Cardiovascular System

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1. Cardiovascular - The transport system of the body responsible for carry-

system ing oxygen and nutrients to the body and carrying away
carbon dioxide and other wastes; composed of the heart,
blood vessels, and blood.
- Includes a muscular pump equipped with one-way valves
and plumbing tubes where blood travels

2. Heart A hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the

body; flanked on each side of the lungs

3. Blood vessels Tubelike structures that carry blood throughout the body;
arteries, veins, capillaries; plumbing

4. Location of the Thorax between the lungs in the inferior mediastinum;

heart Enclosed within the inferior mediastinum

5. Size and weight Size of a person's fist; cone-shaped; weighs less than a
of heart pound

6. Apex of heart Directed towards the left hip and rests on diaphragm (level
of fifth intercostal space)

7. Fifth intercostal It is where can you palpate the apical pulse

space

8. Base of heart
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The posterosuperior surface of the heart is mainly the left
atrium, points toward the right shoulder, lies beneath the
second rib, where the great blood vessels of the body
emerge

9. Pericardium Membranous sac enclosing the heart

10. Three layers of Fibrous pericardium

pericardium Parietal layer of serous pericardium
Visceral layer of serous pericardium

11. Fibrous peri- The outermost of the pericardial membranes; protects the
cardium heart and anchors it to surrounding structures

12. Serous pericardi- Thinner, more delicate membrane that forms a double
um layer around the heart

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13. Parietal peri- Outermost layer of the serous membrane around the
cardium heart.; lines the fibrous pericardium
Conncted/continuous to heart's surface

14. Visceral Perica- Also known as epicardium; serous layer that lines the
dium heart; sac that surrounds & protects the heart
Innermost layer of pericardium and outermost layer of
heart wall

15. Serous fluid A clear, watery fluid secreted by the cells of a serous
membrane' lubricates the organs and allows them glide
without friction

16. Pedicardial cavi- Potential space formed between the two layers of serous
ty pericardium around the heart

17. Pericarditis Inflammation of the pericardium

18. Heart walls Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

19. Epicardium Visceral layer of serous pericardium, outer layer of the

heart

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20. Myocardium Consists of cardiac muscle

Muscle arranged in circular, spiral, twisted, or ringlike
arrangements
Layer that actually contracts/pumps

21. Endocardium Lines heart chambers that consists of epithelial tissue;

continuous with the endothelial lining of blood vessels

22. Cardiac Skeleton -Crisscrossing, interlacing layer of connective tissue

-Dense fibrous connective tissue
-Anchors cardiac muscle fibers
-Supports great vessels and valves
-Limits spread of action potentials to specific paths

23. Heart chambers Right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle

24. Atria Upper chambers of the heart

Receiving chambers

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Blood flows under low pressure from the veins of the body
Assist with filling the blood to the ventricles

25. Interatrial sep- Separates atria

tum

26. Ventricles The two lower chambers of the heart

Pump blood out to the lungs and body.
The main pumping, discharging chambers
Make up most of the volume of the heart
Contain papillary muscles, bundles of muscles that play a
role in valve function

27. Interventricular Separates ventricles

septum

28. Left ventricle Forms the apex of the heart

29. Right ventricle Forms most of the anterior surface of the heart

30. Double pump

31. Right side of Pulmonary circuit pump

heart works as

32. The right side Deoxygenated blood from the systemic circuit
of the heart re-
ceives:

33. Pulmonary circu- -Circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs
lation -Right ventricle to lungs then back to the left atrium
-The passage of venous blood from the right atrium of the
heart through the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries
to the lungs where it is oxygenated and its return via the
pulmonary veins to enter the left atrium
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-Carry blood to lungs for gas exchange and then return it
to the heart

34. Systemic circula- -The branch of the circulatory system that supplies blood
tion to all body organs and then returns oxygen-poor blood to
the right atrium via the veins.
-Left ventricle to body then back to right atrium
-Pulmonary veins to left atrium of the heart to left ventricle
and aorta to all body parts and returns oxygen-poor blood
to right atrium through vena cava
-Supplies body with oxygen and nutrients

35. Why does the left Because it pumps blood in higher pressure to all parts of
ventricle have a the body
thicker wall than
the right ventri-
cle?

36. Blood flow of the Inferior and Superior Vena Cava and coronary sinus ->
heart right atrium -> tricuspid valve-> right ventricle ->pulmonary
semilunar valve -> pulmonary arteries -> lungs ->pul-
monary veins ->left atrium -> bicuspid/mitral valve -> left
ventricle ->aortic semilunar valves -> arch of aorta ->
systemic circulation

37. Valves
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Flap of tissue in the heart and large veins that prevents
blood from flowing backward; allow blood to flow in only
one direction

38. Four valves of Tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, bicuspid (mitral) valve,
the heart aortic valve

39. Atrioventricular Valves located between the atrial and ventricular cham-
valves bers on each side of the heart, prevent backflow into the
atria when the ventricles are contracting.

40. Bicuspid valve Valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; con-
(mitral valve) sists of two flaps or cusps

41. Tricuspid valve Valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle;
consists of three flaps or cusps

42. Chordae tendi- -Anchor the cusps to the walls of ventricles

nae -Fibers (heart strings) attatched to the tricuspid and mitral
valve which pull it closed when papillary muscles contract,
preventing back flow of blood

43. Operation of AV 1) Blood returning to the atria puts pressure against AV

valves valves; the AV valves are forced open.
2) As the ventricles fill, AV valve flaps hang limply into
ventricles
3) Atria contract, forcing additional blood into ventricles.
4) Ventricles contract, forcing blood against AV valve flaps.
5) AV valves close
6) Chordae tendineae tighten, preventing valve flaps from
everting into the atria.

