Experiment No: - 1

AIM: - To Study Basic Concepts of Operating System.

 Definition of Operating System: - An operating system (OS) is

system software that manages computer hardware and software resources
and provides common services for computer programs.

 Functions Of Operating System:-

1. Memory Management
 Keeps tracks of primary memory i.e. what part of it are in use by whom,
what part are not in use.
 In multiprogramming, OS decides which process will get memory when
and how much and allocates the memory when the process requests it to
do so.

2. Processor Management.
 Keeps tracks of processor and status of process. Program responsible for
this task is known as traffic controller.
 Allocates the processor (CPU) to a process.
 De-allocates processor when processor is no longer required.

3. Device Management
 Keeps tracks of all devices. Program responsible for this task is known as
the I/O controller.
 Decides which process gets the device when and for how much time.
 Allocates the device in the efficient way.
4. File Management
 Keeps track of information, location, uses, status etc. The collective
facilities are often known as file system.
 Decides who gets the resources.
 Allocates the resources and De-allocates the resources.

5. Security
 By means of password and similar other techniques, preventing
unauthorized access to programs and data.

 Services Of Operating System

1. Program execution
 Loads a program into memory.
 Executes the program.
 Handles program's execution.
 Provides a mechanism for process synchronization, Communication and
Deadlock handling.

2. I/O Operation
Operating System manages the communication between user and device
drivers. Major activities of an operating system with respect to I/O Operation.

 I/O operation means read or write operation with any file or any specific
I/O device.
 Program may require any I/O device while running.
 Operating system provides the access to the required I/O device when
required.
3. File system manipulation
 Program needs to read a file or write a file.
 The operating system gives the permission to the program for operation on
file.
 Permission varies from read-only, read-write, denied and so on.
 Operating System provides an interface to the user to create/delete files
and directories.

4. Communication
 Two processes often require data to be transferred between them.
 The both processes can be on the one computer or on different computer
but are connected through computer network.
 Communication may be implemented by two methods either by Shared
Memory or by Message Passing.

5. Error handling
Error can occur anytime and anywhere. Error may occur in CPU, in I/O

 OS constantly remains aware of possible errors.

 OS takes the appropriate action to ensure correct and consistent
computing.

6. User Interface
 Command Line Interface.
 Batch Interface.
 Graphical User Interface.

7. Protection
 OS ensures that all access to system resources is controlled.
 OS ensures that external I/O devices are protected from invalid access
attempts.
 OS provides authentication feature for each user by means of a password.
 Structure Of Operating System
Structure of Operating systems categories into two parts
 Simple Structure

Fig 1. Simple Structure of OS

 It is simple in nature. All OS functionality are put in one or very few
layers.
 There is no clear distinction between interfaces and level of functionality.
 If one of the level goes down then whole system will be a fail.
 Example is Unix.
 Layered Structure

Fig 2. Layered Structure of OS

 This approach breaks up the operating system into different layers. With
the layered approach, the bottom layer is the hardware, while the highest
layer is the user interface.
 If one layer stop functioning, it will not affect another level.
 Advantage is simple to build, error can easily be identified and provide
more control over hardware & application using hardware.
 Disadvantage is that the OS tends to be less efficient than other
implementations.
 Example is Windows.
 Types of Operating System

1. Monolithic Approach
 This kernel uses the address space of OS. It will integrate all the
function.
 Advantage is increase performance.
 Disadvantage is maintainability and stability.

Fig 3. Monolithic Approach

2. Microkernels
 It is smaller in size than monolithic and performance is low.
 It is introduce set of server.
 Advantage is it maintain stability.

Fig 4. Microkernel Approach

 Difference between Unix, Linux and Window

 Linux Unix
windows
User Everyone. From home Unix operating
users to developers and systems were
computer enthusiasts developed mainly for
alike. mainframes, servers. Everyone
Which is designed
for everyone.

Usage Linux can be installed The UNIX operating On PC’s desktop,

on a wide variety of system is used in laptops,
computer hardware, internet servers, Servers and some
ranging from mobile workstations & PCs. phones.
phones, tablet
computers.

File system Ext2, Ext3, Ext4, Jfs, jfs, gpfs, hfs, hfs+, FAT, FAT32, NTFS,
support ReiserFS, Xfs, Btrfs, ufs, xfs, zfs format exFAT
FAT, FAT 32, NTFS.
Security
Linux has had about 60- A rough estimate of Analysis of the Impact
100 viruses listed till UNIX viruses is of Open Source
date. None of them between 85 -120 Software” there have
actively spreading viruses reported till been more than 60,000
nowadays. date. viruses in Windows.

Threat In case of Linux, threat Because of the After detecting a major

detection detection and solution is proprietary nature of threat in Windows OS,
and very fast, as Linux is the original Unix, Microsoft generally
solution mainly community users have to wait for releases a patch that can
driven and whenever a while, to get the fix the problem and it
any Linux user posts proper bug fixing can take more than 2/3
any kind of threat, patch. But these are months. Sometimes
several developers start not as common. sooner, Microsoft
working on it from releases patches and
different parts of the updates weekly.
world

Processors Dozens of different x86/x64, Sparc, Limited but will run on

kinds. Power, Itanium, PA- most (80%)
RISC, PowerPC and
many others.
Examples OS X, Solaris, All
Ubuntu, Fedora Red Windows 8, 8.1, 7,