Key concepts PREVIEW caus “The bet plae wo begin the srady of any topic i with an exploration of key concep. Most of the polsial terms which concern ware embeded in onfi-_* Koy coneupts: an ‘ary Inguae; goverment plc eve and ahr ae al iar ere But MW, ase willsee~ this does aot meas thatthe are easly defined or hat pobccal scfent are agrecd on how es co undersand or apply them "Thi opecing shaper gina with « denen sows an minlng go ‘ramon and govern, which are raed erm but quite differen the leas «Plies {ey encey the fi fence on ications wile the second Focus nro ‘ese, We ten yo oa to look at poli, whe core features ae rltively €259* Power to iden, bat whose boundaries ae not so clear: does it imply a seach for | 4 decison, ora competive sug foe powee? Tiss flowed by a review # The'state,author'y, and * Government and governance ‘ofthe meaning of per amor time and lg all of which beat the legtimasy Theat of our urdertanding of how govesens and polis work. “The dupter dea examine some of the core purposes of companive * Noology polis: met fundamentally tudy helps us broaden our uneersanding Fo pole and government, aking us beyond the Kiatons inherent in aaling * Comparative politic 2 ge pola stem We ten ook athe cng void in ONG Cais corded polite sem. Claiston belp ws make baer sense af ange, comple es {nd changing poles! wor ~ if we could jin develop a rypology wih which cveryone could age KEY ARGUMENTS Trg acaeic tc of pti rues on tcrical tra but ti elt rly both osarteree oie conspale ary uae sxancing te a canes Tha corceeef goverarc nrsengl uted npalscal wing, emphacng he ci she ran he [ponte gsenng orgs tna toan ata on ow tars aon oer a a iy es fs cn aS lesding te dacions ectng an ere oun. Power caneal to pot Sut hee, gh, conceptions we Inport we see pasion end maipueton at formsal once tnarange sina sesel sigan cone dean gps srs screams ant avy cena te Sew dstotne ofaonenon sie re ERE shea Wee iort are apes ee oren te eetionetatenem tas ‘Tees bth oo has wget2 cowerers Key concepts: an overview In working to understand political terms we can tin (gush between concepts and conceptions A concept ‘sam ide, ttm ov extegory such as dona ox pover, the is bes approached with a definiion ected to {tv inherent character: a trying to undentand the ‘earures Wael a yovernment ruse Poses IM OTE (gulf 28+ demnoracy, or example, we cen probably ge that some cease of popula contol over the Tens event i there were no ways Of holing the froverement to account thee could be no demoe sag A good definition of democracy as 2 concept {at nao bee important sae should be cet and Facts pan, conception builds on a concee by ‘deribing the undereandings, penpectiees or interpe tatoos of a concep, We igh fr inane, conceive of democracy a self government, as dacct democ- ‘jar sepeicotive govosemene eas majority wae ‘Conceptions build on defnitions by sioving toa Salles Sarai Nesos| snr ero. of oreertatas [AN mem arlugner Seni 10? ‘morberd. both decd rad or erence fo ems Executive > Prescontl Apress elected ora mar c:wo fowryeartms supped ya vce presdercand iat ol mtn th ene om eset 2 Ngera tan ldiciry > Feder Sper Co, win M hb comity the re nd eect by he Sete reported by adil corm. Electoral syster > Presider led in national contest ard must wn amaryl votes cst ard aleast 25 per cor of soo at least dhe of Niger stats, Possibly te unos Noon! Asem led sng Ppeaai tres Parties > Mult ary ad bythe ert Peoples Democrat Party andthe careanatie A Nigra Ponies Pay, = an Be pple pts eigenen 2 yenctal mechani for esol disagreements (Of caune, enblshing 2 ovement creates nae angers The sdk of Hobbert commonwealth is that Eel abe own muthore, eesing mere prob Jeaos Chan it saves. As Jolin Locke ~ one of Hobbes cites ~ pointed out, Here is no prof ia avidiag the dangers af fee he outcome is simply 20 be Aevouzed by ions (Locke, 1690).A key ses in stay sep government mate therfore et dhconer Bowe to secure is undoubted benefits, wile also biit~ ing its Gnhevent dingo We oe bep in a the ‘question posed by Pato whe is to guard the guards hence”Government and polities in Nigeria any oft acs of na debe abou govermant. ps, power ad authery we on hom in Newt ‘ntnly yng minty sngging iriennn a unehln olscl arm and nator! idesty the ace striae Lncertonding Niger completes he ack finn goversantspatens Seen nsapensenee In 196, Ngesorahvn ves ougn te pends feign govonmnen, ve accu ard several ramoted mtn enups ace wer ancnea30e9r fray le. Tho se tlan gowaorer 1960-66) ‘nan bse on te patamertany rode, but the oan 2rd Sd (979-63 aa 19. pce vate Baas ore prensa! or, Since 207, een er mace the amtion fom ove iin governance srstrsiong sem poten pregronu ne mpoved Sl Tr pat pln couse afar ecanoie ft The courts ring pepsin is exposed ta dutle in Indemeercies, goverment is inuenced by wider forces, sich 25 interest groups, politcal pares, the ‘pedis, comporations nd public opision. In suthortar~ jan gems, the government may ack much autonomy cffectvely becoming the property of a dominant infi- vidal clan One way oftefesing o the bodes aay ef ices scsi aod nent preernnen ‘Hough the concep of political system, Poca yom Theseemcions nd ezine Gctag tuo rare goer ag wick os mache and weeny ere cece dec ‘ements gin ae Iter eo ee ete commouton.