Data Booklet

Updated 2010
 Table of Contents

Page

1 General Formulas and Data

Units and Prefixes

2 Kinematics and Dynamics Formulas

Gravitational and Electric Fields

Astronomy Data

3 Electricity Formulas

Wave Formulas

4 Electrochemistry

Geological Time-Line

Thermodynamics

6 Periodic Chart of the Elements and Ions

8 Nuclear Chemistry

9 Organic Chemistry

10 Solutions

11 Acids and Bases

13 Genetics

14 Scoring Descriptions for Standards Setting

Cover design interpretation of DNA in the presence of electromagnetic energy by Nathan A. Smith of Alberta Education.

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General Formulas and Data
Formulas and Data Distilled Water at
Room Temperature (25°C)
rise ∆y y2 – y1
slope = run = =
∆x x2 – x1 and Standard Pressure
(101.325 kPa)
percent difference
from theoretical value =
| experimental value – theoretical value | × 100% Volume Mass Density
| theoretical value | 1.0 mL or 1.0 cm3 1.0 g 1.0 g/cm3

(output
)
percent efficiency = input × 100%
1.0 L or 1.0 dm3 1.0 kg 1.0 kg/dm3

(
power of
)(
power of
magnification = ocular lens × objective lens )
Units and Prefixes
Factor by Which Base Unit Is Multiplied
Prefix Symbol
tera T 1 000 000 000 000 = 1012
giga G 1 000 000 000 = 109
mega M 1 000 000 = 106
kilo k 1 000 = 103
hecto h 100 = 102
deca da 10 = 101
Common Base Units* 1 = 100
deci d 0.1 = 10–1
centi c 0.01 = 10–2
milli m 0.001 = 10–3
micro μ 0.000 001 = 10–6
nano n 0.000 000 001 = 10–9
pico p 0.000 000 000 001 = 10–12
*metre (m), gram (g), litre (L), mole (mol)

Some Non-SI Units Used with SI

Quantity Unit Name Symbol Definition
Time minute min 1 min = 60 s
hour h 1 h = 3 600 s
day d 1 d = 86 400 s
year (annum) a 1 a = 31 557 600 s
Area hectare ha 1 ha = 1 hm2

= 10 000 m2
Volume litre L 1 L = 1 000 cm3
Mass metric ton or tonne t 1 t = 1 000 kg
= 1 Mg
Pressure standard atmosphere atm 1 atm = 101.325 kPa

1
Kinematics and Dynamics Formulas
v = ∆d v = average speed (m/s) Collisions
∆t
→ v→ = average velocity (m/s) Hit and rebound:
v = ∆d
→

∆t d = distance (m) m1v→1 + m2v→2 = m1v→1́ + m2v→2́
∆v→ v→f – v→i
→
d = displacement (m)
a→ = =
∆t ∆t Hit and stick:
→ t = time elapsed (s)
→
F net = ma m1v→1 + m2v→2 = (m1+ m2)v→1́ and 2
a→ = acceleration (m/s2)
→ → →
F = force (kg.m/s2 or N)
→
F net = F a + F f
→ Explosion:
W = F∆d F net = net force (N)
→ (m1+ m2)v→1 and 2 = m1v→1́ + m2v→2́
F a = applied force (N)
P = W →
t F f = force of friction (N)
→
∆d = v→i∆t + 12 a→(∆t)2 F = magnitude of a force (N)
 

( )
→ + →
→ v v m = mass (kg)
∆d = i 2 f ∆t
W = work (N.m or J)
→ →
p = mv P = power (J/s or W)
→
→ →
∆p = F ∆t, ∆p = p f – p i → → ∆ = change in
→
F ∆t = impulse
→ m(v→f – v→i)
F =
∆t p→ = momentum (kg.m/s)

Ep = mgh Ep = gravitational potential energy (J)

g = magnitude of acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)
Ek = 12 mv2
  Ek = kinetic energy (J)

