Management of Hazards and Safety Risks

The effects of digitalization on risk management and foresight are complex. In the long run, improved
End-to-End (E2E) visibility will result from the integration of IIoT, Semantic technology, cloud data, and
advanced analytics, which will lead to the elimination of information silos and the streamlined flow of
data concerning stock levels, machine health, plant capacity, shipping routes, and procurement
deadlines (Ardito et al., 2019; Kamble et al., 2019; Tang and Ghobakhloo, 2013). Manufacturing risk is
reduced and stability is enhanced as a result of the data-driven E2E visibility (Ivanov et al., 2019).
Therefore, firms can now detect issues instantly and respond to them before they become serious
thanks to digitalization. Intelligent cameras, smart sensors, smart safety wearables, and AI-based
location awareness systems can all identify and report any human or machine behaviour that poses a
danger to safety (Kamble et al., 2018; Reis and Gins, 2017). Furthermore, many digitalization-related
technologies now offer cutting-edge built-in safety precautions like open SAFETY for the secure and
dependable functioning of manufacturing gear. Safety concerns in dynamic production settings are
greatly reduced with the use of digitalization-compatible solutions for maintenance management
(Bragança et al., 2019; Li et al., 2017). The use of Collaborative Robots (cobots), which are both safer and
more intelligent than their predecessors, has also been linked to the rise of digitalization in modern
workplaces (Kim et al., 2019). Smarter cobots now have improved hazard detection and risk assessment
capabilities as a result of developments in artificial intelligence (AI), data analytics (data mining), and
machine learning (ML) (Cherubini et al., 2016). Intelligent robots can more accurately perceive their
surroundings, decrease operational risk, and safeguard the human labour (Maurice et al., 2017; Schou et
al., 2018).

Improvements in supply chain efficiency because to data integration and digitalization

Traditional supply chains are evolving into the DSN as cutting-edge technologies like IIoT, cloud
computing, Blockchain, and sophisticated analytics spread across the industry (Barata et al., 2018; Kache
and Seuring, 2017). There are three distinct functional levels in a DSN architecture. Signals from the
value network are gathered at the physical-digital layer by means of smart sensors, machine vision, and
actuators. Control systems for machines and processes, such the programmable logic controller and
supervisory control and data acquisition, convert raw physical-world data into usable digital records. At
the digital-digital layer, artificial intelligence (AI) and business analytics technologies, which are built into
the majority of cutting-edge ERP packages, produce valuable insights from the digital data. Decisions
made by artificial intelligence (AI) based on a digital record are carried out in real time by physical assets
spread throughout the supply chain (Ardito et al., 2019; Ghobakhloo, 2019). Numerous benefits, such as
supply chain-wide workload equality, increased operational efficiency, integrated financial flows, ad hoc
dynamic planning, marketing efficiency, collaborative planning, collaborative product design, and deeper
customer integration, result from DSNs' real-time, dynamic, integrative, intelligent, scalable, and agile
characteristics (Dolgui et al., 2019). DSNs may dramatically reduce digital wastes (Bechtsis et al., 2018)
and provide supply members with a competitive advantage as a result of improved data gathering and
administration, information integration, and physical process execution (Ivanov et al., 2019).