CODE OF PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY

(Promulgated June 21, 1988)

 
CHAPTER I. THE LAWYER AND SOCIETY

CANON 1 - A LAWYER SHALL UPHOLD THE CONSTITUTION, OBEY THE LAWS OF THE
LAND AND PROMOTE RESPECT FOR LAW OF AND LEGAL PROCESSES. ( lawyers may be
disciplined for any misconduct whether in their professional or private capacity) ex. Issued check without
fund saying that he issued it not as a lawyer but as a debtor-

Rule 1.01 - A lawyer shall not engage in unlawful, dishonest, immoral or deceitful conduct. (Lawyers
must at all times be of good moral character) (Moral character is what a person really is and not what he
or other people think he is)

Rule 1.02 - A lawyer shall not counsel or abet activities aimed at defiance of the law or at lessening
confidence in the legal system. (Lawyers are officers of the Court) They must uphold the supremacy of
the law be it in their professional or private dealings.

Rule 1.03 - A lawyer shall not, for any corrupt motive or interest, encourage any suit or proceeding or
delay any man's cause. Baratry will make argument then kasuhan and champerty- bayad ka muna (A
lawyer shall not, for the sole purpose of collecting legal fees, encouraged or foment lawsuits or delay any
man’s cause because his attorney’s fees has not yet been paid). If a lawyer finds his client’s cause as
defenseless then it his bounden duty to advice the latter to acquiesce and submit rather than traverse the
incontrovertible.-baka sakaling bumaba pa yung sentence

Barratry- Act of frequently exciting and stirring up quarrels and suits

Ambulance Chasing- illegal solicitation of clients

Rule 1.04 - A lawyer shall encourage his clients to avoid, end or settle a controversy if it will admit of a
fair settlement. (The rights of a lawyer to the fees due him for the services rendered cannot prevail over
the rights of the client) if the case is simple then compromise than

ADR - Pre-trial, Pre-marking- Appellate

Advantages: Parties will be excused from unnecessary court expenses, Parties relationship is not strained,
Decongestion of court dockets, Lawyer can collect their fees.

CANON 2 - A LAWYER SHALL MAKE HIS LEGAL SERVICES AVAILABLE IN AN EFFICIENT

AND CONVENIENT MANNER COMPATIBLE WITH THE INDEPENDENCE, INTEGRITY AND
EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PROFESSION. (Whether for a fee or pro bono) The standard of legal
services must not change notwithstanding that they are rendered fee- (MONEY IS ONLY INCIDENTAL)

QUESTIONS:
Paralegal services- Research work, drafting of legal documents, case management and acting as errands
for lawyers on matters of special concern. These cannot be done by lawyers.
Are paralegals engaged in the unauthorized practice of law? (No their job is limited to matters under the
control and supervision of a duly licensed member of the Bar)

Rule 2.01 - A lawyer shall not reject, except for valid reasons, the cause of the defenseless or the
oppressed. ( a lawyer is duty bound to extend his legal services to any client , whether good paying, or not
REGARDLESS OF HIS personal opinion)

QUESTIONS:
-may a lawyer refuse to accept representation of an indigent client?
No. except: The lawyer is not in a position to carry out the work effectively or competently: and The
lawyer labors under conflict of interest between him and the prospective client or between a present client
and the prospective client,

-What are the examples of Free Legal Services? (turuan mo sya)

IBP free legal aid program; Law School’s legal clinics

-Can a lawyer, who rendered legal advice under this rule, be barred from accepting the case of an adverse
litigant? (it depends on the absence or presence of Representation and Reliance)
(The moment the lawyer gives advice based on his knowledge and competence and the client rely on that
advice then there will be attorney-client relationship –ATTY. PAMARAN… (REPRESENTATION AND
RELIANCE)

Rule 2.02 - In such cases, even if the lawyer does not accept a case, he shall not refuse to render legal
advice to the person concerned if only to the extent necessary to safeguard the latter's rights. (In case the
lawyer justifiably refuse to render legal services, he is still obliged to render legal advice or urgent
matters for the purpose of safeguarding a client’s right) ex.magbebail….
Example : Custodial investigation (a lawyer is duty bound to inform the person who sought his supposed
services his constitutional rights against unwarranted questions.

Rule 2.03 - A lawyer shall not do or permit to be done any act designed primarily to solicit legal business.
(A lawyer shall not advertise his profession as an ordinary businessman advertises his wares)- walang
pricetag ang legal advice (THE BEST ADVERTISEMENT FOR A LAWYER IS HIS
UNQUESTIONABLE INTEGRITY AND COMPETENCE)

-Advertisements: Prohibited or Not?

(Marriage license promptly secured through our assistance. Everything confidential)
(Columns in a newspaper where the name of the lawyer columnist
-Allowable advertisements
Notice in news

Distinguish the rule on advertisements in the Phil and Us?

-In Us lawyers are expressly allowed to advertise in the mass media or volunteer-in-person advice for the
purpose of calling public awareness and educating on the need for and importance of legal services)
 - In the Phil, volunteer-in-person advice is allowed if the lawyer renders it under the authorized
legal aid program lest he be mistaken as engaging in ambulance chasing

Rule 2.04 - A lawyer shall not charge rates lower than those customarily prescribed unless the
circumstances so warrant. (Charging of lower rates degrades the profession) xpn: when the client is your
best friend, loyal client, family

-CASES-
-a lawyer is entitled to earn living:
-SCHEDULE OF MINIMUM FEES-
(this covers notarization, drafting of legal documents, handling of cases, appearance in courts and quasi-
judicial bodies)
-The rates vary from region to region depending on the standard of living prevailing in the area.
-INDIGENT LITIGANTS (PAO)

-Can a lawyer charge fees higher than schedule?

(YES, depending upon his qualification, experience and relevant importance of the case)

CANON 3 - A LAWYER IN MAKING KNOWN HIS LEGAL SERVICES SHALL USE ONLY TRUE,
HONEST, FAIR, DIGNIFIED AND OBJECTIVE INFORMATION OR STATEMENT OF FACTS.
“It is not unethical for a lawyer to make known his legal services to the community provided he must
do so by using true, honest, fair, dignified ) hindi pwedeng atty. Wala pang talo.