Gravitational and Electric Fields

→ →
F g = mg→ F g = force due to gravity (N)
m = mass (kg)

g = Gm G = gravitational constant = 6.67 × 10–11 N.m2/kg2

r2 r = radius or centre-to-centre distance (m)
→ kq g = magnitude of gravitational field strength (N/kg)
E =
r2 k = Coulomb’s law constant = 8.99 × 109 N.m2/C2
q = electrostatic charge in coulombs (C)
→
E = electric field strength (N/C)

Astronomy Data
Mass of Earth = 5.98 × 1024 kg Average acceleration due
Radius of Earth = 6.37 × 106 m to gravity on surface of Earth = 9.81 m/s2
Mass of sun = 1.99 × 1030 kg
Average gravitational field
1 light-year = 9.47 × 1015 m strength on surface of Earth = 9.81 N/kg
1 AU (astronomical unit) = 1.50 × 1011 m

2
Electricity Formulas
P = IV, P = I 2R R = resistance (Ω)
V = IR P = power (W)
E = Pt I = current (A)
V = voltage (V)

For resistances connected in series E = energy (J)

t = time elapsed (s)
RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + … Rn

For resistances connected in parallel

1 = 1 + 1 + 1 +… 1
RT R1 R2 R3 Rn

Ideal Transformers N = number of turns

Np Vp Np Is Vp Is p = primary
= , = , =
Ns Vs Ns Ip Vs Ip
s = secondary

Related value: 1.00 kilowatt hour = 1.00 kW.h = 3.60 × 106 J

Wave Formulas
v = f λ v = speed of wave (m/s)
c = f λ c = speed of electromagnetic radiation in air
or vacuum (3.00 × 108 m/s)
f = frequency (Hz or 1/s)
λ = wavelength (m)

Electromagnetic Spectrum

3
Electrochemistry Geological Time-Line
Activity Series for 1.0 mol/L Solution
at 25 °C and 101.325 kPa
Reduction Half-Reaction
3+
Au (aq) + 3e– → Au(s)
Hg2+(aq) + 2e– → Hg(l)
Ag+(aq) + e– → Ag(s)
Cu2+(aq) + 2e– → Cu(s)
2H+(aq) + 2e– → H2(g)
Pb2+(aq) + 2e– → Pb(s)
Sn2+(aq) + 2e– → Sn(s)
Ni2+(aq) + 2e– → Ni(s)
Cd2+(aq) + 2e– → Cd(s)
Fe2+(aq) + 2e– → Fe(s)
Zn2+(aq) + 2e– → Zn(s)
Cr2+(aq) + 2e– → Cr(s)
Al3+(aq) + 3e– → Al(s)
Mg2+(aq) + 2e– → Mg(s)
Na+(aq) + e– → Na(s)
Ca2+(aq) + 2e– → Ca(s)
Li+(aq) + e– → Li(s)

Thermodynamics
Heat Capacities of Selected Substances at 25°C
Specific Heat Capacity
Compound (J/g.°C) or (kJ/kg.°C)
water H2O(l) 4.19
ice (at 0 °C) H2O(s) 2.10
water vapour (at 100 °C) H2O(g) 2.08
methanol CH3OH(l) 2.53
ethanol C2H5OH(l) 2.44
hexane C6H14(l) 2.27 *
Current research suggests that the start of
toluene C7H8(l) 1.71 the Quaternary period is earlier.
air mixture of N2(g), 1.01
O2(g), CO2(g),
and trace gases

Thermodynamic Properties of Selected Compounds

Melting Point Boiling Point Heat of Fusion Heat of Vaporization
Compound (°C) (°C) (kJ/mol) (kJ/mol)
water H2O(l) 0.00 100.00 6.01 40.66
hexane C6H14(l) –95.35 68.73 13.08 28.85
ethanol C2H5OH(l) –114.14 78.29 4.93 38.56
methanol CH3OH(l) –97.53 64.6 3.22 35.21
toluene C7H8(l) –94.95 110.63 6.64 33.18

