denser EFFECTS OF PLATE MOVEMENT 41. Earthquakes 2. Formation and eruption of volcanoes 3. Formation of mountain ranges. PLATE TECTONICS THEORY - The Earth's crust is broken into segments that move slowly but constantly. The average density of the crust is around 2.6 grams per cubic centimeter The lithosphere is broken into segments called plates Major earthquakes, active volcanoes, and mountain ranges are usually located along plate boundaries. The Pacific Ring of Fire is a path along the Pacific Ocean, characterized by active volcanoes and frequent earthquakes.Quarter 1, Module 1 Important terms to remember: Earthquake - sudden and violent shaking of the ground Epicenter - The point on the ground directly above the focus. Fault - A weak point in the tectonic plate where pressure within the crust is released. Focus - Where the earthquake begins; the origin of the earthquake. The nearer you are to the epicenter, the stronger you will feel the earthquake. Selsmograph - earthquake monitoring instrument which record the seismic waves of the earthquake. Seismogram - a record made by seismograph. Seismic Waves - waves released by an earthquake that travels in all directions away from the epicenter. KINDS OF SEISMIC WAVES + Body Waves - travel in three dimensions and can move through the interior of the Earth. 1.P waves (Primary waves) - fastest wave - can travel through solid, liquid, and gas. = moves in a compressed and expand motion. 2. S waves (Secondary waves) - slower than the p wave - can only travel through solid rocks. - moves in an up and down or side-to-side motion. + Surface Waves - travel through solid and can move through the surface of the Earth. It is slower but larger, thus more destructive. 3. Love waves - moves the ground side-to-side - fastest surface wave 4. Rayleigh waves - moves the ground in an elliptical motion - spreads the most.Scientific Method -a systematic process that involves measurable observations to formulate, test or modify, and prove a hypothesis. Steps in Scientific Method 1.Observation 2.Identifying Problem 3.Forming Hypothesis 4.Testing the hypothesis 5.Organize and Analyze Data 6.Draw Conclusions 7.Communicate Results Important terms to remember: Five Senses -sense of sight, sense of hearing, sense of smell, sense of taste, sense of touch Hypothesis - an educated guess. Data - the information gained from observing and testing an experiment. Variable - any factor that can be controlled, changed, or measured in an experiment. 1. Independent variable -a quantity that is being manipulated in an experiment. 2. Dependent variable - a quantity whose value depends on how the independent variable is manipulated. 3. Controlled variable - also called as constant is a variable that does not change during an experiment.