Rule 3.01 - A lawyer shall not use or permit the use of any false, fraudulent, misleading, deceptive,
undignified, self-laudatory or unfair statement or claim regarding his qualifications or legal services.
“it is unethical for a lawyer who makes representation to a prospective client that he has never lost a
single case in his entire career” (EVEN THE BEST LAWYERS IN THE COUNTRY HAVE
EXPERIENCED LOSING CASES).

Rule 3.02 - In the choice of a firm name, no false, misleading or assumed name shall be used. The
continued use of the name of a deceased partner is permissible provided that the firm indicates in all its
communications that said partner is deceased.
“In the choice of a firm name, no false, misleading or assumed name shall be used”

(the continued use of the name of a deceased partner is permissible provided that the firm indicates in all
its communication that the said partner is deceased)
- Disbarred lawyer shall be removed because there will be deception. Only names of lawyers
inscribed in the Rolls of Attorneys are allowed to be reflected in the firm name..
-Foreign name is prohibited unless it is your surname!
-Can a foreigner practice law in the phil? (No unless you are dual citizen)
Rule 3.03 - Where a partner accepts public office, he shall withdrawal from the firm and his name shall
be dropped from the firm name unless the law allows him to practice law currently.
“A lawyer-public servant must withdraw from the firm and his name shall be dropped from the firm name
unless the law allows him to practice law”
-A member of congress can practice law but cannot appear-
-Sangguniang member can practice xpn

“Authority to practice (get this from CSC and file a leave) – you are allowed to practice even if you are
government employee but you can only represent yourself or your family)

Rule 3.04 - A lawyer shall not pay or give anything of value to representatives of the mass media in
anticipation of, or in return for, publicity to attract legal business. “a lawyer’s show-business type of
seeking publicity to promote his profession is clearly unethical”

CANON 4 - A LAWYER SHALL PARTICIPATE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LEGAL

SYSTEM BY INITIATING OR SUPPORTING EFFORTS IN LAW REFORM AND IN THE
IMPROVEMENT OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE.
“lawyers must actively participate in the improvement of the country’s legal system and support efforts
in law reform”

QUESTION: How can a lawyer improve the legal system and administration of justice?
-Participate in MCLE and lectures for law professors; Write-ups in legal periodicals on a particular
aspect of law; Passage of important pieces

CANON 5 - A LAWYER SHALL KEEP ABREAST OF LEGAL DEVELOPMENTS, PARTICIPATE

IN CONTINUING LEGAL EDUCATION PROGRAMS, SUPPORT EFFORTS TO ACHIEVE HIGH
STANDARDS IN LAW SCHOOLS AS WELL AS IN THE PRACTICAL TRAINING OF LAW
STUDENTS AND ASSIST IN DISSEMINATING THE LAW AND JURISPRUDENCE.
“Lawyers must keep themselves abreast/upgrade with laws and recent jurisprudence since legal
education does not end by mere passing the Bar Examination” (NEW CASES, REVISED RULES)
-What is the oldest law in the Phil? The NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS!!!! 1911

WHAT IS MCLE?
-36 hrs of mandatory legal education as a precondition to the non-revocation of license:
-6hrs for legal ethics; 4hrs for trial skills; 5hrs for alternative DR

-IF the lawyer fails to comply?

The lawyer shall be listed as delinquent member of the IBP upon recommendation of MCLE committee.
Once declared delinquent, the lawyer shall not be permitted to practice aw until adequate proof of
compliance.

CANON 6 - THESE CANONS SHALL APPLY TO LAWYERS IN GOVERNMENT SERVICES IN

THE DISCHARGE OF THEIR TASKS.
“as a general rule, a lawyer who holds a government office may not be disciplined as a member of the
bar for infractions he committed as a public official unless his misconduct “

IMPEACHABLE OFFICERS:
(Immediate filing of administrative complaint is premature)
-President, SC Justices, Senate pres. Consti. commissions
*GOVERNMENT LAWYERS
(the IBP has no jurisdiction over government lawyers who are charged with administrative offenses
involving their official duties) it is OMBUDSMAN, In cases of judges and court attorneys the
SUPREME COURT.. ex.clerk of court, stenographer
*Private lawyers- IBP
Rule 6.01 - The primary duty of a lawyer engaged in public prosecution is not to convict but to see that
justice is done. The suppression of facts or the concealment of witnesses capable of establishing the
innocence of the accused is highly reprehensible and is cause for disciplinary action.
“The primary aim of our criminal justice system is not to convict but to see to it that justice is done”
Reason for the Rule:
-prosecutoriial mentality (Suppression of facts or concealment of witnesses capable of establishing the
innocence of the accused is misconduct”

Question: is the prosecutor administratively liable for not presenting a witness capable of establishing the
guilt of the accused? Or it is the duty of defense counsel to prove the innocence of his client?
-It is unethical, that is betrayal of duty to prosecute or to secure that justice is done not necessarily to
prosecute.

Rule 6.02 - A lawyer in the government service shall not use his public position to promote or advance
his private interests, nor allow the latter to interfere with his public duties. “ A lawyer in the government
service shall not use his public position to advance his private interest, nor allow the latter to interfere
with his public duties” to avoid corruption

RA 3019: ANY problem officer directly or indirectly having financial interest in any business, contract or
transaction in connection with which he intervenes or takes part in his official capacity.
-Mayor holding directorship in private corporation-
-lawyer-public servant who maintains connection with his law firm and uses his influences by soliciting
cases.

Rule 6.03 - A lawyer shall not, after leaving government service, accept engagement or employment in
connection with any matter in which he had intervened while in said service. “ A lawyer shall not, after
leaving government service, accept engagement or employment in connection with any matter in which
he had intervened while in the service” ex. Director of intellectual property then will practice in the
patents office

RA 6713: the evil sought to be avoided is the possibility of a lawyer, who just retired, resigned or
separated from the government of using his influence for his own benefit.
1year first

-Handling the defendants civil cases despite previous direct intervention while still a judge is
impermissible. (even if 1 year already passed)

CHAPTER II. THE LAWYER AND THE LEGAL PROFESSION

CANON 7 - A LAWYER SHALL AT ALL TIMES UPHOLD THE INTEGRITY AND DIGNITY OF
THE LEGAL PROFESSION AND SUPPORT THE ACTIVITIES OF THE INTEGRATED BAR.
“lawyers must improve the competence of the Integrated Bar by not supporting the application of those
unfit by reason of moral or professional delinquency” Brotherhood and sisterhood.
(PAYMENT OF MONTHLY MEMBERSHIP DUES IN IBP)- non-payment is a ground for
disciplinary action
-Dues not dependent on actual practice
-Exemption: senior citizen? No they are not exempted
-Watching pornographic videos- inside the office during working hours in full view of his staff
constitutes grave misconduct
 