| “Thispetewoily extend our le ofight bend oficial imsinons, while it ophng shat pie {tor interact with eachother and with goveraisent in {able fon, forming 2 isince cement or fancton ‘wikia society (Eston, 1963). So the "Swedish polit ‘ysen eres ote ts Suh prversnent Sethe space ia which the eenty of Swed pases, or atleast ‘he balk ofl thes pee, Kevconcers 5 ‘she nest 25yens,ctning ov informe thot ahead worfuly nacequatotompporamecers ‘conan Ngee core economi problem ai any rolanes ono, whic laaoethe ee ad heath fhe feoromy seal a gvermmentrevruee-dopaneene nthe Rucuaing nd cunt decrees ce ‘To make ratte wore, much ofthe ol weath bat ben squandered ad ttn and tere ave been Ser polsea srgerarts ovr hon bet to vper i blr. Noeei piesa Herpes 03 tere igure 2 iced ate hanacapang fons to bald sree ofratorl sanay te sce Separares byreigen. witha mainly Muslim roth, 8 ron: ‘Munim seth an conmovers presses tor te ronth to-expand te rene of hers, oleic on Regan! ‘aarti ae fundamental wh nor ht dyad Poet geinl Rete ork tiored meer Base ores, gina neers rave sean mace wore bye, most ol which beater in sha soutaas or othe east butt much af he prot triad peal in batier patch econ Anotier related concept that hat undengone 2 seeent revels governance, which refs to the whole ange acto evolved ia govertment But wese the phrse pla! sjiem sugyess a ruber sade account based on ormmations, the ies of gem ghee the ploces aad quilt of elleaive decsiou-mabing, swith a paral foe on rplaon The emphasis she activity of governing, ater than on the instiutons of gwesimest so Hae we te — fo etengle — sak fF the gouersance (ace than the overseen’) ofthe Sinernet, because no single goverment depertment iudaige ‘Govornanes: The pron whish demon pices o made who witout Shap of a aii en a erninettt contmabd-endcostel fineton towed fhe fader ak of pablic relson, 4 male which suhag politician ia liberal democracies sha with cher bodies Foe expla periculerspoct wil be sun by ts governing body, with the countrys govera- ‘ment iotervening oaly ia extrene stuaons, Henes,6 coaerers ‘he need for the concept of governance as » supple- dicot, cater that a roplcerient, lor tke Hotes ot government "The soe pov Ea SR i Ssccsiocs about the European Union This -aexiber regional integration asociaton bas several intutins (Gee logk uch His an EU preteen — they ince an eleced European Pusiament anda Cour of Jusice ‘bu which are beter regarded asa system of governance (MeCormick, 2015), Their job 9 develop pac tind Is, atd to evesee th implementation af tose policies and luvs, bur they can only do as much a the ‘eedtondl renin the EU, andthe porernments of sismember sates low chem to da, Tey are Dester see rv the pcs oF Euepets teat shi 2 the lend of the EU. ‘Because governance rele 1o the acvity of ruling, {iia ls barons the prfteed term when exer ng the quality and fein of rule, ln this cootent governance rim noe to she snsintions of over ent bit eo wnt Chey aed vo how ll thay da For example, any international agencies supe that cffecive governance is cuca 10 economic develop- sent in new democracies (Weed Bank, 1997). Pres dent Obama told Ghana’ parbament in 2009 that ‘Wevelopment depen pen good geertance” (RBC [Nos 2009) a this seme of governance, the Focus s fon government polices and activites, rather than the {raintons of re themace, Politics In the debate over she meaning of polities, we can eaily lt and agree examples of politcal actv- fig When the president and Congres in the United States engage in their annual tie over the budget for example, they are clealy engaged in polities Whe thousands ofthe resident of Houg Kong jied eet rote fa 2014 agaist the Hct on aeldeterri- ‘hain and democracy impased by tie Chinese gov- frement, they, too, wore aking part poiicn The political heardaad us represented by such examples, dear enough, Pols The poss ehh pep nape co tcf cow efmaing msn sare ol However, the boundaries of polities are less pre- cue When one country invades another eaaged sn politics or mer in war? When a dicatrship sup- poset demcottion by violence ie plying er prcventng polite? When & court hives a ruling about privacy should is judge be read as plical or judi- ‘al Ts plies enviete so periment a be found in busneses, fans, and even UNNeEY sdusrooms? 