I Tn mi n l g ? M ng my tnh tong c u (Internet ) bao g m hng t my tinh n i m ng v i nhau, m i my tnh c n c m t a ch xc nh trn m ng.Hi n nay a ch dng trn m ng l a ch IP.

M i my tnh c c p pht m t a ch IP v a ch ny l duy nh t. a ch IP hi n ang ang c s d ng ph bi n hi n nay l IPv4 c 32 bit chia thnh 4 ph n. M i ph n l 8 bt( t ng ng l 1 byte) cch d m t tri qua ph i.Cc ph n cch nhau b ng m t d u ch m (.) v bi u di n d ng th p phn y l 12 con s . M i ph n l 3 con s .V d m t a ch Internet : 146.123.110.224. V m ng my tnh ton c u hi n nay ang pht tri n m nh m nn nhu c u v a ch IP ngy cng t ng. a ch IP s p t i oc s d ng l IPv6 c 128 bit. di g p 4 l n IPv4.Phin b n Ipv4 c kh n ng cung c p 232 = 4 294 967 296 a ch .Phin b n IPv6 c kh n ng cung c p 2128 a ch . Hi n nay n c ta ang tri n khai th nghi m IPv6. V d :My ch Web Server c a VDC ang ch a Bo Qu H ng c a ch l 203.162.0.12 v tn mi n c a n l home.vnn.vn. Th c t ng i s d ng mu n truy nh p n trang bo i n t Qu H ng th khng c n bi t n a ch IP m ch c n tn mi n c a n l home.vnn.vn .Th h th ng tn mi n s tr l i l i a ch IP cho my tnh c a b n. Tn Mi n l m t danh t d ch theo (Domain name). Th c ch t tn mi Internet ni cch khc tn mi n l Internet .M i a ch b ng ch ny ki u ngh a c a t ng t m t (Word by Word ) t ti ng Anh n l s nh n d ng v tr c a m t my tnh trn m ng tn c a m ng l i, tn c a cc my ch trn m ng ph i t ng ng v i a ch IP c a n

II H th ng tn mi n l g (Domain Name System) 1) L ch s pht tri n h th ng tn mi n Hi n nay cc my tnh n i m ng ton c u lin l c v i nhau , tm ng trn m ng v nhn di n nhau b ng a ch IP. V pha ng i s d ng c th s d ng c cc d ch v trn m ng h ph i nh c a ch c a cc my ch cung c p d ch v ny. Do ng i s d ng ph i nh c a ch IP v i d ng ch s di nh v y khi n i m ng l r t kh kh n v v th c nhu c u m t a ch thn thi n, mang tnh g i m v d nh h n cho ng i s d ng i km.V t yu c u hnh thnh h th ng tn mi n. ( Ban u v i m ng my tnh cn nh c a B qu c phng M th ch c n m t t p HOSTS.txt ch a cc thng tin v chuy n i a ch v tn m ng. Nh ng khi m ng my tnh ngy cng pht tri n th v i m t t p HOSTS.txt l khong kh thi.)Do v y n n m 1984 Paul Mockpetris thu c vi n USCs Information Sciences Institute pht tri n m t h th ng qu n l tn mi n m i l y tn l H th ng tn mi n Domain Name System v ngy cng pht tri n 2 M c ch c a h th ng tn mi n (DNS) H th ng tn mi n bao g m m t lo t cc c s d li u ch a a ch IP v cc tn mi n t ng ng c a n.M i tn mi n t ng ng v i m t a ch IP c th . H th ng tn mi n trn m ng Internet c nhi m v chuy n i tn mi n sang a ch IP v ng c l i t a ch IP sang tn mi n. H th ng DNS ra i nh m m c ch gip ng i s d ng s d ng ng i s d ng m t tn d nh v mang tnh g i m v ng th i n gip cho h th ng Internet d dng s d ng lin l c v ngy cng pht tri n. H th ng DNS l h th ng s d ng c s d li u phn tn v phn c p hnh cy do vi c qu n l s d dng h n v c ng r t thu n tin cho vi c chuy n i t tn mi n sang a ch IP v ng c l i.

