U19EC123

Study of a 650nm fiber optic analog link in this experiment you will study the
relationship between the input signal and received signal.
Equipments Required:
● Scientech 2502A Training platform with Power Supply cord
● Optical Fiber cable
● Cathode ray Oscilloscope with necessary connecting probe
Connection Diagram:

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Procedure:
● Connect the Power Supply cord to Scientech 2502A.
● Ensure that all switched faults are ‘Off’.
● On the board, switch emitter l's driver to analog mode.
● Make the following connections as shown in next figure
 Connect the 1 KHz, 1Vpp sine wave, output to emitter l's input.
 Connect the Fiber Optics cable between emitter output and detectors input.
 Detector l's output to AC amplifier 1 input.
● Switch ON the Power Supply of Scientech 2502 and Oscilloscope.
● Observe the input to emitter 1 with the output from AC amplifier 1 and note that
the two signals are same.
Questions:
● What is meant by index profile?
● What is the working of LED in Emitter Circuit?
● What is the drawback of multimode Fibers?
● What is Fiber optics?

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Experiment

Objective: Setting up Fiber Optic Digital Link

Study of a 650 nm fiber optic digital link
In this experiment you will study the relationship between the input signal and
received signal.
Equipments Required:
● Scientech 2502A Training platform with Power Supply cord
● Optical Fiber cable
● Cathode ray Oscilloscope with necessary connecting probe
Connection Diagram:

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Procedure:
● Connect the Power Supply cord to the main the Power Supply to the board.
● Ensure that all switched faults are ‘Off’.
● Make the following connections as shown in next figure.
 Connect the 1 KHz square wave output to emitter l's input.
 Connect the fiber optic cable between emitter output and detectors input.
 Detector 1's output to comparator 1’s input.
 Comparator l's output to AC amplifier l's input.
● On the board, switch emitter 1's driver to digital mode.
● Switch ON the Power Supply of Scientech 2502 and Oscilloscope.
● Monitor both the inputs to comparator 1. Slowly adjust the comparators bias
preset, until DC Level on the input (TP13) lays mid way between the high and
low level of the signal on the positive input (TP14).
● Observe the input to emitter 1 (TP 5) with the output from AC amplifier 1
(TP28) and note that the two signals are same.
Questions:
● Why single mode Fibers are used for long distance transmission?
● What is optical Fiber?
● What is step index profile?

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MATLAB Practice code:

clc;
clear all;
close all;
n=input('Enter refractive index of the medium:');
c=3*10^8;
v=c/n;
disp('Speed of light in medium is: ');
disp(v);

Output:

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Shubham khatarkar
U19EC123 28/01/22
Batch-2

PRACTICAL-2
Aim: To design single channel fiber line using optisystem software.
Apparatus required: Optisystem software

Circuit diagram (keeping carrier power at 5 dBm) :

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Result for fiber length 5 km

Result for fiber length 10 km

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Result for fiber length 50 km

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Result for fiber length 100 km

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Result for fiber length 1000 km

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Result for fiber length 1500 km

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Conclusion: Signal gets more noisy when we keep on increasing optical fiber length and power
is decreasing and drops close to 0dBm and we have also plot its eye diagram.

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Shubham khatarkar
U19EC123
4/02/2022

Experiment: 3(A)
Objective: Measurement of Numerical Aperture of Optical Fiber.
Equipments Required:
● Scientech 2502A Training platform with Power Supply cord.
● Optical Fiber cable.
● Numerical Aperture measurement Jig.
Theory:
Numerical aperture of any optical system is a measure of how much light can be
collected by the optical system. It is the product of the refractive index of the
incident medium and the sine of the maximum ray angle.
NA = ni * Sinθmax (ni for air
is 1) Hence, NA = sinθmax
For a step-index fiber, as in the present case, the numerical aperture is given by
2 2
N= (ncorecladding
-n )

Connection Diagram:

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Procedure:
● Connect the Power Supply cord to Scientech 2502.
● Connect the frequency generator's 1 KHz, 1Vpp sine wave output to input of
emitter 1 circuit. Adjust its amplitude.
● Connect one end of fiber cable to the output socket of emitter 1 circuit and the
other end to the numerical aperture measurement jig. Hold the white screen
facing the fiber such that its cut face is perpendicular to the axis of the fiber.
● Hold the white screen with 4 concentric circles (10, 15, 20 & 25mm diameter)
vertically at a suitable distance to make the red spot from the fiber coincide with
10mm circle.