2 cop dein of plies ~ one which Gn jt hove things we inactive cl 'polieal — i cu, bests the tem sued nso many efferent ways. But thes spect of pies we cee te is a collecsie activin, aecrring between and among people. A Jone cazaway on 2 desert lind ould oot engage in pole, but there were we ‘astanays on de sume snd, hey could have 2 poi fal rersonshin, 1 teinwoer making dectont on mae fort eno te mor people typically to decide on x coare of sction.or to rsclve diagrecmnts + Once reached, politcal dedsions become amoria- five policy forthe group, binding and committing is semen. lies i mecesary because of the social nature oF huenuns. We Hive iv groups dat emst reac collee- te decsions about using sources reing 1 ethers, anil planning for the fitre, A coarry delivering on ‘wheter to go to wa. fly dacuing where 1 uke 5 vacation, a upverity deciding whether its priority Bur with teaching or rscnch tha are all urns of groups forming Judgements impinging on all thee sneenbes, Poeies tm Enfarentl actvey became f10up which fs 0 reach at least some deisons wal soon cate to exe. You might want to remove fom ‘office the cure se of policias in your country but you cannot eliminate the polteal sks Gar which they ae responsible, ‘Once rachel, deckions must be lnplemeutd. Means mast be fund to ence the aequistence and prferaly the consent of the group’ members. Once Jet tors ment he ribedsence opie septa ot belmposed: once delzed, war ust be Fought. Pub lic authority ~ and even force i needed ~ 5 used t0 feyplemcot collective policy and czens who fll ws ‘contribu 1 the common talk my be fined or even Sinprsoned by the auhorties So, polis posesss 2tant eg, elected i the aver thinly in the fous Gefen of + pole! seta teed by the pola scemist David Eston (1965.21): ‘os though wich values escort a ‘ced for socety ta wa dnp pel ‘stem fm ther sen iain erie. ‘As concep then, politica canbe defined a the proces of making ad eacetng cole decom ue tis ple defion penta my comraing conceptions cabal plies canbe viewed = the teach for dechioes wich eer porte the rouph fommon iret or a et srk peace concen of the direst ners withn ay groop of abel ‘ae Arnel an perhaps more eucal, pics a be interpreted a competitive suger omer td rasoueesbeween people and groupe wcking tiie ‘ova advantage, Froth second vaslage pot he ‘ethos fps can encompas Vee wel ‘cami, “The incrreaion of pole a + commatiey serving scivty can be tced to the ancien Grek. For insane, the looper Aro (84-322 acd) asgued that ‘oan by aarp anal (1982 ft: 29). yt be meant ok only that pies ‘samo buaho dt the hgh aman ati iy the fate whic mo sharply scent fn ether wpe. For Ariz, people cn only expres ther aur ening vio beings by partie ing ina pola comniy which es not ony 10 ‘esa the common iat though dacson, bet tho wo parm it tough stom to whch al cons ‘te Than, pli canbe sen ors of eueation hich Brings kare sere the fre In Arencs ‘ode conte el cis ei the ite fof al not becuse thy ae freed t by checks And bance, bt Beenie they cet ight odo so? {Richation 2004 42) ' comtination of Aro penpece cn be found today inthe who imerpe pss pacf proces of open dicuon leaing to cllecte dec Soo accep ol walchode a socry The pli tal theorte Beran Crick (05 21) excl ts poston oc be dtd the avi by which diet tee hn «pen Oe a concn by hing them 4 tei power roporon > thei imporance wo the weirs and ‘eure the whale comuuniy For Crick, polities neither a set of fixed prin- ciples steering government, not act of traditions to ‘be preserved. Its imsead an activity whove fnction ‘prserving a community grown too complicated for sither wadtion alone or pure azbiaary vale pre- serve it without the undue wie of coercion” (p. 2) Indeed, Crick regards rule by dictators, or by wolence, ‘oF im pursuit of fixed ideologies, as being empey of political activi This restriction aries because poli- fis in ‘that solution to the problem of order which chooses conclation ether than viele and coer ion" (p30). The dificuly with Crick conception, as with Aristo’, i that ic provides am ideal of what politics shouldbe, rather than a description of what i scrally Politics can ako involve rarmow concerns k= lng precedence over solestve lmuctin when those in authority pace thee own goals above thoe ofthe wider communi. So, we need a further conception, ‘ne which sees power aan intrisic vale and pol tics 8 a competition fr acquiring and keeping power, Fram this second penpoctne, polity ic viewed as a “coupes yielding winner sh lowers For caazple, ‘he polical tent Harld Lame (1936) foe defined polis awho ges what, when how’ Parc Inry inane, complensocetis, palit x competion JBerween groups ~ ideological a well as material ~ ther for power iulf or fr infsence over thove who ‘wild it Pali anything bu the dhinterested pura ofthe publi meron FFurher, the anempe ro limit palit to peace, ‘open debate sem unduly nacrow. Ati ex, politics ia deliberative search for agreement, bt politics at ‘it exis fem takes less concitory form, To sy