Rule 7.01 - A lawyer shall be answerable for knowingly making a false statement or suppressing a
material fact in connection with his application for admission to the bar.
‘LAWYERS SHALL NOT KNOWINGLY MAKE FALSE STATEMENT OR SUPPRESS A
MATERIAL FACT” you must be honest at all times. It did not qualify whether the said act involve moral
turpitude, for as long as dishonestly is committed in the application

-FALSIFICATION

Rule 7.02 - A lawyer shall not support the application for admission to the bar of any person known by
him to be unqualified in respect to character, education, or other relevant attribute.
“A lawyer who supports the application for admission to the Bar of an unqualified applicant is
administratively liable”
-One of the requirements is testimonial from two lawyers, if you know that the applicant is unqualified
then don’t support it.
Rule 7.03 - A lawyer shall not engage in conduct that adversely reflects on his fitness to practice law, nor
shall he whether in public or private life, behave in a scandalous manner to the discredit of the legal
profession.
“A lawyer must avoid scandalous behavior in the performance of duties and private life”
- A lawyer who commits bigamy, concubinage, adultery
- RUDE FACEBOOK POSTS(a lawyer is bound to observe proper decorum at all times; the use of
disrecpectful language and aggressive insults maligning another persons reputation is
unbecoming of officer of the law and courts.
 - Public Figure/ Celebrity ( they are exposed to criticism yet the use of disrespectful language is
not justified; All criticism must be done in good faith

CANON 8 - A LAWYER SHALL CONDUCT HIMSELF WITH COURTESY, FAIRNESS AND

CANDOR TOWARDS HIS PROFESSIONAL COLLEAGUES, AND SHALL AVOID HARASSING
TACTICS AGAINST OPPOSING COUNSEL.
“While they represent different clients, lawyers should bear in mind that they are not enemies but
brothers and sisters in the profession”
“Lawyers must conduct themselves with courtesy, candor and fairness toward their professional
colleagues”

 
Rule 8.01 - A lawyer shall not, in his professional dealings, use language which is abusive, offensive or
otherwise improper.
“Abusive, vulgar and intemperate language in the lawyer’s professional dealings is strictly not allowed”-
whether it is oral or through its pleadings
-Peadings or in open court (The arguments whether written or oral, should be gracious to both the court
and the opposing counsel)
-DEMAND LETTERS
-APPEALS AND MOTIONS – calling a decision an “outrage and mockery” of the popular will of the
people
(calling the issuance of a mandatory injunction

Rule 8.02 - A lawyer shall not, directly or indirectly, encroach upon the professional employment of
another lawyer, however, it is the right of any lawyer, without fear or favor, to give proper advice and
assistance to those seeking relief against unfaithful or neglectful counsel.
“It is unethical for a lawyer to encroach upon the professional employment of another lawyer”
-A lawyer through his employee talked and offering discount and loan
-NO ENCROACHMENT (Once a client has an existing engagement with another lawyer, the contract
must be respected)
XPN: Client who seeks assistance against unfaithful or neglectful counsel
(Client who desires to hire a co-counsel) its okay para mas maprotektahan yung rights niya
- Direct Negotiation (a lawyer was suspended for negotiating a compromise agreement directly
with the adverse party without the presence and participation of the latter’s counsel.
- Lack of Authority (Not being the counsel of record and there being no authorization, a lawyer had
no right to check the transmittal of records.
- Termination of Services (When the services of a previous counsel was already terminated , a
client is a prospective client for any practicing lawyer, New services may be contracted.
- Pag sa client anytime pwede iterminate ,

CANON 9 - A LAWYER SHALL NOT, DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY, ASSIST IN THE

UNAUTHORIZED PRACTICE OF LAW.
“ A lawyer shall not, directly or indirectly assist in the unauthorized practice of law”
-Agents( It is a malpractice for a lawyer to hire”commissionistas” for the purpose of soliciting cases in
their behalf with an agreement to divide the fees) maghahire para maghanap ng kliyente tas bibigyan
ng commission bawal yun.
 
Rule 9.01 - A lawyer shall not delegate to any unqualified person the performance of any task which by
law may only be performed by a member of the bar in good standing.
“A lawyer shall not delegate to any unqualified person the performance of any task
-NOTARIZATION
-XPN:(NON-LAWYER representing a labor union in a labor dispute before the labor arbiter
(Pro Se Practice –sya magtatanggol sa sarili niya, but you are bound to the rules of court

Rule 9.02 - A lawyer shall not divide or stipulate to divide a fee for legal services with persons not
licensed to practice law, except:
(a) Where there is a pre-existing agreement with a partner or associate that, upon the latter's death,
money shall be paid over a reasonable period of time to his estate or to persons specified in the
agreement; (estate of deceased lawyer) or
(b) Where a lawyer undertakes to complete unfinished legal business of a deceased lawyer; or
(COMPLETION OF LEGAL BUSINESS) –pending case
(c) Where a lawyer or law firm includes non-lawyer employees in a retirement plan even if the plan is
based in whole or in part, on a profit sharing agreement. (RETIREMENT PLAN) if a lawfirm has a
retirement plan which includes non-lawyer then sharing is not prohibited

‘a LAWYER SHALL NOT DIVIDE OR STIPULATE TO DIVIDE A FEE FOR LEGAL SERVICES
EITH PERSONS NOT LICENSE TO PRACTICE LAW

CHAPTER III. THE LAWYER AND THE COURTS

CANON 10 - A LAWYER OWES CANDOR, FAIRNESS AND GOOD FAITH TO THE COURT.
 “A lawyer has the primary obligations toward the administration of justice”

Rule 10.01 - A lawyer shall not do any falsehood, nor consent to the doing of any in Court; nor shall he
mislead, or allow the Court to be misled by any artifice.
‘ a lawyer shall be truthful in all his dealings”
‘To misled the court is contumacious and clearly a ground for disciplinary action”
-Timelines of the appeal( The misrepresentation