● Record the distance of screen from the fiber end L and note the diameter W of
the spot.

● Compute the numerical aperture from the formula given below.

𝑊
𝑁𝐴 =
√𝑊2+4𝐿2

 The distance from the screen is varied accordingly and coincided with one of the concentric
circles and the distance is noted.
 We further tabulate the various distances and diameters on the white screen to compute the
numerical aperture from the aforementioned formula.

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Calculation:

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Observations:

Width (mm) Length(cm) Numerical Aperture Acceptance angle

(NA) (θA)
10 2.1 0.23 13.39 ⁰
15 3.2 0.228 13.19 ⁰
20 4.5 0.216 12.52 ⁰
25 5.8 0.210 12.16 ⁰

[B] To compute the Numerical Aperture of the Optical Fiber using SCILAB.

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Output:

Conclusion:
In this experiment we have observed that with the decrease in the NA the acceptance angle decreases .

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Experiment: 1(B)

Objective: Study of Bending Loss.

Equipments Required:
● Scientech 2502A Training platform with Power Supply cord.
● Optical Fiber cable.
● Digital storage oscilloscope with necessary connecting probe.
● Mandrel (Cylindrical material).
Connection Diagram:

Procedure:
 Scientech 2502A is powered ON using power supply cord.
 Make the circuit connections as follows:
o Sinusoidal signal of 1KHz is generated using the function generator and given as input
to the emitter block.
o Optic Fiber Cable is connected between emitter output and detector input.
o Detector Output is connected to AC Amplifier input.

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 Take measurement of amplitude of the output signal at zero turns, 1 turn, 2 turns and 3 turns
of the optic fiber wrapped around the mandrel using the DSO which should gradually be
reducing, showing loss due to macrobends.

Calculation:

Observations:

No. of turns Vin (V) Vout (V) % Bending loss

0 38.4 34.4 10.41

1 38.4 25.6 33.33

2 38.4 20.8 45.8

3 38.4 18.4 52.08

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Graphs:

Fig. 1: Input Signal Amplitude=38.4V Freq=996Hz

Fig. 2: Output signal when No. of turns= 0 Amplitude = 34.4V Frequency = 1.002KHz

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Fig. 3: Output signal when No. of turns= 1 Amplitude = 25.6V Frequency = 996Hz

Fig. 4: Output signal when No. of turns= 2 Amplitude = 20.8V Frequency = 1KHz

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Fig 5: Output signal when No. of turns=3 Amp=18.4V Freq=1KHz

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[B] To compute the Bending Loss of the Optical Fiber using SCILAB .

MATLAB code:

%% Que 1(b) To compute the bending loss of the optical fiber usinf SCILAB.

clc; clear all; close all

n1=input('Enter the refractive index of core(n1) :');

del=input('Enter the value of delta in % :');
delta=del/100;
lamda=input('Enter the wavelength in micrometer :');
lam=lamda*10^(-6);
n2=n1*(1-delta);
R_c=(3*(n1^2)*lam)/(4*pi*(n1^2-n2^2)^1.5);

c1=input('Enter the value of c1 for attenuation :');

c2=input('Enter the value of c2 for attenuation :');
alpha=c1*exp(-c2*R_c);
alpha_dB=20*log10(alpha);

disp('The value of critical radius of curvature is : ');

disp(R_c);
disp('The value of Attenuation in dB is :');
disp(alpha_dB);
disp('The value of n2 is :');
disp(n2)

c1=1.2;
c2=0.5;
Rc=0.1:0.01:0.5; % Critical Radius Of Curvature

alpha=c1*exp(-c2*Rc);
alpha_dB=20*log10(alpha);
plot(Rc,alpha_dB);
title('Attenuation VS Critical radius of curvature');
xlabel('Critical angle of curvature');
ylabel('Attenuation');

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Output:

Conclusion:
From the above experiment we observed that with the increase in the number of the turns the
bending loss increases and with the increase in the critical radius of curvature the attenuation
becomes smaller.