that politics does nor ext i Kim Jong Usis North Korea ‘would’ appear abuurd to she tlio who live in the dictator shadow A parry in purmi of ower eogages in pobtics, whether is rates peacfl violent or both To the case of war in purtcula, is prfeabe to agree with the Prussian general Cal vor Clanewite thet 'war ‘she continuation of politics by other mea and with ‘Chinese leader Mao Zedong tht "wari police with Sloodshed” Politic them, has many dire fice. eaves shared and competing interests, cooperation and con ‘icy reavn and force. Each conception is necenary, at8 cowerers only togetier are they sufiien.The essence-of pli- tess the nracton between concepioay and we should not arrow ou vison by reducing polis to (ther one At Laver (1985: 1) pus fe Pure conic ‘war Pare cooperation is tru love. Bolts xintoe ‘ofboth Power Atthehear of potkics che dsribution and manipula ‘on af power The word comet fms the Lae pone, ‘meaning’ be ale’, which is why te philosoptier Ber- ‘mind Russell 1938) sees power asthe production of Intended effec The greater our ably to determine ‘our own fire the more power we posses In this sense, ates aceep the eapacty of uperion to ve legate ‘order. that while an amy general may exer poet ‘over enemy soldi, auton rexel wo fs ow forces. The German socinogt Max Weber (192229) suggested dt ina rlnionship of autor he ruled10 currers Jinplement the commands ifchey had adopted it pon lacounly tor 8 owe sake. Fort aon, ators 6 {Cmore ecient form of conto than brite power Ye, suthorey nomains more than volume compliance Te Acknowledge the authority of your site doe act mk you alaysagre wid ts decsion; it meats only that yes accep right to make them and your own day {o obey. ln this way autiorsyprovdes che toundation forthe sate, ‘Aushorty: The toile etry os om mero lng pope ee ht he pon in hoy ane ret mae eto Jus as thre are deren: sours of power,so we ‘em ahorty be bil on a ange of foundations Almost 10D yeas ag, Weer dined thre ways oF val ing polite power-by uation (le accepted way of ine thes, be charms Sntense commitment the leader and his tesa) and by appeal legal-eatonal ‘norms (sed on the rile governed pours ofan ofc, rather than a penon) (Weber, 1922). This casiica™ ‘Son remains wef, even Shoup today lepal-rsonat suthorty pre-eminent in sable democracies. “Legitimacy bilson. is road than schon ig When @ rege i widely accepod by those sub- ject it and by other egies eth which i dea, we Aosribe tas lngiinate That, we speak of the authority ‘of an oficial but the gina of regime. Although the ‘word liner comet ss the Latin eglimar, searing “to deca lv egiiaey i much none thas ere lepaly Whore pay st techies mater referring to ‘wether a rule was made correct by following rega- lar procedures, legitimacy is 2 mire potel concent. afer to wher people accept the authority of the pols stem, Without tis acceptance, he wey exit- face of vate in question. Lnginacy: The or uy ig gin A “pete spt fer ee ed on ‘sie ee vl cin gh sh Legacy tie for Lys poltial scientists ‘ie more tomedin leg of lagebaiey: ow politcal systema gins, Leep, sd sometes loses pub- Ae idk fa es eight role A Rousing eeontery, inncrmational sects, and a popular governing party tell bocat the legacy of political ypten, ven though legitimacy ie more than any of these things Intact, one way of dunking sbout lepumacy asthe credit &poliscl system has bul up from its past suc- (eect a ese Cat ex bt drew drs bed es Tis-any eveit, public opinion ~ wot law court ~ the tes of legitimacy. And i is Iegitinacy, rater chan fees ale seek provide the mat dbl Smdaton tor rule Ideology "The concept reviowsl so far have mainly been shut peliien but ideas aio play «sole Sn polis: piel fection is motvaed by the ideas people old abour i ‘One way to approach the rol of eas wa che nosion of leology, 2 teem which was coined by the Pench philopier Anuoine Deu deTacy during the 17908, fn the afermath of the French Revoltion,to describe he setenae of ions meaning has lng ten sheng, ant now denotes packages of ides related to difer- cent views shout the role of goverment and She poak ‘of public poli An ideology is ody undestood as any sysem of thought expressing a view on: hora mate + the proper organization of, and elatioship bern, ste and sociesy * the individuals poston within this preserbed onder Ideology A sot aeeoece i send i of the wei os hcp fr how pie con ad ‘ec sal esate Which specif. politcal outlooks should be segarded 1 ideologies is mater of judgement, but opens VV ieeiy lectins Fp ei Go caplet idcology beginning with the French Rewolu~ Sion ended in the twentieth century withthe defeat ‘of Fac in 1945 and the colape oF commun at the end ofthe 1980s. Hdeology seemed 10 have been destroyed hy the mass graves i had ill generated. (OE Cope lect cate. — Sein tear mental concerns, feminism, and lanai ~ conte ‘a