Study the word family ORIGIN Objective: to describe the word families of certain wordsAdjectives from nouns and verbs NOUN OR VERB centre music nation beauty care help pain use care help pain use comfort drink fashion suit dirt health rain sun thirst wind continue danger fame depend differ excel insist act attract expense relate +SUFFIX = ADJECTIVE -al -ful -less -able -ous “ent central musical. national beautiful careful helpful painful useful careless helpless painless useless comfortable drinkable fashionable suitable dirty healthy rainy sunny thirsty windy continuous dangerous famous dependent different excellent insistent active attractive expensive relativeNouns formed from verbs -age -al -ance -ation -ence -ion -ment -sion -sis -tion (ca) | Ve ee) hea || package refusal acceptance realisation difference revision enjoyment comprehension hypnosis prescriptionUsing suffixes to change word class. <(— aN C3base word = root A group of letters added to the BEGINNING ofa word to make a new word. un The root or base word is the word you are adding a prefix or a suffix to. help A group of letters added to the END of the word to make a new word. fulPrefix + Word =New Word dis connect disconnect (before the word) re do redo co exist coexist E WHAT ARE SUPFIXE real adjective (at the end reality of the word) noun realize vere really adverbDISCUSSION ‘ © a What text types have you read in your academic studies so far? What additional text types are you likely to read in your future studies? a @2i) Listen to Fei He talking about the types of texts he had to read during ~~ his undergraduate studies in China and his postgraduate studies in Britain. 1 Which of the text types in 1.2 did he read during his undergraduate studies? textbooks 2 What additional text types did he read during his postgraduate studies? monographs online journal papersblogs: Generally speaking, ke online encyclopedias, these may be an interesting and useful starting point for research. ‘edited collections: These provide useful academic information and a good range of relevant, authoritative ideas on a subject. Joumals: These are excellent sources of academic information ~ up to date, easy to search and usually free through your institution. monogaphs: These are an appropriate academic source, but since they are often focused at ‘experts, the level of knowledge required might be auite high. ‘ficial reports: These can provide useful information ‘and accurate statistics, but if produced by governmental agencies they may be subjective and biased (or even censored). ‘online oncyclopedia entries: These are not appropriate to use in your essay as the reliably of the information is questionable. However, they may be 2 useful starting point and may lead you to more academic texts. textbooks: These can provide good, high-quality academic information, but may be too general for an academic essay.Skimming and Scanning What is skimming and scanning? Skimming is when you read through a piece of writing quickly to see what it is about. a general overview Scanning is when you scan the page with your eyes to find answers to questions. specific information wenet ft at ENGLISHSkimming and scanning When you have a specific question to answer or information to collect, you need to be able to skim a page quickly to find the section you need. You can do this by scanning a text for a keyword. ‘Can you\define the three highli. quickly so tl Keyword: a word Skim: to read something note the important points. ited words abpve? hat you only of importance. In which specific situations do you think it would be a useful skill to Scan: to look quickly and not very thoroughly through a text in order to identify relevant information. 3 be able to skim/scan quickly and accurately? ©2.2. Your tutor has asked you to prepare for a lecture by reading altext with the title Why should we prioritize? a Before you start reading, consider the things in the box that most national governments have to spend money on. In pairs, try to agree on their order of importance. S 3 agricultural improvement edt ral mnprocerneD b Did you have difficulties agreeing? If so, why? 2.3 Skim the text and decide which sentence |best summarises}the main idea. ooh. 1 National governments are good at prioritising, so they should also decide the order in which global problems are dealt with. We cannot deal with all global problems at the same time, so we have to find ways of deciding the order in which they are dealt with. 3. The world's major problems are all of equal importance, so we should try to deal with them all at the same time.24 Skimming and scanning Two reading techniques you will often use in your academic studies are skimming and scanning. + Skimming means reading parts of a text, such as the title, sub-headings and the first sentences in paragraphs, to understand its purpose, its organisation and the main ideas. + Scanning means looking quickly through a text for specific information. As you read in preparation for writing an essay, would you skim or scan a text to find: 1 the most important sections to read. 2 definitions of key terms. 3 if it would be worth reading the text in detail. 