Shubham khatarkar

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U19EC123

Experiment-4
Aim:
Calculating BER and SNR in WDM using WDM analyser in Opti-system simulation software.

Software use:
OPTI SYSTEM

Theory:
WDM (Wavelength division multiplexing) is a technology which combines many different
segments of wavelength range, called different independent optical channels, into the same
optical fiber.

Case 1) Without Optical Amplifier

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Connection diagram:

Results (Without optical amplifier):

Input optical Spectrum, WDM analyzer, Power Meter

Output optical Spectrum, WDM analyzer, Power Meter

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BER Analyzer without optical amplifier

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Case 2) With Optical Amplifier

Connection diagram:

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Obsevations (With optical amplifier):

Input optical Spectrum, WDM analyzer, Power Meter

Output optical Spectrum, WDM analyzer, Power Meter

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BER Analyzer with optical amplifier

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Observation Table:
S.N Frequency Signal power Noise power OSNR(dB) BER without BER with
dBm dBm Amplifier amplifier
1 193.1 7.128 -52.288 59.417 5.305 6.193
2 193.2 7.204 -49.210 56.414 5.393 4.963
3 193.3 7.250 -49.188 56.439 4.483 5.043
4 193.4 7.143 -52.387 59.511 3.565 3.317

Conclusion:
We have analyzed the BER, Eye diagram and SNR for WDM fiber link consisting of 4
frequencies.

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Experiment: 05(A)

Objective: V-I Characteristics of Photo LED (E - O converter).

Equipments Required:
● Scientech 2502A Training platform with Power Supply cord.
● Optical Fiber cable.
● Connecting probes.
● Optical power meter.

Connection Diagram:

Theory :
LED’s and LASER diodes are the commonly used sources in optical communication systems,
whether the system transmits digital or analog signal. It is therefore, often necessary to use linear
electrical to optical converter to allow its use in intensity modulation & high quality analog
transmission systems. LED's have a linear optical output with relation to the forward current over
a certain region of operation.

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Procedure:
 Power supply is given to the kit.
 Emitter 1 block is kept in Digital Mode and connections are made as given above.

● Voltage bias of comparator 1 is given to the emitter 1 input.

● One DMM is connected between input of emitter 1 and ground to read the
input bias voltage.
● DMM is connected between +12V supply and input of emitter LED thus
it reads the bias voltage. Vin = (DVM reading)-12
● DMM is connected between top of the input of emitter LED and ground
thus it reads the forward voltage (Vf).
If = Vf /1000 mA0

● Then we vary the bias voltage, so as to vary the forward voltage

note the corresponding forward voltage.
● We will connect power meter to output of emitter 1, to read
power(in dBm).
● Record the values of V, Vf and P.

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Observations:

Forward Forward current Power

Vin(V) bias voltage (V) (mA) (dBm) Power (mW)
0 0.089 0.089 -77.7 0.0000195
0.5 0.087 0.087 -78 0.0000158
1 0.095 0.095 -78 0.0000158
1.5 0.722 0.722 -78 0.0000158
1.6 0.818 0.818 -78.2 0.0000151
1.7 0.956 0.956 -77 0.0000199
1.83 1.08 1.08 -70.8 0.0000831
1.92 1.27 1.27 -61.3 0.0007413
2 1.58 1.58 -52.6 0.005495
2.1 2.44 2.44 -43.4 0.04570
2.2 3.75 3.75 -37.7 0.1698
2.3 6.41 6.41 -32.4 0.5754
2.4 10.15 10.15 -28.8 1.3182
2.5 11.73 11.73 -27.6 1.7378
3 11.9 11.9 -27.6 1.7378
4 11.9 11.9 -27.6 1.7378
5 11.9 11.9 -27.6 1.7378
6 11.9 11.9 -27.6 1.7378
7 11.9 11.9 -27.6 1.7378

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MATLAB code:
clc
clear all;
close all;