ciwulate. Ever 0, doubefl whether dhe teat, values and priorities of cur century consituteide- ‘logics the cla swe, To deseribe-ay pepee lee, position, or priority aan ideology isto extend the term in 4 niiner tht bea lle restion tisIdeology key concerrs ‘Typical atures ‘Al fers of govecamental aahorily ar unnecessary, and society best srt around voluntary cooperstion and tee association dems Firion af the atate aster end private propery willed he esti a a dasless,nar-elaitatve, ene sel governing sede Individual are te ban judges ol et onm irteraats Achocaee = " tolerant society wich maximizes personal feedom, and fous 4 Lcovernmet ich inited bt rely elect [achievement of national unity tough an authoraran eat, strong lesderhip, mess obilzation, and an emphasis on FIGURE 1.1; Five major ideologi fides ‘Eventhough the age af ideology may ave paid, ‘ve all end to ulk abou ideologies, placing lem ox 2 spect beraven lot and righ The exgins of this abst revolutionary Frane, where ~ athe legal Gee ara athe ry — gti te gg” the psding office, inthe tation] pdtion of hon ‘ur, while radical and commoners it 0 the letTo be fn the eight implied sipport Gr arto royal and clerical interes the le, by cont favoured a secular ‘public and el Kher. The. wrk “ef? oid “righ? a eit caminnly cncountred in ashing plied paris Hence the Jes asociatd wit equal oman gh and oem, ‘while dhe right Gaous tation, ctablabed sutbority fad pore of the stonal ints. The lel oppor policies o seduce inequaliy the rights more accepting Ff ral eegaied The mperaes wa tal and ete divert: the right is more comne- she we sonal wit (Se abe 1.2 fr more dn) Suneys suggest that most voters ip democracies at ‘dart theresa beng cn the If or vightjeven ‘any spl equate dese nbc with a partial party cr das (Mise, 2009:210), Calan al pracdians na ban the Few ako is the mon effcent at necting soretal needs ane goverment should ba a doc ted se pone. Aho he tr if anit ha ete el ttcughout Ge dence weld coil tr ecee ppne paris and programmes acre countries and tine, the specifies over which chse tendencies compere Teme wie snd the rrms ane ener seen bel coatainen of ideas, rather than as well-defined ies in shinee Th: Hering thn ence aps her in Eusape where the lef Gocsles and coment) TABLE 1.2: Contastng themes of lft anc right ms Right Pesce ‘Armed forces Irernatonalam atonal way ite Bemousy ‘Auorigr mori aba Pring and publ eonestinan Es Free meat ‘ute preetion Fen te Sey, ‘Socal harmony Exvcation lawn det Kisie wna Fedo and gta “wing pata pamen n So emocronae 1005 8. Sur: Aud em ogo BN 9)12 cwerers ‘oxce fivouted nasonalization ofndsres and services nd the right (concrete) wupported a fee markt, bur the widespread accepance of te nurker economy fhe ment hat the concep of lel and igh have lat sone bite Comparative politics ‘The core geal af comparative polities i t tinder stind how politcal ititutions and procenes oprste by examining their workings actos & range of coun telex Compares many porpes, aching the bcbg. eadentee the beemdar context tin ‘with they work helping os develop theories and rales ‘of plies asd uhowing us bow sinlir problems are approached by diferent societts. Bue 890 parca lar purposes se worth elabonton: brandening ou polled urea Comparative police The ema aly a gr torment nc edie ects de 9 ‘er undatand then by dewig ur e ans Broadening understanding ‘The fist strength ofx comparative approach sstight- eed: rove ote understanding of goverment and polis. Through comparison we can pin down the Key Features of political insstutons, rocescs and accion, and beter appreciate the dyramcs and char- acter of politcal estema We ean sty aspeific gov ‘ernment, esata, party ter, social movernen, ot ‘Steal lett etlton, bun ws Go ce Boy 1 the broader context made possible by comparso. How could we otherwie know ifthe object of eu smdy wes unosual or vival, efcient or inefficient, the bet option ariltle or signicanly lacking in some ‘When we tlk of undentanding ite not only the sed to comspmbend ether pie] mem, bt a Sndertand cur ows. We cin follow domestic plc, lowly and ene we have a gd rep en hen it woe, ‘bu se cannot filly understand it wicbout comparing feswith her str thi el llr = grt da shot the nature of oar home sytem, Consider the argent sade by Dogan and Play (2909) ecie he omprehenion of single ce inked te theundesanding of mary cass case we p= ‘ee she parce beer inthe fhe of gener tes nim canputon nce tl he ‘Shreve wo sue jow one county cou inte recat nonalwht act spew the compe obra tearm Comparison ako bas the practical benefit of allowing us to lean about places with which we are Unfamular This pout was" vell-sared long ago by W.B. Mur (1925: 4) when he wrote car his book ‘oa Eumapean governments would help readers ander stand “daly news from abroad’. This aby zo inces- pret overseas events grows in