4 5 what the writer's general view on the topic is. statistics to include in the essay.ig implicit meanings [By 4 understan 4.4 a Read the following extracts from the text in 2.3. Is the second sentence in each extract a reason for, or a consequence of something described in the first sentence? How do you know? 1 After all, there’s little to be gained and much to lose if one organization's work turns out to be costlier or less effective than that of another\AS a result, there are few attempts to contrast the work of, say, the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) with that of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). National governments prioritize all the time? Government revenues are finite and there are many competing demands for expenditure. »b For each of the following extracts decide which ofthe labels in the box best describes the ‘elationship betwean the secone and the fist sentence in each extract. [convasl example expansion reason 1 Tremendous.orogress has been made in our times. People in most counties lve larger, heather ves alr and weter quality i the developed worlds generally geting heltr, and 2 mich lager population Is being adequately fed. =r 01° 2 The minory of us ely enough to have been Yom inthe developed world take for granted Unwersl education, an assured food supply and clean ped wate. Huncreds of milions of people are rots lucy, conast Gita eaders can rerey ansver that question They need beter nfermation 880” 4 Ofcourse, in principe we Ought to dea wt all he words woes. We should win the wer against hunger, end conficts, stop communicable diseases... e>anionS 34 Identifying the sequence of ideas As you read an academic text it is important to understand the sequence of ideas in order to follow the writer's argument. Here are the main ideas in the text in 2.3. Read the text in detail and put the ideas in the order that they appear. 3a We can use economics to compare the costs and benefits of projects. 6 d Intemational agencies are not motivated to compare the effectiveness of their work. 7b All global welfare projects should be worked on at the same time. 2 Both developed and developing countries still have problems. 1 @ The quality of life for most people has been improving. 1 “People understand that governments have to prioritise national spending. Shh Itis difficult to compare the costs and benefits of global welfare projects. 8 We need to face the problem of how to prioritise problems.“That's called ecchiolism, dude." 2. Look at 3. Look at i Soca some of the some of the context of the words that eine EEG comeAFTER come BEFORE word the word the word Occhiolism (noun): The awareness of the smaliness of your perspective, by which you couldn't possibly draw any meaningful conclusions at all, about the world-- because although your life is an epic and unrepeatable anecdote, it stil only has a sample size of one, and may end up being the control for a much wilder experiment happening in the next room. “Darn, |'m feeling small in the grand scheme of things.” OCCHIOLISM 4. Can you think of a 5. If youneed word or to, look up the phrase that word ina haveasimilar dictionary meaning? Occhiolism {oc-chi-o-2isn) (n) The awareness of the sasLiness of your perspectives5.2 a Match the words (1-3) to the synonyms (a-c) using the strategy in 6.1. 1 akin to (line 10) spending 2 expenditure (line 17) strong 3° vigorous (line 19) ¢ similar b Can you think of a word with a similar meaning to replace these words from the text in 2.32 remit (line 27) overt (line 32) responstlibes| ‘pen © Vocabulary building: adjectives 6.4. 0 Complete the following sentences using an aejecthe from the box witha sinter meaning to the werd or phrase In bracts assures communicable erveol fie Infinite stealghtonwars universal widesprend Govorments have a Ain Ye 1 erount of one) spend ines) 2 Preis spec ate aiteac_In doocuen (ae) should prevent SOmmuNiesBle qisegses (passed rom one person to anata = 4 We need to start asking crucial jupstions. (extremely important), Provide additional information 5 inprecrelpng wort toe fr gant MIVEFSAM essen od an about nouns \SSUPEC ood supply. (for everyone: guaranteed) - They have to be used when. 6 Thee is WIGESPreadrecogntion that governments do rot rave infinite resources, among mary people and in mary places; untied) they GENUINELY add meaning - they usually precede nouns7 Introducing your presentation ( Most students have to give presentations during their academic studies. The activities in the Listening and speaking sections will help you, prepare for these. 7.4, 22) You are going to listen to the beginning of two\talks]on choices that governments make. < Listen and complete the information on slides (A and B). Talk 1 Talk 2 aa Main voting systems Main tax systems “ = proportional __ representation p income tax s abtertatve voting / [SOS ty / («Gist -past-the-post RVOREMHY tax |Clarifying key terms (£3) Complete the beginning of the first talk by writing the words in brackets in the correct order. Listen to the extract again and check your answers. 1! want to begin by talking about (by / about / want / | / to / pines ‘/ begin) the different voting systems that democracies have to choose from, and 2 here I'll focus on (focus / here / on / I'l) the three main ones. First, there’s proportional representation. 3 This is when __ (this / when / is) the number of seats a political party wins matches the number of votes the party gets. Second, there’s alternative voting, 4 What's meant by this ts that _ (this / meant / what's / that / is / by) voters rank candidates in order of preference ... Third, there's the so-called first-pastthe-post system. 5 _In-other words (words / other / in) a candidate just has to win more votes than any of their rivals in a particular area, not a majority of the votes. Let me go on to talk about each of these in more detail, and I'l discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each. - SUBJECT- VERB-OBJECT : normal word order - Aux. verbs USUALLY come before main verbs = Prepositions USUALLY come before nouns -ADJ. USUALLY come before nouns9.4 Which essay type are questions 1-6: describe, discuss or defend? 1 2 Discuss the impact of out-oftown shopping centres on the regions in which they occur. discuss Ithas been claimed that democracy is the best form of government in the modem state. How far do you agree? _defend — Discuss the ways that politeness is achieved in English and another language you are familiar with, describe Newspapers should not identify a person by their race, colour or religion unless this information is relevant to the news story.” Discuss. defend To what extent does the media influence how the general public views scientists and their work? _ digcuss— What factors affect people's choice of career? _ describe.