If = [0.089 0.087 0.095 0.722 0.818 0.956 1.08 1.27 1.58 2.44 3.75 6.41 10.15 11.73 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9
11.9];

Vin = [0 0.5 1 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.83 1.92 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 3 4 5 6 7];

p = [0.0000195 0.0000158 0.0000158 0.0000158 0.0000151 0.0000199 0.0000831 0.0007413 0.005495

0.04570 0.1698 0.5754 1.3182 1.7378 1.7378 1.7378 1.7378 1.7378 1.7378];

figure(1);
plot(Vin,If,'b-o','linewidth',2);
xlabel('Vin bias(V)');
ylabel('current(mA)');
title('V-I Characteristic of photo LED');
grid on;

figure(2);
P_mW=10.^(p/10);
plot(If,p,'r-o','linewidth',2);
xlabel('current(mA)');
ylabel('Power(mW)');
title('P-I Characteristic of photo LED');
grid on;

Graphs:

Conclusion:

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Hence we successfully implemented the code both for V-I and P-I characteristics of LED and
got the graph.

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Experiment: 05(B)
Aim: To compute the internal quantum efficiency and optical power generated internally of
LED which emits the light having a peak wavelength of 1310nm have radiative and non-
radiative recombination times of 30ns and 100ns respectively and drive current is 40mA using
MATLAB.

MATLAB code:

Output:

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Conclusion:
Hence we successfully implement internal quantum efficiency and optical power generated
internally by LED using MATLAB.

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PRACTICAL - 06

Aim: Design DWDM system and observe its BER, Eye diagram and SNR

Theory:
Dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) is an optical fiber multiplexing technology that is
used to increase the bandwidth of existingfiber networks. It combines data signals from different
sources over a singlepair of optical fibre, while maintaining complete separation of the data
streams.A separate light wavelength carries each signal.As data flows through distinct wavelengths,
the streams or channels don’t interfere with each other. This approach helps maintain data integrity.
As aresult, this enables security-related partitioning or separate tenants in the samedata centre.
Because of its ability to handle so much data, DWDM is popular with telecommunications and cable
companies. It is an integral part of their corenetworks. DWDM is also highly suitable for anyone
running densely populateddata centres, such as hyperscale cloud service providers operating
infrastructureas a service or colocation providers with dense multi-tenant spaces.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (for 32 different wavelengths)

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RESULTS:

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Conclusion: We have implemented DWDM fiber link consisting of 32 frequencies using

OptiSystem software and analysed its BER, Eye diagram and SNR.

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Experiment No. 7
Shubham khatarkar 25-03-2022
U19EC123 Batch-A4

AIM: To compute the responsivity, received optical power and the number of photons received
by a PN junction photodiode for a particular material (*Use at least five different material which
are used for designing photodetector).

Theory:

The responsivity (or radiant sensitivity) of a photodiode or some other kind of photodetector is

the ratio of generated photocurrent and incident (or sometimes absorbed) optical
power (neglecting noise influences), determined in the linear region of response. In the case of
photodiodes, the responsivity is typically highest in a wavelength region where the photon energy
is somewhat above the band gap energy, and declining sharply in the region of the bandgap,
where the absorption decreases. It can be calculated according to the equation given below.

where h ν is the photon energy, η is the quantum efficiency, and e the elementary charge. For

example, a photodiode with 90% quantum efficiency at a wavelength of 800 nm, the responsivity
would be ≈ 0.58 A/W. For avalanche photodiodes and photomultipliers, there is an additional
factor for the internal current multiplication, so that values far above 1 A/W are possible. Note
that the current multiplication is usually not subsumed in the quantum efficiency.