Rule 10.02 - A lawyer shall not knowingly misquote or misrepresent the contents of a paper, the language
or the argument of opposing counsel, or the text of a decision or authority, or knowingly cite as law a
provision already rendered inoperative by repeal or amendment, or assert as a fact that which has not been
proved.
“ A lawyer must not aid in destroying the very institution he is bound to protect on a mere expedient of
espousing the cause of his clients”
-dissenting opinion tas pinakita mo nay un yung majority decision
-do not rely on the syllabus
-Proper Attribution (It is the duty of the lawyer to cite the rulings and decisions of the SC accutately)
-Misquutation (Deliberatemisrepresentation of the contents of a paper, language or arguments of the
opposing counsel or the text of a decision or authority)
In one case the lawyer quoted in SCRA
-Repealed/Amended laws (A lawyer must not knowingly cite as law a provision already rendered
inoperative
-Abandoned Rulings
-Substantiate the Allegations (a lawyer must not assert

Rule 10.03 - A lawyer shall observe the rules of procedure and shall not misuse them to defeat the ends of
justice.
“It is the policy of the courts to discourage the use of technicalities to defeat the ends of justice”
“Litigation is not a game of technicalities”
Ex. Avida vs argosino
-Objectives of the Rules of Court ( to secure a just, speedy and inexpensive disposition of every action
and proceedings)
-DILATORY TACTICS (Filing of frivolous appeal and motions for postponement for purposes of delay
despite the simplicity of the issues)

CANON 11 - A LAWYER SHALL OBSERVE AND MAINTAIN THE RESPECT DUE TO THE
COURTS AND TO JUDICIAL OFFICERS AND SHOULD INSIST ON SIMILAR CONDUCT BY
OTHERS.
“a lawyer shall observe and maintain the respect due to the courts and to judicial officers” –una sa
suot mo dapat formal, punctuality on-time,proper decorum-wag mong aawayin si judge

-Execution and Injunctive Writs (a lawyer must respect the order of the court and refrain from doing
any act which would render it ineffectual)
-Utterances in Judicial Proceedings (Privilege as long as they are pertinent and relevant) 0 ex. Libel so
okay gumamit ng bad words like bobo for as long as it is relevant to the case
-Liability for damages
-False and malicious insinuations (The Sc justices allegedly did not at all read the petition)
(The SC allegedly disbarred lawyers without rhyme and due process)
-Threatening language( Ridiculing the justices by calling them blind, deaf
 
Rule 11.01 - A lawyer shall appear in court properly attired.
“A lawyer must be in proper attire when appearing in court. Otherwise, they may be fined or their
appearance not recognized at the court’s discretion”
Male lawyers: BARONG TAGALONG OR COAT AND TIE
Female lawyers: Formal dress

Rule 11.02 - A lawyer shall punctually appear at court hearings.

“Lack of punctuality does not only prejudice the court but the clients as well who we are totally
dependent on the efficiency and diligence of their lawyers”
Mondays to Fridays: 8:30 in the morning

Rule 11.03 - A lawyer shall abstain from scandalous, offensive or menacing language or behavior before
the Courts.
“The lawyer’s language and behavior before the Courts should be dignified in keeping with the dignity of
the legal profession”
In one case, a lawyer was ordered to leave the courtroom after he continued arguing simultaneously with
a Justice of the SC despite being ordered to stop. (wag palingkera at sumisigaw) (atty.saguisag ..sc cuevas

Rule 11.04 - A lawyer shall not attribute to a Judge motives not supported by the record or have no
materiality to the case.
“A lawyer shall not attribute to a judge motives not supported by the record or having no materiality to
the case” –oyy si judge nakiapgdinner kay client ganern
In one case, a lawyer was indefinitely suspended after publishing an article

Rule 11.05 - A lawyer shall submit grievances against a Judge to the proper authorities only.
“the SC is the proper authorities
RULE 140 SECTION 7-10 OF THE RULES OF COURT which provides for the classification of charges
against judges into serious, less serious or light.
-SERIOUS CHARGES ( Bribery;dishonesty;gross misconduct;
-less serious charges- undue delay in rendering decision
-light charges- vulgar and unbecoming conduct

CANON 12 - A LAWYER SHALL EXERT EVERY EFFORT AND CONSIDER IT HIS DUTY TO
ASSIST IN THE SPEEDY AND EFFICIENT ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE.- a lawyer is
indispensable in the administrative of justice
 
Rule 12.01 - A lawyer shall not appear for trial unless he has adequately prepared himself on the law and
the facts of his case, the evidence he will adduce and the order of its proferrence. He should also be ready
with the original documents for comparison with the copies.
“A lawyer must conduct himself according to best of his knowledge and discretion. He shall not handle a
case he is not competent to serve”
“A lawyer should never come to court unprepared”

Rule 12.02 - A lawyer shall not file multiple actions arising from the same cause.
“Forum shopping – filing of multiple actions from the same cause of action
-What are instances of forum-shopping (when, as a result of an adverse opinion in one forum, a party
seeks a favorable opinion in another; when a party institutes two or more proceedings grounded on the
same cause; filing second suit in a court without jurisdiction;
-What is the scope and application of the rule against forum-shopping (it applies only to initiatory
pleadings and not to a compulsory counterclaims
-What is the sanction for violating the rule against forum-shopping(deliberate: it shall cause the dismissal
of both complaints or actions with prejudice
-Certiorari and appeal (no forum shopping if the cases dwelt on entirely different matters; in one case, the
SC held that any ruling on the legality of the execution pending appeal in the certiorari case would not
amount to res judicata on the disposition of the merits of the main case of the appeal)
-petitition for prohibition (hierarchy of courts)
(The paty should have waited first the resolution of the motion to withdraw petition before the SC prior to
the filing of similar petition in the RTC)

Rule 12.03 - A lawyer shall not, after obtaining extensions of time to file pleadings, memoranda or briefs,
let the period lapse without submitting the same or offering an explanation for his failure to do so.
“LITIGIOUS- send copy to parties
-TIMELESS OF FILING PLEADINGS/MOTIONS (securing repeated extension of time without
compliance amounts to negligence of counsel)
In one case, a lawyer had filed 15motions for extensions containing substantially the same reasons as his
former motions and that the court has already given him more than 200days to file appeal memorandum
but to no avail)

Rule 12.04 - A lawyer shall not unduly delay a case, impede the execution of a judgment or misuse Court
processes.
“A lawyer shall not use his knowledge of law and procedure to defeats the end of justice”
See Dilatory tactics/Technicalities

Rule 12.05 - A lawyer shall refrain from talking to his witness during a break or recess in the trial, while
the witness is still under examination.
“It is unethical for a lawyer to coach his witness during the break or recess of trial while said witness is
still under examination”
A lawyer who presented a false witness is subject to criminal, civil and administrative liabilities
(under the rule of evidence pwede magdala ng index card to refreshed wag lang script, affidavit okay lang

Rule 12.06 - A lawyer shall not knowingly assist a witness to misrepresent himself or to impersonate
another.