44. Pulmonary semi- Heart valve opening from the right ventricle to the pul-
lunar valve monary artery

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45. Aortic semilunar Located between the left ventricle and the aorta
valve

46. AV valves Open during heart relaxation and closed during ventricular
contraction

47. Semilunar valves Closed during heart relaxation but open during ventricular
contraction

48. Valvular stenosis A condition in which there is narrowing, stiffening, thicken-

ing, or blockage of one or more valves of the heart

49. Operation of 1. As ventricles contract and intraventricular pressure ris-

semilunar valves es, blood is pushed up against semilunar valves, forcing
them open
2. As ventricles relax and intraventricular pressure falls,
blood flows back from arteries, filling the leaflets of semi-
lunar valves and forcing them to close

50. blood supply to coronary circulation

myocardium through the coronary arteries-> arterioles-> capillaries
(exchange bed) -> coronary sinus -> right atrium; require
a capillary bed to deliver oxygen and nutrients; blood flow
to the myocardial capillary beds occurs during distaole

51. Coronary circula- Circulation of blood through the coronary blood vessels to
tion deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle tissue

52. Arteries of coro- Right coronary artery (Marginal artery & Posterior inter-
nary circulation ventricular artery)
Left coronary artery (Anterior interventricular artery & Ci-
ircumflex artery)

53. When does the Diastole (heart relaxation)

coronary blood
flow occur?

54. Veins of coro- Small cardiac, anterior cardiac, great cardiac vein, and
nary circulation posterior vein of left ventricle

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55. Cardiac veins Collects/drains deoxygenated blood from the myocardium

56. Coronary sinus Enlarged vein from junctions of coronary veins on the
posterior aspect of the heart that empties blood into the
right atrium

57. Angina pectoris Chest pain that occurs when there is an insufficient supply
of blood/oxygen to the heart muscle

58. Infarct Area of dead tissue after a lack of blood supply

59. Myocardial in- Heart attack

farction

60. Atrial cells Beat 60 times per minute

61. Ventricular cells Beat 20-40 times per minute

62. Intrinsic con- SA node, AV node, Av bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje

duction system fibers
(nodal system) Sets the basic rhythm of the beating heart. It consists
of autorhythmic cardiac cells that initiate and distribute
impulses (action potentials) throughout the heart.

63. Sinoatrial (SA) A specialized area of cardiac tissue

node Located in the right atrium of the heart
Initiates the electrical impulses that determine the heart
rate
Causing the atria to contract and firing conduction of im-
pulses to the AV node
Pacemaker for the heart.

64. Atrioventricular A small mass of specialized cardiac muscle fibers, located

(AV) node in the wall of the right atrium of the heart, receives heart-

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beat impulses from the sinoatrial node and directs them
to the atrioventricular bundle to the walls of the ventricles.

65. Atrioventricular A bundle of modified heart muscles that transmits the

bundle (Bundle cardiac impulse from the atrioventricular node to the ven-
of His) tricles causing them to contract

66. Purkinjie fibers Fibers that serve to conduct electrical impulses through
the right and left ventricles

67. Damage to AV Heart block

node

68. Heart block A block or delay of the normal electrical conduction of the
heart
Ventricles beat at their own rate (slower)

69. Damage to SA Slower heart rate, artificial pacemaker

node

70. Ischemia An inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the

body, especially the heart muscles.

71. Fibrillation
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Uncontrolled quivering or twitching of the heart muscle
Makes the heart unable to pump any blood

72. Tachycardia Rapid heart rate (over 100 beats per minute)

73. Bradycardia Slow heart rate (less than 60 bpm)

74. Normal heart rate 60-100 beats per minute; approximately 75 bpm

75. How long is the 0.8 seconds

cardiac cycle?

76. Cardiac cycle One complete heartbeat

77. Atrial diastole The heart is relaxed

(ventricular fill- Pressure is low
ing) AV valves are open
Semilunar valves are closed
Blood is flowing passively from atria to ventricles

78. Atrial systole Contraction of the atria by which blood is forced into the
ventricles
Ventricles remain diastole

79. Isovolumetric Atrial systole ends

contraction Ventricular systole begins
Intraventricular pressure rises
AV valves close
For a moment, the ventricles are completely closed cham-
bers
All valves are closed

80. Ventricular sys- Contraction of ventricles

tole Ventricular pressure surpasses pressure in major arteries
of the heart
SV valves are open
Blood are ejected from the ventricles
Atria is relaxed

81.
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Isovolumetric re- period when all four valves are closed and ventricular
laxation blood volume does not change
Ventricular diastole begins
Pressure in ventricles fall below in the major arteries
SV valves are closed

82. Right sided heart 1. Bipedal edema

failure 2. Ascites
3. Hepatomegaly
4. Distension of the jugular vein
5. Scianosis
6. Pitting edema

83. Left sided heart Binaggit ni ma'am

failure 1. Pulmonary edema
2. Cough
3. Dypnea (SOB)
4. Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
5. Cerebral hypoxia
Others:
6. Crackles
7. Oliguria
8. Frothy Sputum
9. Displaced Apical Pulse (Hypertrophy)

84. 2 sounds of the lub, dub

heart

85. Lub Closing of AV valves

Longer and louder
Lower in pitch

86. Dub Closing of SV valves

Short and sharp

87. Phonocardio- A record of heart sounds

gram

88. Cardiac output

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Amount of blood pumped out by each side of the heart in
1 min
Heart rate x stroke volume

89. Heart rate Number of beats per minute

90. Stroke volume The volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each
heartbeat

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