4
Standard Heats of Formation of Selected Compounds at 25°C
Compound Formula ∆fH°(kJ/mol)
ammonia NH3(g) –45.9
benzene C6H6(l) +49.1
butane C4H10(g) –125.7
calcium carbonate CaCO3(s) –1 207.6
calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2(s) –985.2
carbon dioxide CO2(g) –393.5
carbon monoxide CO(g) –110.5
ethane C2H6(g) –84.0
ethanoic acid (acetic acid) CH3COOH(l) –484.3
ethanol C2H5OH(l) –277.6
ethene (ethylene) C2H4(g) +52.4
ethyne (acetylene) C2H2(g) +227.4
glucose C6H12O6(s) –1 273.3
hydrogen sulfide H2S(g) –20.6
methane CH4(g) –74.6
methanol CH3OH(l) –239.2
nitrogen dioxide NO2(g) +33.2
nitrogen monoxide NO(g) +91.3
octane C8H18(l) –250.1
pentane C5H12(l) –173.5
propane C3H8(g) –103.8
sucrose C12H22O11(s) –2 226.1
sulfur dioxide SO2(g) –296.8
sulfur trioxide SO3(g) –395.7
water (liquid) H2O(l) –285.8
water (gas) H2O(g) –241.8

Note: Elements are given a value of zero.

Negative sign (–) denotes exothermic change.
Positive sign (+) denotes endothermic change.

Energy Formulas
Q = mc∆t Q = quantity of heat energy (J or kJ)
m = mass (g or kg)
∆ fus H = Q ∆ fus H = heat of fusion (kJ/mol)
n
∆ vap H = heat of vaporization (kJ/mol)
∆ vap H = Q c = specific heat capacity (J/g.°C or kJ/kg.°C)
n
∆t = change in temperature (°C)
∆ r H = ∑n∆ f H° products – ∑n∆ f H° reactants
n = amount in moles (mol)
∆ r H = energy change of reaction (kJ)
∑ = the sum of
∆ f H° = standard molar heat (enthalpy) of formation (kJ/mol)

5
 Periodic Chart of the Elements and Ions
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1
H Note: The legend at the right denotes Legend for the Elements
hydrogen
1.01 the physical state of the elements Solid Liquid Gas Seldom forms ions
+
at 101.325 kPa and 298.15 K (25°C).
H
hydrogen

3
Li 4
Be Table of Polyatomic Ions
lithium beryllium
6.94 9.01 Polyatomic ions

– – – – 2–
acetate CH3COO chlorate CIO3 iodate IO3 permanganate MnO4 sulfite SO3

Li+ Be2+ ammonium NH4

+
chlorite CIO2
–
nitrate NO3
–
phosphate PO4
3–
hydrogen sulfide HS
–

lithium beryllium 2– –
benzoate C6H5COO– hypochlorite CIO– nitrite NO2
–
hydrogen phosphate HPO4 hydrogen sulfate HSO4
11
Na 12
Mg borate BO3
3–
chromate CrO4
2–
methanoate CHOO
–
dihydrogen phosphate H2PO4
–
hydrogen sulfite HSO3
–