Rule 12.07 - A lawyer shall not abuse, browbeat or harass a witness nor needlessly inconvenience him.
(wag sigawan yung witness)
-What are the rights of a witness?
Sec 3 Rule 132
-To be protected from irrelevant, improper or insulting questions and from harsh demeanor
-Not to be examined except only as to matters pertinent to the issue
-Not to be detained longer than the interest of justice requires
-Right against self incrimination
-Not to give an answer which will

Rule 12.08 - A lawyer shall avoid testifying in behalf of his client, except:
(a) on formal matters, such as the mailing, authentication or custody of an instrument, and the like; or
(b) on substantial matters, in cases where his testimony is essential to the ends of justice, in which event
he must, during his testimony, entrust the trial of the case to another counsel.(pag witness ka pwede)
“It is improper and unethical for a lawyer to testify in behalf of his client”
“The reason for the rule is to separate the role of a lawyer as advocate from the role of a witness”
A witness testify based on facts personally known to him. On the other hand, a lawyer is partisan because
he advances the causes of his client.

CANON 13 - A LAWYER SHALL RELY UPON THE MERITS OF HIS CAUSE AND REFRAIN
FROM ANY IMPROPRIETY WHICH TENDS TO INFLUENCE, OR GIVES THE APPEARANCE
OF INFLUENCING THE COURT.
 
Rule 13.01 - A lawyer shall not extend extraordinary attention or hospitality to, nor seek opportunity for
cultivating familiarity with Judges.
‘IT IS UNETHICAL FOR a lawyer to give an appearance as if he is capable of influencing judges and
court personnel” (MAGBIBIGAY NG PAGIFTS, aadd sa fb , iinvite magdinner)
-GIVING OF GIFTS TO JUDGES (this is discouraged as it tends to breed familiarity)
-Occasional Private Meetings (Approaching a judge or a jufge evincing willingness to discuss in private
the matters related to a pending case)

Rule 13.02 - A lawyer shall not make public statements in the media regarding a pending case tending to
arouse public opinion for or against a party.
“A lawyer must not engage in grandstanding or public statements in media about a pending case tending
to arouse public opinion for or against a party”
‘this practice degrade the noble cause of the legal profession
-press conferences (publicity seekers with showbiz style personality)
-hiring media personalities (to advocate one’s popularity
-xpn’s:permissible publicity (anticipated litigation and pending case without arousing public opinion)

Rule 13.03 - A lawyer shall not brook or invite interference by another branch or agency of the
government in the normal course of judicial proceedings.
(A lawyer is discouraged from seeking interference by another branch or agency of the government on
matters within the normal course of judicial proceedings”
Indorsement letters:
Office of the president or congress

CHAPTER IV. THE LAWYER AND THE CLIENT

CANON 14 - A LAWYER SHALL NOT REFUSE HIS SERVICES TO THE NEEDY.

 “Handling pro bono cases is a matter of duty for every lawyer”

Rule 14.01 - A lawyer shall not decline to represent a person solely on account of the latter's race, sex.
creed or status of life, or because of his own opinion regarding the guilt of said person.
“Non- Discrimination” dinaman si lawyer ang magdedetermine ng guilt it’s the court.. the accused is
presumed to be innocent
-It is the sacred duty and obligation of a lawyer to handle a client’s case with efficiently and fidelity
-He must maintain only such action or proceeding which appear to him as a just and honest
-The lawyer’s signature in the pleading is akin to a certification that in his honest assessment and
evaluation, there is good ground to support the case as its merits.(always examine the merits of the case)
XPN: Criminal Cases: Alawyer may decline if:
1.he cannot carry out effectivetively
2.conflict of interest
3.cannot work with co-counsel

In the exercise of sound discretion, a lawyer may or may not accept a case provided that whatever
decision he makes is well-grounded and within the ambit of the Rules of Court and the Courts.
-A lawyer may accept a losing case provided he must not engage in dilatory tactics and shall advise his
client about the prospects and advantages of securing a compromise.

ATTY-CLIENT RELATIONSHIP
-Fiduciary/Trust and Purely personal
-Highest Degree of Trust
-Confidentiality
-Cannot be delegated without client’s consent
-There is no required form (not necessarily written , kahit dipa nagbayad after consultation kasi you
already give your advise as a lawyer and you already get an info., kahit dika kinuha you are require sa
confidentiality
The existence of this relationship determines the application and scope of the canons.

-To constitute atty-client relationship it is not necessary to execute an engagement contract or to pay any
fee;
-Neither is it material that the atty.consulted did not
-It can exist nothwithstanding close personal relationship
-The person must consult an atty. In his professional capacity,and the lawyer acquiesces in such
consultation
-there is no att-client relationship if the activity is incidental to the parties personal dealings (EX. Buyer
and seller)

What is retainer? – it is an act of the client by which he engage san atty to manage a cause for him ijn a
case in which he is party or otherwise to advise him as a counsel
Types of Retainer:
General- all cases
Special – particular cases.

Rule 14.02 - A lawyer shall not decline, except for serious and sufficient cause, an appointment as
counsel de officio or as amicus curiae, or a request from the Integrated Bar of the Philippines or any of its
chapters for rendition of free legal aid.
“As officer of the court, a lawyer is duty-bound to assist the court in the afministration of justice”
It is a legal, social and moral duty
Counsel de officio-
Amicus-curiae

Rule 14.03 - A lawyer may not refuse to accept representation of an indigent client unless:
(a) he is not in a position to carry out the work effectively or competently;
(b) he labors under a conflict of interest between him and the prospective client or between a present
client and the prospective client.
“A lawyer may not refuse to accept representation of an indigent litigant”
Xpn: Incapacity or incompetency, conflict of interest
-The lawyer is physically incapable of going to court
-The lawyer is not experienced to handle cases involving capital punishment
-Conflict of interest may exist even if the clients are parties to unrelated cases: suspicion of double
dealing (There is conflict when the interest of one party to the cases is adverse to the other paty’s interest)

Rule 14.04 - A lawyer who accepts the cause of a person unable to pay his professional fees shall observe
the same standard of conduct governing his relations with paying clients.
“GThere is only one stand standar of conduct employed in the handling of clients cases be it paying

CANON 15 - A LAWYER SHALL OBSERVE CANDOR, FAIRNESS AND LOYALTY IN ALL HIS
DEALINGS AND TRANSACTIONS WITH HIS CLIENTS.
“It is the duty of an atty to be fair, candid and loyal in all his dealings
“A license to practice law iis a guarantee by the courts to the public that the licensee possesses sufficient
skill and knowledge to manage their causes.
 