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Fig. Responsivity versus Wavelength curve

the η value depends on wavelength (λ). Thus, R is often termed spectral responsivity or radiate
sensitivity when plotted over a range of wavelengths. Ideally (and not realistic) the quantum
efficiency of a device is 100%, then the device is not wavelength dependent and η=1. Based on
the equation given below of responsivity, we can also measure out the optical power received by
photo detector (Po)

Here, R is the responsivity, and Iphis the current generated by the photodiode. From this equation,
we can also calculate the number of photons received

NOP=P0/E

Code:
Responsivity and Received optical power of PN photodetector

clc;
clear all;
close all;;
h=6.626*10^(-34); %Planck's constant
e=1.602*10^(-19); %electronic charge
c=3*10^(8); %speed of light

pm=input('Enter incident power in mW ->');

lambda=input('Enter operating wavelength in nm ->');

po=pm*10^-3;
lamb=lambda*10^-9;
eff=0.8;
r=eff*e*lamb/(h*c);
i=po*r;
iph=i*10^6;
nop=po*lamb/(h*c);
disp('Responsivity in A/W is');
disp(r);
disp('Photocurrent generated in uA is =');
disp(iph);
disp('Number of photons received is');
disp(nop);

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Responsivity vs Wavelength for different materials

%Silicon Photodiode
ls=[450 510 660 770 840 920 970 1030 1100];%Wavelength in nanometer
lams=ls.*10^-9;
ns=[0.82 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.1];%Quantum efficiency
Rs=ns.*lams*(e/(h*c));%Responsivity

%InGaAs Photodiode
liga=[910 960 1050 1120 1190 1330 1440 1660 1820];%Wavelength in nanometer
lam=liga.*10^-9;
niga=[0.5 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.92 0.95 0.98 0.7 0.1];%Quantum efficiency
Riga=niga.*lam*(e/(h*c));%Responsivity

%Germanium Photodiode
lg=[1110 1290 1490 1600 1680 1710];%Wavelength in nanometer
lamg=lg.*10^-9;
ng=[0.35 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.05];%Quantum efficiency

Rg=ng.*lamg*(e/(h*c));%Responsivity

plot(ls,Rs);
xlabel('Wavelength in nm');
ylabel('Responsivity in A/W');
title('Responsivity vs Wavelength');
grid;
hold on;
plot(liga,Riga,'-r');
hold on;
plot(lg,Rg,'-g');

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Observed Result:

Published with MATLAB® R2013a

Conclusion:The responsivity drops rapidly at the cutoff wavelength for each of the photodiode
materials. For a particular material, as the wavelength of the incident photon becomes longer the
photon energy eventually is less than the energy required to excite an electron from the valance
band to the conduction band and at this point the responsivity falls to zero.

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Practical – 8

Shubham khatarkar 24-03-2022

U19EC123 Batch-2

Aim: To introduce attenuator on Fiber Link and observe BER with and k without amplifier.

Theory:
An optical attenuator, or fiber optic attenuator, is a device used to reduce the power level
of an optical signal, either in free space or in an optical fiber. The basic types of optical
attenuators are fixed, step-wise variable, and continuously variable.

Applications
Optical attenuators are commonly used in fiber optic communications, either to test
power level margins by temporarily adding a calibrated amount of signal loss, or
installed permanently to properly match transmitter and receiver levels. Sharp bends
stress optic fibers and can cause losses. If a received signal is too strong a temporary fix
is to wrap the cable around a pencil until the desired level of attenuation is achieved.
However, such arrangements are unreliable, since the stressed fiber tends to break over
time. Generally, multimode systems do not need attenuators as the multimode sources,
rarely have enough power output to saturate receivers. Instead, single-mode systems,
especially the long-haul DWDM network links, often need to use fiber optic attenuators
to adjust the optical power during the transmission.

Principles of operation
The power reduction is done by such means as absorption, reflection, diffusion,
scattering, deflection, diffraction, and dispersion, etc. Optical attenuators usually work
by absorbing the light, like sunglasses absorb extra light energy. They typically have a
working wavelength range in which they absorb all light energy equally. They should
not reflect the light or scatter the light in an air gap, since that could cause unwanted
back reflection in the fiber system. Another type of attenuator utilizes a length of high-
loss optical fiber, that operates upon its input optical signal power level in such a way
that its output signal power level is less than the input level.

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Fiber Link on OptiSystem without Amplifier:

RESULTS:

Optical Spectrum

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BER & Eye diagram Plot

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Fiber Link on OptiSystem with Amplifier:

RESULTS:
Optical Spectrum

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BER & Eye diagram Plot

Conclusion: Fiber Optic Attenuators provide a means of adjusting an optical signal level. Attenuators are
commonly used in fiber-optic communications, either to test power level margins by temporarily adding a
calibrated amount of signal loss, or installed permanently to properly match transmitter and receiver levels.

