aff ee - > i GRAMMAR FILE UNIT 1 how) much, (how) REFERENCE some, ony el row oho articles ofan We use o and an before singular nouns We use hi * ownth singular nouns that start witha consonant (bd ete) ma student i ‘+ onwith singular nouns that start with @,€. 1.0, u i Are you an only chil? i But ! + crbefore u when we pronounce i iu! 1 He’ at university in Scotland. + on before when tis silent | ‘The lesson lasts am hour "Note: Remember to use a/an with jobs want to be a journalist Would you like tobe an actor? the We use the ‘+ when there is only one of something, i 1d tke to travel round the wor | * when iis clear which person or ting we are taking about i ‘re you going to the youth club later? (the lub we both know) Note: Remember to use the with musical instruments. [im learning to play the guitar. alan the We use a/an the frst time we talk about something and the ater that. {ead an interesting interview In the interview, my favourite actor talked about his lifes no article We dant use an article: + with plural countable nouns when taking in general Dutch people ove cycling i ble nouns winen talking in genera. 1e homework every night How do you say hi'in French? + with most countries. ive in Spain eur They're from the USA, {ive in a small town in the UK. mare ‘ ™ ‘and uncountable nouns. entences with plural countabe nouns There ae some 9" wanycoy ie ural countable nouns and uncountable ey sit got any brothers and sisters ha ates nea here? Aare there any € Wie don't have any homework tonight Have you got any money? A (how) mht€h, (how) many, all EEL sional use machin negative Sentences Wi CRO The poster doesnt ove eh Cae We use How much... ?in questions. How much time do you spend online? we en EE pura countabe nouns ‘hove aon RAI Beye team. We use How many... 2m questions How many students ae there at your school? rear halt pal coueable roan and uncoun tata ial All my frends love basetball Allthe food was cod We don't use the after olf when talking in general eg re ‘a little, a few, a he of ‘We use ote with uncountable nouns Can! gv you ate advice? ‘ye use afew with plural countable nouns. Lintee afew fiends to my house after school We usualy use aff (ot muc/man) postive sarencs a + plural countable nouns Ye got aot of posters on my wal + uncountable nouns ‘There was alot of trafic on the roods |a | GRAMMAR FILE UNIT 2 REFERENCE short answers i Present simple and present My continuous pet, ae | 1 No ar \nweryoulThey wake ee CCE | Wo usetre presetcomtinios | Oh, no i's aining! oa ee skills at the moment, \ _wervourthey {st K rerpming tomprowe my tennis Sl | " HefShee doesnt wal adverbs of frequency and time expressions hanes We use avers of frequency to say how fen something De___| vwelyouthe \ os them th te preset SM. SE Cormoy | io ehyeueY __ wat? aaretps of frequency are: obways, usualy. normally often, aii ' ‘Sometimes, occasionally, rarely, hardly ever, never. | short answers ‘Adverbs of frequency come Bid fa 2 before te main verb os wehaceney : I never watch horror films, lhainent Sal aoanr ae a + aerthe vert ve youlh dont no, piel ery thay always fun en a ‘Other time expressions usually come at the end of a sentence, We use the present simple for Care pese tne exressone wth the PreSnt Spe everday tt the weetend, on Saturdays, once a week: I practise on my guitar every day. We use these time expressions with the present continuous. at the moment, now, ight now. + habits or routines. | play tennis every Saturday. that are always true in New York at the moment at wilhappen ata particular time inthe future ™doing my homework Pacalies Fs so tapers sas verbs we don’t use in continuous forms re ray cpeee ot eect “There are some verbs that we dont use in continuous forms Nei GPL Or, ayes telee hte hea iron ie ve ne hk, —bresent continuouh | "a I fhe. understand, want. These verbs are called stative verbs. oe 2s agree with you €understand what youre saying j 1 ‘m(om) j He/She/It ‘siis)__ wor i ¢ . . \ ‘WelYouyThey ‘re (are) touinsubject and object questions \When a question asks about the subject ofa verb, the word ore reorire 's the same as for a statement. We don’t use an auxiliary ver \ ‘mot am not ‘messages aura, Who messages Laura? Max messages Lal L Lnessoestaua. Who messages tua? Ms “Hefshet [isnt snot) wor. Thoppened” What hoperad Something Se WerteulThey [aren are not) onl \Whhen a question asks about the object of a verb, we use an , auxilary ver inthe question, + tomake a general statement wt always easy to make new friends. + totale about the weather, Ws reall hot today. We use theres / there are to say that something ens, There's a great new restaurant in West Street ‘There are twenty-two students in my classGRAMMAR FILE UNITT7 REFERENCE telative clauses with who and which Who and which are examples of relative pronouns \We use hem ater aroun to mae dear nh pan rthg wear tary dong cece Shesthe woman wha