-Yet a lawyer is not an insurer or gurantor of the success of the case or the soundness of his opinion.
Neither is he bound to know all the law or to exercise extraordinary diligence.
-Inexcusable Negligence: (When the lawyer failed to notify his client of the adverse decision rendered in
the cases (when the lawyer failed to make an appeal within the reglementary period.

Rule 15.01. - A lawyer, in conferring with a prospective client, shall ascertain as soon as practicable
whether the matter would involve a conflict with another client or his own interest, and if so, shall
forthwith inform the prospective client.
“An attorney owes his client undivided interest”loyalty to his client
A lawyer cannot, without the client’s consent, act both for his client and for one whose interest is adverse
to or conflicting with that of his client
-The rule aims not only to bar the dishonest lawyer from fraudulent conduct but also to prevent the honest
one from putting in a position where he may be required to choose between conflicting duties
-In the course of atty-client relationship[, the lawyer learns the facts connected with the client’s case
including the weak and strong points. This knowledge must be considered sacred and guarded with care.

What is the test in determining conflict of interest?

 - The test is whether, ‘on behalf of one client, it is the lawyer’s duty to contest for that which his
duty to another client requires
CASES:
-The lawyer entered his appearance as counsel for the defendant and prepared the petition he filed for the
plaintiff
-In conflict of interest, a counsel-of-record of one party need not also be counsel-of-record of the adverse
party.
-The return of retainers fee will not alter the existence of attorney-client

Rule 15.02.- A lawyer shall be bound by the rule on privilege communication in respect of matters
disclosed to him by a prospective client.
“It is the duty of the lawyer to preserve the secrets of his client”
PRIVELEGED COMMUNICATION
REQUISITES:
-there exists an atty-client or a kind of consultancy
-the communication was made by a client to the lawyer in the latters professional employment, not as a
friend or relatives
-The communication must be intended to be confidential

The prohibitions to disclose the clients secrets extends:

-Handling lawyer
-partners and asscociations (including those who put up their own office
-employees and staff
The prohibition extends even after the atty-client relatisonship is terminated

Only those secrets acquires in the course of professional relationship is covered by the rule on privileged
communications:
The form of communication is immaterial includes oral, written, actions, signs and other means of
communication
The transmission may be direct or indirect

Overheard conversation?
-by staff?
-by guest?
If the requisites in the privilege communication are present they are covered

XPNS:
A lawyer may reveal the clients secrets:
-when authorized by the client
-when required by law
-when necessary to collect his fees or to defend himself , his employees or associates or by judicial action

Prescription? No prescription (for life)

Rule 15.03. - A lawyer shall not represent conflicting interests except by written consent of all concerned
given after a full disclosure of the facts.
“OTHERWISE, THE LAWYER HAS NO OPTION BUT TO WITHDRAW
RATIONALES:
-undivided loyalty
-enhance effectiveness of representation
-confidentiality
-prevention of exploitation and
-Adequate and orderly trial (ikaw magoobject sa sarili mo tas ikaw nagcocross examine hahahhah

Rule 15.04. - A lawyer may, with the written consent of all concerned, act as mediator, conciliator or
arbitrator in settling disputes.
“This rule shall be interpreter strictly”

Rule 15.05. - A lawyer when advising his client, shall give a candid and honest opinion on the merits and
probable results of the client's case, neither overstating nor understating the prospects of the case.
“No overstatement or understatement of the prospect of the case” wag mong ssabihin mananalo tas
makakakuha ng 1M
-The first task of a lawyer is to study the facts and the applicable law; He must not engage in a half-
hazard rendering of legal advice;
-A lawyer shall not impress upon a client the success of the litigation for it is considered a malpractice
Wag kamuna magcoconclude agad/ like kilala ko si judge ako bahala sayo

Rule 15.06. - A lawyer shall not state or imply that he is able to influence any public official, tribunal or
legislative body.
“No influence peddling “
This act erodes the public confidence to the integrity and impartiality of the courts.

Rule 15.07. - A lawyer shall impress upon his client compliance with the laws and the principles of
fairness.
“ A lawyer shall not allow his client to dictate as to how the case shall be handled” as to process it is the
lawyer

For settlement it is the client who will prevail not the lawyer

Rule 15.08. - A lawyer who is engaged in another profession or occupation concurrently with the practice
of law shall make clear to his client whether he is acting as a lawyer or in another capacity.
“The purpose is to avoid confusion that may be created as result of the professional engagement”
DUTY OF ACCOUNTING (CANON 16)
CANON 16 - A LAWYER SHALL HOLD IN TRUST ALL MONEYS AND PROPERTIES OF HIS
CLIENT THAT MAY COME INTO HIS POSSESSION.
“The lawyer acts as trustee of the client’s properties.
Duty
-a lawyer should promptly account for all the funds received or held by him for the client; The
unjustified withholding of money belonging to the client warrants imposition of disciplinary action;
-a lawyer must not commingle or use the funds;
-Misappropriation: subsequent return of the funds does not exculpate the lawyer from breach of duty

QUESTION:
1.What is an Attorney’s Lien?
-The lawyers right to retain all papers, money or property of the client as assurance that he will be paid
for his legal services.
2.What is charging Lien? (FAVORABLE JUDGMENT)
-The lawyer’s right to have his interest secured upon all judgments for the payment of money and
executions issued in pursuance of such judgment which he has secured in a litigation of his client
(Sec.37 Rule 138)

ART.1491 OF NCC
-lawyers are prohibited to acquire by purchase, even at public or judicial auction
-phobition will not apply in the property not involved in the litigation
 