Tn mi n l nh ng tn g i nh nh home.vnn.vn ho c www.cnn.com .N thn thi n h n a ch IP gip cho ng i s d ng d dng nh v n d ng ch m ng i bnh th ng c th hi u v s d ng hng ngy. III C u trc c a h th ng tn mi n (DNS) 1 C u trc c s d li u. C s d li u c a h th ng DNS l h th ng c s d li u phn tn v phn c p hnh cy. V i .Root server l nh c a cy v sau cc mi n (domain) c phn nhnh d n xu ng d i v phn quy n qu n l. Khi m t my khch (client) truy v n m t tn mi n n s il n l t t root phn c p xu ng d i n DNS qu n l domain c n truy v n. T ch c qu n l h th ng tn mi n trn th gi i l The Internet Coroperation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) .T ch c ny qu n l m c cao nh t c a h th ng tn mi n (m c root) do n c quy n c p pht cc tn mi n m c cao nh t g i l Top-Level-Domain. C u trc c a d li u c phn c p hnh cy root qu n l ton b s v phn quy n qu n l xu ng d i v ti p cc tn mi n l i c chuy n xu ng c p th p h n (delegale) xu ng d i. - Zone H th ng tn mi n(DNS) cho php phn chia tn mi n qu n l v n chia h th ng tn mi n thnh zone v trong zone qu n l tn mi n c phn chia .Cc Zone ch a thng tin v mi n c p th p h n, c kh n ng chia thnh cc zone c p th p h n v phn quy n cho cc DNS server khc qu n l. V d : Zone .vn th do DNS server qu n l zone .vn ch a thng tin v cc b n ghi c ui l .vn v c kh n ng chuy n quy n qu n l (delegate) cc zone c p th p h n cho cc DNS khc qu n l nh .fpt.vn l vng (zone) do fpt qu n l. H th ng c s d li u c a DNS l h th ng d li u phn tn hnh cy nh c u trc l c u trc logic trn m ng Internet V m t v t l 2) C u trc c a tn mi n a)Cch t tn mi n -Tn mi n s c d ng : Label.label.label.label di t i a c a m t tn mi n l 255 k t -M i m t label t i a l 63 k t bao g m c d u . -Label ph i c cb t u b ng ch s v ch c ch a ch , s , d u tr (-) b)Phn lo i tn mi n Cc lo i tn mi n c phn chia thnh cc lo i sau: Com : Tn mi n ny c dng cho cc t ch c th ng m i Edu : Tn mi n ny c dng cho cc c quan gio d c, tr ng h c Net : Tn mi n ny c dng cho cc t ch c m ng l n Gov : Tn mi n ny c dng cho cc t ch c chnh ph Org : Tn mi n ny c dng cho cc t ch c khc Int : Tn mi n ny dng cho cc t ch c qu c t Info : Tn mi n ny dng cho vi c ph c v thng tin Arpa : Tn mi n ng c Mil : Tn mi n dnh cho cc t ch c qun s , qu c phng M cc n c trn th gi i tham gia vo m ng internet, cc qu c gia ny c qui nh b ng hai ch ci theo tiu chu n ISO-3166 (V d : Vi t Nam l .vn, Singapo la sg.)

T ch c ICANN thng qua hai tn mi n m i l : Travel : Tn mi n dnh cho t ch c du l ch Post : Tn mi n dnh cho cc t ch c b u chnh Cc tn mi n d i m c root ny c g i l Top Level Domain c)C u trc tn mi n Tn mi n c phn thnh nhiu c p nh : G c (Domain root):N l nh c a nhnh cy c a tn mi n. N xc nh k t thc c a domain.N th di n n gi n ch l d u ch m . Tn mi n c p m t (Top-level-domain) :L g m vi k t xc nh m t n c ,khu v c ho c t ch c.N c th hi n l .com Tn mi n c p hai(Second-level-domain):N r t a d ng r t a d ng c th l tn m t cng ty, m t t ch c hay m t c nhn. Tn mi n c p nh h n (Subdomain): Chia thm ra c a tn mi n c p hai tr xu ng th ng c s d ng nh chi nhnh, phng ban c a m t c quan hay ch no .Nh phone.fpt.vn l m t phng c a cng ty Fpt V d : c tn mi n www.thanglong.edu.vn Tn mi n s c c t tri qua ph i, m c u tin (www) l tn c a my tnh.Ti p theo l tn tn mi n c p 3 (thanglong) , tn mi n c ng k v i c quan qu n l tn mi n d i c p vn l trung tm thng tin m ng Internet Viet Nam(VNNIC)>Tn mi n ng th 2 t bn ph i l tn mi n m c 2 (com) tn mi n ny miu t ch c n ng c a t ch c s h u tn mi n m c 3.Trong v d ny t ch c l y tn mi n m c hai la edu c ngh a l t ch c thu c v gio d c. Cu i cng l tn mi n .vn, tn mi n ny ch ra ton b mi n ny thu c quy n qu n l c a m ng Internet Viet nam. M t s ch khi t tn mi n: Tn mi n nn t gi i h n t c p 3 n c p 4 v nhi u h n n a vi c nh tn v qu n tr kh kh n. S d ng tn mi n la ph i duy nh t trong m ng Internet Nn t tn n gi n g i nh v trnh