pone ‘We use who when we are talking about people. Aker is someone who makes bread a lve gota friend who loves spicy food kt Thomas who liked fish. it was Sarah We use wi when we are talking about things and animals Paza sa food whichis po arround thew the dog which we've had for yesr ‘This s the toy which has been with me since | was litle. Remember that with a relative pronoun. we don't repeat the Subject pronouns (he she it ete) Do you the girl who she won the cooking competition? twas Jonathan who he aske for more icecream, mee are words tke QUckY. Slowly, simply, eg Aeros of manne i they say how we do something ascot tem eh aE aes fast slowly deo eae tant Please expiant tome simply understand P! adverb gecves aay, _ ita | cuieQ@ ancy crefty se weedngina | Wopiheszodd ty — cody) pny. Mey | eangg ato“ terror, possty adjective Serve eniegine toon top ety ‘adjectives ending in-le te tebe ee ul gents. a “Fever hard ae he se fom bh ig Seance ste Tiemversttecle waster ta agecwe) Donte fn Youlgestomch he ae) 4 Thissteaks really hard I can't eat t-(adjectve) Yim studying hard for my exams (adverb) This isthe usual word order with adverbs: verb + adverb she cooks wel ver + object + adverb He ate is lunch quicklyGRAMMAR FILE UNIT8 REFERENCE hy Dissent perfect 7, are eae vevr to aki something has hEPpenN mH SOMeCTN Me Have you ever eaten raw fish? that something has not RAPPENeM ADM i reverto59 ea & zp someon ie yes a really good singer. “We YourThey ‘ve have) Hy Caytanas never studied msc buts a i E ed a shen negative FEU? ~ se se just to tak about someting that happens a short Lwervortney _ nave re not _| wre eee ee ees jacob he left, questions: someone expected. seco Seished ol my hemevert Hes [helserit {aking about something we expect happen soon shor arowers finger caleggeONe tm expecta nn) Ey et fe lerect R10 0708 5000) | Be ni icp neha rs present perfect with forand a [tury [ver hefshejit hasn't since “Me often ie the present erect th fr and set takabout Wetormthe preset pertetwiththeceectfrmettoveand _Yoretig tat startin the pst nd continues nthe preset iis pus particpas te oan very {'ve had my phone for three months. (I got it three months ago_ forreguarvertathepostporccbleensinedandisthesame — Segreeande ey {=the pet ope tr erode the de Teed he ferns ch Someone ental theca este preset pat ok but gee xpeence ‘mens nthe ust We ot ny ac when raped | Hy bret hasten ook. Uhre sen that kn Nac te arenes eines tna ad efi go TombarteantoNew tor lewentheres same nen he patent cet) | Tors gon er Ht tra on) ve been a member af the football lub since last year. (ijined the club last year and Im stlla member now) \We use for + a period of time weve lived in this town fo vers (Weve known Mrand Mrs Fox f9DuKxmonths ve had this laptop (Pa few weeks We use since + 3 pant in time. Weve lived inthis town 659 July. ‘Weve known Mr and Mrs Fox ai 2017. We had this aptonatieyast veer' i A _ » GRAMMAR FILE UNIT 9 REFERENCE “ei necontinestt ap. ask, choose, decide, «= these verbs: agree, olowarronge, ask, choos ‘oul iti ve leon nzed offe, pion. prepore. promise start, ty | Zero and first conditi nals, ye Nea zero conditional Pa Dont forget to wear comfortable shoes : = We hope to see you at the party It's possible to meet your favourite actors ‘We use the zero conditional for habits an things that are ies important to plan your oy eneraly true ease anya atom 9m {p-nfintve ater e, when if starts the sentence: ndpefen + 2D 1 LG 21 TV ay a.game Tove making costumes. |e to make Coxtumes. fe dont use a comma when fin the mide ofthe sentence. I watch TV or play 3 game fm bored, infinitive without to ‘We use the infinitive without co ater FS first conditional Tsar aaa koh Yeifeawse rain clase Leant come tothe beach with yu Al eareaitsimpig ___{aDrelanighswfntive_—_—Sallwe meetup on ats? + would rother to talk about preferences. I nged a phone inthe future, | iiget one rote to talk about pr rather listen to some music than play a game IF you switch of your phone. | you won't lose al your friends 4+ lets to make suggestions ‘We use te rst conditional to talk about a possblefutue action is» pegutifl day Let's go for a walkin the park or situation and ts ests ‘As with ero conditional sentences, when f starts the sentence, we use a comma When's inthe middle ofthe sentence we don't use a comma, Ifyou send me the in, 1 download the information IW download the formation you send me the nk verb patterns: fo-infinitive ‘ing and —ing_ ‘We use the sng form ater: + these verbs: bein, continue oy fash, hate i, low. imoaine, practise. prefer, stot stop, suagest 7» Tenjoy reading Imagine being nthe same room as your favourite pop stor + these phrases cant stand dont min, oo frwers to can't stand being without my pone ell looking forward to going an holy next week + prepositions Thanks fo listening to me Vin tied of waiting Vminterested in trying something new a2