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 PRACTICAL 9
Aim:To Measure Bit Error Rate and observe Eye Pattern.
Apparatus Required:

● Eye Pattern and BER Measurement Module.

● Scientech Optical Fiber Communication platform.
● PatchCords
● Optical FiberCable
● 500 mA Adapter
● CRO
Theory:
In telecommunication transmission, the bit error rate (BER) is a Ratio of bits that have errors
relative to the total number of bits received in a transmission. The BER is an indication of how
often a packet or other data unit has to be retransmitted because of an error. Too high a BER may
indicate that a slower data rate would actually improve overall transmission time for a given
amount of transmitted data since the BER might be reduced, lowering the number of packets that
had to be resent.
Connection Diagram:

Fig. 1: Set up to observe BER count

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 Fig. 2: Set up to observe eye pattern.

Procedure:
This Eye Pattern and BER Measurement Module is to be used with Optical Fiber
communication kit.
● Connect power supply to optical fiber communication kit.
● Give bias voltage to input of emitter circuit and connect the fiber optic cable
between emitter output and detector input.
● Connect 500 mA adapter to the board.
● Make the connections as shown in above figure:
● Clock frequency of 64 KHz from clock generator is connected to clk in of data
generator.
● Data out of data generator is connected to the data in of optical link.
● Now, connect a patch cord from data in of optical link of kit to input of emitter of
optical fiber communication kit.
● Then, connect a patch cord from detector output of optical fiber communication
kit to data out of optical link module.
● Data out of optical link is connected to signal in of noise generator.
● Keep toggle switch towards bit error counter.
● Switch ON the power of Trainer and Module.
● Initially keep noise level at zero and observe the bit error count on 7-Segment
display of counter by using the start/ stop switch for 10sec of time duration.

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 ● Adjust noise level for medium and maximum position and thus observe effects of
variable noise on the bit error count.
● Later on, we will observe the eye pattern too, by toggling the switch to eye pattern
side and thus observe different eye patterns for different noise levels by connecting
clock in to external trigger of CRO and eye pattern to channel 1 of CRO.

Observations:
Frequency = 64 kHz Td = 12s

Noise Level N = F*Td Error Bits BER

Low 768000 0 0
Medium 768000 272 3.54*10^-4
High 768000 6918 9*10^-3

Frequency = 128 kHz Td = 12s

Noise Level N = F*Td Error Bits BER

Low 1536000 36 2.34*10^-5
Medium 1536000 3870 2.52*10^-3
High 1536000 9913 6.45*10^-3

Frequency = 256 kHz Td = 12s

Noise Level N = F*Td Error Bits BER

Low 3072000 149 4.85*10^-5
Medium 3072000 5087 1.66*10^-3
High 3072000 9944 3.24*10^-3

Eye Diagram for 64 kHz

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 Eye Diagram for 128 kHz

Eye Diagram for 256 kHz

Conclusion: From the above experiment we concluded that with the increase in the
clock frequency the BER increases and for the same value of clock frequency with the
increase in the noise, BER increases. Also from the Eye Diagram we observed that the
eye pattern becomes distorted indicating that there is the increase in the BER with the
increase in the clock frequency.

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 PRACTICAL 10

Aim: Study of the operations of the Automatic Current Control (ACC) and the Automatic
Power Control (APC) modes.

Theory:

Figure 8
In the ACC mode the feedback to the LASER driver is derived from the load current IF.
V0
tracks the Vref (or Vin DC). As already noted, this may not ensure constant optical power
for a given Vref, if shifts in LASER threshold of LASER Diode occur due to change in
temperature and ageing. On the other hand the APC circuit derives its feedback from the
monitor photo current; IM which is proportional to Po, Here, VM tracks Vref. For a given
Vref, we get a constant optical power output, irrespective of changes in temperature and
ageing procedure with Block Schematic. The schematic diagram for the ACC and APC
modes is shownbelow.