importance asthe world “breanses more interdependent, ay evens on overseas Juve a more direct impact on our ives andes we And that we can no longer afford to think as did Me Pod- snap ta Chases Dicks’ One Mata! Fiend when he quipped that Foreigners do as they do sc and hat fhe end of Undersanding polis in other sims uot ony tel wt aerpet the mews bt ais hee with pact polkial relstonstipy, For insance Brits goverment sninsters have parchy rik recordin negocasing eth tele Etmopean Usion partners, partly beens they assume thatthe aggressive te dey adopt the ea ber of the Home of Commone sil wore swell in Brace seetag moms Th assmption rece o- ranee of the consensual political syle found in many ‘continental European demotraies, Predicting political owtcomes ‘Compariom permits generaaons which have some potenti for prediton. Hlence a cxfil study of 53, campaigning and pubic opinion wail help us bet ter undentind ihe pout euteeme of elections, For ccxample, we know from a stay of those Exon countries where proportional representation ied Sat its we & dlovely Hed to the rence of mone ptt aries winning seats and de cretion of coulion gow tremens Sina we knoe that subcontracting the provision of public servis co private agencies increases hake conection i coe comnts, gomerartetsleowhere will se that this an iden at leat worth conmdering Ifthe explanation of « phenomenon i sound, ad {ll he mlevane factors hae been reviewed and conaid- ‘red then it flows that our explnations should allow ‘usw predict with at lea 1 high degree of accuracy, if noe with absolute cern. But while the sudy of {he natural sccnces has generated wat nambers of ay that alow us to predict natu phenomena, the sci sciences have not fred 0 well They do not gener ate Laws 40 mach as theories, tendencies, klihoods, adage, or aphorisms A famous example of the later e Lord Acton’ chat "Power tends to coerup, nd absolute power corrups absolutely” ce Chapter), While the fide contains much truth i nora rule or 2 Iw and thus cannot be wed either to explain orto predict with salute cerainy. In polices, pricing isan art rather than a scl ‘nce, and a flible one at that. yen so the potential for prediction provides a wartng pot for draving lesions eros counties (Rose, 2108). Rather than resortig ‘Meology or complete gueswork, we can use comapati- son 19 conse what would happen €,.% questions ‘This faneon of comparaive research pecbaps under- pinned lryees comment on his eat tudy of modern emocacies (192: i): ‘May year ag, when seme of poe reform seem beng eopioaly diced in England t ‘rcuned eo me tht set mig Be doe ‘rie + sd bat fr Jase by examining {Veeraia munber of pol nese i tet cl working, comparing them wit oe ath, fn seing forh the varios ers and demerit Hk I fact there are some who argue tht polite Science generally has done 2 poor job of helping ut predic, while other anue tht :t should nce ~ or ‘Cannot —be inthe busines of predicting to bee: with Kal Popper (1959: 280) long ago anered that long ‘erm predictions could only be developed in read to systema that wer ‘well-solited,seaionary and ecu. rent and human society was not one of dhe. More ‘etd an opinion piece tthe Naw Vn Tine (ee ‘ens 2012) raed hackles when ie anc that i erm of fering secure predictions, pola science ha ‘filed spectacularly and wasted colosal amounts of time and money’. It went onto amet that no polities scientist foresaw the break-up ofthe Soviet Usion, the Kerconcerrs 13 ‘se oF Qed ortho Arb Spring. le quoted answer ‘wannang sud of plica experts (Ledock, 2005) which opcleded thar chimps nom showing dar the posible outcomes would have dane almost a well ‘he exper To be fai, however, comparative polis sll very much 3 dicipline in the pmcew of devlop- spent, sod we wal sec many imeances throughout ths “book wher understanding of insttions or process sil isis Gemaioe wagee Classifying political systems nee ee ee orernmcat with many core cca in common = 5 execoti 3 lie, cour, «corto, par Sie and inet gronp, Sr exmeple ~ the manne in which thee clement work and relate tone another 4 ofen diferent. The remls ae ao diferent ome Re ey lime ercey ve eb ee tern, and omen sit tomewbere been thee S00 ore posns of rerece To comple mater thee sper of gveroment abd the eled ple and Yori, le moving yes they vale snd hung, td often at spd pce, onderto mae sense of thi Config pcm ep to hae a de ROE Sema "Atypology ita yen fclaiation tt divides sexe ito rope oF eter: wth common Sur ‘With th i bad, we can rake brad anempions shout the sts nach oui ie in to pro ‘ie moe dette oe and han work mor ely 1 ‘eclop eplnations sn ray and tot core of ‘political phenomena (Yin, 2013: 21). The ideal typology. ‘Bene dats ingle, neatcomtet loge and el nd sei othe cna bserver a to journal, Palbeal leaden, er poliial wien, Unirtnatey ch idea! has proved hard to achive scholar