sodium magnesium carbonate CO3

2–
dichromate Cr2O7 2–
oxalate OOCCOO
2–
silicate SiO3
2–
thiocyanate SCN
–

22.99 24.31 2– 2–
hydrogen carbonate HCO3– cyanide CN
–
hydrogen oxalate HOOCCOO– sulfate SO4 thiosulfate S2O3
– –
perchlorate CIO4 hydroxide OH
+
Na Mg2+
sodium magnesium
19
K 20
Ca 21
Sc 22
Ti 23
V 24
Cr 25
Mn 26
Fe 27
Co
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.87 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93
Ti4+ V5+ Cr3+ Mn2+ Fe3+ Co2+
titanium(IV) vanadium(V) chromium(III) manganese(II) iron(III) cobalt(II)
K+ Ca2+ Sc3+ Ti3+ V4+ Cr2+ Mn4+ Fe2+ Co3+
potassium calcium scandium titanium(III) vanadium(IV) chromium(II) manganese(IV) iron(II) cobalt(III)
37
Rb 38
Sr 39 Y 40
Zr 41
Nb 42
Mo 43
Tc 44
Ru 45
Rh
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 (98) 101.07 102.91
Nb5+
niobium(V)
Rb+ Sr2+ Y3+ Zr4+ Nb3+ Mo6+ Tc7+ Ru3+ Rh3+
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium(III) molybdenum technetium ruthenium(III) rhodium
55
Cs 56
Ba 57
La 72
Hf 73
Ta 74
W 75
Re 76
Os 77
Ir
cesium barium lanthanum hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium
132.91 137.33 138.91 178.49 180.95 183.84 186.21 190.23 192.22

Cs+ Ba2+ La3+ Hf4+ Ta5+ W6+ Re7+ Os4+ Ir4+

cesium barium lanthanum hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium
87
Fr 88
Ra 89
Ac 104
Rf 105
Db 106
Sg 107
Bh 108
Hs 109
Mt
francium radium actinium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium
(223) (226) (227) (261) (262) (266) (264) (277) (268)

Fr+ Ra2+ Ac3+ Lanthanide and Actinide Series Begins

francium radium actinium

Key 58
Ce 59
Pr 60
Nd 61
Pm 62
Sm
Atomic number
Name of
91
Pa Symbol of
the element
cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium
the element protactinium 140.12 140.91 144.24 (145) 150.36
Atomic mass 231.04
Sm3+
Pa5+ Ion charge samarium(III)
protactinium(V) Stock name
Pa4+ (IUPAC) Ce3+ Pr3+ Nd3+ Pm3+ Sm2+
cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium(II)
protactinium(IV)

Based on 126 C
90
Th 91
Pa 92
U 93
Np 94
Pu
Most stable or common ion is listed above thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium
dotted line. Atomic mass in parentheses indicates 232.04 231.04 238.03 (237) (244)
mass of the most stable isotope.
Pa5+ U6+ Pu4+
protactinium(V) uranium(VI) plutonium(IV)
Th4+ Pa4+ U4+ Np5+ Pu6+
thorium protactinium(IV) uranium(IV) neptunium plutonium(VI)

6
 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

1
H 2
He
hydrogen helium
1.01 4.00

H– He
hydride helium
5
B 6
C 7
N 8
O 9
F 10
Ne
boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18
Polyatomic Elements
Elements
B C N3– O2– F– Ne
astatine At2 iodine I2 boron carbon nitride oxide fluoride neon
bromine Br2

chlorine Cl2
nitrogen

oxygen
N2

O2
13
Al 14
Si 15
P 16
S 17
Cl 18
Ar
aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
fluorine F2 phosphorus P4 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95
hydrogen H2 sulfur S8