Figure 9

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Procedure:
1. Connect the 2-meter PMMA FO cable 1 the LASER port of the TX Unit. Couple the
LASER to the power meter asshown.
2. Set DMM 1 to the 2000 mV range. On the Rx Unit, connect the wires marked Po to it.
Turn it on. The power meter is now ready for use. Po = (Reading)/10 dBm.
3. On the Tx Unit set DMM2 to the 200.0 mV range and connect it between the VM and
ground. On the Tx Unit set DMM 3 to 200.0 m V range and connect it between the VL
and ground.
4. Adjust the SET IF knob to the extreme anticlockwise position.
5. Set the ACC/APC select switch to ACC Mode. Slowly turn the SET. IF knob clockwise to
increase Po to a suitable value. Note the readings Po1 and Vo (Vo= Vrefin the ACC
Mode when system gain is unity) readings. Next switch to the APC Mode and note P02
and the VM readings (VM = Vrefin the APC mode for system gain =unity).

Observation Table:
For ACC for d = 0m
Vin (VL) (in V) Iin (in µA) Vout (in mV) Pout (in mW)
0.1 1 1 1.26
0.2 2 1.2 1.32
0.3 3 1.25 1.33
0.4 4 1.4 1.38
0.5 5 1.48 1.406
0.6 6 1.5 1.41
0.7 7 1.53 1.42
0.8 8 1.6 1.445
0.9 9 1.62 1.45
1 10 1.65 1.46
1.1 11 1.77 1.5
1.2 12 1.83 1.52
1.3 13 1.83 1.52
1.45 14.5 1.855 1.53

64
 For APC for d = 0m
Vin (VL) (in V) Iin (in µA) Vout (in mV) Pout (in mW)
0.1 1 1.6 1.445
0.2 2 1.71 1.48
0.3 3 1.75 1.496
0.4 4 1.766 1.501
0.5 5 1.78 1.507
0.6 6 1.786 1.509
0.7 7 1.8 1.51
0.8 8 1.804 1.515
0.9 9 1.81 1.517
1 10 1.82 1.52
1.1 11 1.825 1.52
1.2 12 1.83 1.52
1.3 13 1.83 1.52
1.45 14.5 1.832 1.52

Vin = 0.75V
d Vout (in mV) Pout (in mW)
0 1.7 1.48
1 1.645 1.46
3 1.4 1.38
4 1.3 1.35
5 1.02 1.26

Conclusion: From the above experiment we concluded that with the increase in the
input voltage the output voltage increases and hence the output power as well for a fixed
distance between transmitter and receiver and after sometime the output power saturates
for both the cases i.e. for ACC and for APC as well. Also if we increase the distance
between transmitter and receiver the output voltage and hence the output power reduces

65
 PRACTICAL 11

Objective: To study an Optical Fiber Wavelength-Division Multiplexing &

Demultiplexing technique.

Equipments Required:
● Scientech 2505 kit with Mainscord
● 2 mm Patch Cords
● Dual trace Oscilloscope/DSO with necessary connectingprobe.

Connection Diagram:

66
Procedure:
● Connect mains Cord in Main Socket.
● Connect Data out of Data generator 1 to Data in of light source 1(1310 nm) using patch
cord.
● Connect Data out of Data generator 2 to Data in of light source 2 (1550 nm) using patch
cord.
● Connect Multiplexer’s 1310nm Optical Fiber Channel in to 1310nm Light Source 1
output terminal.
Note: Wavelength’s label is given on the Optical Fiber Channels & Mimic.
● Connect Multiplexer’s 1550nm Optical Fiber Channel in to 1550nm Light Source 2
output terminal.
● Connect De-Multiplexer’s 1310nm Optical Fiber Channel in to 1310nm Light Detector 1
input terminal.
Note: Wavelength’s label is given on the Optical Fiber Channels & Mimic.
● Connect De-Multiplexer’s 1550nm Optical Fiber Channel in to 1550nm Light Detector 2
input terminal.
● Connect Data out of Detector 1 (1310 nm) to input of Comparator1.
● Connect Data out of Detector 2 (1550 nm) to input of Comparator2.
● Now switch on the Trainer, after that Switch on the Light Source 1 and2.
● Connect oscilloscope or DSO Channel_1 to Data out of the Data generator 1 and ground
through CRO test probes.
● Connect oscilloscope or DSO Channel_2 to output of the Comparator 1 and ground
through CRO test probes.
● Observe the both signal (Data generator 1 & Comparator 1) on oscilloscope or DSO.
Now match Exactly the Comparator output and Data generator output using to vary the
Bais_1pot.
● In the same way Data generator 2 and Comparator 2 signals can beobserved.