3 My ch qu n l tn mi n (Domain name server-dns) My ch qu n l tn mi n (dns) theo t ng khu v c, theo t ng c p nh : m t t ch c, m t cng ty hay m t vng lnh th .My ch ch a thng tin d li u v a ch v tn mi n trong khu v c , trong c p m n qu n l dng chuy n gi a tn mi n v a ch IP ng th i n c ng c kh n ng h i cc my ch qu n l tn mi n khc ho c c p cao h n n c th tr l i c cc truy v n v nh ng tn mi n khng thu c quy n qu n l c a n v c ng lun s n sng tr l i cc my ch khc v cc tn mi n m n qu n l. My ch c p cao nh t l Root Server do t ch c ICANN qu n l: +L server qu n l ton b c u trc c a h th ng tn mi n + Root Server khng ch a d li u thng tin v c u trc h th ng DNS m n ch chuy n quy n (delegate) qu n l xu ng cho cc server c p th p h n v do root server c kh n ng nh ng n c a m t domain t i b t k u trn m ng + Hi n nay trn th gi i c kho ng 13 root server qu n l ton b h th ng Internet.

M t DNS server c th n m b t c v tr no trn m ng Internet nh ng c c u hnh logic phn c p chuy n tn mi n c p th p h n xu ng cho cc DNS server khc n m b t c v tr no trn m ng Internet. Nh ng t t nh t l t DNS t i v tr no g n v i cc client d dng truy v n n ng th i c ng g n v i v tr c a DNS server c p cao h n tr c ti p qu n l n. 4 Cc b n ghi th ng c trong c s d li u c a DNS serrver a)B n ghi SOA (Start of Authority ) B n ghi ny xc nh my ch DNS c th m quy n cung c p thng tin v tn mi n xc nh trn DNS. b) B n ghi ki u A B n ghi ki u A c dng khai bo nh x gi a tn c a m t my tnh trn m ng v a ch IP c a m t my tnh trn m ng. B n ghi ki u A c c php nh sau: Domain IN A < a ch IP c a my> V d : Home.vnn.vn IN A 203.162.0.12 Theo v d trn, tn mi n home.vnn.vn c khai v i b n ghi ki u A tr n a ch 203.162.0.12 s l tn c a my tnh ny. M t tn mi n c th c khai nhi u b n ghi ki u A khc nhau tr n cc a ch IP khc nhau. Nh v y c th c nhi u my tnh c cng tn trn m ng. Ng c l i m t my tnh c m t a ch IP c th c nhi u tn mi n tr n, tuy nhin ch c duy nh t m t tn mi n c xc nh l tn c a my, chnh l tn mi n c khai v i b n ghi ki u A tr n a ch c a my. c) B n ghi CNAME B n ghi CNAME cho php m t my tnh c th c nhi u tn. Ni cch khc b n ghi CNAME cho php nhi u tn mi n cng tr n m t a ch IP cho tr c. c th khai bo b n ghi CNAME , b t bu c ph i c b n ghi ki u A khai bo tn c a my. Tn mi n c khai bo trong b n ghi ki u A tr n a ch IP c a my c g i l tn mi n chnh (canonical domain ).Cc tn mi n khc mu n tr n my tnh ny ph i c khai bo l b danh c a tn my (alias domain). B n ghi CNAME c c php nh sau : alias-domain IN CNAME canonical domain V d : www.vnn.vn IN CNAME home.vnn.vn Tn mi n www.vnn.vn s l tn b danh c a tn mi n home.vnn.vn, hai tn mi n www.vnn.vn s cng tr n a ch IP 203.162.0.12 d)B n ghi MX B n ghi MX dng khai bo tr m chuy n ti p th i n t c a m t tn mi n. V d : cc th i n t c c u trc user@vnn.vn cg i n tr m chuy n ti p th t c tn mail.vnn.vn, trn c s d li u c n khai bo b n ghi MX nh sau: Vnn.vn IN MX 10 mail.vnn.vn