of ‘comparative pics sage about devalue of ypolo- {Ges ned oven theme who ene them comct gre 00 fhe criteria tht should be then sto account oF the tronps ito which ates dal be ddd, The eat ‘Stu die no waverly agreed ssn of polite anieaton “Typology: A apse of ciictn by which te ite ‘hom pene, pate ean 0 rae edt (emis oe oA cen fe wnt,14 curren ‘The fist such sytem devised ~ and one of the ‘artet examples of Comparative politic at work — was ‘Ariz clasification ofthe 158 city-states of ancient Greece Berweenapproninately 500 and 338 nc, these communiter were small sctment showing ch ‘aie i their forms of rule Sach diversity provided 2 del uborsory for Arisotle to comider which ype ‘f polical stem provided what he looked for im 3 (geernment ability and efectivenes. ‘Ariaale hued his scheme on two dimensions ‘The frst was the mamber of people involved i the taik of governing: one, few or miny This dimension caprued the breadth of participation in a peli y5- tem. His second dimension, mare dificult aply bot ‘les imports, was whether ruler governed i the common interes (the enue form’) oF a dei om meres (the perverted form), For Aristotle, the si- nificance of ths second aspect was that poi ys tem would be more sae and effective when rales governed in the long-term interests of the commusity. Croa-clsifying dhe numberof rules wi the nature of rule yielded the sx pes of yoverament shown ia Figure 1.2. ‘Another example ofan acme to bila rypology wat The Spit of the La, ease on pola theory writen by Chars de Seconda, Baro de Montesquieu, and fist publahed in 1748, Monteuiew identiid Ahyee kinds of poltial stem: republican system in which the people or some ofthe people bave spree power, monacha syste in which one ponon rad fn the bats of fied and exabihed laws and despric systems in which a single person ruled on the bats of their own priorities and penpectves. Both ‘ypolqpes rman incre as honk example, but they reflected pole eles that ve Jong since changed. A more recent example that wat ‘current through much ofthe Cold War fate 19405-eriy 1990) was the Thaee Woelds system. This wa lem 2 formal clasfcatory temphte developed by pola ‘cients than respon to geopoicl rai, dvd {ng the world iso tree group of countrio bmed on ‘ideological goals and polialllances: 1 Fist Word: wea, democratic indurazed stats, most of which wer: paren inthe Wewcrnallsnce psi comma. 1 Sean Wee commun system ielding men those sates ranged agaist the Westen alance 1 Third Weel: pore, les democratic, and lee devel ‘ped suc, some of which took sides in the Cold War, br some of which dl not “Troe Words syste: A poi ploy th dries the wot ng elope whats ube co Ingo the ete ok i the Cail ar “The sytem wt pew va providing nak ‘ube eat ou be sipped wih ene med eatin 4nd every cement tary the tt TN Hild cogs up power images of pve dee ‘elopnet corinne pols ty Ba ws shay more dcr han nia in the Aron ‘pst and wae dangeroly dnp the ie and Sec ‘nd Word nd he mo itera oe ae conitency Du to cones aot a eee sak AER ‘Aix and Latin Arca sgl Tid Wo wk ing soo mc were were demecrae wile ote were Znthoriaruaume were wey whe wen wee po sed sone wee inducted wide hen wor span “The ec of he Colt War cae the ed fis pacar pons ‘While noting hat replied it Gi the seme of hing wos gene suport, tee Re Been may candidat Tw in paral - the Derry Index ‘Baictained by the Economist Ineligence Uni, and ‘he Fredo nthe Wo index mated by Fredeen Howe are among the mon often qoted, sod wil be ted fir esdnce nth bok Ge Foc 12. They Ruleby FIGURE 1.2: Aristotle's clssifeation of governments Save Ani Rar bokeh 8Kevconcerts 15 oe ee With potters unable fe develop labman dete camcaton of poll ater ths bean loft thononacadoric wordt tp ins tha breach The wo most carpeting ypologes arth foling: + The Uk-based Econom teligance Unit (EU, rated to Tho Economist Brith wooly rows magn) Fa ef ha Aare io ere ott a re de AE Ae, ghar win 998 and Noth Korea lowost wih 1.8), ard dividing tho into feu groups ful domecracios, level democracies hybed esis end tthortan mines achieves esing by corde sich {acre protecion of basi palticalfeadoms, the faimess of electors, tha secur of ves, election ‘tumout ees, tho fsecon of pole pares to opsrat, he incepandenca ofr usiay andthe media, apd svangamans free transis of power See Focus 2 sna 6] forme det ‘The Freedom ia tho Word index hasbeen publi anally since 1972 by Freedom Hous, 2 US-besod terearch tte dias mots nea groupe ted Free Party Fre, or Nat Fne asad onthe recone ‘th palsal rohit ncucng the aby of people to pricier inthe pote! proceny| ac seas Iincacing recom ol expemion, the independence te jude peracna sulonorny end eco Fight). Several counts —inuding Syéa and North Korea — ar arkod Worst ofthe Were “abe 13 combines te es of hose tpologes, ooising onthe 16 cans utenti ok, whe ao ineucing xaos of eourzes