Al3+ Si P3– S2– Cl– Ar

aluminium silicon phosphide sulfide chloride argon
28
Ni 29
Cu 30
Zn 31
Ga 32
Ge 33
As 34
Se 35
Br 36
Kr
nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
58.69 63.55 65.41 69.72 72.64 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80
Ni2+ Cu2+
nickel(II) copper(II)
Ni3+ Cu+ Zn2+ Ga3+ Ge4+ As3– Se2– Br– Kr
nickel(III) copper(I) zinc gallium germanium arsenide selenide bromide krypton
46
Pd 47
Ag 48
Cd 49
In 50
Sn 51
Sb 52
Te 53
I 54
Xe
palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.76 127.60 126.90 131.29
Pd2+ Sn4+ Sb3+
palladium(II) tin(IV) antimony(III)
Pd3+ Ag+ Cd2+ In3+ Sn2+ Sb5+ Te2– I– Xe
palladium(III) silver cadmium indium tin(II) antimony(V) telluride iodide xenon
78
Pt 79
Au 80
Hg 81
Tl 82
Pb 83
Bi 84
Po 85
At 86
Rn
platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38 207.2* 208.98 (209) (210) (222)
Pt4+ Au3+ Hg2+ TI +
Pb2+ Bi3+ Po2+
platinum(IV) gold(III) mercury(II) thallium(I) lead(II) bismuth(III) polonium(II)
Pt2+ Au+
Hg+
TI3+ Pb4+ Bi5+ Po4+ At– Rn
platinum(II) gold(I) mercury(I) thallium(III) lead(IV) bismuth(V) polonium(IV) astatide radon
110
Ds 111
Rg * The isotopic mix of naturally occurring lead is more variable than that of other elements, preventing
precision to greater than tenths of a gram per mole.
darmstadtium roentgenium
(271) (272)

63
Eu 64
Gd 65
Tb 66
Dy 67
Ho 68
Er 69
Tm 70
Yb 71
Lu
europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium
151.96 157.25 158.93 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.04 174.97
Eu3+ Yb3+
europium(III) ytterbium(III)
Eu2+ Gd3+ Tb3+ Dy3+ Ho3+ Er3+ Tm3+ Yb2+ Lu3+
europium(II) gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium(II) lutetium
95
Am 96
Cm 97
Bk 98
Cf 99
Es 100
Fm 101
Md 102
No 103
Lr
americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium
(243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262)
Am3+ Bk3+ Md2+ No2+
americium(III) berkelium(III) mendelevium(II) nobelium(II)
Am4+ Cm3+ Bk4+ Cf3+ Es3+ Fm3+ Md3+ No3+ Lr3+
americium(IV) curium berkelium(IV) californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium(III) nobelium(III) lawrencium

7
Nuclear Chemistry
Masses of Subatomic Particles and Radiation
Subatomic Particle Mass Subatomic Particle Mass
or Radiation (10–3 kg/mol) or Radiation (10–3 kg/mol)
0
alpha particle 4 positron +1e 0.000 549
2He or α 4.001 51
(helium nucleus) gamma radiation  γ
0 —
0
1
beta particle 0 neutron 0n 1.008 66
–1e or β 0.000 549
(electron) proton 1
1.007 28
1p

Masses of Selected Nuclides

Mass Mass
Nuclide (10–3 kg/mol) Nuclide (10–3 kg/mol)
141 15
barium-141 56Ba 140.914 41 nitrogen-15 7N 15.000 11
7 15
beryllium-7 4Be 7.016 93 oxygen-15 8O 15.003 07
8 16
beryllium-8 4Be 8.005 31 oxygen-16 8O 15.994 91
8 18
boron-8 5B 8.024 61 oxygen-18 8O 17.999 16
14 31
carbon-14 6C 14.003 24 phosphorus-31 15P 30.973 76
144 239
cesium-144 55Cs 143.932 02 plutonium-239 94Pu 239.052 16
17 210
fluorine-17 9F 17.002 10 polonium-210 84Po 209.982 86
3 218
helium-3 2He 3.016 03 polonium-218 84Po 218.008 97
1 40
hydrogen-1 1H 1.007 83 potassium-40 19K 39.964 00
2 226
hydrogen-2 (deuterium) 1H 2.014 10 radium-226 88Ra 226.025 40
3 222
hydrogen-3 (tritium) 1H 3.016 03 radon-222 86Rn 222.017 57
92 90
krypton-92 36Kr 91.926 11 rubidium-90 37Rb 89.914 81
146 107
lanthanum-146 57La 145.925 8 ruthenium-107 44Ru 106.909 9
206 95
lead-206 82Pb 205.974 5 strontium-95 38Sr 94.919 31
208 31
lead-208 82Pb 207.976 64 sulfur-31 16S 30.979 56
20 230
neon-20 10Ne 19.992 44 thorium-230 90Th 230.033 13
13 235
nitrogen-13 7N 13.005 74 uranium-235 92U 235.043 92
14
nitrogen-14 7N 14.003 07