i n

Cc thng s c khai bo trong b n ghi MX nu trn g m c: vnn.vn : l tn mi n c khai bo s d ng nh a ch th i nt . mail.vnn.vn: l tn c a tr m chuy n ti p th i n t , n th c t l tn c a my tnh dng lm my tr m chuy n ti p th i nt . 10: L gi tri u tin, gi tr u tin c th l m t s nguyn b t k t 1 n 225, n u gi tr u tin ny cng nh th tr m chuy n ti p th i nt c khai bo sau s l tr m chuy n ti p th i nt c chuy n n u tin. V d n u khai bo : Vnn.vn IN MX 10 mail.vnn.vn Vnn.vn IN MX 20 backupmail.vnn.vn Th t t c cc th i n t c c u trc a ch user@vnn.vn tr c h t s cg i n tr m chuy n ti p th i n t mail.vnn.vn.Ch trong tr ng h p may ch mail.vnn.vn khng th nh n th th cc th ny m i chuy n n tr m chuy n ti p th i n t backupmail.vnn.vn e) B n ghi NS B n ghi NS dng khai bo my ch tn mi n cho m t tn mi n. No cho bi t cc thng tin v tn mi n qu n l, do yu c u c t i thi u hai b n ghi NS cho m i tn mi n. C php c a b n ghi NS <tn mi n> IN NS <tn c a my ch tn mi n> V d : Vnnic.net.vn IN NS dns1.vnnic.net.vn Vnnic.net.vn IN NS dns2.vnnic.net.vn V i khai bo trn, tn mi n vnnic.net.vn s do my ch tn mi n c tn dns.vnnic.net.vn qu n l. i u ny c ngh a, cc b n ghi nh A, CNAME, MX c a tn mi n c p d i c a n s c khai bo trn my ch dns1.vnnic.net.vn. v dns2.vnnic.net.vn. f) B n ghi PTR H th ng DNS khng nh ng th c hi n vi c chuy n i t tn mi n sang a ch IP m cn th c hi n chuy n i a ch i IP m cn th c hi n chuy n i a ch IP sang tn mi n. B n ghi PTR cho php th c hi n chuy n i a ch IP sang tn mi n. C php c a b n ghi PTR: 101.57.162.203.in-addr.arpa IN PTR www.vnnic.net.vn B n ghi PTR trn cho php tm tn mi n www.vnnic.net.vn khi bi t (203.162.57.101) m tn mi n tr t i. a ch IP

IV Phn lo i DNS server v ng b d li u gi a cc DNS server 1 Phn lo i DNS server C ba lo i DNS server sau: +Primary server Ngu n xc th c thng tin chnh th c cho cc domain m n c php qu n l Thng tin v tn mi n do n c phn c p qu n l th c l u tr t i y v sau c th c chuy n sang cho cc secondary server

Cc tn mi n do primary server qu n l th c t o v s a i tai primary server v c c p nh t n cc secondary server Primary server nn t g n v i cc client c th ph c v truy v n tn mi n m t cch d dng v nhanh h n. +Secondary server DNS c khuy n ngh nn s d ng t nh t l hai DNS server l u cho m i m t zone. Primary DNS server qu n l cc zone v secondary server s d ng l u tr d phng cho primary server. Secondary DNS server c khuy n ngh dung nh ng khng nh t thi t ph i c. Secondary server c php qu n l domain nh ng d li u v tn mi n (domain) ,nh ng secondary server khng t o ra cc b n ghi v tn mi n (domain) m n l y v t primary server. Khi l ng truy v n zone t ng cao t i primary server th n s chuy n b t t i sang cho secondary server .Ho c khi primary server g p s c khng ho t ng c th secondary server s ho t ng thay th cho n khi primary server ho t ng tr l i. Secondary server nn c t g n v i primary server v client c th ph c v cho vi c truy v n tn mi n d dng h n. Nh ng khng nn ci t secondary server trn cng m t m ng con (subnet) ho c cng m t k t n i v i primary server. khi primary server c k t n i b h ng th c ng khng c nh h ng n secondary server. Primary server th ng xuyn thay i ho c thm vo cc zone m i. Nn DNS server s d ng c ch cho php secondary l y thng tin t primary server v l u tr n. C hai gi i php l y thng tin v cc zone m i l l y ton b (full) ho c ch l y ph n thay i (incremental) +Caching-only server T t c cc DNS server u c kh n ng l u tr d li u trn b nh cache c a my tr l i truy v n m t cch nhanh chng. Nh ng h th ng DNS cn c m t lo i Caching-only server.Lo i ny ch s d ng cho vi c truy v n, l u gi cu tr l d a trn thng tin c trn cache c a my v cho k t qu truy v n. Chng khng h qu n l m t domain no v thng tin m n ch gi i h n nh ng g c l u trn cache c a server. Lc ban u khi server b t u ch y th n khng l u thng tin no trong cache. Thng tin s c c p nh t theo th i gian khi cc client server truy v n d ch v DNS. N u b n s d ng k t n i m ng WAN t c th p th vi c s d ng caching-only DNS server l gi i php h u hi u cho php gi m l u l ng thng tin truy v n trn ng truy n. Caching-only c kh n ng tr l i cc cu truy v n n client. Nh ng khng ch a zone no v c ng khng c quy n qu n l b t k domain no. N s d ng b cache c a mnh l u cc truy v n c a DNS c a client. Thng tin s c l u trong cache tr l i cc truy v n n client. 2 ng b d li u gi a cc DNS server( Zone transfer)a) Cc ph ng php ng b d li u gi a cc DNS server Do ph ng r i ro khi DNS server khng ho t ng ho c k t n i b t ng i ta khuyn nn dng h n m t DNS server qu n l m t zone nh m trnh tr c tr c ng truy n. Do v y ta ph i c c ch chuy n d li u cc zone v ng b gi a cc DNS server khc nhau. C hai cch ng b d li u gi a cc DNS server l primary server v secondary server nh : Truy n ton b zone(all zone transfer) v truy n ph n thay i (Incremental zone transfer) +Truy n ton b zone (all zone transfer )