Rule 16.01 - A lawyer shall account for all money or property collected or received for or from the client.
‘The duty to render an accounting is absolute” no comingling
CASES
-Absent any authority, a lawyer cannot disbursed the money collected from his clients in favor of
creditors
-A lawyer cannot apply the cash bond for payment of his legal services without rendering an accounting
even if they entered into a special fee arrangement:
-Humanitarian and Equitable Reason? In one case, the penalty was tempered due to the lawyers dire
financial condition brought about by typhoon Yolanda coupled with his willingness to return the money
as soon as he recovers

Rule 16.02 - A lawyer shall keep the funds of each client separate and apart from his own and those of
others kept by him.
Rule 16.03 - A lawyer shall deliver the funds and property of his client when due or upon demand.
However, he shall have a lien over the funds and may apply so much thereof as may be necessary to
satisfy his lawful fees and disbursements, giving notice promptly thereafter to his client. He shall also
have a lien to the same extent on all judgments and executions he has secured for his client as provided
for in the Rules of Court.
“A lawyer shall give prompt notice to his client when applying or enforcing his attorney’s lien”

Rule 16.04 - A lawyer shall not borrow money from his client unless the client's interest are fully
protected by the nature of the case or by independent advice. Neither shall a lawyer lend money to a client
except, when in the interest of justice, he has to advance necessary expenses in a legal matter he is
handling for the client.
Bakit bawal manghiram? Baka kasi yung client yung masunod, mawawala yung diskarte ni lawyer
Xpn: If the clients interest are fully protected by the nature of the case or independent advice (ex.Client is
a Bank or Financial Institution)
-In case of lending: if in the interest of justice
Case: the lawyer was admonished for advancing the litigation expenses in a legal matter he handled for a
client without providing for terms of reimbursement.
(The lawyer agreed to give at least half of the docket fees, the whole
Barratry
Champerty- lawyer munamagbabayad

CANON 17 - A LAWYER OWES FIDELITY TO THE CAUSE OF HIS CLIENT AND HE SHALL
BE MINDFUL OF THE TRUST AND CONFIDENCE REPOSED IN HIM.

CANON 18 - A LAWYER SHALL SERVE HIS CLIENT WITH COMPETENCE AND DILIGENCE.
Best knowlged and ability (negligence of counsel binds the client; otherwise there will be no end to a
suit so long as a new counsel could be employed who would allege and show that prior counsel had not
been prudent).
RULE:
-PROCEDURAL TECHNIQUES: The mistake or negligence of a counsel binds the client (Courts may
step in and afford the client a remedy)
-The principle applies even if the client was at fault:

XPN; Where reckless or gross negligence of cound=sel deprives the client of due process of law.
-when the application of the rule will result in outright deprivation of the clients liberty of property.
-where the interest of justice so requires

 
Rules 18.01 - A lawyer shall not undertake a legal service which he knows or should know that he is not
qualified to render. However, he may render such service if, with the consent of his client, he can obtain
as collaborating counsel a lawyer who is competent on the matter.
“By accepting a case, a lawyer impliedly represents that he possesses the required academic training,
skills and ability to serve the interest of his client”

Necessity of a Collaborating Counsel (with consent of client)

Rule 18.02 - A lawyer shall not handle any legal matter without adequate preparation.
“There is nothing wrong in engaging in legitimate activities outside legal profession as long as the client’s
case is not prejudiced (ex. Nightlife activities unmindful of tomorrow’s hearing)

Rule 18.03 - A lawyer shall not neglect a legal matter entrusted to him, and his negligence in connection
therewith shall render him liable.
“The legal profession is a jealous mistress which demand a degree of vigilance and attention”
CASES:
-Delay; failure of the lawyer to secure additional time
-Prematurity; bringing an action immediately
-Lack of Notice; failure to inform client of the decision
-Procedure; failure to submit a formal offer
-lost appeal; failure to question the decision
Liability:
-The handling lawyer is liable
-supervisory capacity; the senior partners of the law firm may be held liable for the negligence of their
associates for their failure to exert necessary efforts to foreclose the occurrence of violations of the
CANONS of Professional Responsibility

Rule 18.04 - A lawyer shall keep the client informed of the status of his case and shall respond within a
reasonable time to the client's request for information.
“Fullest Disclosure”
A status report or executive summary of the cases will give a good impression tht a lawyer is diligent and
hardworking.

CANON 19 - A LAWYER SHALL REPRESENT HIS CLIENT WITH ZEAL/dedication WITHIN

THE BOUNDS OF THE LAW.
 
Rule 19.01 - A lawyer shall employ only fair and honest means to attain the lawful objectives of his client
and shall not present, participate in presenting or threaten to present unfounded criminal charges to obtain
an improper advantage in any case or proceeding.
“The strategies of lawyers to advance their clients interest must be within the legal framework” (wag
babayaran si judge, si prosecutor
“No foul Tactics”
Only fair, honest and honorable means

Rule 19.02 - A lawyer who has received information that his client has, in the course of the
representation, perpetrated a fraud upon a person or tribunal, shall promptly call upon the client to rectify
the same, and failing which he shall terminate the relationship with such client in accordance with the
Rules of Court.
Rule 19.03 - A lawyer shall not allow his client to dictate the procedure in handling the case.
“In no case shall an attorney allow a client to perpetuate fraud upon a person or commit any act which
shall prejudice the administration of justice”
CASES:
-False witnesses
-Threats and Harassmenbt
-Conspiracy with Client
Rule 19.03 lawyer shall take full control of the case
CANON 20 - A LAWYER SHALL CHARGE ONLY FAIR AND REASONABLE FEES.
(LAWYER FEES)
-there is no hard and fast rule in determining
Question:
1. What are the diff kinds of payment?
2. –fix or absolute
3. –contingent (PAG NATALO WALANG BAYAD

4. Fix amount per appearance

5. Based on billing arrangement
(all may be preceded by payment of acceptance fee)
 WHAT IS QUANTUM MERUIT?
-the amount to be recovered on the basis of the legal work actually renedered.
The priniciple applies when
-there is no express agreement as to amount
-the contract is void or was disregarded
-the lawyer did not finish
-unconscionable

Rule 20.01 - A lawyer shall be guided by the following factors in determining his fees
(a) the time spent and the extent of the service rendered or required;
(b) the novelty and difficulty of the questions involved;
(c) The importance of the subject matter;
(d) The skill demanded;
(e) The probability of losing other employment as a result of acceptance of the proffered case;
(f) The customary charges for similar services and the schedule of fees of the IBP chapter to which he
belongs;
(g) The amount involved in the controversy and the benefits resulting to the client from the service;
(h) The contingency or certainty of compensation;
(i) The character of the employment, whether occasional or established; and
(j) The professional standing of the lawyer.