Elements for Radioactive Dating

Decay Curve
Radioisotope Final Decay Approximate Half-Life
(Parent Nuclide) Nuclide (annum—a)

carbon-14 14
nitrogen-14 14 5.73 × 103
6C 7N
potassium-40 40
19K argon-40 40
18Ar
1.26 × 109
rubidium-87 87
37Rb strontium-87 87
38Sr
4.88 × 1010
uranium-235 235
92U lead-207 207
82Pb
7.04 × 108
uranium-238 238
lead-206 206 4.47 × 109
92U 82Pb

Energy Change Formula

∆E = ∆mc2 ∆E = change in energy (J)
∆m = mass converted to energy (kg)
c = speed of EMR (3.00 × 108 m/s)
8
Organic Chemistry
Homologous Series of Alkanes Types of Reactions
at 25°C and 101.325 kPa Formation (Synthesis)
element + element → compound
Name* Formula Name* Formula
Decomposition
methane CH4(g) hex ane C6H14(l) compound → element + element
ethane C2H6(g) heptane C7H16(l) Single Replacement
compound + element → new compound + new element
prop ane C3H8(g) oct ane C8H18(l)
Double Replacement
but ane C4H10(g) non ane C9H20(l) compound + compound → new compound + new compound
pent ane C5H12(l) dec ane C10H22(l) Complete Hydrocarbon Combustion
hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
*Note: Italics indicate organic nomenclature prefixes. Addition
alkene or alkyne + excess hydrogen → alkane
Prefixes for Molecular Compounds alkene or alkyne + halogen → halogenated hydrocarbon
1 = mono- 6 = hexa- Cracking
large hydrocarbon → small hydrocarbons
2 = di- 7 = hepta-
Polymerization
3 = tri- 8 = octa- monomer + monomer → polymer
4 = tetra- 9 = ennea- (nona-) Esterification
5 = penta- 10 = deca- alcohol + carboxylic acid → ester + water

General Formulas and Names of Some Organic Compounds

General Formula Classification Example Formula Example Name

CnH(2n+2) alkane ethane

CnH(2n) alkene ethene

CnH(2n–2) alkyne ethyne

alcohol ethanol

carboxylic acid ethanoic acid

ester methyl ethanoate

halogenated hydrocarbon chloroethane

polymer polyethene

R usually represents a carbon group x–y represents the monomer unit

R´ usually represents a different carbon group n represents a whole number
Q represents a halogen (fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo-)

9
Solutions
Solubility of Selected Ionic Compounds in Aqueous Solutions at 25°C
Group 1 ions
NH4+
Cl– CO32–
NO3 – IO3 –
Ion F– Br– SO42– PO43– OH–
ClO3 – OOCCOO2–
I– SO32–
ClO4 –
CH3COO –
Solubility Group 1 ions Group 1 ions Group 1 ions
greater than
or equal to NH4+ NH4+ NH4+
most most most most
0.1 mol/L Co(IO3)2
(very soluble)
(aq) Fe2(OOCCOO)3

Li+
Ca2+
Solubility Mg2+
RbClO4 Cu+ Sr2+
less than Ca2+
0.1 mol/L CsClO4 Ag+ Ba2+
Sr2+ most most most
(slightly AgCH3COO Pb2+ Ag+
2+
soluble) Ba
(s) Tl+ Pb2+
Fe2+
Ra2+
Pb2+

Note: This solubility table is only a guideline that was established using the Ksp values. A concentration of
0.1 mol/L corresponds to approximately 10 g/L to 30 g/L, depending on molar mass.