Khi m t DNS server m i c thm vo m ng th n c c u hnh nh m t secondary server m i cho m t zone t n t i. N s ti n hnh nh n ton b d li u t primary server. i v i cc DNS server phin b n u tin th ng dng gi i php l y ton b cc c s d li u khi c cc thay i trong zone. +Truy n ph n thay i(Incremental zone) Theo gi i php ny l ch truy n nh ng nh ng d li u thay i c a zone . ng b d li u ny c miu t chi ti t trong tiu chu n RFC 1995. N cung c p gi i php hi u qu cho vi c ng b nh ng thay i, thm, b t c a zone. b) C ch ho t ng ng b d li u gi a cc DNS server V i trao i IXFR zone th s khc nhau gi a s serial c a ngu n d li u v b n sao c a n. N u c hai u c cng s serial th vi c truy n d li u c a zone s khng th c hin. N u s serial cho d li u ngu n l n h n s serial c a secondary server th n s th c hi n g i nh ng thay i c a b n ghi ngu n (Resource record RR) c a zone primary server. truy v n IXFR th c hin thnh cng v cc thay i c g i th tai DNS server ngu n c a zone ph i c l u gi cc ph n thay i s d ng truy n n n i yu c u c a truy v n IXFR. Incremental s cho php l u l ng truy n d li u it v th c hi n nhanh h n. Zone transfer s x y ra khi c nh ng hnh ng sau x y ra: -Khi qu trnh lm m i c a zone k t thc (refresh exprire ) -Khi secondary server c thng bo zone thay i t i ngu n qu n l zone -Khi thm m i secondary server -T i secondary server yu c u chuy n zone Cc b c yu c u chuy n d li u t secondary server n DNS server ch a zone yu c u l y d li u v zone m n qu n l. 1 Khi c u hnh DNS server m i, th n s g i truy v n yu c u g i ton b zone ( all zone transfer request (AXFR) ) n DNS server chnh qu n l d li u c a zone 2 DNS server chnh qu n l d li u c a zone tr l i v chuy n ton b d li u v zone cho secondary server (destination) m i c u hnh. xc nh c chuy n d li u hay khng th n d a vo s serial c khai bo b ng b n ghi SOA. 3 Khi th i gian lm m i (refresh interval ) c a zone h t, th DNS server nh n d li u s truy v n yu c u lm m i zone t i DNS server chnh ch a d liu zone 4 DNS server chnh qu n l d li u s tr l i truy v n v g i l i d li u. Tr l i truy v n d li u g m s serial c a zone t i DNS server chnh. 5 DNS server nh n d li u v zone v s ki m tra s serial trong tr l i v quy t nh xem c c n truy n d liu khng. +N u gi tr c a s serial c a Primary Server b ng v i s serial l u t i n th s k t thc lun. V n s thi t l p l i v i cc thng s c l u trong my. +N u gi tr c a s serial t i Primary Server l n h n gi tr serial hi n t i DNS nh n d li u. Th n k t lu n zone c n c c p nh t v c n ng b d li u gi a hai DNS server 6 N u DNS server nh n k t lu n r ng zone c n ph i l y d li u th n s g i yu c u IXFR t i DNS server chnh yu c u truy n d li u c a zone. 7DNS server chnh s tr l i v i vi c g i nh ng thay i c a zone ho c ton b zone + N u DNS server chnh c h tr vi c g i nh ng thay i c a zone th n s g i nh ng ph n thay i c a n (Incremental zone transfer of the zone).

+N u DNS server chnh khng h tr th n s g i ton b zone (Full AXFR transfer of the zone ).