wah the highest anc lowest scores on each index TABLE 1.3: Comparative pated etngs ee 790 (eae, 1 7 Speck 973 Faden, 1 4 NewZasend 926 Ful demeacy 1 1 ce 908 Fal domocacy 1 4 Gamay BBE Full domecagy 1 i ue 231 Fuldemewcy 1 4 us B1t Fuldemeoacy 1 1 span" 208 Ri dencery 1 + France 801 Fuldencoacy 1 1 South Alves’ 782 Faved dona 2 2 erat 738 Rawed democracy 2 2 ie 192 Famed democracy 2 3 Mes’ Si fami 3 3 Gules «S78 Hb « ‘ Kone sm tes ‘ 2 vetey Sm tyend 5 4 Verennh 50 yd 5 5 Niger 87% thorn 4 5 ‘Theta 537 Hyd ‘ 516 cuerers ( FE ee ee ‘TABLE 1.3: (Contioued) Lin abn ea a0 198 192 Avtoration Athoitnien Athornrin Saud Aria renee Fraedom in the World a Notree Not Free Morsof tte were “Sacer ede 8 Feo te Wi en Thea ol sien nab cF-T Se ty ak Sp rn td oe peri questions em be asked sbout che method ‘logis upon whic they are bse, we should ike ito ‘ones the agendas ard tes ofthe EIU and Freedom Howe nd we shasld heware Ske danger of ‘aking lsifieaions and raking too Healy: govees- sent and polite ae toe complex tbe reduced to a Sage uble Nenethelen. hse rankings give wa wifi point of refeence and a guide through an otherwise Config el ‘We wil go finer ahd ako ue seine setae and social dita to help us find our way dough the ‘ate, The clon between pois tnd ecanecies ia pardeuar isso iuzate hat there isan enti ld of sy ~ poliscal econosay ~ devoed ts cxamina- ‘ion Thi involves looking nt jue athe wractre and sweats of econamian but do 38 the nftenco on eo ‘nomic periormance: good government is more bkely to proce a asceentl economy, ad ad poverement Tease Pola econamy) The emp bowen pli ‘eee td eon pelci ‘The: coer seam cence oumpat Thee re various ways of measuring this the most popular ody beiog gross national income (GNI) (ee Table 14) ‘Thies the sum ofthe vale ofthe domesc nd for- ig economic output ofthe redens of a cousiey ina given year, and is emul convereed 10 US dol- lars: allow comparison, Ahough the accunicy of TABLE 1.4: Comparing economic sire ESS ES ‘Evpean Union aac 35673 Usted ster 7401 s5z00 nna 0 7200 ean 538 e000 ae aes eto Fronee 2031 3000 i 2734 22690 sr 21s m0 eda 2038 v0 Finis 1930 sao nada 15% S140 Auras 1519 vasio Meco aes 980 Sweden 86 00 a sa azo Nigeria 526 2950 ‘Sout Avia Pa ‘e00 Emp a 20 New Zaland ™ 930 Tals s seo Bini Z Ea Seen Wind abnoilinanodairkon Goat IAthe data vaies by country and the conversion to dol- Jam rach adiiional questions about the appropriate ‘exchange tte, toch measure are wousnaly wed by [overnments and international organizations in meas 1 ‘uring economic size. While GNI proides « measure 2 ‘of the absolute size of national economics it does not ys S091 Veryhigh a 4 take into account population size Fora more revealing neers a con a comparison, we use per capita GNI, which gives us 4 a SRE ATC dot Newt oso shin Steen rae oa Wen . Se ea ET fe eee ere rane ssinted See Japan w 007 Vinyl Patywemerecingritcapasty- (Se playin pick ote atngs im | | NS Meoh pospieeermnee rip =) Siew wah ees Sepowee ofall’ Thee te ditece wet Ta eae one (a SS Siciecbeeemrtnneteiet ies = on te Siacinetasecres TS ‘Human Development Index miintined by the UN Chr ih tence Regine lng emt ct Eo 10 OM Mtn Sefer ak Eay Gencal cote, (ease Den Siavoncsen saree _most of the states in the world as cither very high, high, Lie = oes ‘medium, o low: On the 2013 index, most democracies Pebistan Bed NS a iagkeeporecnias Mem I be SSS SOccemcese ieee eae eae comm ae18 carrer 4 Wi he pnp of german 4 What poli? Whe doe bon and ent * Who ts power who doe 0% an Bow do we Enon? + Does se necesamly follow thar 19 be a democracy i 10 be lege, and vo be Jgtimare x0 De 2 democracy? * Are the ideological distinctions in modern politcal systems a important and elear as they once wend “Wher ere the strengths and weaknesses of the Democracy Index and Frdom in the Wild schomes a, ‘means of cusfyng poten! sysemst {@® KEY CONCEPTS Authority Legitimicy ‘Compartvepolises Polccal economy Concept Polieal sas Conception Poles ‘Government Social science Gros ration income ‘Three Worlds aptem ology ‘Tipelauy Cinna (Cre ersand C05) Za Defi of Poli Sth es, Lake, Steven (2005) Pavers Radial View, 2nd ed. ‘A foveal exposition of the mature of plies ‘harfinds te eauner f the sabject the pence ful reconcitation of ites ine SE (1007) The Haty of Covert fm the ‘Betis Tes, ce vols Oe a monameaul and, in say way, snequilled itor of gover- Hleyvood, Andeew 2012) Pail Hingis: Tico, 52h en. An informative and wide~ ging textbook shat secon eemodcen, {indent polit creeds and doctrines, ‘This book itroducrs powers thd fe, offering -s powertl and engin eisque of come ‘ional sxerpretations. Sewell, Frank (2017) Pale Fenamy The Cote of Eco ie, 3d ed. Asarvey of pli economy and inks wid peal concer Woodward Kath 2014) Sec! Somes: The Big = ‘se, Sed es A el general survey ofthe soe ‘clonoes in the kinds oF es tey ned