Stoichiometry and Solution Formulas

n = m n = number of moles (mol)
M
m = mass (g)
C = n M = molar mass (g/mol)
V
C = molar concentration (mol/L)
CiVi = CfVf V = volume (L)
i = initial solution
coefficient r n r coefficient
coefficient g = n g or n r = n g × coefficient r f = final solution
g
r = required substance
V
(% V/V) = V solute × 100% g = given substance
solution
% V/V = percent by volume concentration
m 6
parts per million = m solute × 10 ppm
solution

10
Identification of Selected Ions Flame Colour of Elements
in 1.0 mol/L Aqueous Solutions Element Symbol Colour
Colour barium Ba yellowish-green
Ion Symbol in Solution
calcium Ca yellowish red
chromate CrO42–(aq) yellow
cesium Cs violet
chromium(III) Cr3+(aq) blue-green
copper Cu blue to green
chromium(II) Cr2+(aq) dark blue
lead Pb blue-white
cobalt(II) Co2+(aq) red
lithium Li red
copper(I) Cu+(aq) blue-green
potassium K violet
copper(II) Cu2+(aq) blue
rubidium Rb violet
dichromate Cr2O72–(aq) orange
sodium Na yellow
iron(II) Fe2+(aq) lime green
strontium Sr scarlet red
iron(III) Fe3+(aq) orange-yellow
manganese(II) Mn2+(aq) pale pink Note: The flame test can be used to determine the
identity of a metal or a metal ion. Blue to green
nickel(II) Ni2+(aq) blue-green indicates a range of colours that might appear.
permanganate MnO4–(aq) deep purple

Acids and Bases

Rules for Naming Acids
Compound Classical System Example IUPAC System Example
Name Acid Name Formula Compound Name Acid Name Acid Name
hydrogen –ide hydro–ic acid HCl(aq) hydrogen chlor ide hydrochlor ic acid aqueous hydrogen chloride
hydrogen –ate –ic acid H3PO4(aq) hydrogen phosph ate phosphor ic acid aqueous hydrogen phosphate
hydrogen –ite –ous acid H3PO3(aq) hydrogen phosph ite phosphor ous acid aqueous hydrogen phosphite

IUPAC Rules for Naming Inorganic Bases

Example
Base Name
Formula Base Name
cation + anion NaOH(aq) sodium hydroxide

pH Formulas
pH = –log10[H3O+(aq)] [H3O+(aq)] = 10(–pH) [ ] = concentration (mol/L)

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Relative Strengths of Selected Acids and Bases for 0.10 mol/L Solution at 25°C
Acid Name Acid Formula Conjugate Base Formula
hydrochloric acid HCl(aq) Cl–(aq)
sulfuric acid H2SO4(aq) HSO4–(aq)
nitric acid HNO3(aq) NO3–(aq)
hydronium ion H3O+(aq) H2O(l)
oxalic acid HOOCCOOH(aq) HOOCCOO–(aq)
sulfurous acid H2SO3(aq) HSO3–(aq)
hydrogen sulfate ion HSO4–(aq) SO42–(aq)
phosphoric acid H3PO4(aq) H2PO4–(aq)
orange IV HOr(aq) Or–(aq)
nitrous acid HNO2(aq) NO2–(aq)
hydrofluoric acid HF(aq) F –(aq)
methanoic (formic) acid HCOOH(aq) HCOO–(aq)
methyl orange HMo(aq) Mo–(aq)
benzoic acid C6H5COOH(aq) C6H5COO–(aq)
ethanoic (acetic) acid CH3COOH(aq) CH3COO–(aq)
carbonic acid (CO2(g) + H2O(l)) H2CO3(aq) HCO3–(aq)
bromothymol blue HBb(aq) Bb–(aq)
hydrosulfuric acid H2S(aq) HS–(aq)
phenolphthalein HPh(aq) Ph–(aq)
ammonium ion NH4+(aq) NH3(aq)
hydrogen carbonate ion HCO3–(aq) CO32–(aq)
indigo carmine HIc(aq) Ic–(aq)
water (55.5 mol/L) H2O(l) OH–(aq)