Rule 20.02 - A lawyer shall, in case of referral, with the consent of the client, be entitled to a division of
fees in proportion to the work performed and responsibility assumed.
“The rule is that lawyer shall equally share in the fees, unless their engagement is separately covered by
individual written agreement.

Rule 20.03 - A lawyer shall not, without the full knowledge and consent of the client, accept any fee,
reward, costs, commission, interest, rebate or forwarding allowance or other compensation whatsoever
related to his professional employment from anyone other than the client.
“a lawyers fidelity towards his clients cause requires him to avoid any situation where receipt of rewards
or fees from anyone would interferes in the discharges of his duties”
Rule 20.04 - A lawyer shall avoid controversies with clients concerning his compensation and shall resort
to judicial action only to prevent imposition, injustice or fraud.
“it Is more prudent for the lawyer to exhaust peaceful means in collecting his fees”
If efforts proved futile, the lawyer may enforce his fees by filing appropriate motion or petition in court as
an incident to the main action.

CANON 21 - A LAWYER SHALL PRESERVE THE CONFIDENCE AND SECRETS OF HIS

CLIENT EVEN AFTER THE ATTORNEY-CLIENT RELATION IS TERMINATED.
 
Rule 21.01 - A lawyer shall not reveal the confidences or secrets of his client except;
(a) When authorized by the client after acquainting him of the consequences of the disclosure;
(b) When required by law;
(c) When necessary to collect his fees or to defend himself, his employees or associates or by judicial
action.

Question : may a lawyer refuse

Xpn: the clients name itself must have an independent significance that any disclosure would violate
confidentiality

Rule 21.02 - A lawyer shall not, to the disadvantage of his client, use information acquired in the course
of employment, nor shall he use the same to his own advantage or that of a third person, unless the client
with full knowledge of the circumstances consents thereto.
Rule 21.03 - A lawyer shall not, without the written consent of his client, give information from his files
to an outside agency seeking such information for auditing, statistical, bookkeeping, accounting, data
processing, or any similar purpose.
Rule 21.04 - A lawyer may disclose the affairs of a client of the firm to partners or associates thereof
unless prohibited by the client.
Rule 21.05 - A lawyer shall adopt such measures as may be required to prevent those whose services are
utilized by him, from disclosing or using confidences or secrets of the clients.
Rule 21.06 - A lawyer shall avoid indiscreet conversation about a client's affairs even with members of
his family.
Rule 21.07 - A lawyer shall not reveal that he has been consulted about a particular case except to avoid
possible conflict of interest.

CANON 22 - A LAWYER SHALL WITHDRAW HIS SERVICES ONLY FOR GOOD CAUSE AND
UPON NOTICE APPROPRIATE IN THE CIRCUMSTANCES.
With or without causes
 
Rule 22.01 - A lawyer may withdraw his services in any of the following case:
(a) When the client pursues an illegal or immoral course of conduct in connection with the matter he is
handling;
(b) When the client insists that the lawyer pursue conduct violative of these canons and rules;
(c) When his inability to work with co-counsel will not promote the best interest of the client;
(d) When the mental or physical condition of the lawyer renders it difficult for him to carry out the
employment effectively;
(e) When the client deliberately fails to pay the fees for the services or fails to comply with the retainer
agreement;
(f) When the lawyer is elected or appointed to public office; and
(g) Other similar cases.

Rule 22.02 - A lawyer who withdraws or is discharged shall, subject to a retainer lien, immediately turn
over all papers and property to which the client is entitled, and shall cooperative with his successor in the
orderly transfer of the matter, including all information necessary for the proper handling of the matter.

ELECTRONIC LAWYERING?? Practice of law online

-Legal services on the internet
Virtual lawyers/ virtual law offices
-Non Interactive
Law firms history, new releases and links
-Interactive
Chat rooms(real time) and Bulletin boards(popost tas kelan sasagot)

Benefits of electronic lawyering:

-Easy access
No need for appointment; remote clients
No face to face meetings
-Less expensive
Free or minimal monthly subscription
-Anonymity (using pseudonym)
Freedom from embarrassment;
Sensitive and personal matters

ETHICAL ISSUES
-Quality of Services and information:
Validity?Qualifications?Verification?Integrity?
References? Dating/age of married? Updated?

-Privacy and security

Identity?how to know if there is conflict of interest
Confidentiality? What if mahacked yung mga website
Secrets until death- internet is not secured

-Nature of relationship
Case law?
Business hours? 24/7
Disclaimer? Not sufficient / legal information vs legal advice
Casual?
Unintended atty-client relationship (Reliance)

Atty-client relationship
A person is asking in relation to its legal profession and the lawyer voluntarily acquisce

-Regulation and enforcement:

License?
Remedies? Link with SC
Jurisdcition (location)- what if the lawyer us abroad

-Conflict of interest:
Results from anonymity;
Adverse/inconsistent representations

-expertise:
Competency?
Anybody can put anything on the internet

-Client Solicitation (Well-merited Reputation)

Net advertising; Bait and switch scheme-saka lang magpapakilala pag may problema na
Distinguish from Legal information Sites (False Expertise); blatant advertising;-like rate of their services;
Contact info; Referrals- dapat client mamimili ng gusto niya

-Copyright Violations:
Links and Legal Citations; Frames and permissions

RECOMMENDATIONS:
-Clarification on Anti-Solicitation rules;
Do the canons extends to E-lawyering? No
IBP?
SC?

-ONLINE CODE OF ETHICS

If rules are sufficient

-Professional Authority
Licensing and supervision

-Complementarity
Online advice supports but does not replace Face to face meeting
-Attribution
Source of date –not to commit plagiarism

-Informed consent:
Better understanding of the limits of E-lawyering

The presumption is that there is always a atty.client relationship

What is the nature of admin proceedings against lawyers?

-Sui generis a class of its own

Problem Areas in E-lawyering

CYBERLAWYER- any person who gives advice online
CYBERCLIENT – person who ask legal opinions
VIRTUAL LAW OFFICE – website, web page , chatroom, IG, tiktok
CYBER ADVICE- giving advice through online

Assignment code of judicial conduct!!!