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Observation:

Conclusion: From the above experiment we implemented WDM using 2x1 MUX and 1x2 DEMUX
and verified the outputs with the given inputs which are identical to each other.

PRACTICAL 10

68
 Aim: Study of the operations of the Automatic Current Control (ACC) and the Automatic Power Control
(APC) modes.

Theory:

Figure 8
In the ACC mode the feedback to the LASER driver is derived from the load current IF. V0
tracks the Vref (or Vin DC). As already noted, this may not ensure constant optical power for a
given Vref, if shifts in LASER threshold of LASER Diode occur due to change in temperature
and ageing. On the other hand the APC circuit derives its feedback from the monitor photo
current; IM which is proportional to Po, Here, VM tracks Vref. For a given Vref, we get a constant
optical power output, irrespective of changes in temperature and ageing procedure with Block
Schematic. The schematic diagram for the ACC and APC modes is shownbelow.

Figure 9

Procedure:

69
6. Connect the 2-meter PMMA FO cable 1 the LASER port of the TX Unit. Couple the LASER to
the power meter asshown.
7. Set DMM 1 to the 2000 mV range. On the Rx Unit, connect the wires marked Po to it. Turn it on.
The power meter is now ready for use. Po = (Reading)/10 dBm.
8. On the Tx Unit set DMM2 to the 200.0 mV range and connect it between the VM and ground. On
the Tx Unit set DMM 3 to 200.0 m V range and connect it between the VL and ground.
9. Adjust the SET IF knob to the extreme anticlockwise position.
10. Set the ACC/APC select switch to ACC Mode. Slowly turn the SET. IF knob clockwise to
increase Po to a suitable value. Note the readings Po1 and Vo (Vo= Vrefin the ACC Mode when
system gain is unity) readings. Next switch to the APC Mode and note P02 and the V M readings
(VM = Vrefin the APC mode for system gain =unity).

Observation Table:
For ACC for d = 0m
Vin (VL) (in V) Iin (in µA) Vout (in mV) Pout (in mW)
0.1 1 1 1.26
0.2 2 1.2 1.32
0.3 3 1.25 1.33
0.4 4 1.4 1.38
0.5 5 1.48 1.406
0.6 6 1.5 1.41
0.7 7 1.53 1.42
0.8 8 1.6 1.445
0.9 9 1.62 1.45
1 10 1.65 1.46
1.1 11 1.77 1.5
1.2 12 1.83 1.52
1.3 13 1.83 1.52
1.45 14.5 1.855 1.53

For APC for d = 0m

70
Vin (VL) (in V) Iin (in µA) Vout (in mV) Pout (in mW)
0.1 1 1.6 1.445
0.2 2 1.71 1.48
0.3 3 1.75 1.496
0.4 4 1.766 1.501
0.5 5 1.78 1.507
0.6 6 1.786 1.509
0.7 7 1.8 1.51
0.8 8 1.804 1.515
0.9 9 1.81 1.517
1 10 1.82 1.52
1.1 11 1.825 1.52
1.2 12 1.83 1.52
1.3 13 1.83 1.52
1.45 14.5 1.832 1.52

Vin = 0.75V
d Vout (in mV) Pout (in mW)
0 1.7 1.48
1 1.645 1.46
3 1.4 1.38
4 1.3 1.35
5 1.02 1.26

Conclusion: From the above experiment we concluded that with the increase in the input
voltage the output voltage increases and hence the output power as well for a fixed distance
between transmitter and receiver and after sometime the output power saturates for both the cases
i.e. for ACC and for APC as well. Also if we increase the distance between transmitter and
receiver the output voltage and hence the output power reduces

71