Acid–Base Indicators at 25°C

Abbreviation Colour Change as
Indicator (acid/conjugate base) pH Range pH Increases
methyl violet HMv(aq) / Mv–(aq) 0.0 – 1.6 yellow to blue
thymol blue H2Tb(aq) / HTb–(aq) 1.2 – 2.8 red to yellow
thymol blue HTb–(aq) / Tb2–(aq) 8.0 – 9.6 yellow to blue
orange IV HOr(aq) / Or–(aq) 1.4 – 2.8 red to yellow
methyl orange HMo(aq) / Mo–(aq) 3.2 – 4.4 red to yellow
bromocresol green HBg(aq) / Bg–(aq) 3.8 – 5.4 yellow to blue
litmus HLt(aq) / Lt–(aq) 4.5 – 8.3 red to blue
methyl red HMr(aq) / Mr–(aq) 4.8 – 6.0 red to yellow
chlorophenol red HCh(aq) / Ch–(aq) 5.2 – 6.8 yellow to red
bromothymol blue HBb(aq) / Bb–(aq) 6.0 – 7.6 yellow to blue
phenol red HPr(aq) / Pr–(aq) 6.6 – 8.0 yellow to red
phenolphthalein HPh(aq) / Ph–(aq) 8.2 – 10.0 colourless to pink
thymolphthalein HTh(aq) / Th–(aq) 9.4 – 10.6 colourless to blue
alizarin yellow R HAy(aq) / Ay–(aq) 10.1 – 12.0 yellow to red
indigo carmine HIc(aq) / Ic–(aq) 11.4 – 13.0 blue to yellow
1,3,5–trinitrobenzene HNb(aq) / Nb–(aq) 12.0 – 14.0 colourless to orange

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Genetics
Pedigree Chart DNA Nitrogen Bases
• Offspring listed in birth Nitrogen Base Abbreviation
order. adenine A
cytosine C
• Roman numerals guanine G
symbolize generations. thymine T
• Arabic numbers
symbolize individuals
within a given generation. Alleles
Upper case––dominant
Lower case––recessive
Sex linked––X?Y or X?X?

DNA Base Triplets and Their Corresponding Amino Acids

S E C O N D B A S E
T C A G
TTT phenylalanine TCT serine TAT tyrosine TGT cysteine T
TTC phenylalanine TCC serine TAC tyrosine TGC cysteine C
T
TTA leucine TCA serine TAA STOP** TGA STOP** A

F TTG leucine TCG serine TAG STOP** TGG tryptophan G T

I CTT leucine CCT proline CAT histidine CGT arginine T H
R CTC leucine CCC proline CAC histidine CGC arginine C I
C
S CTA leucine CCA proline CAA glutamine CGA arginine A R
T CTG leucine CCG proline CAG glutamine CGG arginine G D
ATT isoleucine ACT threonine AAT asparagine AGT serine T
B ATC isoleucine ACC threonine AAC asparagine AGC serine C B
A
A ATA isoleucine ACA threonine AAA lysine AGA arginine A A
S ATG methionine or START* ACG threonine AAG lysine AGG arginine G S
E GTT valine GCT alanine GAT aspartate GGT glycine T E

GTC valine GCC alanine GAC aspartate GGC glycine C

G
GTA valine GCA alanine GAA glutamate GGA glycine A
GTG valine GCG alanine GAG glutamate GGG glycine G

Note: This table uses base triplets from the “complementary” (5´ → 3´) strand of DNA.
*Note: ATG is an initiator base triplet but also codes for the amino acid methionine.
**Note: TAA, TAG, and TGA are terminator base triplets.
13
References
Lide, D.R. 2005. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 86th ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
NIST Reference on Constants, Units and Uncertainty. 2002. http://physics.nist.gov

Speight, James G. 2005. Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry. 16th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.